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serious damage to permanent outbuildings, associated structures, drains, paths, boundary walls and fences" Woolwich lending criteria now specify that this property may be acceptable if "remedial treatment by a
Property Care Association (PCA) registered firm has been satisfactorily completed. Treatment must be covered by a minimum 10-year insurance-backed guarantee, which is property specific and transferable to subsequent owners and any mortgagee in possession." Santander have relaxed their attitude in a similar fashion. In 2022 the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors produced updated guidance for assessing knotweed. Since the 2012 RICS report much more information on the risks from Japanese knotweed have been gained. One important change is that the distance of a plant from a property to be considered a problem has been reduced to 3 metres (10 feet).
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the other side." At
Mission Point Park in Davis Bay, British Columbia, municipal crews attempted to eradicate it by digging out the plant to a depth of about three metres (10 feet) with an excavator. It grew back twice as large the next year. To avoid an epidemic as in the United Kingdom, some provinces in Canada are pushing for relaxation of provincial limits on the use of herbicides close to waterways so knotweed can be aggressively managed with strong chemicals. In spite of its status as an invasive species it is still sometimes sold or swapped in Canada as an edible "false bamboo".
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863:, roadsides, and waste places. It forms thick, dense colonies that completely crowd out any other herbaceous species and is now considered one of the worst invasive exotics in parts of the eastern United States. The success of the species has been partially attributed to its tolerance of a very wide range of conditions, including drought, different soil types, variable soil pH, and high salinity. Its
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1177:) was "if Japanese knotweed is found on or near the property then a case will be declined due to the invasive nature of the plant." Their criteria have since been relaxed to a category-based system depending on whether the plant is discovered on a neighbouring property (categories 1 and 2) or the property itself (categories 3 and 4) incorporating proximity to the property
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According to Gail Wallin, executive director of the
Invasive Species Council of B.C., and co-chair of the Canadian Council on Invasive Species, by 2015 it was found in all provinces in Canada except Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In Vancouver plants went under "four lanes of highway and have popped up on
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Digging up the rhizomes is a common solution where the land is to be developed, as this is quicker than the use of herbicides, but safe disposal of the plant material without spreading it is difficult; knotweed is classed as controlled waste in the UK, and disposal is regulated by law. Digging up the
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Japanese knotweed has a large underground network of roots (rhizomes). To eradicate the plant the roots need to be killed. All above-ground portions of the plant need to be controlled repeatedly for several years in order to weaken and kill the entire patch. Picking the right herbicide is essential,
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to "plant or otherwise cause to grow in the wild" any plant listed in
Schedule nine, Part II to the Act, which includes Japanese knotweed. As of 2014, householders and landlords within towns, who do not control the plant in their gardens, can receive an on-the-spot fine or be prosecuted. It is also
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leaf fleas, exempting them from a strict ban on the introduction of alien species, as one of the measures to contain the knotweed. The psyllids suck up sap from the plant, potentially killing young shoots and slowing or even stopping growth. It was hoped that the psyllid would hibernate over winter
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and the main buildings. Even in a worst-case scenario (category 4), where the plant is "within 7 metres (23 feet) of the main building, habitable spaces, conservatory and/or garage and any permanent outbuilding, either within the curtilage of the property or on neighbouring land; and/or is causing
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There is a real lack of information and understanding of what
Japanese knotweed is and the actual damage it can cause. Without actual advice and guidance, surveyors have been unsure of how to assess the risk of Japanese knotweed, which can result in inconsistent reporting of the plant in mortgage
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In the United
Kingdom, Japanese knotweed has received a lot of attention in the press as a result of very restrictive lending policies by banks and other mortgage companies. Several lenders have refused mortgage applications on the basis of the plant being discovered in the garden or neighbouring
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Some home owners in the United
Kingdom are unable to sell their homes if there is any evidence of knotweed on the property. The species is expensive to remove. According to the UK government, the cost of controlling knotweed had hit £1.25 billion in 2014. It cost £70 million to eradicate knotweed
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costly to repair. Its invasive roots can also damage concrete foundations, buildings, roads, paving, retaining walls, and architectural sites. Additionally, the plant's dense growth can impede water flow, increasing the risk of flooding by reducing the capacity of flood channels to carry water.
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Japanese
Knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) has a strong and extensive root system that can penetrate through the cracks of hard surfaces such as concrete, asphalt, and brick. As the plant grows, it can cause significant damage to building foundations, walls, and drainage systems, which can be very
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Covering the affected patch of ground with a non-translucent material can be an effective follow-up strategy. However, the trimmed stems of the plant can be razor sharp and are able to pierce through most materials. Covering with non-flexible materials such as concrete slabs has to be done
989:, whose only food source is Japanese knotweed, were released at a number of sites in Britain in a study running from 1 April 2010 to 31 March 2014. In 2012, results suggested that establishment and population growth were likely, after the insects overwintered successfully. In 2020
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valuations. RICS hopes that this advice will provide the industry with the tools it needs to measure the risk effectively, and provide banks with the information they require to identify who and how much to lend to at a time when it is essential to keep the housing market moving.
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can survive temperatures of −35 °C (−31 °F) and can extend 7 metres (23 ft) horizontally and 3 metres (10 ft) deep, making removal by excavation extremely difficult. The plant is also resilient in response to cutting, vigorously resprouting from the roots.
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Property Care
Association chief executive Steve Hodgson, whose trade body has set up a task force to deal with the issue, said: "Japanese knotweed is not 'house cancer' and could be dealt with in the same way qualified contractors dealt with faulty wiring or damp."
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Knotweed can grow up to 30 cm per day, hence it is a fast-growing vegetable tolerant of poor quality soils. Because knotweed is resistant to over-harvesting, it is more often foraged than cultivated as a vegetable. The plant can be eaten raw or cooked.
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Common names for
Japanese knotweed include fleeceflower, Himalayan fleece vine, billyweed, monkeyweed, monkey fungus, elephant ears, pea shooters, donkey rhubarb, American bamboo, and Mexican bamboo, among many others, depending on country and location. In
450:, though it is not related. While stems may reach a maximum height of 3–4 m (10–13 ft) each growing season, it is typical to see much smaller plants in places where they sprout through cracks in the pavement or are repeatedly cut down. The
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to 10 ft), dense thickets. Leaves shoot from the stem nodes alternately in a zigzag pattern. Plants that are immature or affected by mowing and other restrictions have much thinner and shorter stems than mature stands, and are not hollow.
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In the UK, Japanese knotweed is established in the wild in many parts of the country and creates problems due to the impact on biodiversity, flooding management and damage to property. It is an offence under section 14(2) of the
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roots is also very labour-intensive and not always effective. The roots can extend up to 3 metres (10 feet) deep, and leaving even just a few centimetres (inches) of root behind will result in the plant quickly growing back.
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came into force in July 2012 that superseded the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. This act states that is an offence to spread intentionally or unintentionally Japanese knotweed (or other non-native invasive species).
929:, a combination of both, or by cutting all visible stalks and filling the stems with glyphosate. However, these methods have not been proven to provide reliable long-term results in eliminating the treated population.
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510: in) long; young leaves are green and rolled back with dark red veins; leaves are green and shaped like a heart flattened at the base, or a shield, and are usually around 12 cm (5 in) long.
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Young leaves and shoots, which look like asparagus, are used. They are extremely sour; the fibrous outer skin must be peeled, soaked in water for half a day raw or after parboiling, before being cooked.
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700:. In some locations, semi-cultivating Japanese knotweed for food has been used as a means of controlling knotweed populations that invade sensitive wetland areas and drive out the native vegetation.
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1090:'s Review of Non-native Species Policy states that a national eradication programme would be prohibitively expensive at £1.56 billion. The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology has been using
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1069:, the weed has travelled rapidly, aided by rail and water networks. In the UK, Japanese knotweed is a single female clone. However, it is able to readily hybridise with related species.
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Recent reporting suggests that Japanese knotweed is not nearly as destructive to structures as once thought. Damage appears to only occur at or near areas that were already compromised.
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Anecdotal reports of effective control describe the use of goats to eat the plant parts above ground followed by the use of pigs to root out and eat the underground parts of the plant.
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Japanese knotweed flowers are valued by some beekeepers as an important source of nectar for honeybees, at a time of year when little else is flowering. Japanese knotweed yields a
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The plant that's eating B.C.:Japanese knotweed is in nearly all our provinces. And the threat is real: it can lower house prices, threaten our bridges, and drive men to madness
1111:
1219:, a hybrid between Japanese and giant knotweed that produces huge quantities of viable seeds, now accounts for about 80 per cent of knotweed infestations in British Columbia.
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In response to this guidance, several lenders have relaxed their criteria in relation to discovery of the plant. As recently as 2012, the policy at the Woolwich (part of
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as it must travel through the plant and into the root system below. But also more ecologically friendly means are being tested as an alternative to chemical treatments.
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Identification of Japanese knotweed may be confused with other plants suspected of being knotweed, due often to the similar appearance of leaves and stems.
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Gover, Art, Jon Johnson, and Larry Kuhns. "Managing Japanese knotweed and giant knotweed on roadsides." Roadside Vegetation Management Factsheet 5 (2005)
1891:. The Invasive Species Specialist Group, a Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of the World Conservation Union. p. 6. Archived from
1798:
Magacz, Marcin; Oszajca, Maria; Nawrot-Hadzik, Izabela; Drożdż, Ryszard; Jurczak, Anna; Hadzik, Jakub; Smakosz, Aleksander; Krzyściak, Wirginia (2021).
2006:"Plasticity in salt tolerance traits allows for invasion of novel habitat by Japanese knotweed s. l. (Fallopia japonica and F.×bohemica, Polygonaceae)"
1919:"Hybridization and Plasticity Contribute to Divergence Among Coastal and Wetland Populations of Invasive Hybrid Japanese Knotweed s.l. (Fallopia spp.)"
2700:
Dhuill, E.Ni and Smyth, N. 2021. Invasive non-native and alien garden escape plants species on the southern cliffs of Howth Head, County Dublin (H21)
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1107:. Its diet is highly specific to Japanese knotweed and shows good potential for its control. Controlled release trials began in South Wales in 2016.
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published a report in 2012 in response to lenders refusing to lend "despite being treatable and rarely causing severe damage to the property".
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1469:. Invading Species Awareness Program, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario Canada. 2012. Archived from
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1979:
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fungus, which devastates knotweed in its native Japan. This research has been relatively slow due to the complex life cycle of the fungus.
1539:
1438:"Japanese Knotweed Alliance: Japanese knotweed is one of the most high profile and damaging invasive weeds in Europe and North America"
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1782:
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provided the first authoritative work on the history and distribution of the plant in the UK and Europe in the 1970s. According to
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in several countries. The plant is popular with beekeepers, and its young stems are edible, making it an increasingly popular
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meticulously and without leaving even the smallest splits. The slightest opening can be enough for the plant to grow back.
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1405:
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peroxidation cycle substrates, which can act as activators and inhibitors of the antimicrobial properties of that system.
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1688:) Bioactive Compounds and Their Potential of Pharmacological and Beekeeping Activities: Challenges and Future Directions"
1746:
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63:
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2089:
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Richard H. Shaw, Sarah Bryner and Rob Tanner. "The life history and host range of the Japanese knotweed psyllid,
2527:
2468:"Homeowners who fail to control Japanese knotweed face criminal prosecution under new anti-social behaviour laws"
1050:
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1391:
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843:
754:), though not in sufficient quantities to be included in statistics. They are called by such regional names as
608:
3837:
3610:
3265:
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1873:[Wild vegetable related document - Wakami culture industry conference report]. Forestry Agency. 2004.
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649:
621:
442:–6 in) long in late summer and early autumn. Japanese knotweed has hollow stems with distinct raised
3460:
3105:
1886:"100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species: A Selection from the Global Invasive Species Database"
1199:
397:, the species has successfully established itself in numerous habitats, and is classified as a pest and
167:
2910:
1892:
2504:
2033:
1313:
3798:
3731:
3682:
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2378:"The distribution and history in the British Isles of some alien species of Polygonum and Reynoutria"
1930:
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31:
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1972:
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58:
2616:
Shinji: Potentially the first classical biological weed control agent for the European Union".
3499:
3154:
2153:"THE REGIONAL BOARD OF FREIBURG FIGHTS JAPANESE KNOTWEED, AN INVASIVE NEOPHYTE, WITH HOT STEAM"
1870:
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involves injecting steam into contaminated soil in order to kill subterranean plant parts.
3579:
2235:
1800:"Phenolic Compounds of Reynoutria sp. as Modulators of Oral Cavity Lactoperoxidase System"
1770:
1091:
1009:
888:, grows over buildings and other structures, encourages fire, and damages paved surfaces.
787:
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358:
101:
3824:
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or wild foraged vegetable. In Europe, young shoots have been used in restaurant cuisine.
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2239:
1934:
1682:
Cucu, Alexandra-Antonia; Baci, Gabriela-Maria; Dezsi, Ştefan; et al. (2021-11-29).
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1834:
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88:
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1651:"Squirrel haggis and Japanese knotweed reach UK menus as invasive species trend grows"
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The decision was taken on 9 March 2010 in the UK to release into the wild a Japanese
739:, Netherlands, is overgrown by knotweed. A few years before, it was free of knotweed.
443:
390:
2853:
1950:
3873:
3723:
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3395:
3301:
3027:
2352:
The Aliens Among Us: How Invasive Species Are Transforming the Planet—and Ourselves
2004:
Richards, C; Walls, R; Bailey, J; Parameswaran, R; George, T; Pigliucci, M (2008).
1174:
1057:
Netherlands. By 1850, a specimen from this plant was donated by Von Siebold to the
959:, using sea water sprayed on the foliage, have not demonstrated promising results.
362:
134:
3362:
1061:. It was favoured by gardeners because it looked like bamboo and grew everywhere.
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3709:
3535:
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17:
3770:
3633:
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1540:"How To Identify Japanese Knotweed, Knotweed Identification Card & Pictures"
1437:
1123:
1062:
1026:
952:
913:
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2655:
2259:""Tell me, sweet little lice" Naturenet article on psyllid control of knotweed"
1517:
1942:
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922:
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736:
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355:
144:
3328:
3053:
2412:"'Japanese knotweed halved the value of my home, but Network Rail won't pay'"
2101:
1825:
1775:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region
1713:
1662:
1614:
1565:"Plants That Look Similar To Japanese Knotweed: Plants Mistaken For Knotweed"
1086:
from 10 acres of the London 2012 Olympic Games velodrome and aquatic centre.
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2377:
1178:
990:
973:
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854:
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It grows widely throughout Japan and is foraged as a wild edible vegetable (
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3623:
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2029:
1843:
1816:
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1592:
Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods
1590:
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to develop a system that gives a knotweed risk rating throughout Britain.
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926:
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857:
402:
114:
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2021:
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3092:
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Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland Third edition.
1098:
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697:
603:
587:
409:
351:
3775:
3118:
2281:"Amsterdam releases 5,000 leaf fleas to halt Japanese knotweed spread"
3473:
2155:. Soil Steaming and Steam Boiler Blog. 3 October 2009. Archived from
1054:
1014:
750:
706:
638:
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Dead stems from previous years remain in place as new growth appears.
447:
425:
421:
394:
2926:
2656:"Japanese knotweed tackled with insects in secret south Wales spots"
1747:"Meet the Massively Destructive Garden Weed That 'Tastes Like Rain'"
921:
The abundance of the plant can be significantly reduced by applying
905:
669:
A variegated variety of Japanese knotweed, used as a landscape plant
3788:
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1247:
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904:
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75:
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2789:"Japanese knotweed, the scourge that could sink your house sale"
1629:"Pilot project of Bionic Knotweed Control in Wiesbaden, Germany"
561:
451:
3040:
2930:
1884:
Lowe S, Browne M, Boudjelas S, De Poorter M (1 December 2000).
1498:
Japanese Knotweed and Invasive Plant Specialists | Environet UK
30:"Donkey rhubarb" redirects here. For the EP by Aphex Twin, see
1628:
2747:"RICS targets the root of Japanese Knotweed risk to property"
2684:
Institute of Irish Studies The Queen's University of Belfast
1078:
classed as "controlled waste" in Britain under part 2 of the
2533:. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2003.
717:
Ground-feeding songbirds and gamebirds also eat the seeds.
2326:. Biosecurity New Zealand. 14 January 2010. Archived from
1973:"Knotweed shrubs: identification, biology, and management"
1053:
transported Japanese knotweed from a Japanese volcano to
2437:"Japanese Knotweed Morphology — University of Leicester"
1025:
Japanese knotweed is classed as an unwanted organism in
979:
Following earlier studies, imported Japanese knotweed
482: in) broad, with an entire margin. New leaves of
454:
are broad oval with a truncated base, 7–14 cm (3–
2592:"Insect that fights Japanese knotweed to be released"
1206:
The weed can be found in 42 of the 50 United States.
1082:. This requires disposal at licensed landfill sites.
2808:"Japanese knotweed – new guidance comes into effect"
1978:. Pacific Northwest Extension, University of Idaho.
1112:
Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011
3693:
3312:
2939:
2211:"Notes on Biological control and Japanese knotweed"
1270:for another plant species called Japanese knotweed
1251:rendering from the Chinese meaning "tiger staff".
689:honey (a related plant also in the Polygonaceae).
1168:Philip Santo, RICS Residential Professional Group
1029:and is established in some parts of the country.
2903:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2461:
2459:
2457:
1308:
1306:
1304:
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2620:. Volume 49, Issue 2, May 2009, Pages 105-113.
1238:
1005:Impact of the plant outside its area of origin
2299:"Got Weeds? Get Goats! | Gardens Alive!"
1589:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) .
424:are small, cream or white, produced in erect
8:
2833:"Brokers demand action on Japanese knotweed"
2905:United States National Agricultural Library
2874:. Denshi Jisho — Online Japanese dictionary
2769:
2767:
2741:
2739:
2631:"CABI Natural control of Japanese knotweed"
2355:. Yale University Press. pp. 142–143.
2069:. Natural Resources Wales. 23 December 2023
2927:
2180:"Haida Gwaii Knotweed Herbicide Treatment"
2067:"Japanese knotweed: what you need to know"
1432:
1430:
49:
38:
2122:"Japanese knotweed, a major noxious weed"
1971:Prather, T; Miller, T; Robins, S (2009).
1833:
1815:
1721:
1703:
2561:"Mapping knotweed using citizen science"
1156:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
730:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1357:"Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed)"
1300:
1280:
692:The young stems are edible as a spring
538:
2749:. Rics.org. 2013-07-05. Archived from
2720:"Japanese knotweed uproots home sales"
1684:"New Approaches on Japanese Knotweed (
1384:English Names for Korean Native Plants
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
405:vegetable with a flavour described as
2921:The alien shrub that can't be stopped
2897:Species Profile - Japanese knotweed (
2835:. Mortgagesolutions.co.uk. 2013-08-14
2528:"Review of non-native species policy"
1122:, it has been recorded from Counties
993:imported and released 5,000 Japanese
361:in the knotweed and buckwheat family
198:
7:
3799:b4ffa2c2-8c94-4d31-beba-f898e1a72cee
3647:d95c18f0-a173-4a87-b007-4a62a9c527bf
3559:1dbf3b45-1b22-4283-b963-fb4a32c5ba8b
3204:94675f30-92fc-4404-82a3-6d3907f623ed
2466:Riley-Smith, Ben (25 October 2014).
2213:. Gardenroots.co.uk. Archived from
2088:Subramanian, Samanth (2023-05-16).
1494:"Is Japanese knotweed safe to eat?"
967:Research has been carried out on a
884:Japanese knotweed shades out other
468: in) long and 5–12 cm (2–
27:Flowering plant (Japanese knotweed)
2279:Boffey, Daniel (23 October 2020).
1745:Preston, Marguerite (2016-05-31).
1649:Morrissy-Swan, Tomé (2023-05-27).
1149:United Kingdom lending controversy
1134:. The earliest record is in 1872.
998:and establish themselves in 2021.
685:, like a mild-flavored version of
204:(Hook.f.) G.H.Loos & P.Keil
25:
2915:University of Minnesota Extension
2590:Morelle, Rebecca (9 March 2010).
2127:University of Minnesota Extension
1080:Environmental Protection Act 1990
1075:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
486:are dark red and 1 to 4 cm (
3838:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:695927-1
3611:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:945906-1
3266:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:435655-1
2565:Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
2425:from the original on 2012-10-20.
2257:Matthew Chatfield (2010-03-14).
1145:, County Dublin at Doldrum Bay.
569:
553:
541:
220:(Siebold & Zucc.) H.Gross
62:
2540:from the original on 2022-10-09
1985:from the original on 2022-10-09
653:) have been suspected of being
446:that give it the appearance of
2410:Sam Meadows (14 August 2017).
2349:Anthony, Leslie (2017-10-24).
2090:"The war on Japanese knotweed"
1773:; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) .
853:It is a frequent colonizer of
848:world's worst invasive species
842:This species is listed by the
1:
2503:Ken MacQueen (12 June 2015),
1520:. Royal Horticultural Society
1041:Japanese knotweed warning in
701:
2178:McLean, Denise (July 2013).
2130:. 2020-10-06. Archived from
1324:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1198:Japanese knotweed along the
1141:, it has been recorded from
696:, with a flavour similar to
2775:"Woolwich Lending Criteria"
2240:"Alien invaders hit the UK"
1287:I.e. walking stick or cane.
735:This antique locomotive at
3943:
2718:Leah Milner (2013-07-08).
2702:Irish Naturalists' Journal
2633:. Cabi.org. Archived from
2010:American Journal of Botany
1322:Plants of the World Online
1059:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
29:
1943:10.1007/s12237-009-9190-8
1239:
1051:Philipp Franz von Siebold
641:, Himalayan honeysuckle (
521:forms 2-to-3-metre-tall (
197:
190:
173:
166:
59:Scientific classification
57:
48:
41:
3917:Plants described in 1777
2376:Conolly, Ann P. (1977).
1492:Seal, Nic (2023-04-04).
1392:Korea National Arboretum
1355:Shaw, D (19 July 2013).
946:Soil steam sterilization
844:World Conservation Union
806:, Nara, Mie, Wakayama),
609:Persicaria amplexicaulis
273:Reynoutria hachidyoensis
2680:Hackney, P. (Ed) 1992.
1871:"山菜関係資料 - 山菜文化産業懇話会報告書"
365:. Common names include
281:Reynoutria hachijoensis
225:Pleuropterus zuccarinii
217:Pleuropterus cuspidatus
212:(Houtt.) Ronse Decr.
1817:10.3390/antiox10050676
1777:. Knopf. p. 706.
1705:10.3390/plants10122621
1203:
1171:
1046:
1017:
1013:Seed removed from its
918:
910:
740:
670:
650:Fallopia baldschuanica
625:), broad-leaved dock (
622:Impatiens glandulifera
560:A hedgerow made up of
249:Polygonum hachidyoense
244:Siebold & Zucc.
3907:Garden plants of Asia
3902:Flora of Eastern Asia
2618:UK Biological Control
1394:. 2015. p. 358.
1200:Cynwyd Heritage Trail
1197:
1040:
1012:
916:
908:
734:
681:by northeastern U.S.
668:
647:), and Russian vine (
619:), Himalayan balsam (
606:such as red bistort (
564:and Japanese knotweed
2858:USDA Plants Database
2571:on 21 September 2017
2238:(October 13, 2008).
1923:Estuaries and Coasts
1459:"Japanese Knotweed,
1421:Korea Forest Service
1049:European adventurer
702:It is eaten in Japan
634:Convolvulus arvensis
616:Koenigia campanulata
347:Polygonum cuspidatum
305:Reynoutria uzenensis
265:Polygonum zuccarinii
257:Polygonum reynoutria
241:Polygonum cuspidatum
3812:Polygonum japonicum
3695:Polygonum japonicum
3230:Reynoutria japonica
2971:Reynoutria japonica
2941:Reynoutria japonica
2854:"Fallopia japonica"
2416:The Daily Telegraph
2330:on 12 February 2013
2022:10.3732/ajb.2007364
1935:2010EstCo..33..902W
1898:on 22 December 2018
1771:Niering, William A.
1518:"Japanese knotweed"
1461:Reynoutria japonica
1363:. CAB International
1316:Reynoutria japonica
1267:Persicaria capitata
1139:Republic of Ireland
1067:The Daily Telegraph
909:Detail of the stalk
655:Reynoutria japonica
644:Leycesteria formosa
613:, lesser knotweed (
576:Erect inflorescence
484:Reynoutria japonica
335:Reynoutria japonica
324:(Houtt.) Hedberg
233:Polygonum compactum
177:Reynoutria japonica
43:Reynoutria japonica
32:Donkey Rhubarb (EP)
2923:– BBC Future, 2022
2324:"Asiatic knotweed"
1631:. Newtritionink.de
1204:
1047:
1018:
919:
911:
741:
671:
628:Rumex obtusifolius
600:Houttuynia cordata
373:. It is native to
313:Reynoutria yabeana
289:Reynoutria hastata
284:Nakai ex Jôtani
3884:
3883:
3383:fallopia-japonica
3314:Fallopia japonica
3212:Open Tree of Life
2933:Taxon identifiers
2911:Japanese knotweed
2899:Fallopia japonica
2559:Pescott, Oliver.
1917:Walls, R (2010).
1686:Fallopia japonica
1606:978-1-4027-6715-9
1401:978-89-97450-98-5
1275:Explanatory notes
1217:Bohemian knotweed
1110:In Scotland, the
724:is the source of
677:, usually called
367:Japanese knotweed
341:Fallopia japonica
331:
330:
325:
321:Tiniaria japonica
317:
309:
301:
297:Reynoutria henryi
293:
285:
277:
276:(Makino) Nakai
269:
261:
253:
245:
237:
229:
221:
213:
209:Fallopia japonica
205:
201:Fallopia compacta
18:Fallopia japonica
16:(Redirected from
3934:
3912:Medicinal plants
3877:
3876:
3864:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3779:
3778:
3766:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3549:NHMSYS0000458716
3539:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3424:
3412:
3411:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2928:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2812:Property Journal
2806:Santos, Philip.
2803:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2715:
2709:
2698:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2614:Aphalara itadori
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2567:. Archived from
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2500:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2463:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2439:. Archived from
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2301:. Archived from
2295:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2236:Morelle, Rebecca
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2185:. Archived from
2184:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2032:. Archived from
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1819:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1707:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1473:on 8 August 2017
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1404:. Archived from
1389:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1310:
1288:
1285:
1261:Chinese knotweed
1244:
1242:
1241:
1169:
1120:Northern Ireland
1104:Aphalara itadori
995:Aphalara itadori
986:Aphalara itadori
957:British Columbia
838:Invasive species
675:monofloral honey
573:
557:
545:
534:
533:
529:
526:
518:
509:
508:
504:
501:
495:
494:
490:
481:
480:
476:
473:
467:
466:
462:
459:
441:
440:
436:
433:
399:invasive species
323:
315:
308:(Honda) Honda
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
228:(Small) Small
227:
219:
211:
203:
179:
159:R. japonica
67:
66:
53:
39:
21:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3927:Stem vegetables
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3782:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3689:
3681:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3580:Observation.org
3578:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3533:MichiganFlora:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3348:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2935:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2699:
2695:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2261:. Naturenet.net
2256:
2255:
2251:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:on 16 July 2011
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1851:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1607:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1257:
1236:
1225:
1212:
1192:
1170:
1167:
1151:
1092:citizen science
1035:
1023:
1007:
965:
935:
903:
894:
880:
874:
840:
746:
726:lactoperoxidase
663:
584:
577:
574:
565:
558:
549:
546:
531:
527:
524:
522:
516:
506:
502:
499:
497:
492:
488:
487:
478:
474:
471:
469:
464:
460:
457:
455:
438:
434:
431:
429:
418:
359:perennial plant
186:
181:
175:
162:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3940:
3938:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:Flora of China
3889:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:wfo-0001245238
3865:
3855:
3842:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3793:
3780:
3767:
3754:
3741:
3728:
3715:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3674:
3670:wfo-0000685798
3661:
3651:
3638:
3628:
3615:
3602:
3589:
3576:
3563:
3553:
3540:
3530:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3413:
3400:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3354:
3344:
3334:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:wfo-0000406106
3293:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3123:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3045:
3032:
3019:
3009:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2961:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2908:
2892:
2891:External links
2889:
2886:
2885:
2863:
2845:
2824:
2798:
2780:
2763:
2735:
2710:
2708:: 2 pp 102-108
2693:
2673:
2662:. 23 July 2016
2647:
2622:
2605:
2582:
2551:
2519:
2484:
2453:
2428:
2402:
2368:
2361:
2341:
2315:
2290:
2271:
2249:
2227:
2202:
2170:
2144:
2113:
2080:
2058:
2047:
2036:on 10 May 2022
2016:(8): 931–942.
1996:
1963:
1929:(4): 902–918.
1909:
1876:
1849:
1790:
1783:
1762:
1737:
1674:
1641:
1620:
1605:
1599:. p. 99.
1581:
1556:
1531:
1509:
1484:
1450:
1426:
1411:on 25 May 2017
1400:
1374:
1334:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1232:, the name is
1224:
1221:
1211:
1208:
1191:
1188:
1165:
1150:
1147:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1006:
1003:
970:Mycosphaerella
964:
961:
934:
931:
902:
899:
893:
890:
873:
870:
846:as one of the
839:
836:
830:(many areas).
745:
742:
662:
659:
602:), ornamental
583:
582:Identification
580:
579:
578:
575:
568:
566:
559:
552:
550:
547:
540:
428:6–15 cm (
417:
414:
371:Asian knotweed
329:
328:
327:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
292:Nakai ex Ui
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
214:
206:
195:
194:
188:
187:
182:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
125:Caryophyllales
122:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
46:
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3922:Polygonoideae
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2795:. 2014-09-08.
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2764:
2753:on 2014-03-07
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2740:
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2721:
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2690:0-85389-446-9
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2648:
2637:on 2016-03-04
2636:
2632:
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2443:on 2018-07-29
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2015:
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168:Binomial name
165:
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89:Tracheophytes
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2866:
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2837:. Retrieved
2827:
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2811:
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2793:The Guardian
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2751:the original
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2723:
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2585:
2575:20 September
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2328:the original
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2303:the original
2293:
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2094:The Guardian
2093:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2061:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:the original
2013:
2009:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1926:
1922:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1893:the original
1879:
1807:
1804:Antioxidants
1803:
1793:
1774:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1740:
1698:(12): 2621.
1695:
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1666:. Retrieved
1655:The Observer
1654:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1623:
1595:. New York:
1591:
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1572:. Retrieved
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1471:the original
1464:
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1419:– via
1413:. Retrieved
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1377:
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1360:
1326:. Retrieved
1321:
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1223:Common names
1213:
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1175:Barclays plc
1172:
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678:
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642:
632:
626:
620:
614:
607:
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585:
514:
512:
483:
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370:
366:
363:Polygonaceae
346:
345:
340:
339:
334:
333:
332:
320:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
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248:
240:
232:
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216:
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200:
176:
174:
158:
157:
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135:Polygonaceae
108:
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3771:iNaturalist
3598:kew-2807646
3469:iNaturalist
3253:kew-2428745
3176:NatureServe
3114:iNaturalist
2965:Wikispecies
2334:29 December
1751:Bon Appétit
1569:Phlorum.com
1544:Phlorum.com
1390:. Pocheon:
1245:, with the
1132:Londonderry
1063:Ann Conolly
1027:New Zealand
1021:New Zealand
953:Haida Gwaii
722:R. japonica
720:Rhizome of
416:Description
338:, synonyms
102:Angiosperms
3891:Categories
3820:Plant List
3654:WisFlora:
3593:Plant List
3370:Calflora:
3248:Plant List
2839:2014-06-30
2757:2014-06-30
2729:2014-06-30
2641:2014-06-30
2594:. BBC News
2509:, Macleans
2447:2018-07-29
2309:2015-01-28
2265:2014-06-30
2221:2014-06-30
2196:2015-06-07
2138:2021-05-17
2107:2023-05-16
1810:(5): 676.
1756:2024-01-06
1668:2023-05-27
1635:2014-06-30
1503:2024-01-06
1444:2014-06-30
1440:. Cabi.org
1328:2019-02-25
1295:References
1143:Howth Head
963:Biological
951:Trials in
933:Mechanical
923:glyphosate
886:vegetation
861:ecosystems
737:Beekbergen
683:beekeepers
596:houttuynia
356:herbaceous
236:Hook.f.
146:Reynoutria
3750:242339576
3710:Q15250539
3422:250060603
3380:Cal-IPC:
3181:2.1111703
3080:242343249
3067:242343249
2956:Q18421053
2872:"Itadori"
2724:The Times
2391:: 291–311
2163:1 January
2102:0261-3077
1902:4 January
1826:2076-3921
1714:2223-7747
1663:0029-7712
1615:244766414
1415:4 January
1179:curtilage
1045:, Ireland
991:Amsterdam
974:leaf spot
917:In spring
855:temperate
694:vegetable
687:buckwheat
375:East Asia
260:Makino
252:Makino
153:Species:
72:Kingdom:
3858:VASCAN:
3851:50132249
3846:Tropicos
3789:695927-1
3704:Wikidata
3642:VicFlora
3631:VASCAN:
3624:50009150
3619:Tropicos
3500:10499960
3487:945906-1
3323:Wikidata
3286:VASCAN:
3279:26002438
3274:Tropicos
3155:10740524
3142:435655-1
3012:BioLib:
2950:Wikidata
2817:13 April
2660:BBC News
2535:Archived
2420:Archived
2385:Watsonia
2244:BBC News
2030:21632416
1980:Archived
1951:84481038
1844:33926051
1732:34961091
1597:Sterling
1477:2 August
1465:japonica
1255:See also
1240:虎杖, イタドリ
1230:Japanese
1166:—
1101:insect,
983:insects
927:imazapyr
901:Chemical
865:rhizomes
858:riparian
804:Shizuoka
800:gonpachi
792:Wakayama
764:itazuiko
760:Yamagata
744:In Japan
604:bistorts
519:japonica
316:Honda
300:Nakai
268:Small
192:Synonyms
131:Family:
115:Eudicots
3763:7291566
3737:2907959
3435:5334357
3329:Q899672
3093:2889173
2878:9 March
2666:23 July
2598:30 June
2544:14 July
2513:16 July
2477:26 July
1931:Bibcode
1835:8146912
1723:8705504
1574:26 June
1549:26 June
1234:itadori
1137:In the
1099:psyllid
1043:Lahinch
981:psyllid
892:Control
828:sukanpo
824:Tottori
820:Shimane
816:jajappo
776:itazura
756:tonkiba
698:rhubarb
588:Dogwood
530:⁄
513:Mature
505:⁄
491:⁄
477:⁄
463:⁄
437:⁄
426:racemes
422:flowers
410:rhubarb
403:foraged
352:species
350:, is a
141:Genus:
121:Order:
76:Plantae
3796:NZOR:
3776:501650
3683:594775
3556:NZOR:
3526:565897
3461:409771
3363:188912
3337:AoFP:
3217:243387
3201:NZOR:
3194:488216
3168:520007
3119:914922
3106:400616
3054:177574
3041:585404
2979:AoFP:
2917:, 2023
2907:, 2020
2688:
2359:
2100:
2073:3 June
2040:10 May
2028:
1989:10 May
1956:10 May
1949:
1842:
1832:
1824:
1781:
1730:
1720:
1712:
1692:Plants
1661:
1613:
1603:
1524:6 June
1398:
1367:10 May
1318:Houtt"
1210:Canada
1128:Antrim
1055:Leiden
1033:Europe
1015:achene
872:Impact
796:Kagawa
784:Toyama
768:Nagano
751:sansai
707:sansai
639:bamboo
517:
452:leaves
448:bamboo
407:lemony
395:Europe
184:Houtt.
3861:26649
3724:4L9JG
3678:WoRMS
3657:11964
3567:NZPCN
3513:23875
3495:IRMNG
3474:77130
3409:POLCU
3396:3DTRD
3373:10891
3347:APA:
3289:19070
3237:PFI:
3150:IRMNG
3129:19655
3126:IPA:
3049:EUNIS
3028:793ZB
3015:38823
3005:57631
2989:APA:
2538:(PDF)
2531:(PDF)
2423:(PDF)
2395:9 May
2381:(PDF)
2190:(PDF)
2183:(PDF)
1983:(PDF)
1976:(PDF)
1947:S2CID
1896:(PDF)
1889:(PDF)
1463:var.
1409:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1248:kanji
1088:Defra
812:Akita
808:sashi
592:lilac
562:roses
444:nodes
389:. In
387:Korea
383:China
379:Japan
109:Clade
96:Clade
83:Clade
3833:POWO
3807:PfaF
3784:IPNI
3758:GBIF
3634:8133
3606:POWO
3585:6781
3572:2892
3536:2276
3521:ITIS
3482:IPNI
3456:GRIN
3443:GISD
3430:GBIF
3404:EPPO
3358:APNI
3350:2923
3340:4388
3261:POWO
3225:PfaF
3189:NCBI
3163:ITIS
3137:IPNI
3101:GRIN
3088:GBIF
3000:APNI
2992:2923
2982:4388
2880:2010
2819:2022
2686:ISBN
2668:2016
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