33:
639:, who called it an incorrect assumption that produces false dichotomies. Searle insists that "it is a condition of the adequacy of a precise theory of an indeterminate phenomenon that it should precisely characterize that phenomenon as indeterminate; and a distinction is no less a distinction for allowing for a family of related, marginal, diverging cases." Similarly, when two options are presented, they often are, although not always, two extreme points on some spectrum of possibilities; this may lend credence to the larger argument by giving the impression that the options are
585:. A valid argument is deductive if the truth of its premises ensures the truth of its conclusion. For a valid defeasible argument, on the other hand, it is possible for all its premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. The premises merely offer a certain degree of support for the conclusion but do not ensure it. In the case of a defeasible false dilemma, the support provided for the conclusion is overestimated since various alternatives are not considered in the disjunctive premise.
463:: (1) "If you tell the truth, you force your friend into a social tragedy; and therefore, are an immoral person". (2) "If you lie, you are an immoral person (since it is immoral to lie)". (3) "Either you tell the truth, or you lie". Therefore "ou are an immoral person (whatever choice you make in the given situation)". This example constitutes a false dilemma because there are other choices besides telling the truth and lying, like keeping silent.
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605:, the tendency to simplify reality by ordering it through either-or-statements may play an important role. This tendency is to some extent built into human language, which is full of pairs of opposites. This type of simplification is sometimes necessary to make decisions when there is not enough time to get a more detailed perspective.
819:
176:. Two propositions are contradictories if it has to be the case that one is true and the other is false. Two propositions are contraries if at most one of them can be true, but leaves open the option that both of them might be false, which is not possible in the case of contradictories. Contradictories follow the
684:
noise should not be regulated, because if it were, a number of businesses would be required to close. This argument assumes that, for example, a bar must be shut down to prevent disturbing levels of noise emanating from it after midnight. This ignores the fact that law could require the bar to lower
94:
The human liability to commit false dilemmas may be due to the tendency to simplify reality by ordering it through either-or-statements, which is to some extent already built into human language. This may also be connected to the tendency to insist on clear distinction while denying the vagueness of
180:
but contraries do not. For example, the sentence "the exact number of marbles in the urn is either 10 or not 10" presents two contradictory alternatives. The sentence "the exact number of marbles in the urn is either 10 or 11" presents two contrary alternatives: the urn could also contain 2 marbles
568:
is a famous example of this type of argument involving three disjuncts: "Jesus was either a liar, a lunatic, or Lord". By denying that Jesus was a liar or a lunatic, one is forced to draw the conclusion that he was God. But this leaves out various other alternatives, for example, that Jesus was a
194:
options, are a very common form, this is just a special case: there are also arguments with non-exclusive disjunctions that are false dilemmas. For example, a choice between security and freedom does not involve contraries since these two terms are compatible with each other.
707:
In psychology, a phenomenon related to the false dilemma is "black-and-white thinking" or "thinking in black and white". There are people who routinely engage in black-and-white thinking, an example of which is someone who categorizes other people as all good or all bad.
60:: it asserts that one among a number of alternatives must be true. This disjunction is problematic because it oversimplifies the choice by excluding viable alternatives, presenting the viewer with only two absolute choices when, in fact, there could be many.
185:
is to force a choice between extremes on the agent: someone is either good or bad, rich or poor, normal or abnormal. Such cases ignore that there is a continuous spectrum between the extremes that is excluded from the choice. While
392:
143:: it asserts that one among a number of alternatives must be true. This disjunction is problematic because it oversimplifies the choice by excluding viable alternatives. Sometimes a distinction is made between a
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based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. The source of the fallacy lies not in an invalid form of inference but in a false premise. This premise has the form of a
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151:. On this view, the term "false dichotomy" refers to the false disjunctive claim while the term "false dilemma" refers not just to this claim but to the argument based on this claim.
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647:, in which case the fallacy may be overcome, or at least weakened, by considering other possibilities, or perhaps by considering a whole spectrum of possibilities, as in
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720:. Some of the following terms are equivalent to the term "false dilemma", some refer to special forms of false dilemmas and others refer to closely related concepts.
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651:. This issue arises from real dichotomies in nature, the most prevalent example is the occurrence of an event. It either happened or it did not happen. This
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are unsound because of their structure, while informal fallacies are unsound because of their content. The problematic content in the case of the
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often reflects a deliberate attempt to eliminate several options that may occupy the middle ground on an issue. A common argument against
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and scholars believe that "unless a distinction can be made rigorous and precise it isn't really a distinction". An exception is
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71:, of which one is necessarily true. Various inferential schemes are associated with false dilemmas, for example, the
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based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available. In its most simple form, called the
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false dilemmas, the agent should become aware of additional options besides the prearranged alternatives.
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structural elements to keep the noise from excessively transmitting onto others' properties.
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Young
America's dilemma: Shall I be wise and great, or rich and powerful? (Poster from 1901)
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why there is a tendency to commit or fall for the fallacy in question. In the case of the
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The source of the fallacy is found in the disjunctive claim in the third premise, i.e.
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387:{\displaystyle {\frac {(P\to Q),(P\to R),(\lnot Q\lor \lnot R)}{\therefore \lnot P}}}
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1514:"An 'infusion' approach to critical thinking: Moore on the critical thinking debate"
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1470:"Data Shows Bars With Most Noise Complaints, But Is It Just Sound and Fury?"
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215:. In their most simple form, they can be expressed in the following way:
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1390:. The New York Review of Books, Volume 30, Number 16, 27 October 1983.
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2939:
1337:
1211:
1140:
1051:
294:{\displaystyle {\frac {(P\to Q),(R\to Q),(P\lor R)}{\therefore Q}}}
123:, i.e. not both valid and true. Fallacies are usually divided into
4070:
2929:
204:
31:
3971:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
3183:
1406:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 101.
597:
involves going beyond logic to empirical psychology in order to
207:, there are two main types of inferences known as dilemmas: the
119:, i.e. a series of premises together with a conclusion, that is
4198:
3564:
3385:
3319:
3016:
2974:
2629:
1592:
655:
sets a logical construct that cannot be reasonably applied to
1339:
Informal
Fallacies: Towards a Theory of Argument Criticisms
1336:
Walton, Douglas N. (1987). "3. The logic of propositions".
528:{\displaystyle {\frac {(P\lor Q),(\lnot P)}{\therefore Q}}}
680:
laws involves a false choice. It might be argued that in
181:
or 17 marbles or... A common form of using contraries in
115:, all but two alternatives are excluded. A fallacy is an
1210:
Engel, S. Morris (1982). "4. Fallacies of presumption".
27:
Informal fallacy involving falsely limited alternatives
1213:
3368:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
544:
480:
429:
403:
309:
225:
4237:
Countering
Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
4165:
4153:
4038:
3984:
3958:
3946:
3860:
3807:
3795:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3728:
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2465:
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2312:
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2038:
1974:
1949:
1921:
1886:
1836:
1790:
1781:
1719:
1685:
1641:
1632:
616:and creativity may be necessary to see through the
83:. False dilemmas are usually discussed in terms of
63:False dilemmas often have the form of treating two
3340:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
556:
527:
447:
415:
386:
293:
3892:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3444:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1437:Linguistic fuzzy logic methods in social sciences
1313:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1176:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
577:False dilemmas are usually discussed in terms of
3787:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
466:A false dilemma can also occur in the form of a
564:) is responsible for the fallacious inference.
455:respectively. The following is an example of a
1729:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
4100:Election denial movement in the United States
2986:
2641:
1734:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
1604:
716:Various different terms are used to refer to
8:
1139:Vleet, Van Jacob E. (2010). "Introduction".
1521:Higher Education Research & Development
4195:
3804:
3772:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
3572:
3561:
3474:
3382:
3316:
3013:
2993:
2979:
2971:
2648:
2634:
2626:
2462:
2309:
2184:
1787:
1638:
1611:
1597:
1589:
1498:AJ Giannini. "Use of fiction in therapy".
1440:(1. ed.). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
1371:, published in the English translation of
1142:Informal Logical Fallacies: A Brief Guide
1103:"Fallacies: 6. Partial List of Fallacies"
543:
481:
479:
428:
402:
310:
308:
226:
224:
4125:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
1369:Afterword: Toward An Ethic of Discussion
1052:"False Dilemma: A Systematic Exposition"
1045:
984:Strange loop § In cognitive science
739:Formal fallacy § Denying a conjunct
3924:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
1311:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1174:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
4051:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
3842:Soviet influence on the peace movement
3439:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
624:Relation to distinctions and vagueness
3776:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
1149:from the original on 28 February 2022
1082:from the original on 10 February 2023
7:
1286:from the original on 29 January 2021
1257:from the original on 6 December 2020
1004:You're either with us, or against us
4046:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
3256:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
1276:Honderich, Ted (2005). "Dilemmas".
1107:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
737:(similar to a false dichotomy: see
448:{\displaystyle \lnot Q\lor \lnot R}
3517:Misinformation related to abortion
1468:Desantis, Nick (23 January 2012).
1317:from the original on 15 March 2023
1279:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1180:from the original on 29 March 2021
620:and to discover new alternatives.
573:Deductive and defeasible arguments
505:
439:
430:
375:
361:
352:
25:
3734:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
3347:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
1346:from the original on 2 March 2022
1220:from the original on 1 March 2022
538:In this form, the first premise (
172:, while in truth they are merely
4287:United States Information Agency
3566:Operations and events by country
2610:
2609:
1550:from the original on 26 May 2023
1113:from the original on 3 June 2019
854:Distinction without a difference
817:
803:
755:fallacy of exhaustive hypotheses
3887:Information war against Ukraine
3434:International Jewish conspiracy
3402:Congo Free State propaganda war
4115:Information Operations Roadmap
4025:Psychological Warfare Division
3595:Chinese information operations
3544:Water fluoridation controversy
2107:Correlation implies causation
1512:Davies, W. Martin (May 2006).
760:fallacy of the excluded middle
511:
502:
496:
484:
367:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
277:
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
67:, which may both be false, as
1:
4317:Barriers to critical thinking
4222:Active Measures Working Group
3880:during the Russo-Georgian War
3847:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
685:its noise levels, or install
581:. But they can also occur as
168:presents the alternatives as
87:, but they can also occur as
4105:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
3782:Fake news in the Philippines
3154:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
2920:Rally 'round the flag effect
2795:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
1247:"The Black-or-White Fallacy"
4232:Counter Misinformation Team
4227:Counter disinformation unit
3677:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
3164:Forgery as covert operation
1388:The Word Turned Upside Down
1282:. Oxford University Press.
864:Fallacy of the single cause
190:involving contraries, i.e.
164:In its most common form, a
160:Disjunction with contraries
4363:
4242:The Disinformation Project
3672:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
3028:Algorithmic radicalization
2531:I'm entitled to my opinion
1573:The Black-or-White Fallacy
696:
178:law of the excluded middle
4205:
4194:
4159:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
4135:Tobacco industry playbook
4066:CIA Kennedy assassination
3571:
3560:
3392:
3381:
3326:
3315:
3199:Manipulation (psychology)
3023:
3012:
2663:
2605:
2514:
2387:
1533:10.1080/07294360600610420
1068:10.1007/s10503-013-9292-0
589:Explanation and avoidance
95:many common expressions.
4247:East StratCom Task Force
4061:9/11 conspiracy theories
3058:List of cognitive biases
2557:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
1657:Affirming the consequent
1434:Arfi, Badredine (2010).
994:Thinking outside the box
693:Black-and-white thinking
461:simple constructive form
4173:Public opinion brigades
4130:Niger uranium forgeries
4120:Litter boxes in schools
3490:COVID-19 misinformation
3412:Free energy suppression
3321:Books and documentaries
3095:Euphemistic misspeaking
2725:Cartographic propaganda
2577:Two wrongs make a right
1908:Denying the correlative
1578:6 December 2020 at the
1400:Baronett, Stan (2008).
645:collectively exhaustive
557:{\displaystyle P\lor Q}
474:disjunctive syllogism:
416:{\displaystyle P\lor R}
113:fallacy of bifurcation
3919:2016 Brexit referendum
3268:Scientific fabrication
3179:Historical negationism
2910:Propaganda of the deed
2880:New generation warfare
2830:Historical negationism
2668:Accusation in a mirror
2562:Psychologist's fallacy
2499:Argument to moderation
2489:Argument from anecdote
2439:Chronological snobbery
2063:Quoting out of context
2030:Overwhelming exception
1913:Suppressed correlative
1813:Quoting out of context
1688:quantificational logic
1662:Denying the antecedent
1307:"Defeasible Reasoning"
1305:Koons, Robert (2017).
979:Splitting (psychology)
894:Love–hate relationship
879:Law of excluded middle
730:black-or-white fallacy
699:Splitting (psychology)
672:The presentation of a
593:Part of understanding
558:
529:
449:
417:
388:
295:
44:, also referred to as
37:
4215:Fact-checking website
4020:Operation Mass Appeal
4002:Clockwork Orange plot
3512:Mental illness denial
3407:Climate change denial
3224:Psychological warfare
3194:Internet manipulation
3159:Firehose of falsehood
3085:Disinformation attack
2905:Psychological warfare
2870:Monumental propaganda
2820:Glittering generality
2800:Firehose of falsehood
2657:Propaganda techniques
2525:The Four Great Errors
2505:Argumentum ad populum
2494:Argument from silence
2198:Argumentum ad baculum
1976:Faulty generalization
1667:Argument from fallacy
1502:. 18(7): 56–57, 2001.
1386:Searle, John. (1983)
1168:Hansen, Hans (2020).
1050:Tomić, Taeda (2013).
559:
530:
468:disjunctive syllogism
450:
418:
389:
296:
219:simple constructive:
81:disjunctive syllogism
35:
3354:Who's Who in the CIA
2745:Demonizing the enemy
2543:Invincible ignorance
2349:Reductio ad Stalinum
2335:Reductio ad Hitlerum
2291:Wisdom of repugnance
2058:Moving the goalposts
1923:Illicit transference
1848:Begging the question
1769:Undistributed middle
1677:Mathematical fallacy
1652:Affirming a disjunct
1251:www.fallacyfiles.org
634:analytic philosopher
583:defeasible arguments
542:
478:
427:
401:
307:
303:simple destructive:
223:
209:constructive dilemma
89:defeasible arguments
73:constructive dilemma
4056:Conspiracy theories
3997:Double-Cross System
3966:Conspiracy theories
3827:Operation INFEKTION
3615:Internet Water Army
3469:Strategy of tension
3334:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
3219:Post-truth politics
2935:Shooting and crying
2765:Emotive conjugation
2740:Cult of personality
2690:Atrocity propaganda
2276:Parade of horribles
2252:In-group favoritism
2078:Syntactic ambiguity
1721:Syllogistic fallacy
1644:propositional logic
839:Choice architecture
786:invalid disjunction
725:bifurcation fallacy
579:deductive arguments
213:destructive dilemma
85:deductive arguments
77:destructive dilemma
4342:Informal fallacies
3952:HIV/AIDS denialism
3929:Trolls from Olgino
3703:Paid news in India
3693:Fake news in India
3507:HIV/AIDS denialism
3361:Merchants of Doubt
3234:Military deception
3209:Media manipulation
3048:Circular reporting
2895:Oversimplification
2875:Moralistic fallacy
2362:Poisoning the well
2179:Proof by assertion
2154:Texas sharpshooter
2088:Questionable cause
2025:Slothful induction
1984:Anecdotal evidence
1844:Circular reasoning
1739:Exclusive premises
1701:Illicit conversion
1474:The New York Times
1342:. John Benjamins.
943:Political systems
909:Mutually exclusive
735:denying a conjunct
641:mutually exclusive
554:
525:
445:
413:
384:
291:
139:has the form of a
38:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4140:Operation Shocker
3942:
3941:
3822:K-1000 battleship
3653:Operation Neptune
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3377:
3376:
3311:
3310:
3303:Yellow journalism
3251:counterpropaganda
3132:List of fallacies
3065:Conspiracy theory
3033:Alternative facts
2968:
2967:
2860:Managing the news
2685:Appeal to emotion
2623:
2622:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2537:Ignoratio elenchi
2449:
2448:
2299:
2298:
2261:Not invented here
1966:Converse accident
1888:Correlative-based
1865:Compound question
1808:False attribution
1803:False equivalence
1777:
1776:
1584:The Fallacy Files
1500:Psychiatric Times
1377:, pp. 123–24, 126
1101:Dowden, Bradley.
1009:Zero-sum thinking
959:Rogerian argument
924:None of the above
899:Many-valued logic
859:Euthyphro dilemma
825:Psychology portal
811:Philosophy portal
766:false alternative
750:either/or fallacy
703:Binary opposition
614:Critical thinking
523:
382:
289:
141:disjunctive claim
58:disjunctive claim
18:False alternative
16:(Redirected from
4354:
4196:
4015:MMR autism fraud
3898:On US elections
3832:Operation Toucan
3805:
3573:
3562:
3527:anti-vaccination
3475:
3422:Holocaust denial
3397:Bermuda Triangle
3383:
3317:
3246:black propaganda
3214:Potemkin village
3139:False accusation
3115:list of websites
3014:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2960:White propaganda
2915:Public relations
2890:Overcomplication
2775:False accusation
2710:Black propaganda
2700:Beautiful people
2695:Bandwagon effect
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2613:
2612:
2584:Special pleading
2463:
2324:Appeal to motive
2310:
2286:Stirring symbols
2266:Island mentality
2204:Wishful thinking
2185:
1901:Perfect solution
1878:No true Scotsman
1873:Complex question
1858:Leading question
1837:Question-begging
1823:No true Scotsman
1788:
1711:Quantifier shift
1706:Proof by example
1639:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1480:on 4 August 2016
1476:. Archived from
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1047:
952:Two-party system
947:One-party system
844:Degrees of truth
827:
822:
821:
820:
813:
808:
807:
806:
791:no middle ground
712:Similar concepts
566:Lewis's trilemma
563:
561:
560:
555:
534:
532:
531:
526:
524:
522:
514:
482:
454:
452:
451:
446:
422:
420:
419:
414:
393:
391:
390:
385:
383:
381:
370:
311:
300:
298:
297:
292:
290:
288:
280:
227:
133:Formal fallacies
109:informal fallacy
54:informal fallacy
21:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4296:
4201:
4182:
4161:
4149:
4034:
4030:Zinoviev letter
3980:
3954:
3938:
3862:Post-Soviet era
3856:
3817:Active Measures
3800:
3791:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3681:
3655:
3643:
3583:
3581:Jihadunspun.com
3567:
3548:
3473:
3449:New World Order
3417:Genocide denial
3388:
3373:
3322:
3307:
3229:Memetic warfare
3019:
3008:
2999:
2969:
2964:
2850:Loaded language
2659:
2654:
2624:
2619:
2593:
2567:Rationalization
2510:
2457:
2445:
2383:
2305:Genetic fallacy
2295:
2208:
2183:
2158:
2082:
2073:Sorites paradox
2053:False precision
2034:
2015:Double counting
1970:
1945:
1917:
1882:
1869:Loaded question
1853:Loaded language
1832:
1773:
1715:
1681:
1628:
1617:
1580:Wayback Machine
1569:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1365:Jacques Derrida
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1245:
1244:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1209:
1208:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1049:
1048:
1023:
1018:
1013:
974:Sorites paradox
889:Loaded question
884:Lewis' trilemma
874:Hobson's choice
823:
818:
816:
809:
804:
802:
799:
781:false dichotomy
764:fallacy of the
714:
705:
695:
678:noise pollution
670:
665:
626:
618:false dichotomy
591:
575:
540:
539:
515:
483:
476:
475:
425:
424:
399:
398:
371:
312:
305:
304:
281:
228:
221:
220:
201:
170:contradictories
162:
157:
149:false dichotomy
101:
69:contradictories
46:false dichotomy
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Habbush letter
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3992:Bell Pottinger
3988:
3986:
3985:United Kingdom
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3866:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3648:Czechoslovakia
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3620:PLA Unit 61398
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3495:by governments
3487:
3481:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3332:Disinformation
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3053:Cognitive bias
3050:
3045:
3043:Cherry picking
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3006:misinformation
3002:Disinformation
3000:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2840:Indoctrination
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Disinformation
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Cherry picking
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Appeal to fear
2677:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2399:
2397:Accomplishment
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:Slippery slope
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Slippery slope
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1994:Cherry picking
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1568:
1567:External links
1565:
1562:
1561:
1527:(2): 179–193.
1504:
1491:
1460:
1446:
1426:
1412:
1392:
1379:
1357:
1328:
1297:
1268:
1231:
1191:
1160:
1124:
1093:
1062:(4): 347–368.
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:Slippery slope
966:
961:
956:
955:
954:
949:
941:
936:
934:Pascal's Wager
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
829:
828:
814:
798:
795:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
732:
727:
718:false dilemmas
713:
710:
694:
691:
669:
666:
664:
661:
625:
622:
590:
587:
574:
571:
553:
550:
547:
536:
535:
521:
518:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
412:
409:
406:
395:
394:
380:
377:
374:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
301:
287:
284:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
200:
197:
188:false dilemmas
183:false dilemmas
161:
158:
156:
153:
100:
97:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4359:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:FactCheck.org
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:Fact-checking
4208:
4207:
4204:
4197:
4193:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:United States
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
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3806:
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3798:
3794:
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3780:
3777:
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3769:
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3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
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3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
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3699:
3696:
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3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:50 Cent Party
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
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3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Media culture
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:False dilemma
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:False dilemma
2783:
2781:
2780:False balance
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2452:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:Invented here
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:False analogy
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:Sampling bias
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1952:Secundum quid
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:False dilemma
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Illicit minor
1762:
1760:
1759:Illicit major
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1449:
1447:9783642133428
1443:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1427:
1415:
1413:9780131933125
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:Argumentation
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:Show election
962:
960:
957:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
940:
939:Perspectivism
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Morton's fork
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
826:
815:
812:
801:
796:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
719:
711:
709:
704:
700:
692:
690:
688:
687:soundproofing
683:
682:New York City
679:
675:
667:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
635:
631:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
603:false dilemma
600:
596:
588:
586:
584:
580:
572:
570:
567:
551:
548:
545:
519:
516:
508:
499:
493:
490:
487:
473:
472:
471:
469:
464:
462:
458:
457:false dilemma
442:
436:
433:
410:
407:
404:
378:
372:
364:
358:
355:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
302:
285:
282:
274:
271:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
218:
217:
216:
214:
210:
206:
199:Logical forms
198:
196:
193:
189:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:false dilemma
159:
154:
152:
150:
146:
145:false dilemma
142:
138:
137:false dilemma
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:false dilemma
98:
96:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:false dilemma
34:
30:
19:
4012:
3947:South Africa
3934:Web brigades
3870:Cyberwarfare
3852:Useful idiot
3801:Soviet Union
3746:Fintas Group
3638:Global Times
3636:
3605:cyberwarfare
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3331:
3298:Whataboutism
3293:Urban legend
3263:Quote mining
3143:
2955:Whataboutism
2925:Scapegoating
2885:Obscurantism
2865:Minimisation
2784:
2770:Exaggeration
2672:
2552:Naturalistic
2535:
2523:
2503:
2474:
2458:of relevance
2401:
2379:Whataboutism
2371:
2347:
2341:Godwin's law
2333:
2313:
2196:
2189:Consequences
2170:Law/Legality
2144:Single cause
2117:
2110:
1950:
1895:
1818:Loki's Wager
1798:Equivocation
1791:Equivocation
1583:
1552:. Retrieved
1524:
1520:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1473:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1436:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1402:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:Limited Inc.
1372:
1368:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1338:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1310:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1278:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1250:
1222:. Retrieved
1212:
1182:. Retrieved
1173:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1141:
1115:. Retrieved
1106:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1059:
1055:
999:Unreasonable
929:Obscurantism
790:
785:
780:
776:false choice
775:
771:false binary
770:
765:
759:
754:
749:
734:
729:
724:
717:
715:
706:
674:false choice
673:
671:
668:False choice
657:epistemology
630:philosophers
627:
617:
609:
608:In order to
607:
602:
598:
594:
592:
576:
537:
465:
460:
456:
396:
202:
187:
182:
165:
163:
148:
144:
136:
128:
124:
112:
104:
102:
93:
62:
50:false binary
49:
45:
41:
39:
29:
4145:Yellow rain
3765:Philippines
3625:Spamouflage
3610:Little Pink
3464:Rothschilds
3454:Red mercury
3169:Gaslighting
3120:Lying press
3090:Doublespeak
2950:Weasel word
2900:Plain folks
2815:Gish gallop
2805:Flag-waving
2760:Doublespeak
2755:Dog whistle
2715:Blood libel
2572:Red herring
2329:Association
2010:Conjunction
1931:Composition
1828:Reification
1744:Existential
1696:Existential
1170:"Fallacies"
914:Nolan Chart
745:double bind
649:fuzzy logic
637:John Searle
131:fallacies.
4347:Propaganda
4311:Categories
4272:PolitiFact
4200:Opposition
4076:Sandy Hook
3875:on Estonia
3809:Soviet era
3722:Team Jorge
3698:Godi-media
3459:Reptilians
3429:Illuminati
3288:Truthiness
3278:Social bot
3241:Propaganda
3174:Half-truth
3149:False flag
2825:Half-truth
2730:Censorship
2674:Ad hominem
2548:Moralistic
2482:Sealioning
2476:Ad nauseam
2403:Ipse dixit
2315:Ad hominem
2139:Regression
1941:Ecological
1754:Four terms
1672:Masked man
1484:31 October
1453:31 October
1419:31 October
1016:References
919:Nondualism
869:Half-truth
697:See also:
174:contraries
99:Definition
65:contraries
4337:Ignorance
4322:Deception
4267:NewsGuard
4262:Logically
4257:Full Fact
4154:Venezuela
4088:Fake news
3976:AK Trolls
3667:Funkspiel
3189:Infodemic
3105:Fake news
3080:Denialism
3075:Deception
2835:Ideograph
2790:Fake news
2589:Straw man
2467:Arguments
2456:fallacies
2430:Tradition
2420:Etymology
2392:Authority
2373:Tu quoque
2357:Bulverism
2127:Gambler's
2096:Animistic
2040:Ambiguity
2006:Base rate
1749:Necessity
1621:fallacies
1582:entry in
1541:144167015
1076:144781912
989:Straw man
849:Dichotomy
834:Bivalence
595:fallacies
569:prophet.
549:∨
517:∴
506:¬
491:∨
459:with the
440:¬
437:∨
431:¬
408:∨
376:¬
373:∴
362:¬
359:∨
353:¬
338:→
320:→
283:∴
272:∨
254:→
236:→
192:exclusive
4327:Dilemmas
4292:USAFacts
4282:StopFake
4178:Force 47
4083:COVID-19
4007:Euromyth
3758:Peñabots
3632:COVID-19
3537:COVID-19
3522:Vaccines
3387:Examples
3273:Smearing
2855:Newspeak
2720:Buzzword
2615:Category
2247:Ridicule
2232:Flattery
2222:Children
2119:Post hoc
1999:McNamara
1961:Accident
1936:Division
1783:Informal
1576:Archived
1545:Archived
1350:13 March
1344:Archived
1321:13 March
1315:Archived
1290:13 March
1284:Archived
1261:13 March
1255:Archived
1224:13 March
1218:Archived
1184:13 March
1178:Archived
1153:13 March
1147:Archived
1117:13 March
1111:Archived
1086:13 March
1080:Archived
797:See also
663:Examples
653:ontology
211:and the
129:informal
117:argument
52:, is an
4166:Vietnam
3837:Seat 12
3708:OpIndia
3660:Germany
3127:Fallacy
3100:Factoid
3038:Big lie
2845:Lawfare
2810:Framing
2705:Big lie
2434:Novelty
2409:Poverty
2271:Loyalty
2237:Novelty
2214:Emotion
2163:Appeals
2132:Inverse
2112:Cum hoc
2101:Furtive
1619:Common
1554:23 July
1367:(1991)
1145:. Upa.
599:explain
121:unsound
79:or the
4277:Snopes
4093:online
4013:Lancet
3959:Turkey
3797:Russia
3753:Mexico
3741:Kuwait
3717:Israel
3576:Canada
3532:autism
3478:Health
3110:online
2940:Slogan
2519:Cliché
2454:Other
2425:Nature
2413:Wealth
2048:Accent
1634:Formal
1539:
1444:
1410:
1074:
147:and a
125:formal
107:is an
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