844:– were written after the Persian victory. They portray Nabonidus negatively and present Cyrus as the liberator of Babylon, the defender of the Babylonian gods and consequently as the legitimate successor to the Babylonian throne. Modern scholarship recognizes the Cyrus Cylinder as a propaganda tablet designed to manipulate the public against Nabonidus and to legitimize Cyrus' conquest of Babylon. Regarding its claim that Babylon fell to the Persians without opposition, Briant writes, "It appears prima facie unlikely that Babylon could have fallen without resistance", and Piotr Michalowski notes, "there is no contemporary evidence to support this suspicious claim." Similarly, the Nabonidus Chronicle is a rework of history from the Persian court purporting to be a text from Nabonidus. Its first part relates events that can be verified from other sources; however, the latter part, particularity when dealing with the seventeenth year of Nabonidus, is especially flattering of Cyrus, with the people of Babylon welcoming him by spreading green twigs before him.
924:
they soon found themselves before the king’s palace. (27) Here the detachment under
Gobryas and Gadatas found the gates closed, but the men appointed to attack the guards rushed on them as they lay drinking round a blazing fire, and closed with them then and there. (28) As the din grew louder and louder, those within became aware of the tumult, till, the king bidding them see what it meant, some of them opened the gates and ran out. (29) Gadatas and his men, seeing the gates swing wide, darted in, hard on the heels of the others who fled back again, and they chased them at the sword’s point into the presence of the king. (30) They found him on his feet, with his drawn scimitar in his hand. By sheer weight of numbers they overwhelmed him: and not one of his retinue escaped, they were all cut down, some flying, others snatching up anything to serve as a shield and defending themselves as best they could.
44:
954:
477:
177:
679:
165:
242:
216:
915:, who led a detachment of men to the capital and killed the king of Babylon. In 7.5.25, Gobryas remarks that "this night the whole city is given over to revelry", including to some extent the guards. Those who opposed the forces under Gobryas were struck down, including those outside the banquet hall. The capture of the city, and the slaying of the son king of the king (4.6.3), is described in
525:
507:(a capable soldier but poor diplomat who alienated the political elite), while occupying himself with studies like excavating foundation records of the temples to determine their dates. He also spent time outside Babylonia, rebuilding temples in the Assyrian city of Harran, and also among his Arab subjects in the southern deserts. Nabonidus and Belshazzar's
249:
923:
Thereupon they entered; and of those they met some were struck down and slain, and others fled into their houses, and some raised the hue and cry, but
Gobryas and his friends covered the cry with their shouts, as though they were revelers themselves. And thus, making their way by the quickest route,
617:) in command of the army. In 540, according to Dougherty and S.Smith, Cyrus invaded Syria, most of Babylon's eastern possessions. In a few months, many of Nabonidus’s vassals were under Persian authority. Nabonidus had to return to Babylon in 543 BCE due to Cyrus constantly raiding the border.
694:
but one of the first acts of Cyrus was to allow these exiles to return to their own homes, carrying with them the images of their gods and their sacred vessels. Permission to do so was embodied in a proclamation, whereby the conqueror endeavored to justify his claim to the
Babylonian throne.
612:
Three years later, Cyrus became king of all Persia and was engaged in a campaign to put down a revolt among the
Assyrians in 547 BCE. Meanwhile, Nabonidus had established a camp in the desert of his colony of Arabia, near the southern frontier of his kingdom, leaving his son Belshazzar
726:
to restore order and justice. Cyrus was assumed by the Marduk priesthood to be wrathful at the impiety of
Nabonidus who had moved the images of the local gods from their ancestral shrines to his formal capital Babylon. A year before Cyrus' death, in 529 BCE, he elevated his son
866:
The timing of the attack may have contributed to the success of Ugbaru's strategy. Herodotus, Xenophon and Daniel 5 all record that
Babylon was in the midst of a festival on the night it was taken. The Babylonian Chronicle records that Babylon was captured on 16th
928:
Both
Xenophon and Daniel 5 describe the demise of Belshazzar on the night that the city was taken. Xenophon, Herodotus, and Daniel agree that the city was taken by surprise, at the time of a festival, and with some (but apparently not much) loss of life. The
896:. It is also possible that stories about Cyrus were told (and embellished) by Persian court society and that these are the basis of Xenophon's text. Herodotus, although writing long after the events, had traveled in Mesopotamia and spoken to Babylonians. In
660:
were placed at the gates of the great temple of Bel, where the services continued without interruption. Cyrus did not arrive until 28/29 October, with
Gobryas having acted for him in his absence. Gobryas was then made governor of the province of Babylon.
976:
in exile, offering them the hope of return. Deutero-Isaiah's predictions of the imminent fall of
Babylon and his glorification of Cyrus as the deliverer of Israel date his prophecies to 550–539 BCE, and probably towards the end of this period.
742:
that the old tradition was broken and the claim of
Babylon to confer legitimacy on the rulers of western Asia ceased to be acknowledged. Immediately after Darius seized Persia, Babylonia briefly recovered its independence under a native ruler,
850:
has proposed a plausible reconstruction of how Babylon fell. A receipt for reconstruction work on the Enlil Gate demonstrates that there was a forced entry into Babylon. Tolini proposes that a portion of the Persian army, under the command of
751:. He purportedly reigned from October to December 521 BCE, when the Persians took it by storm, while during this period, Assyria to the north also rebelled. A year later, in 521 BCE, Babylon again revolted and declared independence under the
855:, penetrated the Enlil Gate on the West side of the Euphrates, then crossed the river to take the eastern districts of Babylon. This may be the source of the story by Herodotus that the Persian army, having diverted the
904:
entered the city via the channel of the Euphrates, the river having been diverted into trenches that Cyrus had dug for the invasion, and that the city was unprepared because of a great festival that was being observed.
300:
1309:
Ideologies as intercultural phenomena : proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project; held in Chicago, USA, October 27–31, 2000;
804:
diverted the population to the new capital of Babylonia, and that the ruins of the old city became a quarry for the builders of the new seat of government, but the recent publication of the
999:
while praising Babylonian gods. He then sees a hand writing on the palace wall. Daniel is called to interpret the writing after Belshazzar's wise men are unable. Belshazzar is killed and
995:, chapter 5 relates the final night of Belshazzar, just before the Persian invasion. In the story, Belshazzar holds a feast, during which Belshazzar intends his guests to drink from the
293:
1777:
936:
A new system of government was put in place and the Persian multi-national state was developed. This system of government reached its peak after the conquest of Egypt by
286:
886:, a partly fictional biography of Cyrus the Great which may contain a historical core, contains content as described by Xenophon who had been in Persia as one of the
43:
1617:
731:
in the government, making him king of Babylon, while he reserved for himself the fuller title of "king of the (other) provinces" of the empire.
964:
The conquest of Jerusalem by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the exile of its elite in 586 BCE ushered in the next stage in the formation of the
1723:
1702:
1669:
1629:
1316:
710:
Among Babylonians, feelings were still strong that none had a right to rule over western Asia until he had been consecrated to the office by
1742:
1772:
793:
there in 323 BCE. After a decade of wars between Alexander's former generals, Babylonia and Assyria were absorbed into the Macedonian
1421:
Arnold, Bill T.; Michalowski, Piotr (2006). "Achaemenid Period Historical Texts concerning Mesopotamia". In Chavals, Mark W. (ed.).
572:
546:
933:(4.6.3) states that a father and son were both reigning over Babylon when the city fell, and that the younger ruler was killed.
953:
1782:
1648:
550:
484:
Several factors led to the fall of Babylon. The population of Babylonia became increasingly disaffected with Nabonidus. The
460:, Cyrus vowed to respect the Babylonian people. He also allowed exiled peoples to return to their homelands, including the
656:, Belshazzar was killed in this conflict, but his account is not widely accepted. Nabonidus surrendered and was deported.
790:
347:
101:
629:
of the fall of Babylon has been problematic, due to the inconsistencies between the various source documents. Both the
535:
496:. He excited a strong feeling against himself by attempting to centralize the religion of Babylonia in the temple of
1752:
1021:
262:
241:
554:
539:
328:
859:, entered Babylon along the riverbed. This surprise capture of Babylon is consistent with the story recorded in
767:, the great temple of Bel, however, still continued to be maintained and was a center of Babylonian patriotism.
476:
1767:
817:
715:
465:
374:
352:
1762:
1757:
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during his reign, thereafter receiving its ideological foundation in the inscription of the Persian kings.
1170:
699:. Although the Jews never rebelled against the Persian occupation, they were restive under the period of
433:, a capable soldier but a poor politician who lost the support of the priesthood and the military class.
805:
630:
408:
180:
57:
986:
860:
1004:
890:
Greek soldiers who fought on the losing side in a Persian civil war, events which he recounted in his
847:
776:
696:
461:
480:
Map of the Neo-Babylonian Empire at its greatest territorial extent, under its final king, Nabonidus
1282:
996:
892:
833:
786:
718:". Cyrus claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of
691:
1486:
1376:
809:
748:
673:
601:. Astyages' army betrayed him, and Cyrus established his rule at Ecbatana, putting an end to the
503:
The military despised his scholarly tastes. He seemed to have left the defense of the kingdom to
146:
464:. He won the loyalty of the Babylonian elite and was viewed as the legitimate successor of the
1719:
1698:
1665:
1625:
1312:
912:
901:
852:
760:
678:
412:
369:
199:
168:
1713:
1476:
1368:
1016:
364:
824:
in 150 BC, and the region became something of a battleground between Greeks and Parthians.
1747:
1000:
813:
794:
711:
683:
590:
586:
493:
489:
437:
342:
311:
194:
49:
35:
1546:
958:
1073:
Tolini, Gauthier (2005). "Quelques elements concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus".
763:; on this occasion, after its capture by the Persians, the walls were partly destroyed.
992:
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606:
457:
441:
426:
386:
335:
215:
1256:
1736:
1490:
1380:
657:
602:
695:
According to the biblical account, Cyrus sent the Jewish exiles back to Israel from
887:
707:, without taking up arms, or reprisals being exacted from the Persian government.
704:
440:, who soon led a military expedition to conquer Babylon. In October 539, after the
1481:
1464:
714:
and his priests; and accordingly, Cyrus henceforth assumed the imperial title of "
511:
rather than Babylonian heritage is also likely to have added to this resentment.
1692:
937:
728:
524:
90:
1532:, however the name was verified when the Cyrus Cylinder was translated, naming
1372:
278:
1679:
1520:
973:
882:
719:
504:
436:
The Persians had been growing in strength to the east under the leadership of
430:
422:
210:
116:
103:
1043:. M. A. Dandamaev, Moukhammed Abdoulkadyrovitch Dandamaev. 1989. p. 60.
856:
752:
664:
Babylon, like Assyria, became a colony of the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BCE.
638:
637:
describe Babylon being taken "without battle", whereas the Greek historians
449:
418:
205:
86:
20:
900:(7.5.20–33), Xenophon, in agreement with Herodotus (I.292), says that the
801:
780:
735:
700:
653:
642:
598:
594:
425:, ascended to the throne in 556 BCE, after overthrowing his predecessor
1359:
Kuhrt, A. (1983). "The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaeminid Imperial Policy".
868:
764:
508:
488:
hated him because he suppressed Marduk's cult and his elevation of the
445:
82:
957:
Engraving of Isaiah's vision concerning the destruction of Babylon by
1525:
1307:
Basello, G. P.; Piras, A. (2002). Panaino, A.; Pettinato, G. (eds.).
812:
has shown that urban life was still very much the same well into the
756:
723:
497:
485:
453:
21:
Babylonia § The sack of Babylon and ancient Near East chronology
738:
acquired the Persian throne and ruled it as a representative of the
1232:. Translated by William Whiston. Kregel Publications. p. 374.
952:
873:
677:
1506:
The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire
1524:
7, Xenophon says that Gobryas (Greek: Ugbaru) was a governor of
267:
94:
1440:(3rd ed.). Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press. p. 306b.
282:
1643:. Translated by Peter T. Daniels. Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns.
518:
421:, the final Babylonian king and son of the Assyrian priestess
444:, the Persian army triumphantly entered the capital city of
1508:. Hanover and London: Tufts University. pp. 76–84, 88.
407:
was the decisive event that marked the total defeat of the
1655:. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. pp. 342–396.
1641:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
1620:. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John Williams (eds.).
1438:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
1423:
The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation
500:
at Babylon, and thus alienated the local priesthoods.
1686:(revised ed.). Thames & Hudson. p. 132.
1465:"Belshazzar's Feast and the Cult of the Moon God Sin"
1102:
The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations
429:. For long periods, he would entrust rule to his son
1311:. Milano: IsIAO Ed. Mimesis. pp. 144, 149–150.
1334:
The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon 556–339 B.C
800:It has long been maintained that the foundation of
1536:as the leader of the forces that captured Babylon.
1068:
1066:
690:The Neo-Babylonian Empire had pursued a policy of
911:(7.5.26–35) describes the capture of Babylon by
645:report that the city was besieged. The biblical
1159:. San Francisco: Harper & Row. p. 103.
1003:, a figure not known to history, becomes king (
921:
722:and portrayed himself as the savior, chosen by
28:
1336:. New Haven CT: Yale Univ. Press. p. 143.
452:was incorporated into the Persian empire as a
294:
8:
1041:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
553:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1361:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
686:, during his 539 BC invasion of Babylonia.
301:
287:
279:
42:
25:
16:End of the Neo-Babylonian Empire (539 BCE)
1778:Military history of the Achaemenid Empire
1480:
585:In the sixth year of Nabonidus (550/549)
573:Learn how and when to remove this message
1141:Histories I.191; Cyropaedia VI.5.15–16;
1104:. London: Penguin Books Ltd. p. 49.
877:festival in honor of Sin, the moon god.
475:
1697:(3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books.
1662:Historical Issues in the Book of Daniel
1600:
1032:
816:(150 BCE to 226 CE). The Parthian king
593:in Elam, revolted against his suzerain
1588:
1563:
1450:
1408:
1346:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1142:
1129:
1119:. Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 38.
1087:
1057:
625:In 539 BCE, Cyrus invaded Babylonia.
605:and elevating the Persians among the
7:
1242:
1053:
551:adding citations to reliable sources
1425:. Malden MA: Blackwell. p. 12.
1398:. Grand Rapids: Baker. p. 88.
703:consolidating his rule, and under
14:
1436:Pritchard, James B., ed. (1969).
871:, which was the night before the
789:conquered Babylon in 331 BC, and
597:, king of the Manda or Medes, at
589:, the Achaemenid Persian king of
1622:Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
649:notes that the king was killed.
523:
247:
240:
214:
175:
163:
997:temple treasures from Jerusalem
248:
1528:. This captor is not found in
1469:Bulletin for Biblical Research
820:conquered the region into the
1:
1482:10.5325/bullbiblrese.5.1.0199
1117:History of the Persian Empire
52:defeating the Babylonian army
36:Persian conquest of Babylonia
1332:Bealieu, Paul-Alain (1989).
1283:"Arakha (Nebuchadnezzar IV)"
1394:Yamauchi, Edwin M. (1990).
324:Battles against the Satraps
266:Location within modern-day
1801:
1743:Battles of Cyrus the Great
1504:Hirsch, Steven W. (1985).
1373:10.1177/030908928300802507
984:
842:Verse Account of Nabonidus
832:The cuneiform texts – the
774:
671:
18:
1773:Jewish Babylonian history
1664:. Oxford: Taanathshiloh.
1616:Barker, Margaret (2003).
1547:"Cyropaedia, by Xenophon"
1157:Harper's Bible Dictionary
972:addresses himself to the
627:Historical reconstruction
321:
235:
222:
187:
156:
73:540 BCE – October 539 BCE
65:
41:
33:
1575:Melammu Symposia Vol.3,
1281:Lendering, Jona (1998).
1255:Lendering, Jona (2001).
1155:Achtemeier, ed. (1985).
919:(7:5.26–30) as follows:
466:ancient Babylonian kings
1660:Gaston, Thomas (2009).
1639:Briant, Pierre (2002).
1115:Olmstead, A.T. (1948).
747:, who took the name of
1712:Whybray, R.N. (2004).
1691:Roux, Georges (1992).
1230:The New Complete Works
1100:Haywood, John (2005).
961:
926:
687:
481:
188:Commanders and leaders
1783:Neo-Babylonian Empire
956:
806:Babylonian Chronicles
775:Further information:
681:
672:Further information:
631:Babylonian Chronicles
479:
456:. As recorded in the
409:Neo-Babylonian Empire
381:Invasion of Babylonia
181:Neo-Babylonian Empire
117:32.54250°N 44.42111°E
1396:Persia and the Bible
1056:, pp. 381–382;
785:The Macedonian king
777:Partition of Babylon
771:Partition of Babylon
759:, who took the name
740:Zoroastrian religion
697:Babylonian captivity
547:improve this section
359:Invasion of Anatolia
263:class=notpageimage|
19:For other uses, see
1653:A History of Israel
1463:Wolters, A (1995).
1202:, pp. 351–354.
1190:, pp. 342–396.
1060:, pp. 134–135.
834:Nabonidus Chronicle
787:Alexander the Great
692:population transfer
682:Map of the path of
462:captives from Judah
113: /
1718:. T&T Clarke.
1453:, pp. 86–105.
1224:Josephus (1999). "
987:Belshazzar's feast
962:
840:and the so-called
810:Hellenistic Period
749:Nebuchadnezzar III
688:
674:Achaemenid Assyria
482:
147:Achaemenid Assyria
122:32.54250; 44.42111
1753:Sieges of Babylon
1725:978-0-567-08424-8
1715:The Second Isaiah
1704:978-0-14-012523-8
1671:978-0-9561540-0-2
1631:978-0-8028-3711-0
1566:, pp. 81–84.
1551:www.gutenberg.org
1349:, pp. 41–43.
1318:978-88-8483-107-1
1145:, pp. 88–89.
761:Nebuchadnezzar IV
734:It was only when
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486:Marduk priesthood
413:Achaemenid Empire
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169:Achaemenid Empire
152:
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1022:Fall of Nineveh
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1001:Darius the Mede
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902:Achaemenid army
848:Gauthier Tolini
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795:Seleucid Empire
783:
773:
716:King of Babylon
684:Cyrus the Great
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623:
587:Cyrus the Great
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438:Cyrus the Great
405:fall of Babylon
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353:Pasargadae Hill
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313:Cyrus the Great
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136:Persian victory
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50:Cyrus the Great
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29:Fall of Babylon
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5:
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1763:Book of Isaiah
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1758:Book of Daniel
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1591:, p. 524.
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1496:
1455:
1443:
1428:
1413:
1401:
1386:
1351:
1339:
1324:
1317:
1299:
1273:
1247:
1245:, p. 382.
1235:
1216:
1214:, p. 361.
1204:
1192:
1180:
1162:
1147:
1134:
1132:, p. 133.
1122:
1107:
1092:
1090:, p. 132.
1080:
1062:
1046:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1005:Daniel 5:30–31
993:Book of Daniel
985:Main article:
982:
981:Book of Daniel
979:
970:Deutero-Isaiah
966:Book of Isaiah
950:
949:Book of Isaiah
947:
945:
942:
853:General Ugbaru
838:Cyrus Cylinder
829:
828:Historiography
826:
822:Arsacid Empire
772:
769:
669:
666:
647:Book of Daniel
635:Cyrus Cylinder
622:
619:
607:Iranic peoples
581:
580:
531:
529:
522:
516:
513:
473:
470:
458:Cyrus Cylinder
442:Battle of Opis
427:Labashi-Marduk
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
378:
377:
372:
367:
356:
355:
350:
348:Persian Border
345:
336:Persian Revolt
332:
331:
322:
319:
318:
308:
306:
305:
298:
291:
283:
275:
274:
261:
260:
254:
253:
246:
245:
239:
238:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
220:
219:
202:
190:
189:
185:
184:
172:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
81:
79:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1411:, p. 41.
1410:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1367:(25): 83–94.
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1257:"Nidintu-Bêl"
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
980:
978:
975:
971:
967:
960:
955:
948:
943:
941:
939:
934:
932:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
884:
878:
876:
875:
870:
864:
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
782:
778:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
685:
680:
675:
667:
665:
662:
659:
658:Gutian guards
655:
652:According to
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
610:
608:
604:
603:Median Empire
600:
596:
592:
588:
577:
574:
566:
556:
552:
548:
542:
541:
537:
532:This section
530:
526:
521:
520:
514:
512:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
360:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
337:
330:
329:Assyrian Camp
327:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:Campaigns of
304:
299:
297:
292:
290:
285:
284:
281:
269:
264:
243:
234:
230:
227:
226:
221:
217:
212:
208:
207:
203:
201:
197:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
173:
170:
161:
160:
155:
148:
145:
140:
139:
135:
132:
131:
126:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
59:
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1714:
1694:Ancient Iraq
1693:
1683:
1661:
1652:
1649:Bright, John
1640:
1624:. Eerdmans.
1621:
1601:Whybray 2004
1596:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1308:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1260:
1250:
1238:
1229:
1228:Book 11:6".
1225:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1137:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1083:
1074:
1049:
1040:
1035:
990:
963:
959:Gustave Doré
944:Hebrew Bible
935:
930:
927:
922:
916:
908:
907:
897:
891:
888:Ten Thousand
881:
879:
872:
865:
846:
841:
831:
814:Parthian age
799:
784:
744:
733:
709:
705:Artaxerxes I
689:
663:
651:
624:
615:Belsharutsur
614:
611:
584:
569:
560:
545:Please help
533:
515:Preparations
502:
483:
435:
417:
415:in 539 BCE.
404:
402:
391:
380:
379:
358:
357:
334:
333:
323:
204:
193:
157:Belligerents
93:(modern-day
34:Part of the
1680:Oates, Joan
1589:Barker 2003
1564:Gaston 2009
1475:: 199–206.
1451:Gaston 2009
1409:Briant 2002
1347:Briant 2002
1212:Bright 1959
1200:Bright 1959
1188:Bright 1959
1171:"Isaiah 45"
1143:Gaston 2009
938:Cambyses II
818:Mithridates
745:Nidinta-Bel
729:Cambyses II
141:Territorial
120: /
91:Mesopotamia
58:John Martin
1737:Categories
1610:References
1577:Ideologies
1521:Cyropaedia
1226:Antiquites
1130:Oates 1986
1088:Oates 1986
1058:Oates 1986
974:Israelites
931:Cyropaedia
917:Cyropaedia
909:Cyropaedia
898:Cyropaedia
883:Cyropaedia
720:Bel-Marduk
668:Absorption
563:March 2021
505:Belshazzar
472:Conditions
431:Belshazzar
423:Adad-guppi
211:Belshazzar
108:44°25′16″E
105:32°32′33″N
1530:Herodotus
1491:246628902
1381:170508879
1292:11 August
1266:11 August
1243:Roux 1992
1054:Roux 1992
1028:Footnotes
857:Euphrates
639:Herodotus
534:does not
450:Babylonia
419:Nabonidus
206:Nabonidus
87:Babylonia
1682:(1986).
1651:(1959).
1618:"Isaiah"
1011:See also
893:Anabasis
861:Daniel 5
802:Seleucia
781:Diadochi
753:Armenian
736:Darius I
701:Darius I
654:Xenophon
643:Xenophon
633:and the
621:Invasion
599:Ecbatana
595:Astyages
509:Assyrian
223:Strength
78:Location
1684:Babylon
1579:, p.143
913:Gobryas
869:Tašrîtu
808:of the
765:Esagila
555:removed
540:sources
454:satrapy
446:Babylon
411:to the
392:Babylon
370:Thymbra
255:Babylon
231:Unknown
228:Unknown
200:Gobryas
143:changes
83:Babylon
1748:539 BC
1722:
1701:
1668:
1628:
1534:Gubaru
1526:Gutium
1489:
1379:
1315:
1287:Livius
1261:Livius
836:, the
757:Arakha
724:Marduk
591:Anshan
498:Marduk
375:Sardis
365:Pteria
213:
133:Result
60:(1831)
1487:S2CID
1377:S2CID
874:akitu
755:King
343:Hyrba
1720:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1294:2020
1268:2020
1075:ARTA
991:The
880:The
791:died
779:and
641:and
538:any
536:cite
490:cult
448:and
403:The
387:Opis
268:Iraq
95:Iraq
70:Date
1518:In
1477:doi
1369:doi
1007:).
712:Bel
549:by
494:Sin
56:by
1739::
1549:.
1485:.
1471:.
1467:.
1375:.
1363:.
1285:.
1259:.
1173:.
1065:^
968:.
863:.
797:.
609:.
468:.
89:,
85:,
1728:.
1707:.
1674:.
1634:.
1553:.
1493:.
1479::
1473:4
1383:.
1371::
1365:8
1321:.
1296:.
1270:.
1177:.
1077:.
613:(
576:)
570:(
565:)
561:(
557:.
543:.
302:e
295:t
288:v
97:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
