1823:. He, like Strachan, played a key role in solidifying the Family Compact, and ensuring its influence within the colonial state. Boulton, the solicitor general, author of the bank incorporation bill, and the bank's lawyer, admitted the bank was a "terrible engine in the hands of the provincial administration". The government, its officers, and legislative councillors owned 5,381 of its 8,000 shares. The lieutenant governor appointed four of the bank's fifteen directors making for a tight bond between the nominally private company and the state. Forty-four men served as bank directors during the 1830s; eleven of them were executive councillors, fifteen of them were legislative councillors, and thirteen were magistrates in Toronto. Furthermore, all 11 men who had ever sat on the Executive Council also sat on the board of the bank at one time or another. Ten of these men also sat on the Legislative Council. The overlapping membership on the boards of the Bank of Upper Canada and on the Executive and Legislative councils served to integrate the economic and political activities of church, state, and the "financial sector". These overlapping memberships reinforced the oligarchic nature of power in the colony and allowed the administration to operate without any effective elective check. Despite these tight bonds, the
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1692:" in an attempt to humiliate the members of the Family Compact running for the board of the Bank of Upper Canada, and Henry John Boulton, the solicitor general, in particular. Mackenzie's articles worked, and they lost control. In revenge they sacked Mackenzie's press, throwing the type into the lake. The "juvenile advocates" were the students of the attorney general and the solicitor general, and the act was performed in broad daylight in front of William Allan, bank president and magistrate. They were never charged, and it was left to Mackenzie to launch a civil lawsuit instead.
1696:
received in his civil lawsuit against the vandals did not reflect the soundness of the criminal administration of justice in Upper Canada. And lastly, he sees in the Types Riot "the seed of the
Rebellion" in a deeper sense than those earlier writers who viewed it simply as the start of a highly personal feud between Mackenzie and the Family Compact. Romney emphasizes that Mackenzie's personal harassment, the "outrage", served as a lightning rod of discontent because so many Upper Canadians had faced similar endemic abuses and hence identified their political fortunes with his.
511:, one of the most powerful, "was an executive councillor, a legislative councillor, President of the Toronto and Lake Huron Railroad, Governor of the British American Fire and Life Assurance Company and President of the Board of Trade." Johnson's conclusion contests the common assertion that "none of the leading members of the Compact were business men, and ... the system of values typical of the Compact accorded scant respect to business wealth as such." The overlapping social, political and economic leadership roles of the Family Compact demonstrates, he argues, that
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beginning to be farmed as capitalist enterprises. These improved farming methods were introduced to Upper Canada by the half-pay military officers from aristocratic background who tended to become magistrates in Upper Canada and build large estates. "Mixed or improved farming was one part of a total life-style ... As well as permitting them to practice improved farming and to develop a reasonably elegant life-style, their financial independence allowed them the leisure time necessary for them to act as 'leaders' of their community."
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was appointed to the
Executive Council, the advisory body to the Lieutenant Governor, in 1815, he began to push for the Church of England's autonomous control of the clergy reserves on the model of the Clergy Corporation created in Lower Canada in 1817. Although all clergymen in the Church of England
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from 1807 to 1810, when irregularities in the
Berkshire County books prompted his flight to Upper Canada. There he won a seat in the provincial assembly, but was denied on account of his status as a fugitive from justice. A provincewide petitioning campaign by these numerically superior "aliens" led
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The historians P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins have emphasized that the
British empire at "the mid-nineteenth century represented the extension abroad of the institutions and principles entrenched at home". Upper Canada, created in the very "image and transcript" of the British constitution is
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Canada is probably not unlike other western industrial nations in relying heavily on its elite groups to make major decisions and to determine the shape and direction of its development. The nineteenth-century notion of a liberal citizen-participating democracy is obviously not a satisfactory model
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Members of the Family
Compact were interested in building up estates in which they imitated the "improved farming" methods of the English aristocracy. "Improved farming" refers to a capital-intensive form of farming introduced by the "improving landlords" of Great Britain on large estates that were
1761:
Grammar schools provided a classical education and were preparation for higher learning and entry into the law or the ministry. Entrance was limited by high tuition fees, even though they were government supported. Common schools for teaching basic education received little support or regulation in
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they were not a political elite taking political decisions in a vacuum, but an overlapping elite whose political and economic activities cannot be entirely separated from each other. They might even be called 'entrepreneurs', most of whose political views may have been highly conservative but whose
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Fortified by family connexion, and the common interest felt by all who held, and all who desired, subordinate offices, that party was thus erected into a solid and permanent power, controlled by no responsibility, subject to no serious change, exercising over the whole government of the
Province an
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The role of speculation in the vacant lands of Upper Canada ensured the development of group solidarity and cohesion of interest among the members of the Family
Compact. Of the 26 largest landowners in Peel County between 1820 and 1840, 23 were absentee proprietors, of whom 17 were involved in the
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with little real power. As became clear with
Lieutenant Governor Sir Francis Bond Head, the influence of the Family Compact could be quite limited as well. Members ensured their conservative friends held the important administrative and judicial positions in the colony through political patronage.
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Elite Upper
Canadians sought "gentility" including the acquisition of landed estates, roles as Justices of the Peace, military service, the pursuit of "improved farming", grammar school education, ties to the Church of England – all in combination with the acquisition of wealth through the Bank of
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The
Executive Council was composed of local advisers who provided the colonially appointed lieutenant governor with advice on the daily workings of government, and especially with appointments to the administration. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the Legislative
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Cain and Hopkins point out that "new money", the financiers rather than the industrial "barons", were gradually gentrified through the purchase of land, intermarriage and the acquisition of titles. In the United Kingdom, the control exercised by the aristocracy over the House of Commons remained
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There are three implications of the Types Riot according to historian Paul Romney. First, he argues the riot illustrates how the elite's self-justifications regularly skirted the rule of law they held out as their Loyalist mission. Second, he demonstrated that the significant damages Mackenzie
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The control that the Family Compact exerted over the legal profession and the corruption that resulted was most clearly demonstrated in the "Types Riot" in 1826, in which the printing press of William Lyon Mackenzie was destroyed by the young lawyers of the Juvenile Advocate's Society with the
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were linked by professional and business ties, and by marriage; both Sherwood and Boulton being married to Jones’ sisters. Collectively, their extended family (if we include the Robinsons, and James B. Macaulay, Boulton's former clerk) comprise three quarters of the "Family Compact" listed by
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In 1836, as he was preparing to leave office, Lt Governor John Colborne endowed 44 Church of England rectories with about 300 acres (120 ha) of land each (21,638 acres (87.57 km) in all) in an effort to make the church more self-sufficient and less dependent on government aid.
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This same process is seen in Upper Canada. The historian J. K. Johnson's analysis of the Upper Canadian elite between 1837 and 1840 measured influence according to overlapping leadership roles on the boards of the main social, political and economic institutions. For example,
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who had fled the United States immediately after the Revolutionary War. The War of 1812 led the British to suspect the loyalty of the so-called "Later Loyalists" – "Americans" who had emigrated after 1800 for land. The issue came to a head around 1828 in the
1643:, Anglican Bishop of Quebec (1794–1825), Strachan (1820–1841), Markland (1822–1836), Peter Robinson (1823–1836), Thomas Talbot (1809–1841), Thomas Clark (1815–1841), William Dickson (1815–1841), John Henry Dunn (1822–1841), and William Allan (1825–1841).
1735:, also appointed the inspector general and the surveyor general to the board, and made a quorum of three for meetings; these two public officers also sat on the Legislative Council with Strachan. These three were usually members of the Family Compact.
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by which to examine the processes of decision-making in either the economic or the political contexts. ... If power and decision-making must always rest with elite groups, there can at least be open recruitment from all classes into the elite.
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administration of the province; of these 17, 12 were part of the Family Compact. Society and politics in Upper Canada were dominated by interest and connection based on landed property, and only secondarily affected by ideologies and personalities.
547:, made up the elite of the compact. These men sought to solidify their personal positions into family dynasties and acquire all the marks of gentility. They used their government positions to extend their business and speculative interests.
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The city of Toronto was surrounded by the estates of the Family Compact. One of these estates, the Grange, was owned by Boulton and was one of the chief centres of the Family Compact. Although many meetings took place at the Grange,
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In the absence of a landed elite, these men believed that the law should be the basis of social preeminence. Bound by the ideals of public service and a spirit of loyalty to king, church and empire, solidified in the crucible of the
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was held four times a year in each district composed of all the resident justices. The Quarter Sessions met to oversee the administration of the district and deal with legal cases. They formed, in effect, the municipal government
1001:
503:": "a form of capitalism headed by improving aristocratic landlords in association with improving financiers who served as their junior partners." A similar pattern is seen in other colonial empires, such as the Dutch Empire.
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The Law Society was created in 1797 to regulate the legal profession in the province. The society was headed by a treasurer. Every treasurer of the society before 1841 was a member of the Family Compact with the exception of
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on the Affairs of British North America states that it is impossible "To understand how any English statesman could have ever imagined that representative and irresponsible government could be successfully combined."
1565:". Following the war, the colonial government took active steps to prevent Americans from swearing allegiance, thereby making them ineligible to obtain land grants. Without land they could not vote or hold office.
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was to strengthen the power of the Governor General, to minimize the impact of the numerically superior French vote, and to build a "middle party" that answered to him, rather than the Family Compact or the
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562:, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, by pointing out that there was no legal impediment to prevent cross-appointments. Simcoe used the vague statement in Section 38 to make the following appointments
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after 1841. The current Canadian establishment grew out of the Family Compact. Although the families and names changed, the basic template for power and control remained the same through to the end of
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The origins of the Family Compact lay in overlapping appointments made to the Executive and Legislative councils of Upper Canada. The councils were intended to operate independently. Section 38 of the
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undisturbed before 1832 and was only slowly eroded thereafter, while its dominance of the executive lasted well beyond 1850." Hopkins and Cain refer to this alliance of aristocracy and financiers as "
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was the successor to the Home District Grammar School taught by John Strachan, which became the Royal Grammar School in 1825. Upper Canada College was founded in 1829 by Lieutenant Governor Sir
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authority utterly independent of the people and its representatives, and possessing the only means of influencing either the Government at home, or the colonial representative of the Crown.
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1803:. Upper Canada College merged with King's College for a period after 1831. Under Strachan's guidance, King's College was a religious institution that closely aligned with the
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Justices of the peace were appointed by the lieutenant governor. Any two justices meeting together could form the lowest level of the justice system, the Courts of Request. A
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noted the small dining room, which could not hold more than 14 people, probably meant that many of the stories about the Family Compact gatherings were probably exaggerated.
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the British government to grant them citizenship retroactively. In the minds of the Family Compact, they remained politically suspect and barred from positions of power.
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judiciary until an area was incorporated as either a police board or a city after 1834. The men appointed to the magistracy tended to be United Empire Loyalists or "
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The uniting factors amongst the compact were its loyalist tradition, hierarchical class structure and adherence to the established Anglican church. Leaders such as
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1831:, refused to use the bank for government business. The Bank of Upper Canada held a near monopoly, and as a result, controlled much of the trade in the province.
495:. Upper Canada, however, had no aristocracy. The methods pursued to create one were similar to that used in Britain itself. The result was the Family Compact.
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1980:, the Canada Company and the Family Compact were seen as one and the same thing causing the Colbornites to align themselves firmly against the Family Compact.
1772:(later Lord Seaton), to serve as a feeder school to the newly established King's College. It was modelled on the great public schools of Britain, most notably
1926:
family, in fact, shared many of the same values. The primary opposition to the Family Compact and these loyalist ideals came from the reform movement led by
1097:
362:
257:
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Romney, Paul (1987). "From the Types Riot to the Rebellion: Elite Ideology, Anti-legal Sentiment, Political Violence, and the Rule of Law in Upper Canada".
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110:
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Schrauwers, Albert (2010). "The Gentlemanly Order & the Politics of Production in the Transition to Capitalism in the Home District, Upper Canada".
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and petitioning was effective. Speeches and petitions led directly to the redress of grievances in Upper Canada that otherwise had no means of redress.
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Not all views of the elite were universally shared, but a critical element was the idea of "loyalty". The original members of the Family Compact were
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1624:. The longest serving members were James Baby (1792–1833), John Strachan (1815–1836), George Markland (1822–1836), and Peter Robinson (1823–1836).
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Schrauwers, Albert (2011). ""Regenten" (Gentlemanly) Capitalism: Saint-Simonian Technocracy and the Emergence of the "Industrialist Great Club"".
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who believed in rational government, not "responsible government". But he was also intent on marginalizing the influence of the Family Compact.
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558:, Lieutenant Governor of Lower Canada, pointed out that the offices were intended to be separate, Lord Grenville set the wheels in motion with
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This article is about a group in 19th-century Canadian history. For the pact between the royal families of 18th-century France and Spain, see
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David Gagan. "Property and 'Interest'; Some Preliminary Evidence of Land Speculation by the 'Family Compact' in Upper Canada 1820–1840,"
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2085:. With greater immigration from a variety of nations and cultures came the meritocracy so desired during the early years of Upper Canada.
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David Gagan, "Property and 'Interest'; Some Preliminary Evidence of Land Speculation by the 'Family Compact' in Upper Canada 1820–1840",
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In the Days of the Canada Company: The Story of the Settlement of the Huron Tract and a view of the Social Life of the Period, 1825—1850
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In the Days of the Canada Company: The Story of the Settlement of the Huron Tract and a view of the Social Life of the Period, 1825—1850
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The Family Compact was one of many, distinguished primarily by its access to the offices of state. Other compact groups, such as the
690:; many of the other members were his former students, or people who were related to him. The most prominent of Strachan's pupils was
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The Family Compact exerted influence over the government through the Executive Council and Legislative Council, the advisers to the
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noted in 1839 "There is, in truth, very little of family connection among the persons thus united". The phrase was popularised by
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1961:
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John Robinson. Acknowledged leader of the Family Compact. Member of the Legislative Assembly and later the Legislative Council
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2013:
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1055:Æneas Shaw. Early member of the compact. Appointed to the Executive Council and Legislative Council of Upper Canada in 1794.
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1969:
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comparison at this time. Working class education was trades based through the Master-journeyman-apprentice relationship.
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802:
348:
262:
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149:
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Kelly, Kenneth (1973). "Notes on a type of mixed farming practiced in Ontario during the early nineteenth century".
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Union is Strength: W.L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
2351:
Union is Strength: W.L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace, and the emergence of Joint Stock Democracy in Upper Canada
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William Osgoode. 1st Chief Justice of Upper Canada notable for allowing non-Anglican priests to solemnize marriages.
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2213:(London: 1838); reprinted edition prepared by Sir Charles Lucas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912), vol. 2, p. 78.
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proclaimed it an ideal government, especially as contrasted with the rowdy democracy in the nearby United States.
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Upper Canada did not have a hereditary nobility. In its place, senior members of Upper Canada bureaucracy, the
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were members of the body corporate, the act prepared in 1819 by Strachan's former student, Attorney General
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The Family Compact began to reconfigure itself after 1841 as it was squeezed out of public life in the new
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but one example. Like that of the United Kingdom, the constitution of Upper Canada was established on the
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1819:'s principal promoters were Strachan and Allan. Allan, who became president, was also an executive and
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1968:, Scottish heritage, time of immigration to Upper Canada, and an association with the Dunlop brothers
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Upper Canada amongst others. It is through the pursuit of gentility that the Family Compact was born.
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1988:
1973:
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British Businessmen and Canadian Confederation: Constitution Making in an Era of Anglo-Globalization
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was a small closed group of men who exercised most of the political, economic and judicial power in
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Mackenzie's frustration with Compact control of the government was a catalyst for the failed
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Mackenzie had published a series of satires under the pseudonym of "Patrick Swift, nephew of
1639:. Members were appointed, often for life. The longest serving members were Baby (1792–1833),
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contributed to its short life. At the end of its lifespan, the compact would be condemned by
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The Capacity to Judge: Public Opinion and Deliberative Democracy in Upper Canada 1791–1854
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The Political and Administrative History of the Upper Canada Clergy Reserves, 1790–1855
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Aitken, H. G. J. (1952). "The Family Compact and the Welland Canal Company".
1977:
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The Canada Company and the Huron Tract, 1826—1853: Personalities, Profits and Politics
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The Canada Company and the Huron Tract, 1826-1853: Personalities, Profits and Politics
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Johnson, J. K. (1977). "The U.C. Club and the Upper Canadian Elite, 1837–1840".
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noted, a form of Family Compact in Canadian business and politics is to be expected.
2003:
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1784:
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The Clergy Corporation was incorporated in 1819 to manage the Clergy Reserves. After
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1795:, who took office as the first president of the college. The original three-storey
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or recent upper-class British settlers such as the Boulton family, builders of the
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of 1837. Their hold on the government was reduced with the creation of the united
1664:" military officers who were placed in semi-retirement after the Napoleonic Wars.
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William Henry Boulton 8th Mayor of Toronto and member of the Legislative Assembly.
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complicity of the attorney general, the solicitor general and the magistrates of
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713:(speaker of the Legislative Council, judge in the Court of King's Bench), Judge
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3075:, Vol. II, Toronto, University Associates of Canada, 1948, 411 p., p. 318.
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Canada and the American Revolution: The Disruption of the First British Empire
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1213:
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772:
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17:
1791:). The granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by
1454:
1449:
1434:
1304:
1225:
484:
387:) from the 1810s to the 1840s. It was the Upper Canadian equivalent of the
2695:. University of Toronto Department of Public Affairs. 2002. Archived from
2667:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 4, 31, 143, 156, 313, 376, 593–6.
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Sir Allan Napier MacNab, 1st Baronet Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada.
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model. Mixed monarchy is a form of government that integrates elements of
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An Enduring Canadian Myth: Responsible Government and the Family Compact
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Henry Sherwood, 13th Parliament of Upper Canada representing Brockville.
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indicate parties represented in the legislature but not yet registered.
1682:
1576:, he practiced law in western Massachusetts and served as treasurer of
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and for several years the two organizations were essentially unified.
2536:. Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press. pp. 168–81.
2534:
The Lion, the Eagle, and Upper Canada: A developing colonial ideology
2077:. The conservative values of the Family Compact was succeeded by the
1414:
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The Vertical Mosaic: an analysis of social class and power in Canada
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Bishop Strachan. Acknowledged Anglican leader in the Family Compact.
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did not mean relations by marriage, but rather a close brotherhood.
1752:
1703:
1572:
was deprived of his seat in the Legislative Assembly. Educated at
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for 34 years. The rest of the members were mostly descendants of
395:. It was noted for its conservatism and opposition to democracy.
2644:. University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
1145:
49:
Map of Upper Canada (orange) within British North America (pink)
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Lizars, Robina Macfarlane; Lizars, Kathleen Macfarlane (1896).
728:
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referred to the independence of the offices indirectly. While
2600:(PhD thesis). Toronto: University of Toronto. pp. 133ff.
2211:
Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America
1606:
as a means of regulating entry to elite positions of power.
2642:"The story of the University of Toronto's original charter"
2233:. Toronto: James Lorimer Limited, Publishers. p. 48.
2978:
Sir John Beverley Robinson: Bone and Sinew of the Compact
2463:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 247–254.
2381:
British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion 1688–1914
2366:
British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion 1688–1914
2323:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–43.
2306:
British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion 1688–1914
2141:
2139:
1799:
school building was constructed on the present site of
1568:
The issue became a provincewide complaint in 1828 when
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L’Encyclopédie de l'histoire du Québec: Family Compact
2041:
was sent to Canada to make recommendations on reform.
1841:
Agriculture in Upper Canada § Gentlemanly farming
2957:, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1965. p. 558.
2338:. Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
686:), the capital. Its most important member was Bishop
2613:; Howard, Richard; Macmillan Company of Canada, 1979
2551:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. pp. 30–31.
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However, rather than pursue the Reformers' dream of
3523:
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The Bank of Upper Canada: A Collection of Documents
2423:
Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science
1897:
Dundurn Castle, Hamilton, estate of Sir Allen McNab
106:
96:
86:
70:
62:
54:
2611:Upper Canada College, 1829–1979: Colborne's Legacy
2585:. Ottawa: Canadian Historical Society. p. 17.
2146:Mills, David; Panneton, Daniel (March 20, 2017) .
464:in 1833 in its use to describe the elite in York.
1976:. Although their prime animosity was towards the
568:Family Compact political appointments circa 1794
27:Political clique in Upper Canada (1810s to 1840s)
1787:was formally issued for King's College (now the
1627:The Legislative Council of Upper Canada was the
468:"Gentlemanly capitalism" and British colonialism
1930:. His ability to agitate through his newspaper
406:. Its resistance to the political principle of
2728:. Vol. IX (1861–1870) (online ed.).
971:Mackenzie, William Lyon (September 19, 1833).
440:as "all one family compacted junto." The term
3247:
3121:Canadian History: Beginnings to Confederation
3002:The Family Compact: Aristocracy or Oligarchy?
2766:. Toronto: Champlain Society. pp. lxxii.
1526:
740:
356:
8:
3124:, vol. 1, University of Toronto Press,
2985:Upper Canada: The Formative Years, 1784–1841
2689:"What university was founded 175 years ago?"
1948:and later the installation of the system of
1776:. The school began teaching in the original
1270:
37:
3018:, The Personnel of the Family Compact 1926.
3011:March 1978, Vol. 70 Issue 1, pp. 63–70
2549:Upper Canada: The Formative Years 1784–1841
2222:
2220:
1668:Law Society and Juvenile Advocate's Society
3254:
3240:
3232:
3211:Archives of Ontario, Canada Company Fonds.
3037:Idea of Loyalty in Upper Canada, 1784–1850
2831:Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited
2512:Idea of Loyalty in Upper Canada, 1784–1850
1964:, was a federation united by geography in
1533:
1519:
1131:
747:
733:
725:
363:
349:
118:
43:
36:
1647:Magistracy and courts of Quarter Sessions
1620:Assembly but were usually members of the
1885:The Grange, estate of D'Arcy Boulton Jr.
1067:Col. James FitzGibbon, militia commander
564:
3263:Provincial political parties in Ontario
2995:John A. Macdonald: The Young Politician
2780:, March 1978, Vol. 70 Issue 1, pp 63–70
2491:"Historical Narratives of Early Canada"
2353:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2106:
2057:. The aim of the new Governor General,
1860:
1143:
997:
694:who was from 1829 the Chief Justice of
323:
285:
222:
148:
132:
121:
3351:Freedom of Choice, Peace & Justice
3025:Toronto: Natural Heritage Books, 2004.
2379:Cain, P. J.; Hopkins, A. G.
2364:Cain, P. J.; Hopkins, A. G.
2304:Cain, P. J.; Hopkins, A. G.
2246:
2164:from the original on February 26, 2014
1739:Upper Canada College and Kings College
402:and collapsed in the aftermath of the
3218:Historical Narratives of Early Canada
3100:Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology
2997:. Toronto: Macmillan & Co. 1952.
2973:. Toronto, Copp, Clark Company, 1901.
113:(26 July 1791 – 31 January 1863)
7:
3424:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
3057:Gilbert Parker and Claude G. Bryan.
2827:"Chapter 19: A Sketch of the Grange"
2665:The University of Toronto: A History
1635:. It was modelled after the British
609:Legislative Council of Upper Canada
418:, who summarised its grip on power:
398:The Family Compact emerged from the
3089:Canada Under British Rule 1760–1905
3061:. London: Macmillan & Co. 1903.
2971:Canada Under British Rule 1790—1900
2908:The Canadian Establishment Vol. One
2583:The Clergy Reserves of Upper Canada
2291:Canada under British Rule 1790—1900
545:Legislative Council of Upper Canada
311:Burning of the Parliament Buildings
3118:Taylor, Martin Brook, ed. (1994),
2812:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1973.tb00088.x
1615:Executive and Legislative councils
573:Executive Council of Upper Canada
25:
3582:Political parties in Upper Canada
3454:Protestant Protective Association
3394:People's Progressive Common Front
2722:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
2368:. London: Longman. pp. 58–9.
1870:"Moss Park", 1889, the estate of
541:Executive Council of Upper Canada
523:The Family Compact's role in the
3141:Canadian History A Readers Guide
3097:Armstrong, Frederick H. (1985).
2725:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2230:Mackenzie: A Political Biography
1890:
1878:
1863:
1155:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
665:, leaving the popularly elected
444:appeared in a letter written by
332:
140:
3144:. University of Toronto Press.
2910:, McClelland and Stewart, 1975.
2293:. Toronto: Copp, Clark Company.
1962:John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton
1960:The Colborne Clique, named for
1745:History of Upper Canada College
273:Book & newspaper publishers
3417:represented in the legislature
3174:; H. H. Langton, eds. (2009).
3092:. The Project Gutenberg eBook.
3032:. Nabu Public Domain Reprints.
2308:. London: Longman. p. 13.
2289:Bourinot, Sir John G. (1901).
2037:After the Rebellions of 1837,
1914:Reform movement (Upper Canada)
678:The centre of the compact was
1:
3202:Library and Archives Canada:
2663:Friedland, Martin L. (2002).
2623:Upper Canada College: History
2383:. London: Longman. p. 9.
2253:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2227:Sewell, John (October 2002).
1115:Sir James Buchanan Macaulay,
756:Members of the Family Compact
516:economic outlook was clearly
3577:Political history of Ontario
3204:Search Terms: Family Compact
3028:Kathleen Macfarlane Lizars.
2964:General and cited references
2319:McNairn, Jeffrey L. (2000).
1043:Jonas Jones, lawyer, banker.
432:Thomas Dalton described the
258:Work and labour organization
2762:Baskerville, Peter (1987).
2730:University of Toronto Press
2459:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
2349:Schrauwers, Albert (2009).
1757:Upper Canada College, 1835.
1604:Law Society of Upper Canada
1485:Traditionalist conservatism
3598:
3406:Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda
3086:Bourinot, John G. (1900).
3073:The Encyclopedia of Canada
3016:Canadian Historical Review
2875:. Toronto: William Briggs.
2849:"History of Canada Online"
2596:Wilson, George A. (1959).
2269:"Compact-Canadian History"
2053:, the British imposed the
2030:
1911:
1838:
1742:
1631:governing the province of
1231:Traditionalist Catholicism
709:A triumvirate of lawyers,
692:Sir John Beverley Robinson
552:Constitutional Act of 1791
471:
325:Province of Ontario topics
29:
3554:
3524:Pre-confederation parties
3390:People with Special Needs
3071:W. Stewart Wallace, ed.,
2891:Guelph Historical Society
2153:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1653:Court of Quarter Sessions
1470:Spanish American royalism
967:
762:
608:
572:
567:
287:Province of Canada Topics
66:Informal political clique
42:
3478:Other historical parties
3339:Confederation of Regions
3279:Progressive Conservative
3177:The Chronicles of Canada
3138:M. Brook Taylor (1994).
3014:A. Ewart and J. Jarvis,
2532:Errington, Jane (1987).
2396:Enterprise & Society
2189:. Dundurn. p. 149.
1924:Baldwin-Russell-Sullivan
1807:and the Family Compact.
1345:1st Viscount Bolingbroke
1280:Conservative corporatism
2925:"Third wave revolution"
2183:Lee, Robert C. (2004).
2059:Charles Poulett Thomson
1667:
1558:United Empire Loyalists
717:, and Attorney General
700:United Empire Loyalists
446:Marshall Spring Bidwell
404:Rebellions of 1837–1838
3000:David W. L. Earl, ed.
2547:Craig, Gerald (1963).
2334:Smith, Andrew (2008).
2121:. 2013. Archived from
2099:
2051:responsible government
2027:Post-Rebellion decline
1970:William "Tiger" Dunlop
1950:Responsible Government
1942:Upper Canada Rebellion
1928:William Lyon Mackenzie
1918:William Lyon Mackenzie
1821:legislative councillor
1758:
1709:
1675:William Warren Baldwin
1586:state attorney general
1360:1st Duke of Wellington
1271:
535:Constitutional context
521:
501:gentlemanly capitalism
462:William Lyon Mackenzie
450:William Warren Baldwin
425:
408:responsible government
301:Responsible Government
248:Upper Canada Rebellion
2718:Craig, G. M. (1976).
2581:Wilson, Alan (1969).
2094:
1827:, the reform-leaning
1789:University of Toronto
1783:On March 15, 1827, a
1756:
1749:University of Toronto
1733:John Beverly Robinson
1707:
1340:1st Earl of Rochester
1330:1st Earl of Clarendon
1285:Divine right of kings
913:William Dummer Powell
798:William Henry Boulton
513:
420:
268:Imprisonment for debt
3271:Legislative Assembly
3064:W. Stewart Wallace.
2935:on December 27, 2010
2055:Union of the Canadas
1999:Robert Graham Dunlop
1994:William Tiger Dunlop
1974:Robert Graham Dunlop
1835:Land and agriculture
1817:Bank of Upper Canada
1811:Bank of Upper Canada
1778:Royal Grammar School
1766:Upper Canada College
1580:. He served in the
868:Samuel Peters Jarvis
848:Christopher Hagerman
818:W. Allan Crookshanks
667:Legislative Assembly
306:Underground Railroad
296:Legislative Assembly
233:Legislative Assembly
3546:Reform (Baldwinite)
3449:Patrons of Industry
3444:Liberal-Progressive
3415:Historical parties
2804:1973CGeog..17..205K
2792:Canadian Geographer
2156:(online ed.).
2079:Upper Canada Tories
1856:John Ross Robertson
1622:Legislative Council
1610:Government position
1266:Cavalier Parliament
973:"A Political Union"
722:Mackenzie in 1833.
663:lieutenant governor
243:The Reform Movement
224:Upper Canada Topics
39:
3541:Reform (Mackenzie)
3180:. Fireship Press.
3066:The Family Compact
3050:Graeme Patterson.
2969:John G. Bourinot.
2929:Maclean's Magazine
2887:"John Galt's Sons"
2628:2012-02-13 at the
2476:The Family Compact
2075:Province of Canada
2033:Province of Canada
2009:Anthony Van Egmond
1946:Province of Canada
1759:
1713:Established church
1710:
953:Sir David W. Smith
813:George Crookshanks
793:Henry John Boulton
719:Henry John Boulton
646:Richard Cartwright
560:John Graves Simcoe
339:Ontario portal
238:The Family Compact
214:1867–present
180:Province of Quebec
134:History of Ontario
98:Official language
78:York, Upper Canada
3564:
3563:
3434:Labor-Progressive
3375:None of the Above
3326:Canadians' Choice
3187:978-1-934757-47-5
3103:. Dundurn Press.
2745:Labour/Le Travail
2693:History Q & A
2408:10.1093/es/khq064
2240:978-1-55028-767-7
2196:978-1-896219-94-3
2119:CanadaHistory.com
1934:Colonial Advocate
1805:Church of England
1700:Church of England
1582:state legislature
1547:Sir John Robinson
1543:
1542:
1380:Winston Churchill
1184:Counterrevolution
1128:Loyalist ideology
987:
986:
978:Colonial Advocate
969:Sources include:
918:Sir John Robinson
863:William M. Jarvis
858:William B. Jarvis
783:D'Arcy Boulton II
778:G. D'Arcy Boulton
659:
658:
621:William Robertson
585:William Robertson
373:
372:
218:
217:
117:
116:
111:Sir John Robinson
16:(Redirected from
3589:
3485:Family Coalition
3380:Northern Ontario
3348:Electoral Reform
3256:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3191:
3172:Wrong, George M.
3159:Wrong, George M.
3155:
3134:
3114:
3093:
3068:(Toronto, 1915).
3009:Ontario History,
2991:Donald Creighton
2958:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:. Archived from
2923:(May 23, 2005).
2917:
2911:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2833:. Archived from
2825:Peppiatt, Liam.
2822:
2816:
2815:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2720:"Strachan, John"
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2638:
2632:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2158:Historica Canada
2148:"Family Compact"
2143:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2115:"Family Compact"
2111:
2066:. Thomson was a
1894:
1882:
1867:
1825:receiver general
1602:, they used the
1578:Berkshire County
1570:Barnabas Bidwell
1535:
1528:
1521:
1404:
1375:G. K. Chesterton
1355:3rd Earl of Bute
1335:Roger L'Estrange
1319:
1276:
1255:
1168:
1159:
1148:
1132:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
982:
923:William Robinson
843:James FitzGibbon
749:
742:
735:
726:
565:
556:Sir Guy Carleton
527:is one example.
519:
518:'developmental'.
365:
358:
351:
337:
336:
335:
174:1500s–1763
157:
156:
144:
119:
47:
40:
32:Pacte de Famille
21:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3550:
3519:
3515:Socialist-Labor
3473:
3416:
3410:
3305:
3296:Independent (6)
3265:
3260:
3198:
3188:
3170:
3152:
3137:
3132:
3117:
3111:
3096:
3085:
3082:
3080:Further reading
3021:Robert C. Lee.
2976:Patrick Brode.
2966:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2921:Peter C. Newman
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:Peter C. Newman
2902:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2778:Ontario History
2775:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2699:on May 27, 2020
2687:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2630:Wayback Machine
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2564:Ontario History
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2479:, Toronto 1915.
2472:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2442:Ontario History
2439:
2438:
2434:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2245:
2241:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2043:Durham's Report
2035:
2029:
2024:
2014:William Dickson
1958:
1956:Colborne Clique
1920:
1912:Main articles:
1910:
1908:Reform movement
1905:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1843:
1837:
1829:John Henry Dunn
1813:
1751:
1743:Main articles:
1741:
1724:
1722:Clergy reserves
1715:
1702:
1670:
1649:
1617:
1612:
1595:
1593:Levers of power
1539:
1510:
1509:
1505:Veronese Easter
1405:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1370:Stanley Baldwin
1320:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1300:Oxford Movement
1256:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1220:Noblesse oblige
1204:Interventionism
1169:
1167:Characteristics
1166:
1146:
1137:Politics series
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1005:
994:
993:
988:
983:
970:
963:
962:
948:George Sherwood
938:Levius Sherwood
908:William Osgoode
823:William Dickson
808:Thomas Clarkson
758:
753:
711:Levius Sherwood
682:(later renamed
676:
655:
641:Robert Hamilton
626:Alexander Grant
616:William Osgoode
604:
590:Alexander Grant
580:William Osgoode
537:
517:
476:
470:
430:
369:
333:
331:
204:1841–1867
194:1791–1841
184:1763–1791
128:
99:
89:
82:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3595:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Family Compact
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3469:United Farmers
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Liberal-Labour
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3402:Public Benefit
3400:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3285:New Democratic
3282:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3220:by W.R. Wilson
3214:
3207:
3197:
3196:External links
3194:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3168:
3156:
3150:
3135:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3094:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2946:
2912:
2896:
2878:
2861:
2840:
2837:on 2018-09-27.
2817:
2782:
2769:
2754:
2735:
2710:
2680:
2673:
2655:
2633:
2615:
2603:
2588:
2573:
2554:
2539:
2524:
2503:
2481:
2474:W.S. Wallace,
2466:
2451:
2432:
2413:
2402:(4): 755–785.
2386:
2371:
2356:
2341:
2326:
2311:
2296:
2281:
2260:
2239:
2216:
2202:
2195:
2175:
2135:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2031:Main article:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:John Longworth
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1978:Canada Company
1957:
1954:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1839:Main article:
1836:
1833:
1812:
1809:
1740:
1737:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1701:
1698:
1690:Jonathan Swift
1669:
1666:
1648:
1645:
1641:Jacob Mountain
1637:House of Lords
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1594:
1591:
1584:, and was the
1563:Alien Question
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Tory socialism
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1403:Related topics
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:Samuel Johnson
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:Family Compact
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:Château Clique
1268:
1263:
1257:
1254:General topics
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:Traditionalism
1223:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1006:
999:
996:
995:
991:
990:
989:
985:
984:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
943:Henry Sherwood
940:
935:
933:Adiel Sherwood
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
893:James Macaulay
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Charles Heward
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
828:Richard Duncan
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
788:George Boulton
785:
780:
775:
770:
764:
763:
760:
759:
754:
752:
751:
744:
737:
729:
675:
672:
657:
656:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
636:Richard Duncan
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
610:
606:
605:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
576:
574:
570:
569:
536:
533:
481:mixed monarchy
469:
466:
442:Family Compact
429:
426:
389:Château Clique
377:Family Compact
371:
370:
368:
367:
360:
353:
345:
342:
341:
328:
327:
321:
320:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
290:
289:
283:
282:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
227:
226:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
172:
170:Pays d'en Haut
166:
165:
163:
153:
152:
146:
145:
137:
136:
130:
129:
122:
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
88:Region served
87:
84:
83:
81:
80:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
38:Family Compact
26:
24:
18:Family compact
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3594:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Social Credit
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Ontario Party
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3151:9780802068262
3147:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:0-8020-5016-6
3127:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3110:0-919670-92-X
3106:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:0-7735-0660-8
3042:
3038:
3035:David Mills.
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:G. M. Craig.
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:John Porter,
2950:
2947:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2674:0-8020-4429-8
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2520:0-7735-0660-8
2517:
2513:
2510:David Mills,
2507:
2504:
2492:
2489:W.R. Wilson.
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2125:on 2011-09-27
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:Henry Hyndman
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:John Galt Jr.
1987:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1872:William Allan
1866:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:Greek Revival
1794:
1793:John Strachan
1790:
1786:
1785:royal charter
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:John Colborne
1767:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:John Strachan
1721:
1719:
1712:
1708:John Strachan
1706:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1551:John Strachan
1548:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Robert Filmer
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
992:Elite Members
980:
979:
974:
966:
959:
958:John Strachan
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Robert Nichol
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
878:Charles Jones
876:
874:
873:Alpheus Jones
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
768:William Allan
766:
765:
761:
757:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
730:
727:
723:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:John Strachan
685:
681:
673:
671:
668:
664:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:Peter Russell
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
611:
607:
601:
598:
596:
595:Peter Russell
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
575:
571:
566:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
534:
532:
528:
526:
525:Welland Canal
520:
512:
510:
509:William Allan
504:
502:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
474:Landed gentry
467:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
346:
344:
343:
340:
330:
329:
326:
322:
317:
316:Confederation
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
288:
284:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
225:
221:
213:
211:
208:
207:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
191:
188:
187:
183:
181:
178:
177:
173:
171:
168:
167:
164:
162:
161:First Nations
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
126:
120:
112:
109:
105:
101:
95:
91:
85:
79:
76:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3556:
3535:
3225:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3176:
3162:
3140:
3120:
3099:
3088:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2954:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2933:the original
2928:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2871:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2843:
2835:the original
2830:
2820:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2723:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:the original
2692:
2683:
2664:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2636:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2511:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2344:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2263:
2229:
2210:
2205:
2185:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2151:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2118:
2109:
2095:
2088:However, as
2087:
2083:World War II
2072:
2048:
2036:
1982:
1959:
1939:
1931:
1921:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1814:
1801:Queen's Park
1782:
1764:
1760:
1725:
1716:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1657:
1650:
1633:Upper Canada
1626:
1618:
1596:
1567:
1555:
1544:
1490:Ultra-Tories
1430:Distributism
1425:Conservatism
1390:George Grant
1385:Enoch Powell
1365:Walter Scott
1289:
1218:
1199:High culture
1144:
1135:Part of the
981:. p. 4.
976:
898:Allan MacNab
888:Thomas Jones
833:John Elmsley
803:Thomas Clark
755:
708:
696:Upper Canada
677:
660:
549:
538:
529:
522:
514:
505:
497:
477:
453:
441:
434:ruling class
431:
421:
414:, a leading
397:
393:Lower Canada
381:Upper Canada
376:
374:
278:Orange Order
263:Corporations
237:
190:Upper Canada
92:Upper Canada
3531:Clear Grits
3490:Natural Law
3360:Libertarian
2751:(1): 22–25.
2703:November 2,
2648:November 2,
2090:John Porter
2039:Lord Durham
2021:David Clark
1952:in Canada.
1629:upper house
1600:War of 1812
1460:Reactionary
1193:Anglicanism
1189:High Church
1174:Agrarianism
928:Aeneas Shaw
883:Jonas Jones
715:Jonas Jones
489:aristocracy
458:Lord Durham
412:Lord Durham
400:War of 1812
253:Agriculture
200:Canada West
3571:Categories
3312:recognized
3059:Old Quebec
2798:(3): 215.
2129:2011-03-21
1903:Opposition
1500:Viva Maria
1475:Sanfedismo
1440:Legitimism
1295:Jacobitism
1214:Monarchism
1179:Classicism
773:James Baby
674:Membership
651:John Munro
600:James Baby
472:See also:
3510:Socialist
3344:Consensus
3334:Communist
2939:March 21,
2854:March 25,
2570:(2): 114.
2496:March 21,
2274:March 22,
2249:cite book
2168:April 24,
2102:Citations
2064:Reformers
1983:Members:
1455:Pink Tory
1450:Miguelism
1435:High Tory
1420:Cristeros
1305:Powellism
1261:Cavaliers
838:John Galt
485:democracy
452:in 1828.
428:Etymology
383:(today's
55:Dissolved
3464:Trillium
3398:Populist
3370:New Blue
3365:Moderate
3330:Centrist
3321:Alliance
3039:. 1988.
2626:Archived
2162:Archived
1966:Goderich
1662:half-pay
1495:Vendéens
1465:Red Tory
1445:Loyalism
1241:Unionism
1236:Royalism
1209:Loyalism
493:monarchy
438:Kingston
150:Timeline
125:a series
123:Part of
71:Location
3557:Italics
3495:Peoples
3459:Soldier
3355:Freedom
3314:parties
3291:Liberal
3054:. 1989.
3004:, 1967.
2987:(1963).
2980:, 1984.
2800:Bibcode
2514:, 1988
1683:Toronto
1415:Chouans
1410:Carlism
1318:People
1147:Toryism
684:Toronto
385:Ontario
210:Ontario
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63:Purpose
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3429:Labour
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2068:Whig
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