False flag - Knowledge (XXG)

47: 1088:, this usage mostly "migrated to the right", however because some historical false flag incidents occurred, historians should not fully cede the usage of the term to conspiracy theorists. Perlman says "The real danger is if we use the nonattributive 'false flags' as shorthand for conspiracy theories, without explaining what they are and who is promoting them." At the same time, Perlman writes that "people yelling that any attack attributed to someone on 'their side' was committed by 'the other side' drown out the voices of reason." 407: 576:, involved scenarios such as fabricating the hijacking or shooting down of passenger and military planes, sinking a U.S. ship in the vicinity of Cuba, burning crops, sinking a boat filled with Cuban refugees, attacks by alleged Cuban infiltrators inside the United States, and harassment of U.S. aircraft and shipping and the destruction of aerial drones by aircraft disguised as Cuban MiGs. These actions would be blamed on Cuba, and would be a pretext for an invasion of Cuba and the overthrow of 772: 3048: 558: 1203: 931:(UN). Even according to Reid-Daly, most of those killed were unarmed guerrillas standing in formation for a parade. The camp hospital was also set ablaze by the rounds fired by the Scouts, killing all patients. According to David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, who visited the camp shortly before the raid, it was only a refugee camp that did not host any guerrillas. It was staged for UN approval. 462: 768:

intelligence tasks; however, military provide the structure needed to back up such pseudo-ops with military response forces. According to US military expert Lawrence Cline (2005), "the teams typically have been controlled by police services, but this largely was due to the weaknesses in the respective military intelligence systems."

892:. They succeeded in turning approximately 800 insurgents who were then paid by Special Branch, ultimately reaching the number of 1,500 members. Engaging mainly in long-range reconnaissance and surveillance missions, they increasingly turned to offensive actions, including the attempted assassination of 705:

against Israel. However, the plot was exposed before launch and Egyptian authorities were able to tail an operative to his target, arrest him and later search his apartment where the entire plan, including the names of other agents and explosive materials, was held. Unknown to Israel Prime Minister

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Pseudo-operations are those in which forces of one power disguise themselves as enemy forces. For example, a state power may disguise teams of operatives as insurgents and, with the aid of defectors, infiltrate insurgent areas. The aim of such pseudo-operations may be to gather short or long-term

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operation is an act committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone's allegiance. The term was famously used to

664:. The tactic of a "directed campaign of bombings by Iranians posing as members of the Communist party", involved the bombing of "at least one" well known Muslim's house by CIA agents posing as Communists. The CIA determined that the tactic of false flag attacks added to the "positive outcome" of 1210:

Proponents of political or religious ideologies will sometimes use false flag tactics. This can be done to discredit or implicate rival groups, create the appearance of enemies when none exist, or create the illusion of organized and directed persecution. This can be used to gain attention and

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of important enemies. However, they usually involve both, as the risks of exposure rapidly increase with time and intelligence gathering eventually leads to violent confrontation. Pseudo-operations may be directed by military or police forces, or both. Police forces are usually best suited to

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In the summer of 1954, a group of Egyptian Jews recruited by Israeli army intelligence were caught with plans to bomb American, British, and Egyptian civil targets in Egypt. The bombs were timed to detonate several hours after closing time. The bombings were to be blamed on the

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were filmed while being arrested. The footage published by the FSB was however found to implicate the FSB as having staged the arrest. Together with weapons, drugs, Ukrainian passports and Nazi memorabilia the footage also prominently showed three expansion packs for the

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to deceive other ships into allowing them to move closer before attacking them. It later was deemed an acceptable practice during naval warfare according to international maritime laws, provided the attacking vessel displayed its true flag once an attack had begun.

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states in its introduction on the draft: "To a great extent, correspond to the customary rules and general principles underlying treaties on the law of war on land and at sea", and as such these two non-controversial articles were already part of customary law.

616:, with Russian state media promoting false flags on a nearly hourly basis purporting to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russia, in a bid to justify an invasion of Ukraine. Many of the disinformation videos were poor and amateur in quality, with mismatching 95:

for domestic repression or foreign military aggression. Similarly deceptive activities carried out during peacetime by individuals or nongovernmental organizations have been called false flag operations, but the more common legal term is a

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included a finding that Skorzeny was not guilty of a crime by ordering his men into action in American uniforms. He had relayed to his men the warning of German legal experts: if they fought in American uniforms, they would be breaking the

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Political campaigning has a long history of this tactic in various forms, including in person, print media and electronically in recent years. This can involve when supporters of one candidate pose as supporters of another, or act as

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were part of a false flag effort to discredit Republicans and supporters of then-President Donald Trump. Cesar Sayoc, motivated by his belief that Democrats were “evil”, was later convicted of mailing the devices to Trump's critics.

281:; however, they probably were not doing so simply by wearing the American uniforms. During the trial, a number of arguments were advanced to substantiate this position and the German and U.S. military seem to have been in agreement. 379:

to Bismarck regarding certain demands made by the French ambassador. In the version purposefully released to the public, Bismarck instead made it sound like the King had gravely disrespected the ambassador – a ploy to trick Emperor

694:, "unspecified malcontents", or "local nationalists", with the aim of creating a climate of sufficient violence and instability to induce the British government to refrain from evacuating its troops occupying Egypt's 1927: 2774: 514:

The operation failed to convince international public opinion of the German claims, and both Britain and France – Poland's allies – declared war two days after Germany invaded Poland.

3012: 2204: 1026:, the term "false flag" describes the recruiting of agents by operatives posing as representatives of a cause the prospective agents are sympathetic to, or even the agents' own government. For example, during the 388:, with the end goal of unifying the northern and southern German states. This ploy would be successful, as Napoleon III would declare war six days later; and six months later, the Confederation would win and 4140: 4060: 2131: 972:

of guerrilla or criminal organizations. In the latter case, infiltration is normally done by individuals. Pseudo teams, on the other hand, are formed as needed from organized units, usually military or

1062:, "Many a right-wing radical had given information to the Soviets under a 'false flag', thinking they were working with a Western ally, such as Israel, when in fact their contact was a KGB operative." 1174:

is opposed to the one that the troll claims to hold. The concern troll posts in web forums devoted to its declared point of view and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to

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The term today extends to include countries that organize attacks on themselves and make the attacks appear to be by enemy nations or terrorists, thus giving the nation that was supposedly attacked a

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states: "National flags, insignias and uniforms as a ruse – in practice it has been authorized to make use of these as a ruse. The foregoing rule (Article 23 of the Annex of the

2066: 304:), does not prohibit such use, but does prohibit their improper use. It is certainly forbidden to make use of them during a combat. Before opening fire upon the enemy, they must be discarded." 5067: 4165: 2099: 2808: 2801: 5280: 4001: 3996: 3991: 934:

According to a 1978 study by the Directorate of Military Intelligence, 68% of all insurgent deaths inside Rhodesia could be attributed to the Selous Scouts, who were disbanded in 1980.

4831: 993: 3684: 750:. This was again interpreted as a misunderstood instruction, this time taken too literally. The FSB subsequently published a version of the footage with the Sims games blurred out. 3457: 1601:"Rules concerning the Control of Wireless Telegraphy in Time of War and Air Warfare. Drafted by a Commission of Jurists at the Hague, December 1922 – February 1923: Introduction" 1143:

If you could employ an associate who pretends to be sympathetic to the unions' cause to physically attack you (or even use a firearm against you), you could discredit the unions

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The press had acquired a court order to access all of Walker's emails and Lam's email was exposed. At first, Lam vehemently denied it, but eventually admitted it and resigned.

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and Pascal Kropp (1999), the OJAL was reminiscent of "the Organization of the French Algerian Resistance (ORAF), a group of counter-terrorists created in December 1956 by the

657:. One tactic used to undermine Mosaddegh was to carry out false flag attacks "on mosques and key public figures", to be blamed on Iranian communists loyal to the government. 128:, while merchant vessels were encouraged to use false flags for protection. Such masquerades promoted confusion not just of the enemy but of historical accounts. In 1914 the 4008: 841:

in the 1950s, captured Mau Mau members who switched sides and specially trained British troops initiated the pseudo-gang concept to successfully counter Mau Mau. In 1960,

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However, as "the C.I.A. burned nearly all of its files on its role in the 1953 coup in Iran," the true extent of the tactic has been difficult for historians to discern.

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supporters and extended them, creating the pseudo-"Monarchist Union of Central Russia" (MUCR) in order to help the OGPU identify real monarchists and anti-Bolsheviks.

1997: 2759: 2121: 4189: 4145: 3951: 3626: 55: 2243: 6327: 5313: 5210: 4874: 4172: 1008:(Territorial Surveillance Directorate, or DST) whose mission was to carry out terrorist attacks with the aim of quashing any hopes of political compromise". 888:. The Selous Scouts were originally composed of 120 members, with all officers being white and the highest rank initially available for black soldiers being 2923: 1895:

Inside the Assassination Records Review Board: The U.S. Government's Final Attempt to Reconcile the Conflicting Medical Evidence in the Assassination of JFK

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In January and February 2022, Western government agencies predicted that Russia would use a false flag operation in Ukraine. In the days leading up to the

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sympathy from outsiders, in particular the media, or to convince others within the group that their beliefs are under attack and in need of protection.

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If the action is a police action, then these tactics would fall within the laws of the state initiating the pseudo, but if such actions are taken in a

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is an example of one candidate's creating a false document and attributing it as coming from another candidate in order to discredit that candidate.

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by blowing up a section of railway. Though the explosion was too weak to disrupt operations on the rail line, the Japanese nevertheless used the

212:, which the British planned to sacrifice in the operation, was provided with cosmetic modifications that involved cutting the ship's funnels and 923:. Using Rhodesian trucks and armored cars disguised as Mozambique military vehicles, 84 scouts killed 1,284 people in the camp, registered as a 5102: 5072: 4817: 4712: 4668: 3931: 3584: 884:. As with all Special Forces in Rhodesia, by 1977 they were controlled by COMOPS (Commander, Combined Operations) Commander Lieutenant General 588:. The surprise discovery of the documents relating to Operation Northwoods was a result of the comprehensive search for records related to the 2981: 722:

Due to its deceptive nature a false flag operation can fail in such a manner as to implicate the perpetrator rather than the intended victim.

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officer, as pseudo-operations, or "the use of organized teams which are disguised as guerrilla groups for long- or short-term penetration of

220:. By this ruse the British were able to get within two miles (3 km) of the harbour before the defences responded, where the explosive-rigged 1808: 4904: 4663: 1051:", indicating that they also used their sex appeal to manipulate their targets, making this operation a combination of the false flag and " 997: 339:, the Swedish national assembly, who until then had refused to agree to an offensive war against Russia. The Puumala incident allowed King 186:

was fatally damaged in the engagement and its crew captured, the outcome represented a considerable psychological victory for the Germans.

2908: 1626: 4418: 4135: 3538: 3345: 1052: 710:, the exposé caused a scandal in Israel, with Israeli officials blaming one another for the operation and the Israeli defense minister, 4848: 4041: 3606: 2169: 1903: 1783: 593: 3025: 1587: 4564: 3823: 3436: 2654: 2514: 2024: 1799:

Turtola, Martti (1999). "Kansainvälinen kehitys Euroopassa ja Suomessa 1930-luvulla". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.).

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Weland, James (1994). "Misguided Intelligence: Japanese Military Intelligence Officers in the Manchurian Incident, September 1931".

1696: 1533: 996:(DRS) security forces disguised themselves as Islamist terrorists and committed false flag terror attacks. Such groups included the 362: 301: 166: 120:

such a deception is considered permissible, provided the false flag is lowered and the true flag raised before engaging in battle.

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whereby a vessel flew the flag of a neutral or enemy country in order to hide its true identity. The tactic was originally used by

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of Sweden, who lacked the constitutional authority to initiate unprovoked hostilities without the Estates' consent, to launch the

6524: 6320: 6264: 5306: 5205: 5197: 4599: 4524: 4376: 3721: 730: 508: 285: 344: 6257: 6045: 5215: 4194: 3523: 3491: 1714: 1147:... Employing a false flag operation would assist in undercutting any support the media may be creating in favor of the unions. 942: 6494: 6479: 5146: 4971: 4886: 4466: 4204: 4177: 4114: 3633: 2354: 644: 742:

interpreted this to mean that the arrest was in fact staged, with its organizers misunderstanding an instruction "to get 3

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was ordered to undermine the government of Iran over a four-month period, as a precursor to overthrowing Prime Minister

2412: 1860: 1666: 746:". Further lending credence to the arrest being staged was footage of a note with a Russian phrase, which in fact read 46: 6534: 6519: 6313: 6068: 5299: 5263: 4321: 4316: 3766: 3548: 3253: 3158: 2848: 2460: 2382: 783: 609: 38: 1954: 327:

received an order to sew a number of Russian military uniforms. These were then used by Swedes to stage an attack on

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drafted a set of rules concerning the Control of Wireless Telegraphy in Time of War and Air Warfare. They included:

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in 1941 while disguised as a Dutch merchant ship, causing the greatest loss of life on an Australian warship. While

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researchers, and other independent journalists, showed that the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations in

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mid- to junior-grade officers, without the knowledge of the Tokyo government, fabricated a pretext for invading

5564: 5559: 5178: 4909: 4336: 4150: 4018: 3147: 1245:, some false flag conspiracy theories (such as claims that mass shootings are hoaxes) are themselves spread by 726: 714:, resigning under pressure. Later, two investigative committees found that Lavon was unaware of the operation. 411: 1228:'s home and then used that stationery to forge bomb threats and have them mailed to a Scientology office. The 822:

in 1919. The patrol successfully passed several enemy checkpoints in order to assassinate the guerilla leader

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Art. 3. A military aircraft must carry an exterior mark indicating its nationality and its military character.

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of Haiti was assassinated in 1919 after checkpoints were passed by military disguised as guerrilla fighters.

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to make it seem that they had been shot by Polish soldiers. This, along with other false flag operations in

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Some offensive operations attracted international condemnation, in particular the Selous Scouts' raid on a

5942: 5638: 5245: 5183: 5163: 5112: 4869: 3959: 3921: 3886: 3611: 3352: 3268: 2287: 2188:"SECRETS OF HISTORY: The C.I.A. in Iran — A Special Report; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79)" 946: 823: 775: 613: 480: 336: 289: 172: 2530: 1236:, but several Scientology operatives were arrested in a separate investigation and the plan was exposed. 108:

In land warfare, such operations are generally deemed acceptable under certain circumstances, such as to

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On 19 February 2011, Indiana Deputy Prosecutor Carlos Lam sent a private email to Wisconsin Governor

958: 904:. This mission was finally aborted by the Selous Scouts, and attempted again, unsuccessfully, by the 802: 565: 552: 217: 59: 51: 6504: 6444: 6379: 6365: 6136: 6126: 6083: 5854: 5681: 5643: 5539: 5268: 5142: 4959: 4786: 4690: 4351: 4086: 3916: 3704: 3621: 3558: 3308: 2991: 2957: 2779: 2390: 2029: 1319: 1000:(OJAL) or the Secret Organisation for the Safeguard of the Algerian Republic (OSSRA). According to 877: 873: 527: 419: 356: 324: 133: 2446: 6514: 6336: 6247: 6010: 5909: 5899: 5849: 5768: 5549: 5544: 5436: 5322: 5240: 5225: 5117: 5092: 5030: 4981: 4966: 4675: 4642: 4616: 4594: 4589: 4559: 4544: 4404: 3792: 3782: 3596: 3450: 3323: 3298: 3137: 2855: 2753: 1775: 1723: 1293: 1233: 1017: 985: 808: 702: 699: 687: 654: 293: 176: 129: 109: 2953:"Cesar Sayoc, who mailed explosive devices to Trump's critics, sentenced to 20 years in prison" 2576: 2273: 6439: 6156: 6093: 5869: 5839: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5696: 5676: 5534: 5519: 5471: 5416: 5082: 4791: 4460: 4229: 3911: 3553: 3392: 3372: 3340: 3221: 3199: 3154: 3122: 2741: 2731: 2683: 2650: 2580: 2538: 2510: 2333: 2301: 2235: 2196: 2165: 1933: 1899: 1839: 1829: 1779: 1750: 1692: 1648: 1529: 1482: 1455: 1428: 1422: 1263: 1071: 978: 504: 476: 472: 456: 435: 368: 269: 140: 121: 2924:"After 'false flag' narrative takes hold, some conservatives scramble to drown out far right" 1476: 1449: 1343: 116:

and that all such deceptions are discarded before opening fire upon the enemy. Similarly, in

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Another example of combined police and military oversight of pseudo-operations include the

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In land warfare, the use of a false flag is similar to that of naval warfare: the trial of

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was a key organiser of the operation under orders from Heydrich. It led to the deaths of

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The encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli conflict: a political, social, and military history

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intelligence service pretending to be members of West German peace advocacy groups (the

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Young, P (Ed) (1973) Atlas of the Second World War (London: The Military Book Society)

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and commandos successfully disabled or destroyed the key dock structures of the port.

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Deep undercover : my secret life and tangled allegiances as a KGB spy in America

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pipe bombs that were sent to prominent Democrats prior to the 2018 mid-term elections

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The Sea As Our Country's Security: Phases of Finnish Sea Defense During Swedish Rule

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comments claiming to be from supporters of a political candidate were traced to the

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In 2006, individuals practicing false flag behavior were discovered and "outed" in

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Bass staffer in D.C. poses as blogger: Bogus posts aimed at his political opponent

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in naval warfare, the true battle flag being run up immediately before engaging" (

1202: 957:). Some false flag operations have been described by Lawrence E. Cline, a retired 534:

for the attack and used the incident as a pretext to invade Finland, starting the

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The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

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in the mid-1990s. Information about Operation Northwoods was later publicized by

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civil servants were tricked into stealing classified documents by agents of the

989: 885: 815: 507:, would be used to mobilize support from the German population for the start of 278: 92: 31: 1984:"Russia's 'Idiotic' Disinformation Campaign Could Still Lead to War in Ukraine" 6252: 6151: 6108: 5992: 5932: 5826: 5763: 5582: 5466: 5456: 5381: 5366: 5361: 5336: 4766: 4746: 4739: 4626: 4361: 3847: 3811: 3787: 3518: 3377: 3367: 3330: 3263: 3013:

United States of America v. Jane Kember, Morris Budlong, Sentencing Memorandum

2901:"Indiana prosecutor resigns for encouraging fake attack on Wisconsin governor" 2702: 2614: 2420: 2330:

Ben-Gurion's spy: the story of the political scandal that shaped modern Israel

2094: 2057:"Russia says it prevented border breach from Ukraine, Kyiv calls it fake news" 1993: 1843: 1661:

Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. United Nations War Crimes Commission.

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Meri maamme turvana: Suomen meripuolustuksen vaiheita Ruotsin vallan aikana

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Covert Action in the Cold War: US Policy, Intelligence and CIA Operations

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In the transcript of the trial, it is mentioned that Paragraph 43 of the

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Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons from other countries

2090:"Documenting and Debunking Dubious Footage from Ukraine's Frontlines" 1929:

Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency

1586:, December 1922 to February 1923, this convention was never adopted ( 977:. The use of pseudo teams has been a hallmark of a number of foreign 901: 735: 729:

operation where would-be Ukrainian assassins of Russian propagandist

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also had a plan for further operations to discredit Cooper known as

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Japanese experts inspect the scene of the "railway sabotage" on the

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Between December 1922 and February 1923, a commission of jurists at

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Modern Aspects of the Laws of Naval Warfare and Maritime Neutrality

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This draft was never adopted as a legally binding treaty, but the

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Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests

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Israel's secret wars: a history of Israel's intelligence services

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suggesting that he run a "'false flag' operation" to counter the

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victims who were dressed as German soldiers and then shot by the

5668: 3273: 3026:"Why do some people think mass shootings are staged every time?" 1828:. Johnny Shumate. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 9. 1604: 1117: 573: 203: 6309: 5295: 4813: 4400: 4288: 3654: 3475: 3409: 3106: 3064: 2831:"Bass aide resigns after posing as opponent's supporter online" 2609:

Cline (2005), pp. 8–13. For 1978 study, quotes J. K. Cilliers,

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until 1980. The Selous Scouts were formed at the beginning of

650: 30:"False colors" redirects here. For the imaging technique, see 1825:

The Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939-40 Stalin's Hollow Victory

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to mobilize German public opinion for war and to justify the

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against Walker's proposed restrictions on public employees'

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is usually applied for pseudo-teams. (See the above section

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Cline (2005), who quotes David Martin and Phyllis Johnson,

1396:"False flags: What are they and when have they been used?" 984:

Similar false flag tactics were also employed during the

2859:, 21 September 2006 (URL last accessed 24 October 2006). 2838:, 26 September 2006 (URL last accessed 24 October 2006). 2819:, 26 September 2006 (URL last accessed 24 October 2006). 2617:, 1985, pp. 60–77. Cline also quotes Ian F. W. Beckett, 945:

then those who participate in such actions would not be

880:, in November 1973, by Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) 5281:

Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations

834:

and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant for his deed.

1861:"Pentagon Proposes Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962" 1342:

O'Conner, Patricia; Kellerman, Stewart (11 May 2018).

853:, an account of his experiences with the technique in 243:

Art. 19. The use of false exterior marks is forbidden.

124:

operated in such a fashion in both World Wars, as did

3458:

After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

1451:

Privateering: Patriots and Profits in the War of 1812

4327:

Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

2600:, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1981, pp. 241–242. 1663:

Vol IX, 1949: Trial of Otto Skorzeny and others

1475:

Donald R. Hickey; Connie D. Clark (8 October 2015).

1178:, but with professed "concerns". The goal is to sow 6453: 6428: 6402: 6343: 6240: 6185: 6117: 6059: 5991: 5908: 5825: 5777: 5667: 5578: 5505: 5395: 5329: 5254: 5196: 5156: 5101: 5058: 4923: 4885: 4856: 4847: 4656: 4625: 4535: 4512: 4434: 4255: 4243: 4128: 4074: 4048: 4036: 3950: 3897: 3885: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3775: 3749: 3737: 3677: 3665: 3567: 2922:Collins, Ben; Abbruzzese, Jason (26 October 2018). 2638:, (Franco-Algeria, Crimes and Lies of the States). 790:set up such an operation from 1921 to 1926. During 62:undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group 3430:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy 2850:"Blog Thinks Aide to Kean Posted Jabs At Menendez" 2186: 2088:Bellingcat Investigation Team (23 February 2022). 580:'s communist government. It was authorised by the 438:in the form of the nominally independent state of 3982:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 3534:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine 1371:"How the term 'false flag' migrated to the right" 763:or to engage in active operations, in particular 568:, a 1962 plot proposed but never executed by the 132:was fought between the British auxiliary cruiser 3877:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos 2634:Lounis Aggoun and Jean-Baptiste Rivoire (2004). 2619:The Rhodesian Army: Counter-Insurgency 1972–1979 1124:of paid staffers for that candidate's opponent. 849:and is now a retired British general, published 2877:. Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism 2579:, 1999, p. 10 (republished by Covos Day, 2001, 2151: 2149: 1337: 1335: 561:Operation Northwoods memorandum (13 March 1962) 2871:"Indiana prosecutor resigns over Walker email" 2657:. Extract in English with mention of the OJAL 1977: 1975: 1955:"False-Flag Invasions Are a Russian Specialty" 1528:, Centre for Business and Public, p. 80, 1206:A bomb threat forged by Scientology operatives 1154:Some conservative commentators suggested that 994:Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité 6370: 6321: 5307: 4825: 4412: 4190:Election denial movement in the United States 3076: 2598:The Struggle for Zimbabwe: the Chimurenga War 801:An example of a successful assassination was 8: 6389: 2573:Pamwe Chete: The Legend of the Selous Scouts 1550:HMAS Sydney found off Australia's west coast 634:As a tactic to undermine political opponents 620:showing incorrect dates, and evidence from 6328: 6314: 6306: 5314: 5300: 5292: 4862: 4853: 4832: 4818: 4810: 4419: 4405: 4397: 4285: 3894: 3862:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines 3662: 3651: 3564: 3472: 3406: 3103: 3083: 3069: 3061: 2758:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2228:"C.I.A. Destroyed Files on 1953 Iran Coup" 1743:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis 1006:Direction de la surveillance du territoire 610:Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 590:assassination of President John F. Kennedy 2894: 2892: 2670:Luonis Aggoun and Jean-Baptiste Rivoire, 2636:Françalgérie, crimes et mensonges d'Etats 2332:. Columbia University Press. p. 81. 1478:The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 913:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army 612:, the Russian government intensified its 4215:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection 2441: 2439: 2437: 1625:Gómez, Javier Guisández (20 June 1998). 249:International Committee of the Red Cross 45: 5246:Scientific & Technical intelligence 4014:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies 1427:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 281–. 1331: 1182:within the group often by appealing to 4669:Chinese espionage in the United States 4141:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election 3932:Soviet influence on the peace movement 3529:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war 2751: 919:in August 1976. ZANLA was then led by 146:, which had been altered to look like 3866:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign 2773:Usckinski, Joseph (27 October 2018). 2246:from the original on 16 November 2020 2134:from the original on 21 February 2022 2102:from the original on 23 February 2022 2069:from the original on 21 February 2022 2037:from the original on 22 February 2022 2019: 2017: 2015: 2000:from the original on 21 February 2022 1855: 1853: 1632:International Review of the Red Cross 1365: 1363: 1361: 738:video game. Investigative journalist 296:, on 1 October 1940, under the entry 154:had not been altered to resemble the 7: 5068:By alliances, nations and industries 4664:Chinese intelligence activity abroad 2531:"Ex-Marine Corps Gen. Hanneken Dies" 2156:Callanan, James (30 November 2009). 1772:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg 1565:Guinness World Records (2009), p.155 998:Organisation of Young Free Algerians 894:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army 27:Covert operation designed to deceive 4730:Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence 4136:1995 CIA disinformation controversy 3346:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 2980:Cox, Ana Marie (16 December 2006). 2911:from the original on 12 April 2012. 2698:"Victims of Cold War 'Romeo spies'" 2509:. Basic Books. pp. 33–35, 42. 1982:Gilbert, David (21 February 2022). 1078:of various governments and claimed 725:A notable example is an April 2022 58:livery depicting those used in the 3607:Misinformation related to abortion 2899:Montopoli, Brian (25 March 2011). 2575:, Weltevreden Park, South Africa: 1953:Walton, Calder (4 February 2022). 1805:The Little Giant of the Winter War 1774:(illustrated ed.). Westport: 1526:Teaching Ethics: Government ethics 988:, starting in the middle of 1994. 915:(ZANLA) camp at Nyadzonya Pungwe, 594:Assassination Records Review Board 150:. (Contrary to some accounts, the 25: 4565:Computer and network surveillance 3824:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 3437:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation 2696:Crawford, Angus (20 March 2009). 2571:Cline (2005), quoting Reid-Daly, 2207:from the original on 22 July 2016 1524:Thomas, Rosamund M., ed. (1993), 1344:"The True History of False Flags" 698:zone, a move that would embolden 660:The CIA operation was code-named 584:, but then rejected by President 363:Causes of the Franco-Prussian War 139:and the German auxiliary cruiser 6500:Psychological warfare techniques 4600:Short-range agent communications 4377:United States Information Agency 3656:Operations and events by country 3046: 1932:. Anchor Books. pp. 82–91. 1220:, some members of the Church of 954: 845:, who was later involved in the 434:to seize Manchuria and create a 375:, an internal message from King 323:In 1788, the head tailor at the 161:Another notable example was the 112:, provided the deception is not 6485:Intelligence operations by type 5958:Party platforms (or manifestos) 5216:Words of estimative probability 5078:Operational platforms by nation 3977:Information war against Ukraine 3524:International Jewish conspiracy 3492:Congo Free State propaganda war 1869:. 30 April 2001. Archived from 1715:The Journal of Military History 1448:Faye Kert (30 September 2015). 1186:. This is a particular case of 1170:created by a user whose actual 1047:agents were also described as " 943:belligerent military occupation 216:the edges to resemble a German 4205:Information Operations Roadmap 4115:Psychological Warfare Division 3685:Chinese information operations 3634:Water fluoridation controversy 2869:Golden, Kate (24 March 2011). 2611:Counter-insurgency in Rhodesia 2185:Risen, James (16 April 2000). 1584:The Hague Rules of Air Warfare 794:, they used loose networks of 314:Pretext § Uses in warfare 1: 4312:Active Measures Working Group 3970:during the Russo-Georgian War 3937:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B 3051:The dictionary definition of 2353:Teh, Cheryl (26 April 2022). 1501:deHaven-Smith, Lance (2013). 1421:Politakis, George P. (2018). 1224:stole stationery from author 1058:According to ex-KGB defector 906:Rhodesian Special Air Service 345:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 175:the Australian light cruiser 6046:Rally 'round the flag effect 4195:The Freedom Fighter's Manual 3872:Fake news in the Philippines 3244:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt 2982:"Making Mischief on the Web" 2503:Andrew, Christopher (2001). 2300:. Grove Press. p. 111. 1809:Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö 1503:Conspiracy Theory in America 1180:fear, uncertainty, and doubt 1070:The term is popular amongst 264:, who planned and commanded 100:", "stitch up", or "setup". 6371: 5264:Intelligence cycle security 4322:Counter Misinformation Team 4317:Counter disinformation unit 3767:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 3254:Forgery as covert operation 2461:Strategic Studies Institute 2226:Weiner, Tim (29 May 1997). 1801:Talvisodan pikkujättiläinen 1741:Lightbody, Bradley (2004). 1481:. Routledge. pp. 64–. 1454:. JHU Press. pp. 62–. 1214:In retaliation for writing 830:. Hanneken was awarded the 784:State Political Directorate 604:Russian invasion of Ukraine 509:World War II in Europe 39:False Flag (disambiguation) 6556: 4332:The Disinformation Project 3762:Propaganda in Nazi Germany 3118:Algorithmic radicalization 2445:Cline, Lawrence E. (2005) 2272:. ABC-CLIO. 2008. p. 1892:P. Horne, Douglas (2009). 1375:Columbia Journalism Review 1301:, a similar online concept 1217:The Scandal of Scientology 1085:Columbia Journalism Review 1074:promoters in referring to 1015: 678: 642: 570:U.S. Department of Defense 550: 479:fabricating evidence of a 454: 399: 386:North German Confederation 384:into declaring war on the 360: 354: 311: 36: 29: 5387:Manipulation (psychology) 4865: 4295: 4284: 4249:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 4225:Tobacco industry playbook 4156:CIA Kennedy assassination 3661: 3650: 3482: 3471: 3416: 3405: 3289:Manipulation (psychology) 3113: 3102: 1866:National Security Archive 1645:10.1017/S0020860400091075 1507:University of Texas Press 523:On 26 November 1939, the 5565:Criticism of advertising 4337:East StratCom Task Force 4151:9/11 conspiracy theories 3148:List of cognitive biases 2455:16 November 2016 at the 1683:Mattila, Tapabi (1983). 1627:"The Law of Air Warfare" 811:leading a patrol of his 645:1953 Iranian coup d'état 412:South Manchurian Railway 396:Second Sino-Japanese War 206:book. The old destroyer 6525:16th-century neologisms 6227:Promotional merchandise 5938:Character assassination 5875:Narcotizing dysfunction 5749:Photograph manipulation 5462:Guerrilla communication 5231:Intelligence assessment 5221:All-source intelligence 4841:Intelligence management 4550:Covert listening device 4520:Intelligence assessment 4263:Public opinion brigades 4220:Niger uranium forgeries 4210:Litter boxes in schools 3580:COVID-19 misinformation 3502:Free energy suppression 3411:Books and documentaries 3185:Euphemistic misspeaking 1926:Bamford, James (2002). 1770:Zaloga, Steve (2004) . 947:privileged belligerents 851:Gangs and Counter-gangs 847:Northern Irish conflict 630:were staged by Russia. 614:disinformation campaign 497:Nazi concentration camp 390:unify the German states 165:German commerce raider 6390: 6210:Product demonstrations 5639:Historical negationism 4915:Operational techniques 4870:Special reconnaissance 4009:2016 Brexit referendum 3358:Scientific fabrication 3269:Historical negationism 2640:Editions La Découverte 2478:ssi.armywarcollege.edu 1822:Murphy, David (2021). 1745:. Abingdon-on-Thames: 1669:2 October 2008 at the 1207: 1149: 864:in the former country 828:Grande-Rivière-du-Nord 779: 562: 468: 415: 337:Riksdag of the Estates 202:and captured a German 67: 6495:Propaganda techniques 6480:False flag operations 6385:Psychological warfare 6142:Reputation management 6061:Psychological warfare 5910:Political campaigning 5719:Firehose of falsehood 4799:Targeted surveillance 4305:Fact-checking website 4110:Operation Mass Appeal 4092:Clockwork Orange plot 3602:Mental illness denial 3497:Climate change denial 3314:Psychological warfare 3284:Internet manipulation 3249:Firehose of falsehood 3175:Disinformation attack 2811:12 March 2007 at the 2724:Barsky, Jack (2017). 1205: 1141: 1137:collective bargaining 1092:Political campaigning 1018:False flag penetrator 951:plausible deniability 774: 649:On 4 April 1953, the 582:Joint Chiefs of Staff 560: 464: 409: 312:Further information: 298:Rules of Land Warfare 52:Douglas A-26C Invader 49: 6490:Diversionary tactics 6351:Denial and deception 6177:Corporate propaganda 5236:Medical intelligence 5206:Competing hypotheses 5016:Industrial espionage 5001:Denial and deception 4725:Industrial espionage 4525:competing hypotheses 3444:Who's Who in the CIA 2730:. Carol Stream, IL. 2562:Cline (2005), p. 11. 2381:Klimentov, Mikhail. 2130:. 21 February 2022. 2065:. 21 February 2022. 2033:. 21 February 2022. 1279:Denial and deception 965:-controlled areas". 959:US Army intelligence 803:United States Marine 566:Operation Northwoods 553:Operation Northwoods 547:Operation Northwoods 218:Type 23 torpedo boat 60:Bay of Pigs Invasion 37:For other uses, see 6380:Military camouflage 6366:Information warfare 6265:Media concentration 6137:Non-apology apology 6127:Cult of personality 5855:Emotive conjugation 5609:Burying of scholars 5269:Counterintelligence 5184:Technical (TECHINT) 5179:Open-source (OSINT) 5169:Geospatial (GEOINT) 5143:Casualty estimation 4146:Conspiracy theories 4087:Double-Cross System 4056:Conspiracy theories 3917:Operation INFEKTION 3705:Internet Water Army 3559:Strategy of tension 3424:by Ion Mihai Pacepa 3309:Post-truth politics 2958:The Washington Post 2780:The Washington Post 2680:DST, Police Secrète 2391:The Washington Post 2030:The Daily Telegraph 1346:. Grammarphobia.com 1320:Strategy of tension 1162:On the internet, a 949:. The principle of 878:Operation Hurricane 874:white minority rule 824:Charlemagne Péralte 818:disguised as enemy 776:Charlemagne Péralte 538:, four days later. 418:In September 1931, 357:Franco-Prussian War 351:Franco-Prussian War 325:Royal Swedish Opera 308:As pretexts for war 302:IV Hague Convention 189:The British used a 75:describe a ruse in 6535:Flag controversies 6520:Military deception 6337:Military deception 6248:Influence-for-hire 6041:National mythology 6011:Crowd manipulation 5900:Tabloid journalism 5769:Video manipulation 5714:Fictitious entries 5437:Civil disobedience 5323:Media manipulation 5241:Military geography 5226:Basic intelligence 5164:Financial (FININT) 5105:signature (MASINT) 5031:One-way voice link 4967:Concealment device 4676:Cold War espionage 4643:Front organization 4617:Surveillance tools 4595:Phone surveillance 4590:One-way voice link 4545:Concealment device 4042:HIV/AIDS denialism 4019:Trolls from Olgino 3793:Paid news in India 3783:Fake news in India 3597:HIV/AIDS denialism 3451:Merchants of Doubt 3324:Military deception 3299:Media manipulation 3138:Circular reporting 2994:on 13 January 2007 2856:The New York Times 2847:Miller, Jonathan, 2537:. 27 August 1986. 2387:washingtonpost.com 2328:S. Teveth (1996). 2232:The New York Times 2193:The New York Times 1898:. self-published. 1776:Praeger Publishers 1402:. 18 February 2022 1294:Front organization 1234:Operation Freakout 1208: 986:Algerian civil war 809:Herman H. Hanneken 780: 700:Egyptian President 688:Muslim Brotherhood 675:Operation Susannah 655:Mohammad Mosaddegh 563: 469: 416: 367:On July 13, 1870, 335:and impressed the 294:United States Army 173:surprised and sank 130:Battle of Trindade 122:Auxiliary cruisers 68: 18:False flag attacks 6467: 6466: 6303: 6302: 6069:Airborne leaflets 5948:Election promises 5802:Product placement 5677:Alternative facts 5417:Alternative media 5289: 5288: 5192: 5191: 5083:Direction finding 5073:In modern history 5054: 5053: 4807: 4806: 4461:Agent provocateur 4394: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4230:Operation Shocker 4032: 4031: 3912:K-1000 battleship 3743:Operation Neptune 3646: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3467: 3466: 3401: 3400: 3393:Yellow journalism 3341:counterpropaganda 3222:List of fallacies 3155:Conspiracy theory 3123:Alternative facts 2800:Steele, Allison, 2737:978-1-4964-1686-5 2678:and Pascal KROP, 2585:978-1-919874-33-3 2535:Los Angeles Times 2339:978-0-231-10464-7 2307:978-0-8021-3286-4 1939:978-0-385-49907-1 1835:978-1-4728-4394-4 1811:. pp. 44–45. 1756:978-0-415-22405-5 1651:on 25 April 2013. 1488:978-1-317-70198-9 1461:978-1-4214-1747-9 1434:978-1-136-88577-8 1264:Agent provocateur 1230:Guardian's Office 1176:share their goals 1076:covert operations 1072:conspiracy theory 1030:, several female 979:counterinsurgency 754:Pseudo-operations 748:signature unclear 731:Vladimir Solovyov 718:Failed operations 505:Operation Himmler 477:Reinhard Heydrich 475:in 1939 involved 473:Gleiwitz incident 457:Gleiwitz incident 451:Gleiwitz incident 436:puppet government 369:Otto von Bismarck 319:Russo-Swedish War 288:published by the 270:military tribunal 54:painted in false 16:(Redirected from 6547: 6530:History of flags 6395: 6376: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6307: 6295:Media proprietor 6119:Public relations 6099:Public diplomacy 6084:Information (IT) 5963:Name recognition 5588:Media regulation 5570:Annoyance factor 5427:Call-out culture 5342:Crowd psychology 5316: 5309: 5302: 5293: 5088:Traffic analysis 5060:Signals (SIGINT) 4895:Asset recruiting 4863: 4854: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4811: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4398: 4286: 4105:MMR autism fraud 3988:On US elections 3922:Operation Toucan 3895: 3663: 3652: 3617:anti-vaccination 3565: 3512:Holocaust denial 3487:Bermuda Triangle 3473: 3407: 3336:black propaganda 3304:Potemkin village 3229:False accusation 3205:list of websites 3104: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3062: 3050: 3034: 3033: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2990:. 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According to 1068: 1020: 1014: 890:colour sergeant 872:), governed by 792:Operation Trust 756: 720: 683: 677: 647: 641: 636: 606: 586:John F. Kennedy 572:for a war with 555: 549: 544: 528:shelled Mainila 521: 493:Alfred Naujocks 489:war with Poland 483:attack against 466:Alfred Naujocks 459: 453: 448: 432:Mukden incident 404: 402:Mukden incident 398: 365: 359: 353: 341:Gustav III 321: 316: 310: 266:Operation Greif 258: 230: 200:St Nazaire Raid 110:deceive enemies 106: 56:Cuban Air Force 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6553: 6551: 6543: 6542: 6540:Flag practices 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6472: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6460:The Art of War 6457: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6410:Military dummy 6406: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6392:Ruse de guerre 6387: 6382: 6377: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356:Disinformation 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6167:Understatement 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6031:Indoctrination 6028: 6023: 6018: 6016:Disinformation 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5978:Smear campaign 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5895:Sensationalism 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5835:Agenda-setting 5831: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5709:False document 5706: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5614:Catch and kill 5611: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5447:Demonstrations 5444: 5439: 5434: 5432:Cancel culture 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5211:Target-centric 5208: 5202: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5140: 5135: 5133:Radiofrequency 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4929: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4866: 4860: 4858:Human (HUMINT) 4851: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4538:communications 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4457: 4455:Agent handling 4451: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4200:Habbush letter 4197: 4192: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4082:Bell Pottinger 4078: 4076: 4075:United Kingdom 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3956: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3738:Czechoslovakia 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3710:PLA Unit 61398 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3585:by governments 3577: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3422:Disinformation 3417: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3143:Cognitive bias 3140: 3135: 3133:Cherry picking 3130: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3100: 3099: 3096:misinformation 3092:Disinformation 3090: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3042: 3041:External links 3039: 3036: 3035: 3017: 3005: 2972: 2944: 2914: 2888: 2861: 2840: 2821: 2793: 2765: 2736: 2716: 2688: 2663: 2659:available here 2627: 2602: 2589: 2564: 2555: 2522: 2515: 2495: 2465: 2433: 2403: 2373: 2345: 2338: 2320: 2306: 2279: 2257: 2218: 2177: 2171:978-0857711663 2170: 2145: 2113: 2080: 2048: 2011: 1971: 1959:Foreign Policy 1945: 1938: 1918: 1905:978-0984314447 1904: 1884: 1849: 1834: 1814: 1791: 1785:978-0275982782 1784: 1778:. p. 39. 1762: 1755: 1749:. p. 39. 1733: 1722:(3): 445–460. 1704: 1697: 1675: 1654: 1617: 1592: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1541: 1534: 1520:ruse de guerre 1511: 1494: 1487: 1467: 1460: 1440: 1433: 1413: 1387: 1357: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1284:Fear mongering 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1199: 1196: 1093: 1090: 1067: 1066:Civilian usage 1064: 1016:Main article: 1013: 1010: 929:United Nations 832:Medal of Honor 786:(OGPU) of the 765:assassinations 755: 752: 719: 716: 679:Main article: 676: 673: 643:Main article: 640: 637: 635: 632: 605: 602: 551:Main article: 548: 545: 543: 540: 520: 517: 455:Main article: 452: 449: 447: 444: 400:Main article: 397: 394: 371:published the 355:Main article: 352: 349: 320: 317: 309: 306: 290:War Department 257: 254: 245: 244: 241: 229: 226: 105: 104:Use in warfare 102: 66:in April 1961. 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6552: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6275:Media ecology 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6258:United States 6256: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6232:Telemarketing 6230: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Fearmongering 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:False balance 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5817:Word of mouth 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5604:Broadcast law 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:Deplatforming 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5357:False balance 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5274:organizations 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5256:Dissemination 5253: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:Steganography 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5021:Interrogation 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5006:Eavesdropping 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4910:Direct action 4908: 4906: 4905:Covert action 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4875:organizations 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735:interrogation 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4703:Eavesdropping 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4605:Steganography 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580:Invisible ink 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499:Sleeper agent 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4342:FactCheck.org 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4300:Fact-checking 4298: 4297: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129:United States 4127: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3690:50 Cent Party 3688: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3294:Media culture 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3234:False dilemma 3232: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3057:at Wiktionary 3056: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2794: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2720: 2717: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:Roger Faligot 2673: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:2-7071-4747-8 2652: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2516:0-465-00312-5 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2496: 2484:on 2 May 2017 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2404: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292:Morris, Benny 2289: 2283: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2258: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2219: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2081: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1960: 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