726:
753:
738:
832:
604:. Most amyloid-forming proteins are relatively small, but otherwise there is currently no evidence of structural or functional similarities among proteins known to form disease-associated amyloids. One third of amyloid disease is hereditary, in which case there is normally an early age of onset. Half of amyloid-related diseases are sporadic and have a late age of onset – in these cases, the protein aggregation may be associated with aging-related decline in protein regulation. Some medical treatments are associated with amyloid disease, but this is rare.
801:
777:
813:
789:
1865:
of adverse events versus placebo. There is no evidence of an effect on mortality rate. A review of early data from use of patisiran in people with variant cardiac ATTR suggests that it may reduce mortality and hospitalization, however this is still being investigated and requires further investigation. In 2018, patisiran was not recommended by NICE in the UK for hereditary transthyretin-related amyloidosis. As of July 2019 further review however is occurring. It was approved for this use in the United States, however.
765:
704:, memory B cells producing aberrant immunoglobulins or portions of immunoglobulins. Immunofixation electrophoresis of urine or serum is positive in 90% of people with AL amyloidosis. Immunofixation electrophoresis is more sensitive than regular electrophoresis but may not be available in all centers. Alternatively immunohistochemical staining of a bone marrow biopsy looking for dominant plasma cells can be sought in people with a high clinical suspicion for AL amyloidosis but negative electrophoresis.
382:, the heart shows a restrictive filling pattern, with normal to mildly reduced systolic function. AA amyloidosis usually spares the heart. Cardiac amyloidosis can present with symptoms of heart failure including shortness of breath, fatigue, and edema. As cardiac amyloidosis progresses, the amyloid deposition can affect the heart's ability to pump and fill blood as well as its ability to maintain normal rhythm, which leads to worsening heart function and decline in people's quality of life.
294:
45:
1946:. AA amyloidosis is caused by an increase in extracellular deposition of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein. SAA protein levels can rise in both direct and indirect manners, through infection, inflammation, and malignancies. The most common causes of AA amyloidosis in the West are rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and
671:, which means a negative result does not exclude the diagnosis of amyloidosis. However, direct biopsy of the affected organ may still be unnecessary as other less invasive methods of biopsy can also be used, including rectal mucosa, salivary gland, lip, or bone marrow biopsy which can achieve a diagnosis in up to 85% of people.
3816:
1864:
functions similarly to inotersen. Moderate-certainty evidence suggests that patisiran mitigates worsening of peripheral neuropathy and disability from disease progression. Additionally, low-certainty evidence suggests that patisiran mitigates decreases in quality-of-life and slightly reduces the rate
862:
Historical classification systems were based on clinical factors. Until the early 1970s, the idea of a single amyloid substance predominated. Various descriptive classification systems were proposed based on the organ distribution of amyloid deposits and clinical findings. Most classification systems
395:
but may manifest more gradually with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation, nausea, or early satiety. Amyloidosis of the central nervous system can have more severe and systemic presentations that may include life-threatening arrhythmias, cardiac failure, malnutrition, infection, or
1852:
Inotersen blocks gene expression of both wild-type and mutant TTR, reducing amyloid precursor. Moderate-certainty evidence suggests that it mitigates worsening of peripheral neuropathy. Long-term efficacy and safety of inotersen use in people with mutant TTR-related amyloidosis is still be evaluated
408:
Accumulation of amyloid proteins in the gastrointestinal system may be caused by a wide range of amyloid disorders and have different presentations depending on the degree of organ involvement. Potential symptoms include weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal pain, heartburn (gastrointestinal reflux), and
1901:
Prognosis varies with the type of amyloidosis and the affected organ system. Prognosis for untreated AL cardiac amyloidosis is poor, with a median survival of six months. More specifically, AL amyloidosis can be classified as stage I, II or III based on cardiac biomarkers like Nt-proBNP and cardiac
1779:
transplantation has shown promise in early studies and is recommended for stage I and II AL amyloidosis. However, only 20–25% of people are eligible for stem cell transplant. Chemotherapy treatment including cyclophosphamide-bortezomib-dexamethasone is currently the recommended treatment option for
499:
Amyloid proteins deposit most commonly inside the knee, followed by hands, wrists, elbow, hip, and ankle, causing joint pain. In males with advanced age (>80 years), there is significant risk of wild-type transthyretin amyloid deposition in synovial tissue of knee joint, but predominantly in old
1988:
Based on available research, liver transplant remains the most effective treatment option for advanced ATTR amyloidosis, protein stabilizing drugs may slow disease progression but were insufficient to justify delay of liver transplant, and newer agents such as patisiran require additional studies.
280:
Treatment is geared towards decreasing the amount of the involved protein. This may sometimes be achieved by determining and treating the underlying cause. AL amyloidosis occurs in about 3–13 per million people per year and AA amyloidosis in about two per million people per year. The usual age of
1984:
inotersen, the former having recently received FDA approval. Research into treatments for ATTR amyloidosis have compared liver transplantation, oral drugs that stabilize the misfolding protein (including tafamidis and diflunisal), and newer therapeutic agents still being investigated (including
874:
The modern era of amyloidosis classification began in the late 1960s with the development of methods to make amyloid fibrils soluble. These methods permitted scientists to study the chemical properties of amyloids. Descriptive terms such as primary amyloidosis, secondary amyloidosis, and others
399:
Neuropathic presentation can depend on the etiology of amyloidosis. People with amyloidosis may experience dysfunction in various organ systems depending on the location and extent of nervous system involvement. For example, peripheral neuropathy can cause erectile dysfunction, incontinence and
707:
ATTR is now considered to be the most common form of amyloidosis. It may be either age related in wild-type ATTR (ATTRv) or familial transthyretin-associated amyloidosis, is suspected in people with family history of idiopathic neuropathies or heart failure who lack evidence of plasma cell
390:
People with amyloidosis may have central nervous system involvement, along with peripheral involvement which causes sensory and autonomic neuropathies. Sensory neuropathy develops in a symmetrical pattern and progresses in a distal to proximal manner. Autonomic neuropathy can present as
1908:
People with ATTR, mutant ATTR and wild-type ATTR have a better prognosis when compared to people with AL and may survive for over a decade. Survival time is not associated with gender or age, however, some measures of reduced heart function are associated with a shorter survival time.
1853:
in a phase-III clinical trial as of 2021. Both diflunisal and inotersen may also mitigate declines in quality-of-life, though the evidence for this effect is unclear. For people with cardiac ATTR the effect of inotersen use is inconclusive and requires further investigation. In 2018,
3812:
4486:
4471:
619:
forms. Both the oligomers and amyloid fibrils can be toxic to cells and can interfere with proper organ function. The relative significance of different aggregation species may depend on the protein involved and the organ system affected.
831:
1857:
was approved by the
European Medicines Agency to treat polyneuropathy in adults with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. It has since been approved for use in Canada, the European Union and in the USA.
923:
All amyloid fibril proteins start with the letter "A" followed by the protein suffix (and any applicable specification). See below for a list of amyloid fibril proteins which have been found in humans:
725:
1893:
People affected by amyloidosis are supported by organizations, including the
Amyloidosis Research Consortium, Amyloidosis Foundation, Amyloidosis Support Groups, and Australian Amyloidosis Network.
615:-resistant, meaning it can not be degraded or broken down. As a result, amyloid deposits into the body's extracellular space. The process of forming amyloid fibrils is thought to have intermediate
409:
GI bleeding. Amyloidosis may also affect accessory digestive organs including the liver, and may present with jaundice, fatty stool, anorexia, fluid buildup in the abdomen, and spleen enlargement.
4887:
1902:
troponin. Survival diminishes with increasing stage, but recent advancements in treatments have improved median survival rates for stages I, II, and III, to 91.2, 60, and 7 months respectively.
878:
The modern classification of amyloid disease tends to use an abbreviation of the protein that makes the majority of deposits, prefixed with the letter A. For example, amyloidosis caused by
685:
or light chain determination); binding of particular antibodies to the amyloid found in the tissue (immunohistochemistry); or extraction of the protein and identification of its individual
2620:
Soprano DR, Herbert J, Soprano KJ, Schon EA, Goodman DS. Demonstration of transthyretin mRNA in the brain and other extrahepatic tissues in the rat. J Biol Chem 1985; 260 (21) 11793-11798
1953:
People undergoing long-term hemodialysis (14–15 years) can develop amyloidosis from accumulation of light chains of the HLA 1 complex which is normally filtered out by the kidneys.
752:
546:, a susceptibility to bleeding with bruising around the eyes, termed "raccoon-eyes". Amyloid purpura is caused by amyloid deposition in the blood vessels and reduced activity of
3813:"Alnylam Announces FDA Approval of Amvuttra (vutrisiran), an RNAi Therapeutic for the Treatment of the Polyneuropathy of Hereditary Transthyretin-Mediated Amyloidosis in Adults"
297:
Skin features of amyloidosis cutis dyschromica. Hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on (A) lower legs, (B) back and waist, (C) waist. (D) Individual blisters on upper arm.
1931:
AL has the highest incidence at approximately 12 cases per million persons per year and an estimated prevalence of 30,000 to 45,000 cases in the US and
European Union.
4107:
Lin HM, Gao X, Cooke CE, Berg D, Labotka R, Faller DV, et al. (June 2017). "Disease burden of systemic light-chain amyloidosis: a systematic literature review".
3668:
1928:
Amyloidosis has a combined estimated prevalence of 30 per 100,000 persons with the three most common forms being AL, ATTR, and AA. The median age at diagnosis is 64.
628:
Diagnosis of amyloidosis generally requires tissue biopsy. The biopsy is assessed for evidence of characteristic amyloid deposits. The tissue is treated with various
3424:
ter Haar NM, Oswald M, Jeyaratnam J, Anton J, Barron KS, Brogan PA, et al. (September 2015). "Recommendations for the management of autoinflammatory diseases".
3300:
Pettersson-Kastberg J, Aits S, Gustafsson L, Mossberg A, Storm P, Trulsson M, et al. (November 2008). "Can misfolded proteins be beneficial? The HAMLET case".
2427:
1845:
Diflunisal binds to misfolded mutant TTR protein to prevent its buildup, like how tafamidis works. Low-certainty evidence indicates that it mitigates worsening of
4201:"Senile systemic amyloidosis affects 25% of the very aged and associates with genetic variation in alpha2-macroglobulin and tau: A population-based autopsy study"
3876:
737:
719:
AA is suspected on clinical grounds in individuals with longstanding infections or inflammatory diseases. AA can be identified by immunohistochemistry staining.
1905:
Outcomes in a person with AA amyloidosis depend on the underlying disease, organ(s) affected, and correlate with the concentration of serum amyloid A protein.
530:
is called amyloidoma. It is commonly found in cervical, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae. Those affected may be presented with bone pain due to bone lysis, lumbar
468:. Adrenal infiltration may be harder to appreciate given that its symptoms of orthostatic hypotension and low blood sodium concentration may be attributed to
4708:
1822:, a low toxicity oral agent that prevents destabilization of correctly folded protein. Studies showed tafamidis reduced mortality and hospitalization due to
845:
4199:
Tanskanen M, Peuralinna T, Polvikoski T, Notkola IL, Sulkava R, Hardy J, Singleton A, Kiuru-Enari S, Paetau A, Tienari PJ, Myllykangas L (1 January 2008).
444:(fingerlike projections that increase the intestinal area available for absorption of food), begin to erode the functionality of the villi, presenting a
3846:
1875:
gene-editing technique, several participants had an "80% to 96% drop in TTR levels, on par or better than the average of 81%" who were given patisiran.
4367:
812:
2393:
483:, although it is not known if this is functionally important. The major component of pancreatic amyloid is a 37-amino acid residue peptide known as
301:
The presentation of amyloidosis is broad and depends on the site of amyloid accumulation. The kidney and heart are the most common organs involved.
52:
Amyloidosis symptoms are often vague and require different physician specialists for diagnosis. Telltale symptoms may include an enlarged tongue (
800:
776:
3482:
Magrinelli F, Fabrizi GM, Santoro L, Manganelli F, Zanette G, Cavallaro T, Tamburin S, et al. (Cochrane
Neuromuscular Group) (April 2020).
519:
in knee, hip, shoulder and interphalangeal joints. Amyloid light chains deposition in shoulder joint causes enlarged shoulders, also known as "
4444:
882:
is termed "ATTR". Deposition patterns vary between people but are almost always composed of just one amyloidogenic protein. Deposition can be
4586:
3407:
2988:
4244:
2183:
574:, and altered taste. Tongue enlargement does not occur in ATTR or AA amyloidosis. Deposition of amyloid in the throat can cause hoarseness.
4693:
788:
243:
1956:
Wild-type transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis is found in a quarter of elderly at postmortem. ATTR is found in 13–19% of people experiencing
3698:
2880:
Chiti F, Dobson CM (June 2017). "Protein
Misfolding, Amyloid Formation, and Human Disease: A Summary of Progress Over the Last Decade".
668:
3591:
1735:
Secondary (reactive) amyloidoses occur as a complication of some other chronic inflammatory or tissue-destroying disease. Examples are
1714:
400:
constipation, pupillary dysfunction, and sensory loss depending on the distribution of amyloidosis along different peripheral nerves.
171:, build up in tissue. There are several non-specific and vague signs and symptoms associated with amyloidosis. These include fatigue,
3996:"Prognostic impact of light-chain and transthyretin-related categories in cardiac amyloidosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2737:
Takahashi N, Glockner J, Howe BM, Hartman RP, Kawashima A (May 2016). "Taxonomy and
Imaging Manifestations of Systemic Amyloidosis".
230:, and three proteins can identify as either. These proteins can become irregular due to genetic effects, as well as through acquired
764:
208:
871:
to chronic inflammatory conditions). Some classification systems included myeloma-associated, familial, and localized amyloidosis.
4082:
3046:
3345:"Amyloid nomenclature 2020: update and recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) nomenclature committee"
1885:(FDA) in June 2022, for the treatment of the polyneuropathy of hereditary transthyretin-mediated (hATTR) amyloidosis in adults.
281:
onset of these two types is 55 to 60 years old. Without treatment, life expectancy is between six months and four years. In the
3869:"Amyloidosis primary cutaneous – Disease – Organizations – Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – NCATS Program"
1740:
897:
Other forms are due to different diseases causing overabundant or abnormal protein production – such as with overproduction of
659:
A sample of tissue can be biopsied or obtained directly from the affected internal organ, but the first-line site of biopsy is
255:
251:
44:
1783:
In AA, symptoms may improve if the underlying condition is treated. In people who have inflammation caused by AA amyloidosis,
4043:
Coles LS, Young RD (May 2012). "Supercentenarians and transthyretin amyloidosis: the next frontier of human life extension".
3143:
2840:
Nguyen TX, Naqvi A, Thompson TL, Wilson RH (Spring 2018). "Musculoskeletal
Manifestations of Amyloidosis: A Focused Review".
681:
The type of the amyloid protein can be determined in various ways: the detection of abnormal proteins in the bloodstream (on
3664:
3536:"Specific Therapy for Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Systematic Literature Review and Evidence-Based Recommendations"
875:(e.g., senile amyloidosis), which are not based on cause, provide little useful information and are no longer recommended.
440:
and 2.4% of AA amyloidosis. One suggested mechanism for the observed malabsorption is that amyloid deposits in the tips of
4795:
1736:
690:
4703:
2419:
1947:
1882:
920:
About 60 amyloid proteins have been identified so far. Of those, at least 36 have been associated with a human disease.
689:. Immunohistochemistry can identify AA amyloidosis the majority of the time, but can miss many cases of AL amyloidosis.
3868:
4754:
4749:
4733:
2232:
Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A (July 2020). "Systemic
Amyloidosis Recognition, Prognosis, and Therapy: A Systematic Review".
1706:
898:
664:
562:
Amyloid deposits in tissue can cause enlargement of structures. Twenty percent of people with AL amyloidosis have an
4777:
4657:
1818:
Management of ATTR amyloidosis will depend on its classification as wild type or variant. Both may be treated with
972:
950:
82:
Feeling tired, weight loss, swelling of the legs, shortness of breath, bleeding, feeling light headed with standing
4718:
4637:
4579:
1747:
Additionally, based on the tissues in which it is deposited, it is divided into mesenchymal (organs derived from
1702:
700:
AL was previously considered the most common form of amyloidosis, and a diagnosis often begins with a search for
484:
223:
4882:
4823:
4698:
4501:
2570:
Kyriakou P, Mouselimis D, Tsarouchas A, Rigopoulos A, Bakogiannis C, Noutsias M, Vassilikos V (December 2018).
1934:
AA amyloidoses is the most common form in developing countries and can complicate longstanding infections with
744:
515:. Aβ2MG amyloidosis (Hemodialysis associated amyloidosis) tends to deposit in synovial tissue, causing chronic
341:
3838:
285:
about one per 1,000 deaths are from systemic amyloidosis. Amyloidosis has been described since at least 1639.
3265:
Mok KH, Pettersson J, Orrenius S, Svanborg C (March 2007). "HAMLET, protein folding, and tumor cell death".
682:
567:
392:
188:
4359:
4759:
3106:
Merlini G, Dispenzieri A, Sanchorawala V, Schönland SO, Palladini G, Hawkins PN, Gertz MA (October 2018).
2774:"Transthyretin amyloid deposits in lumbar spinal stenosis and assessment of signs of systemic amyloidosis"
2385:
1359:
1340:
1314:
1310:
1288:
1269:
1249:
998:
978:
956:
867:) amyloidosis, in which no associated clinical condition was identified, and secondary amyloidosis (i.e.,
527:
512:
505:
500:
age deposition of wild type transthyretin is seen in cardiac ventricles. ATTR deposits have been found in
371:
317:
196:
4360:"Press Announcements - FDA approves first-of-its kind targeted RNA-based therapy to treat a rare disease"
2080:
663:, known as a "fat pad biopsy", due to its ease of acquisition. An abdominal fat biopsy is not completely
3691:"Patisiran for treating hereditary transthyretin-related amyloidosis [ID1279] | Guidance | NICE"
1977:
1846:
1827:
701:
212:
204:
126:
4392:
Cristóbal Gutiérrez H, Pelayo-Negro AL, Gómez Gómez D, Martín Vega MÁ, Valero Domínguez M (July 2020).
4877:
4623:
4572:
3343:
Benson MD, Buxbaum JN, Eisenberg DS, Merlini G, Saraiva MJ, Sekijima Y, et al. (December 2020).
1796:
1054:
1049:
910:
709:
637:
469:
417:
231:
600:
space. Of the 37 proteins so far identified as being vulnerable to amyloid formation, only four are
4628:
4490:
1725:
906:
660:
429:
357:
180:
4394:"Overview of treatments used in transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis: a systematic review"
4340:
4236:
4181:
4132:
4025:
3794:
3745:
3459:
3374:
3325:
3193:
3135:
2660:
2549:
2311:
2257:
2175:
2111:
589:
337:
333:
77:
293:
1868:
The roles of inotersen and patisiran in cardiac ATTR amyloidosis are still being investigated.
191:. In AL amyloidosis, specific indicators can include enlargement of the tongue and periorbital
4512:
4423:
4332:
4297:
4228:
4220:
4173:
4124:
4060:
4017:
3973:
3929:
3786:
3737:
3690:
3646:
3565:
3513:
3451:
3403:
3366:
3317:
3282:
3247:
3185:
3127:
3083:
3038:
2994:
2984:
2961:
2907:
2849:
2811:
2793:
2754:
2716:
2652:
2603:
2541:
2493:
2362:
2303:
2249:
2157:
2103:
2023:
1998:
1107:
1084:
694:
520:
480:
367:
103:
70:
65:
2572:"Diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis: a systematic review on the role of imaging and biomarkers"
1690:
Systemic amyloidoses affect more than one body organ or system. Examples are AL, AA and Aβ2m.
340:. Approximately 20% and 40–60% of people with AL and AA amyloidosis respectively progress to
4810:
4413:
4405:
4324:
4287:
4279:
4212:
4163:
4116:
4052:
4007:
3963:
3919:
3911:
3776:
3729:
3636:
3626:
3583:
3555:
3547:
3503:
3495:
3441:
3433:
3356:
3309:
3274:
3237:
3227:
3177:
3119:
3073:
3028:
2951:
2943:
2897:
2889:
2801:
2785:
2746:
2706:
2696:
2644:
2593:
2583:
2533:
2485:
2352:
2342:
2293:
2241:
2149:
2095:
1973:
1913:
1729:
887:
883:
593:
441:
413:
227:
172:
4078:
1686:
An older clinical method of classification refers to amyloidoses as systemic or localised:
4852:
4830:
4800:
4613:
3534:
Marques N, Azevedo O, Almeida AR, Bento D, Cruz I, Correia E, et al. (October 2020).
2893:
1795:
are used for an average duration of 20 months. If TNF-alpha inhibitors are not effective,
849:
713:
678:. In amyloidoma, there will be low T1 signal with gadolinium injection and low T2 signal.
592:
diseases. The vast majority of proteins that have been found to form amyloid deposits are
543:
501:
445:
345:
282:
200:
168:
122:
118:
3763:
Gillmore JD, Gane E, Taubel J, Kao J, Fontana M, Maitland ML, et al. (August 2021).
2153:
1960:
with preserved ejection fraction, making it a very common form of systemic amyloidosis.
4688:
4683:
4418:
4393:
4292:
4267:
3924:
3899:
3641:
3614:
3560:
3535:
3508:
3483:
3242:
3215:
2956:
2931:
2806:
2773:
2711:
2684:
2598:
2571:
2357:
2330:
1943:
1912:
Senile systemic amyloidosis was determined to be the primary cause of death for 70% of
1767:
Treatment depends on the type of amyloidosis that is present. Treatment with high dose
914:
902:
818:
648:
stain may be used. A number of imaging techniques such as a
Nuclear Medicine PYP scan,
465:
437:
379:
325:
321:
270:
239:
235:
4495:
3181:
3016:
2329:
Ando Y, Coelho T, Berk JL, Cruz MW, Ericzon BG, Ikeda S, et al. (February 2013).
716:
to look for specific known mutations in transthyretin that predispose to amyloidosis.
4871:
4618:
4185:
4136:
3798:
3378:
2664:
2537:
2315:
2261:
2115:
2003:
1957:
1939:
1823:
1812:
1784:
1019:
1014:
879:
597:
523:". Amyloid light chain depositions can also cause bilateral symmetric polyarthritis.
461:
457:
433:
363:
274:
108:
4344:
4240:
4029:
3749:
3463:
3437:
3329:
3139:
2553:
428:
is rare, occurring in 5% of people. Splenic dysfunction, leading to the presence of
17:
4835:
4633:
4541:
3499:
3197:
2635:
Kaku M, Berk JL (October 2019). "Neuropathy
Associated with Systemic Amyloidosis".
1935:
1772:
675:
563:
425:
421:
336:. Several types of amyloidosis, including the AL and AA types, are associated with
277:. Due to the variable presentation, a diagnosis can often take some time to reach.
266:
184:
53:
4168:
4151:
4120:
3915:
3615:"Inotersen: new promise for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis"
3361:
3344:
3107:
2524:
Ebert EC, Nagar M (March 2008). "Gastrointestinal manifestations of amyloidosis".
822:
674:
In the amyloid deposition of the joints, there will be a decreased signal in both
4506:
4409:
886:(affecting many different organ systems) or organ-specific. Many amyloidoses are
4741:
4727:
4056:
2489:
1804:
712:
which separates mutated forms of transthyretin. Findings can be corroborated by
612:
531:
464:
can be infiltrated. It is estimated that 10–20% of people with amyloidosis have
329:
262:
219:
176:
4315:
Buxbaum JN (July 2018). "Oligonucleotide Drugs for Transthyretin Amyloidosis".
4283:
4268:"Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis diagnosis and treatment algorithm 2021"
3968:
3951:
3278:
697:
is the most reliable method of identifying the different forms of amyloidosis.
534:, and a variety of neurological symptoms. Vertebral fractures are also common.
4847:
4787:
4662:
4647:
4552:
4547:
4216:
4012:
3995:
3733:
3313:
3123:
2750:
2588:
2099:
1969:
1878:
1831:
1808:
1792:
1788:
1710:
1693:
Localised amyloidoses affect only one body organ or tissue type. Examples are
868:
864:
837:
686:
645:
641:
608:
488:
420:, two biomarkers of liver injury, which is seen in about one third of people.
412:
Accumulation of amyloid proteins in the liver can lead to elevations in serum
375:
370:
changes may be present, showing low voltage and conduction abnormalities like
4517:
4224:
2998:
2947:
2797:
2772:
Eldhagen P, Berg S, Lund LH, Sörensson P, Suhr OB, Westermark P (June 2021).
2476:
Falk RH, Comenzo RL, Skinner M (September 1997). "The systemic amyloidoses".
2422:. In Jameson J, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (eds.).
554:, two clotting proteins that lose their function after binding with amyloid.
4652:
4536:
4480:
4200:
3551:
3168:
Wechalekar AD, Gillmore JD, Hawkins PN (June 2016). "Systemic amyloidosis".
1981:
1861:
1854:
1839:
1835:
1819:
1776:
1768:
891:
633:
629:
571:
516:
133:
4427:
4336:
4301:
4232:
4177:
4128:
4064:
4021:
3977:
3933:
3790:
3741:
3650:
3569:
3517:
3455:
3370:
3321:
3286:
3251:
3232:
3189:
3131:
3087:
3042:
3033:
2965:
2911:
2853:
2815:
2758:
2720:
2656:
2648:
2607:
2545:
2366:
2347:
2307:
2253:
2245:
2161:
2107:
607:
Amyloid-forming proteins aggregate into distinctive fibrillar forms with a
3781:
3764:
2497:
2331:"Guideline of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis for clinicians"
596:, so the misfolding and formation of amyloid occurs outside cells, in the
218:
There are about 36 different types of amyloidosis, each due to a specific
4842:
4328:
3952:"AL (Light-Chain) Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Diagnosis and Therapy"
3631:
3078:
3061:
1800:
1756:
1752:
1748:
653:
649:
616:
551:
547:
476:
195:. In wild-type ATTR amyloidosis, non-cardiac symptoms include: bilateral
2902:
2701:
491:
and is co secreted with insulin." (Rang and Dale's Pharmacology, 2015.)
4818:
4604:
3446:
2789:
1917:
601:
583:
324:, affecting the organ's ability to filter and excrete waste and retain
309:
192:
164:
57:
4463:
2298:
2281:
526:
The deposition of amyloid proteins in the bone marrow without causing
362:
Amyloid deposition in the heart can cause both diastolic and systolic
4769:
4642:
4475:
4448:
1872:
1698:
511:
In beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis, males have high risk of getting
313:
3665:"Patisiran for treating hereditary transthyretinrelated amyloidosis"
1728:
arise from a disease with disordered immune cell function, such as
4667:
3216:"Light chain (AL) amyloidosis: update on diagnosis and management"
1694:
841:
487:
or 'amylin.' This is stored with insulin in secretory granules in
292:
3900:"AL amyloidosis: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapies"
3765:"CRISPR-Cas9 In Vivo Gene Editing for Transthyretin Amyloidosis"
2390:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
4568:
3839:"Amyloidosis - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)"
3484:"Pharmacological treatment for familial amyloid polyneuropathy"
27:
Metabolic disease involving abnormal deposited amyloid proteins
4564:
4150:
Brunger AF, Nienhuis HL, Bijzet J, Hazenberg BP (March 2020).
3904:
Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program
4387:
4385:
3950:
Falk RH, Alexander KM, Liao R, Dorbala S (September 2016).
3720:
Hoy SM (October 2018). "Patisiran: First Global Approval".
3994:
Xin Y, Hu W, Chen X, Hu J, Sun Y, Zhao Y (November 2019).
2282:"The Pathology of Amyloidosis in Classification: A Review"
731:
Small bowel duodenum with amyloid deposition Congo red 10X
432:
on blood smear, occurs in 24% of people with amyloidosis.
234:. The four most common types of systemic amyloidosis are
3695:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Nice)
2685:"Gastrointestinal Amyloidosis: Review of the Literature"
1830:
was the only effective treatment. New therapies include
1780:
people with AL Amyloidosis not eligible for transplant.
840:
showing amyloid deposition (red fluffy material) in the
328:. This can lead to high levels of protein in the urine (
2932:"Amyloidosis: pathogenesis and new therapeutic options"
2182:. Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD).
632:. The most useful stain in the diagnosis of amyloid is
1026:
Heart mainly in males, lung, ligaments, tenosynovium
4453:
4888:
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism
4809:
4786:
4768:
4740:
4726:
4717:
4676:
4602:
4527:
4457:
3267:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
640:, makes the amyloid proteins appear apple-green on
150:
142:
132:
114:
102:
94:
86:
76:
64:
37:
4081:. Science. 26 September 2008. pp. 1764–1765.
3477:
3475:
3473:
3209:
3207:
3163:
3161:
1815:inhibitors (e.g., tocilizumab) may be considered.
271:problems are found with multiple peripheral nerves
3398:Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007).
3108:"Systemic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis"
2732:
2730:
2683:Rowe K, Pankow J, Nehme F, Salyers W (May 2017).
273:and it is unclear why. Diagnosis is confirmed by
2565:
2563:
2392:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
1721:Another classification is primary or secondary.
758:Small bowel duodenum with amyloid deposition 20X
222:. Within these 36 proteins, 19 are grouped into
4152:"Causes of AA amyloidosis: a systematic review"
3843:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
3529:
3527:
3101:
3099:
3097:
2925:
2923:
2921:
1092:terminal variants), skin (C terminal variants)
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
4580:
3956:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3021:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
3010:
3008:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
1785:tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors
1090:Heart, liver, kidney, PNS, testis, larynx (C
611:structure. The beta-sheet form of amyloid is
8:
4079:"Searching for the Secrets of the Super Old"
3945:
3943:
3392:
3390:
3388:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2413:
2411:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
1826:. Previously, for variant ATTR amyloidosis,
4102:
4100:
3989:
3987:
3488:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3060:Sachchithanantham S, Wechalekar AD (2013).
2930:Merlini G, Seldin DC, Gertz MA (May 2011).
4723:
4587:
4573:
4565:
4454:
2424:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2088:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2033:. Amyloidosis Support Groups. 1 March 2022
1663:EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular
1595:Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein
926:
146:3–13 per million per year (AL amyloidosis)
34:
4417:
4291:
4167:
4011:
3967:
3923:
3780:
3640:
3630:
3559:
3540:Journal of the American Heart Association
3507:
3445:
3360:
3241:
3231:
3077:
3032:
2955:
2901:
2805:
2710:
2700:
2597:
2587:
2356:
2346:
2297:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1849:and disability from disease progression.
1479:Pituitary prolactinomas, aging pituitary
708:dyscrasias. ATTR can be identified using
163:is a group of diseases in which abnormal
3214:Rosenzweig M, Landau H (November 2011).
2842:Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances
2526:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
905:), or with continuous overproduction of
3017:"Amyloidosis-associated kidney disease"
2380:
2378:
2376:
2015:
1871:In 2021, in a clinical trial using the
721:
504:of patients that underwent surgery for
1751:) or parenchymal (organs derived from
4755:ACys+ABri/Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
4709:ATTR/Transthyretin-related hereditary
4398:European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy
4370:from the original on 7 September 2018
4266:Hasib Sidiqi M, Gertz MA (May 2021).
3049:from the original on 5 December 2011.
2894:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045115
2430:from the original on 29 November 2021
2396:from the original on 19 November 2021
404:Gastrointestinal and accessory organs
7:
4109:Current Medical Research and Opinion
3619:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
3220:Journal of Hematology & Oncology
2154:10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131243
1530:Cornified epithelia, hair follicles
1028:PNS, ANS, heart, eye, leptomeninges
154:1 per 1,000 people (developed world)
121:, directed at the underlying cause,
4317:The New England Journal of Medicine
3769:The New England Journal of Medicine
3594:from the original on 8 October 2020
2739:Radiologic Clinics of North America
2478:The New England Journal of Medicine
782:Amyloidosis, blood vessels, H&E
517:inflammation of the synovial tissue
3879:from the original on 15 March 2016
3849:from the original on 16 March 2016
2386:"Amyloidosis & Kidney Disease"
2186:from the original on 24 April 2017
2081:"Amyloidosis: a clinical overview"
1715:medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
1445:Islets of Langerhans, insulinomas
1386:CJD, GSS syndrome, fatal insomnia
806:Amyloidosis, lymph node, polarizer
25:
4247:from the original on 14 June 2022
4085:from the original on 9 March 2013
3819:from the original on 14 June 2022
3701:from the original on 20 July 2019
3146:from the original on 14 June 2022
3062:"Imaging in systemic amyloidosis"
2335:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
3671:from the original on 4 July 2019
3613:Mathew V, Wang AK (6 May 2019).
3426:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
2538:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01669.x
2140:Pepys MB (2006). "Amyloidosis".
1304:Aβ protein precursor, wild type
830:
811:
799:
794:Amyloidosis, lymph node, H&E
787:
775:
763:
751:
736:
724:
261:Diagnosis may be suspected when
250:M), and hereditary and old age (
43:
4778:AApoA1+AFib+ALys/Familial renal
4704:AA/Familial Mediterranean fever
3438:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207546
3112:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
1741:secondary cutaneous amyloidosis
1732:or other immunocyte dyscrasias.
1669:Portal veins, Aging associated
1212:Leukocyte chemotactic factor-2
1161:Apolipoprotein C III, variants
1127:Apolipoprotein A IV, wild type
475:"Amyloid deposits occur in the
256:wild-type transthyretin amyloid
56:) or bruising around the eyes (
4000:Hellenic Journal of Cardiology
3500:10.1002/14651858.CD012395.pub2
2979:Gertz MA, Rajkumar SV (2010).
1306:Aβ protein precursor, variant
1144:Apolipoprotein C II, variants
588:Amyloidoses can be considered
1:
4824:ACal/Medullary thyroid cancer
4796:Primary cutaneous amyloidosis
4694:Aβ2M/Haemodialysis-associated
4169:10.1080/13506129.2019.1693359
4121:10.1080/03007995.2017.1297930
3916:10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.1
3362:10.1080/13506129.2020.1835263
3182:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01274-X
2882:Annual Review of Biochemistry
2418:Lewis JB, Neilson EG (2018).
1737:reactive systemic amyloidosis
676:T1 and T2 weighted MRI images
263:protein is found in the urine
4410:10.1136/ejhpharm-2018-001823
4358:Office of the Commissioner.
2936:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2778:Journal of Internal Medicine
2576:BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
2426:(20 ed.). McGraw Hill.
1968:Treatments for ATTR-related
1948:familial Mediterranean fever
1883:Food and Drug Administration
1496:Iatrogenic, local injection
1130:Kidney medulla and systemic
770:Amyloidosis, Node, Congo Red
4750:Familial amyloid neuropathy
4057:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.03.003
3898:Merlini G (December 2017).
3015:Dember LM (December 2006).
2490:10.1056/NEJM199709253371306
1707:isolated atrial amyloidosis
955:All organs, usually except
899:immunoglobulin light chains
189:feeling faint with standing
4904:
4284:10.1038/s41408-021-00483-7
3969:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.053
3827:– via Business Wire.
3588:Europeans Medicines Agency
3402:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
3279:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.167
1665:matrix protein 1 (EFEMP1)
1459:Atrial natriuretic factor
1442:Islet amyloid polypeptide
973:Immunoglobulin heavy chain
951:Immunoglobulin light chain
939:Systemic and/or localized
894:in the precursor protein.
661:subcutaneous abdominal fat
581:
355:
4719:Organ-limited amyloidosis
4217:10.1080/07853890701842988
4013:10.1016/j.hjc.2019.01.015
3873:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
3815:. Alnylam. 13 June 2022.
3734:10.1007/s40265-018-0983-6
3314:10.1080/07853890802502614
3124:10.1038/s41572-018-0034-3
2751:10.1016/j.rcl.2015.12.012
2589:10.1186/s12872-018-0952-8
2180:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
2142:Annual Review of Medicine
2100:10.1016/j.rdc.2013.02.012
2079:Hazenberg BP (May 2013).
1881:was approved by the U.S.
1703:Atrial natriuretic factor
1375:Prion protein, wild type
485:islet amyloid polypeptide
51:
42:
3066:British Medical Bulletin
2983:. Totowa, N.J.: Humana.
2948:10.1200/JCO.2010.32.2271
1510:Lung surfactant protein
863:included primary (i.e.,
745:dystrophic calcification
479:of people who also have
424:is common. In contrast,
342:end-stage kidney disease
3552:10.1161/JAHA.120.016614
3400:Robbins Basic Pathology
2024:"Amyloidosis Awareness"
1419:C-cell thyroid tumours
1377:Prion protein variants
1229:Fibrinogen a, variants
1061:Musculoskeletal system
942:Acquired or hereditary
683:protein electrophoresis
636:, which, combined with
568:obstructive sleep apnea
393:orthostatic hypotension
138:Improved with treatment
4760:Aβ/Alzheimer's disease
3233:10.1186/1756-8722-4-47
3034:10.1681/ASN.2006050460
2649:10.1055/s-0039-1688994
2348:10.1186/1750-1172-8-31
2246:10.1001/jama.2020.5493
1380:Prion protein variant
994:(Apo) serum amyloid A
542:A rare development is
528:plasma cell dyscrasias
513:carpal tunnel syndrome
506:lumbar spinal stenosis
495:Musculoskeletal system
372:atrioventricular block
318:glomerular capillaries
298:
209:small fiber neuropathy
197:carpal tunnel syndrome
3782:10.1056/NEJMoa2107454
2637:Seminars in Neurology
2420:"Glomerular Diseases"
1978:small interfering RNA
1972:include TTR-specific
1847:peripheral neuropathy
1547:Senile aortic, media
1246:Cystatin C, variants
702:plasma cell dyscrasia
691:Laser microdissection
572:difficulty swallowing
296:
232:environmental factors
213:autonomic dysfunction
205:biceps tendon rupture
127:organ transplantation
4734:AANF/Isolated atrial
4677:Systemic amyloidosis
4329:10.1056/nejme1805499
4272:Blood Cancer Journal
3632:10.2147/DDDT.S162913
3176:(10038): 2641–2654.
1598:Odontogenic tumours
1384:CJD, fatal insomnia
1181:Kidney, PNS, cornea
911:chronic inflammation
907:acute phase proteins
710:isoelectric focusing
470:autonomic neuropathy
418:alkaline phosphatase
226:, 14 are grouped as
18:Familial amyloidosis
4045:Preventive Medicine
2702:10.7759/cureus.1228
1985:patisiran).
1775:agent, followed by
1726:Primary amyloidoses
1615:Vesicula seminalis
1564:Cornea, hereditary
1195:Lysozyme, variants
1178:Gelsolin, variants
1108:Apolipoprotein A II
913:(which can lead to
846:cardiac amyloidosis
819:Cardiac amyloidosis
566:, that can lead to
472:and heart failure.
436:is seen in 8.5% of
430:Howell-Jolly bodies
358:Cardiac amyloidosis
181:shortness of breath
98:Genetic or acquired
4528:External resources
4205:Annals of Medicine
3302:Annals of Medicine
3079:10.1093/bmb/ldt021
2790:10.1111/joim.13222
2286:Acta Haematologica
2280:Picken MM (2020).
1799:inhibitors (e.g.,
1649:Tumour associated
1232:Kidney, primarily
1215:Kidney, primarily
1085:Apolipoprotein A I
997:All organs except
977:All organs except
933:Precursor protein
667:and may result in
590:protein misfolding
426:spleen enlargement
338:nephrotic syndrome
334:nephrotic syndrome
316:often involve the
312:deposition in the
299:
289:Signs and symptoms
220:protein misfolding
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4836:APro/Prolactinoma
4699:AGel/Finnish type
4562:
4561:
3962:(12): 1323–1341.
3728:(15): 1625–1631.
3409:978-1-4160-2973-1
3027:(12): 3458–3471.
2990:978-1-60761-631-3
2942:(14): 1924–1933.
2299:10.1159/000506696
1999:Peptide synthesis
1679:
1678:
1561:Kerato-epithelin
1285:ADanPP, variants
1266:ABriPP, variants
695:mass spectrometry
656:are also in use.
594:secreted proteins
521:shoulder pad sign
502:ligamentum flavum
481:diabetes mellitus
422:Liver enlargement
414:aminotransferases
322:mesangial regions
267:organ enlargement
158:
157:
104:Diagnostic method
71:Internal medicine
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4895:
4848:AIAPP/Insulinoma
4724:
4607:forming proteins
4589:
4582:
4575:
4566:
4455:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4171:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4115:(6): 1017–1031.
4104:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4051:(Suppl): S9-11.
4040:
4034:
4033:
4015:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3784:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3479:
3468:
3467:
3449:
3432:(9): 1636–1644.
3421:
3415:
3413:
3394:
3383:
3382:
3364:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3036:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2927:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2877:
2858:
2857:
2837:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2680:
2669:
2668:
2632:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2521:
2502:
2501:
2473:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2301:
2277:
2266:
2265:
2229:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2176:"AL amyloidosis"
2172:
2166:
2165:
2137:
2120:
2119:
2085:
2076:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2031:amyloidaware.com
2028:
2020:
1974:oligonucleotides
1828:liver transplant
1730:multiple myeloma
1416:(Pro)calcitonin
1055:β2-microglobulin
1050:β2-microglobulin
927:
834:
815:
803:
791:
779:
767:
755:
740:
728:
442:intestinal villi
380:echocardiography
378:dysfunction. On
244:dialysis-related
238:, inflammation (
236:light chain (AL)
173:peripheral edema
47:
35:
21:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4883:Protein folding
4868:
4867:
4866:
4857:
4853:Type 2 diabetes
4805:
4801:Amyloid purpura
4782:
4764:
4736:
4713:
4672:
4598:
4593:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4523:
4522:
4466:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4106:
4105:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4042:
4041:
4037:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3546:(19): e016614.
3533:
3532:
3525:
3494:(4): CD012395.
3481:
3480:
3471:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3397:
3396:Table 5-12 in:
3395:
3386:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3014:
3013:
3006:
2991:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2879:
2878:
2861:
2839:
2838:
2823:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2682:
2681:
2672:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2523:
2522:
2505:
2484:(13): 898–909.
2475:
2474:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2279:
2278:
2269:
2231:
2230:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2139:
2138:
2123:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2012:
1995:
1980:(patisiran) or
1976:in the form of
1966:
1926:
1914:people over 110
1899:
1891:
1765:
1684:
1527:Corneodesmosin
930:Fibril protein
860:
853:
850:Congo red stain
835:
826:
816:
807:
804:
795:
792:
783:
780:
771:
768:
759:
756:
747:
741:
732:
729:
714:genetic testing
669:false negatives
638:polarized light
626:
586:
580:
564:enlarged tongue
560:
544:amyloid purpura
540:
497:
454:
448:-like picture.
406:
388:
360:
354:
307:
291:
283:developed world
269:is present, or
249:
224:localized forms
201:spinal stenosis
169:amyloid fibrils
119:Supportive care
90:55–65 years old
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:AA amyloidosis
4686:
4684:AL amyloidosis
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4544:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4509:
4498:
4483:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:Classification
4452:
4451:
4440:
4439:External links
4437:
4434:
4433:
4404:(4): 194–201.
4381:
4350:
4307:
4258:
4211:(3): 232–239.
4191:
4142:
4096:
4070:
4035:
4006:(6): 375–383.
3983:
3939:
3890:
3860:
3830:
3804:
3775:(6): 493–502.
3755:
3712:
3682:
3656:
3605:
3575:
3523:
3469:
3416:
3408:
3384:
3355:(4): 217–222.
3335:
3308:(3): 162–176.
3292:
3257:
3203:
3157:
3093:
3052:
3004:
2989:
2971:
2917:
2859:
2821:
2784:(6): 895–905.
2764:
2745:(3): 597–612.
2726:
2670:
2643:(5): 578–588.
2622:
2613:
2559:
2532:(3): 776–787.
2503:
2441:
2407:
2372:
2321:
2292:(4): 322–334.
2267:
2197:
2167:
2121:
2094:(2): 323–345.
2044:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1965:
1962:
1944:bronchiectasis
1925:
1922:
1916:who have been
1898:
1895:
1890:
1889:Support groups
1887:
1764:
1761:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1719:
1718:
1691:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:Semenogelin 1
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:Cardiac atria
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
988:
987:
984:
981:
975:
970:
966:
965:
962:
959:
953:
948:
944:
943:
940:
937:
936:Target Organs
934:
931:
915:AA amyloidosis
903:AL amyloidosis
859:
858:Classification
856:
855:
854:
836:
829:
827:
817:
810:
808:
805:
798:
796:
793:
786:
784:
781:
774:
772:
769:
762:
760:
757:
750:
748:
742:
735:
733:
730:
723:
625:
622:
582:Main article:
579:
576:
559:
556:
539:
536:
496:
493:
466:hypothyroidism
462:adrenal glands
453:
450:
438:AL amyloidosis
405:
402:
387:
386:Nervous system
384:
356:Main article:
353:
350:
326:plasma protein
306:
303:
290:
287:
247:
228:systemic forms
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
130:
129:
116:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4900:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4585:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3625:: 1515–1525.
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3606:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2004:Proteinopathy
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1958:heart failure
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:osteomyelitis
1937:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:heart failure
1821:
1816:
1814:
1813:interleukin-6
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:Interleukin-1
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
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1020:Transthyretin
1016:
1015:Transthyretin
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880:transthyretin
876:
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847:
843:
839:
833:
828:
824:
823:H&E stain
820:
814:
809:
802:
797:
790:
785:
778:
773:
766:
761:
754:
749:
746:
743:Amyloidosis,
739:
734:
727:
722:
720:
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715:
711:
705:
703:
698:
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688:
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598:extracellular
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434:Malabsorption
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
403:
401:
397:
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385:
383:
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369:
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364:heart failure
359:
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275:tissue biopsy
272:
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109:Tissue biopsy
107:
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63:
59:
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4485:
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4372:. Retrieved
4363:
4353:
4323:(1): 82–85.
4320:
4316:
4310:
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4271:
4261:
4249:. Retrieved
4208:
4204:
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4159:
4155:
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4073:
4048:
4044:
4038:
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3872:
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3807:
3772:
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3758:
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3694:
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3659:
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3608:
3596:. Retrieved
3587:
3578:
3543:
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3491:
3487:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3414:8th edition.
3399:
3352:
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3338:
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3270:
3266:
3260:
3223:
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3148:. Retrieved
3115:
3111:
3069:
3065:
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3024:
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2980:
2974:
2939:
2935:
2903:2158/1117236
2885:
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2777:
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2695:(5): e1228.
2692:
2688:
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2636:
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2579:
2575:
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2432:. Retrieved
2423:
2398:. Retrieved
2389:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2289:
2285:
2240:(1): 79–89.
2237:
2233:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2170:
2145:
2141:
2091:
2087:
2035:. Retrieved
2030:
2018:
1987:
1967:
1955:
1952:
1936:tuberculosis
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:Epidemiology
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1817:
1782:
1773:chemotherapy
1766:
1746:
1720:
1685:
1664:
1646:Cathepsin K
1629:Enfurvitide
1578:Lactoferrin
1544:Lactadherin
1432:
1426:
1420:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1337:α-Synuclein
1327:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1252:, PNS, skin
1091:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1052:, wild type
1039:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1017:, wild type
922:
919:
896:
877:
873:
861:
718:
706:
699:
680:
673:
658:
646:thioflavin T
627:
606:
587:
578:Pathogenesis
561:
541:
525:
510:
498:
474:
455:
411:
407:
398:
389:
361:
308:
300:
279:
260:
217:
185:palpitations
160:
159:
54:macroglossia
29:
4878:Amyloidosis
4596:Amyloidosis
4553:Amyloidosis
4445:Amyloidosis
4364:www.fda.gov
4162:(1): 1–12.
4089:22 February
3910:(1): 1–12.
3447:2445/108897
3150:25 December
2981:Amyloidosis
2434:29 November
2400:19 November
2148:: 223–241.
1805:canakinumab
1682:Alternative
1632:Iatrogenic
1110:, variants
1087:, variants
1057:, variants
1022:, variants
687:amino acids
613:proteolysis
558:Oral cavity
532:paraparesis
330:proteinuria
177:weight loss
167:, known as
161:Amyloidosis
87:Usual onset
38:Amyloidosis
4872:Categories
4548:Patient UK
4513:DiseasesDB
3273:(1): 1–7.
2848:(1): 1–5.
2582:(1): 221.
2010:References
1970:neuropathy
1879:Vutrisiran
1832:diflunisal
1809:rilonacept
1793:etanercept
1789:infliximab
1711:Calcitonin
1476:Prolactin
865:idiopathic
838:Micrograph
642:microscopy
617:oligomeric
609:beta-sheet
376:sinus node
344:requiring
4831:Pituitary
4811:Endocrine
4537:eMedicine
4374:11 August
4278:(5): 90.
4225:0785-3890
4186:208299494
4137:205541963
3799:235722446
3584:"Tegsedi"
3379:225073269
3226:(1): 47.
3118:(1): 38.
3072:: 41–56.
2999:654382006
2888:: 27–68.
2798:1365-2796
2665:204850185
2316:218600304
2262:220385853
2116:215069282
1982:antisense
1918:autopsied
1897:Prognosis
1862:Patisiran
1855:inotersen
1840:patisiran
1836:inotersen
1820:tafamidis
1777:stem cell
1769:melphalan
1763:Treatment
1158:AApoCIII
892:mutations
890:, due to
888:inherited
869:secondary
665:sensitive
634:Congo red
624:Diagnosis
602:cytosolic
456:Both the
199:, lumbar
143:Frequency
134:Prognosis
115:Treatment
66:Specialty
4843:Pancreas
4542:med/3377
4428:32587078
4368:Archived
4345:49658028
4337:29972750
4302:33993188
4251:18 March
4245:Archived
4241:23446885
4233:18382889
4178:31766892
4129:28277869
4083:Archived
4065:22579241
4030:73419672
4022:30742933
3978:27634125
3934:29222231
3883:15 March
3877:Archived
3853:15 March
3847:Archived
3817:Archived
3791:34215024
3750:52813638
3742:30251172
3699:Archived
3669:Archived
3651:31118583
3598:12 March
3592:Archived
3570:32969287
3518:32311072
3464:18876892
3456:26109736
3371:33100054
3330:31198109
3322:18985467
3287:17223074
3252:22100031
3190:26719234
3144:Archived
3140:53023121
3132:30361521
3088:23896486
3047:Archived
3043:17093068
2966:21483018
2912:28498720
2854:29762107
2816:33274477
2759:27153791
2721:28611935
2657:31639841
2608:30509186
2554:25431033
2546:18076735
2428:Archived
2394:Archived
2367:23425518
2308:32392555
2254:32633805
2190:22 April
2184:Archived
2162:16409147
2108:23597967
1993:See also
1964:Research
1801:anakinra
1787:such as
1757:endoderm
1753:ectoderm
1749:mesoderm
1660:AEFEMP1
1493:Insulin
1141:AApoCII
1124:AApoAIV
1104:AApoAII
901:(termed
884:systemic
654:SAP scan
650:DPD scan
644:. Also,
552:factor X
548:thrombin
477:pancreas
346:dialysis
165:proteins
123:dialysis
78:Symptoms
4819:Thyroid
4605:amyloid
4603:Common
4507:D000686
4419:7335620
4293:8124067
4156:Amyloid
3925:6142527
3823:14 June
3705:20 July
3675:20 July
3642:6507904
3561:7792401
3509:7170468
3349:Amyloid
3243:3228694
3198:4762107
2957:3138545
2807:8248398
2712:5464793
2599:6278059
2498:9302305
2358:3584981
2037:15 June
1709:), and
1581:Cornea
1421:Kidney
1209:ALECT2
1198:Kidney
1164:Kidney
1147:Kidney
1113:Kidney
1081:AApoAI
584:Amyloid
458:thyroid
396:death.
310:Amyloid
305:Kidneys
193:purpura
58:purpura
4770:Kidney
4449:Curlie
4426:
4416:
4343:
4335:
4300:
4290:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4184:
4176:
4135:
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4028:
4020:
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3748:
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3558:
3516:
3506:
3462:
3454:
3406:
3377:
3369:
3328:
3320:
3285:
3250:
3240:
3196:
3188:
3170:Lancet
3138:
3130:
3086:
3041:
2997:
2987:
2964:
2954:
2910:
2852:
2814:
2804:
2796:
2757:
2719:
2709:
2689:Cureus
2663:
2655:
2606:
2596:
2552:
2544:
2496:
2365:
2355:
2341:: 31.
2314:
2306:
2260:
2252:
2160:
2114:
2106:
1942:, and
1873:CRISPR
1838:, and
1811:) and
1643:ACatK
1609:ASem1
1592:AOAAP
1439:AIAPP
1334:AαSyn
630:stains
452:Glands
332:) and
314:kidney
211:, and
187:, and
151:Deaths
95:Causes
4742:Brain
4728:Heart
4643:AIAPP
4496:277.3
4341:S2CID
4237:S2CID
4182:S2CID
4133:S2CID
4026:S2CID
3795:S2CID
3746:S2CID
3722:Drugs
3460:S2CID
3375:S2CID
3326:S2CID
3194:S2CID
3136:S2CID
2661:S2CID
2550:S2CID
2312:S2CID
2258:S2CID
2112:S2CID
2084:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
1626:AEnf
1575:ALac
1558:AKer
1541:AMed
1524:ACor
1513:Lung
1507:ASPC
1490:AIns
1473:APro
1456:AANF
1413:ACal
1372:APrP
1353:ATau
1282:ADan
1263:ABri
1243:ACys
1226:AFib
1192:ALys
1175:AGel
1046:Aβ2M
1011:ATTR
983:S, L
964:A, H
961:S, L
842:heart
693:with
489:cells
446:sprue
352:Heart
4788:Skin
4668:ABri
4663:ACys
4658:AANF
4653:APro
4648:ACal
4624:Aβ2M
4619:ATTR
4502:MeSH
4491:9-CM
4424:PMID
4376:2018
4333:PMID
4298:PMID
4253:2022
4229:PMID
4221:ISSN
4174:PMID
4125:PMID
4091:2013
4061:PMID
4018:PMID
3974:PMID
3930:PMID
3908:2017
3885:2016
3855:2016
3825:2022
3787:PMID
3738:PMID
3707:2019
3677:2019
3647:PMID
3600:2021
3566:PMID
3514:PMID
3452:PMID
3404:ISBN
3367:PMID
3318:PMID
3283:PMID
3248:PMID
3186:PMID
3152:2020
3128:PMID
3084:PMID
3039:PMID
2995:OCLC
2985:ISBN
2962:PMID
2908:PMID
2850:PMID
2812:PMID
2794:ISSN
2755:PMID
2717:PMID
2653:PMID
2604:PMID
2542:PMID
2494:PMID
2436:2021
2402:2021
2363:PMID
2304:PMID
2250:PMID
2234:JAMA
2192:2017
2158:PMID
2104:PMID
2039:2024
1791:and
1771:, a
1739:and
1713:(in
1705:(in
1699:IAPP
1389:PNS
1356:Tau
1063:ANS
550:and
538:Eyes
460:and
416:and
320:and
254:and
252:ATTR
4638:APP
4518:633
4487:ICD
4481:E85
4472:ICD
4447:at
4414:PMC
4406:doi
4325:doi
4321:379
4288:PMC
4280:doi
4213:doi
4164:doi
4117:doi
4053:doi
4008:doi
3964:doi
3920:PMC
3912:doi
3777:doi
3773:385
3730:doi
3637:PMC
3627:doi
3556:PMC
3548:doi
3504:PMC
3496:doi
3442:hdl
3434:doi
3357:doi
3310:doi
3275:doi
3271:354
3238:PMC
3228:doi
3178:doi
3174:387
3120:doi
3074:doi
3070:107
3029:doi
2952:PMC
2944:doi
2898:hdl
2890:doi
2802:PMC
2786:doi
2782:289
2747:doi
2707:PMC
2697:doi
2645:doi
2594:PMC
2584:doi
2534:doi
2530:103
2486:doi
2482:337
2353:PMC
2343:doi
2294:doi
2290:143
2242:doi
2238:324
2150:doi
2096:doi
1759:).
1755:or
1360:CNS
1341:CNS
1315:CNS
1311:CNS
1301:Aβ
1289:CNS
1270:CNS
1250:CNS
999:CNS
991:AA
979:CNS
969:AH
957:CNS
947:AL
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909:in
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652:or
374:or
368:EKG
258:).
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