413:
309:, "hair". Crests had existed in various forms since ancient times: Roman officers wore fans of feathers or horsehair, which were placed longitudinally or transversely depending on the wearer's rank, and Viking helmets were often adorned with wings and animal heads. They first appeared in a heraldic context in the form of the metal fans worn by knights in the 12th and 13th centuries. These were primarily decorative, but may also have served a practical purpose by lessening or deflecting the blows of opponents' weapons (perhaps why their edges came to be serrated). These fans were generally of one colour, later evolving to repeat all or part of the arms displayed on the shield.
366:
2124:
2156:
2490:
183:
171:
225:
382:
era, and arms with more than one crest are still rare. In contrast to
Continental practice, where a crest is never detached from its helm, a Briton with more than one crest may choose to display only one crested helm, and have the other crests simply floating in space. Though usually adopted through marriage to an heiress, examples exist of secondary crests being granted as
398:
412:
280:
313:
the form of an animal; also popular were wings, horns, human figures, and panaches of feathers. These were probably worn only in tournaments, not battle: not only did they add to the already considerable weight of the helm, they could also have been used by opponents as a handle to pull the wearer's head down.
443:, consisting of three fleurons on a golden circlet; these are not, however, indications of rank, though they are not generally granted nowadays except in special circumstances. In some modern examples, the crest features both a crest-coronet and a torse, though this practice is deprecated by purists.
356:
Heraldry in general underwent something of a renaissance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and many of the illogicalities of previous centuries were discarded. Crests are now generally not granted unless they could actually be used on a physical helm, and the rules about directions of helms
431:
It is widely observed in
English heraldry that no two families may use the same crest. This is in contrast to Scottish practice, in which crests are less significant, and are often borne in the same form by unrelated people. As a result of this lack of need for differentiation, Scottish crests tend
377:
The use of crests was once restricted to those of 'tournament rank', i.e. knights and above, but in modern times nearly all personal arms include crests. They are not generally used by women (with the exception of reigning queens) and clergymen, as they did not participate in war or tournaments and
316:
Laces, straps, or rivets were used to affix the crest to the helm, with the join being covered by a circlet of twisted cloth known as a torse or wreath, or by a coronet in the case of high-ranking nobles. Torses did not come into regular use in
Britain until the 15th century, and are still uncommon
381:
In continental Europe, particularly
Germany, crests have a far greater significance than in Britain, and it is common for one person to display multiple crests with his arms; certain high-ranking noblemen are entitled to as many as seventeen. This practice did not exist in Britain until the modern
312:
The fan crest was later developed by cutting out the figure displayed on it, to form a metal outline; this evolved in the late 13th and early 14th centuries into a three-dimensional sculpture. These were usually made of cloth, leather or paper over a wooden or wire framework, and were typically in
333:
By the 16th century, the age of tournaments had ended, and physical crests largely disappeared. Their illustrated equivalents consequently began to be treated as simply two-dimensional pictures. Many crests from this period are physically impossible to bear on a helm, e.g. the crest granted to
428:, which consists of the chief's crest encircled by a strap and buckle inscribed with the chiefly motto. Unlike such a badge, which can be used by any number of relatives and retainers, the crest itself is personal to the armiger, and its use by others is considered usurpation.
424:, displayed on crockery, carriage doors, stationery, etc. This led to the erroneous use of the term "crest" to mean "arms", which has become widespread in recent years. In Scotland, a member of a clan or house is entitled to use a prescribed form of
267:. The use of the crest and torse independently from the rest of the achievement, a practice which became common in the era of paper heraldry, has led the term "crest" to be frequently but erroneously used to refer to the
349:). In the medieval period crests would always have faced the same way as the helm, but as a result of these rules, the directions of the crest and the helm might be at variance: a knight whose crest was a lion
378:
thus would not have helms on which to wear them. Some heraldists are also of the opinion that crests, as personal devices, are not suited for use by corporate bodies, but this is not widely observed.
353:, would have the lion depicted as looking over the side of the helm, rather than towards the viewer. Torses also suffered artistically, being treated not as silken circlets, but as horizontal bars.
370:
211:
479:. Within each chapel are rows of stalls for use by the knights; above these stalls are placed each knight's sword and crested helm. These are carved out of
864:
681:
256:
and, to a lesser extent, battles, crests became solely pictorial after the 16th century (the era referred to by heraldists as that of "paper heraldry").
2522:
439:
The usual torse around the crest is frequently replaced by some kind of coronet, known as a "crest-coronet". The standard form is a simplified ducal
1180:
1522:
1486:
263:
consists of the shield, above which is set the helm, on which sits the crest, its base encircled by a circlet of twisted cloth known as a
952:
391:
338:
in 1581, which consisted of a disembodied hand issuing from clouds and leading a ship around the globe (representing God's guidance).
204:
420:
After the 16th century, it became common for armigers to detach the crest and wreath from the helm, and use them in the manner of a
544:
436:
are generally not used with crests, though it is not incorrect to do so, and the
British royal family continue this practice.
1238:
752:
2499:
283:
197:
341:
In the same period, different helms began to be used for different ranks: sovereigns' and knights' helms faced forwards (
1760:
1755:
365:
887:
394:
was granted, in addition to his original crest, the crest of an arm holding the US flag with a broken flagstaff.
1342:
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1815:
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1047:
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1218:
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1151:
1090:
945:
488:
383:
260:
136:
61:
684:. A Genealogical and Heraldic Memorial of the Ancient Gentle Family of Drake of Drakenage. Archived from
1223:
1173:
1168:
1146:
1030:
387:
253:
80:
460:
2342:
1129:
1095:
987:
464:
425:
401:
2123:
529:
2337:
2200:
2114:
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1980:
1770:
1353:
1305:
1280:
982:
901:
456:
2394:
2367:
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1501:
1491:
1428:
1403:
1338:
1313:
1285:
1185:
972:
2155:
831:
2311:
2233:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
1625:
1461:
1333:
1272:
1250:
1228:
1112:
1064:
938:
472:
335:
249:
156:
143:
122:
50:
925:
2079:
2067:
1988:
1790:
1595:
1542:
1537:
1471:
1456:
1398:
1363:
1208:
1141:
1107:
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287:
129:
87:
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2406:
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1916:
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1532:
1496:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1323:
1295:
1069:
992:
187:
891:
854:
548:
286:, with fan crests displaying his arms on both his helmet and his horse's head. From the
2418:
2384:
2377:
1931:
1896:
1688:
1615:
1600:
1580:
1318:
1158:
1052:
1040:
468:
421:
756:
2516:
2466:
2401:
2372:
2032:
1956:
1888:
1836:
977:
877:
859:
849:
502:
229:
2456:
2434:
2389:
2286:
2267:
2242:
1926:
1831:
1393:
1358:
1203:
1136:
1059:
997:
405:
268:
164:
69:
38:
31:
2461:
2276:
1800:
1780:
1648:
1348:
1290:
224:
879:
Heraldry as Art: an
Account of its Development and Practice, Chiefly in England
2295:
1961:
1951:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1846:
1720:
1678:
1658:
1630:
1610:
1007:
873:
777:
868:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–330.
2362:
1966:
1946:
1941:
1750:
1735:
1552:
1257:
755:. The Man Who Captured Washington: Major General Robert Ross. Archived from
480:
94:
17:
2479:
Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)
397:
317:
on the
Continent, where crests are usually depicted as continuing into the
170:
2451:
2212:
1993:
1878:
1856:
1805:
1785:
1730:
1673:
1668:
1663:
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318:
245:
115:
58:
2103:
1868:
1861:
1795:
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1745:
1740:
1725:
1705:
1620:
1585:
1564:
1559:
1547:
1527:
1517:
1476:
1440:
1373:
1328:
1124:
1085:
484:
440:
433:
322:
2439:
2413:
2188:
2020:
1873:
1810:
1700:
1683:
1653:
1466:
1433:
1388:
1378:
1119:
1002:
452:
233:
279:
2303:
2055:
1710:
1383:
1262:
1245:
411:
396:
364:
278:
264:
150:
108:
2164:
2159:
1605:
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to be less ornamental than their
English counterparts. Marks of
321:. Crests were also sometimes mounted on a furred cap known as a
37:"Family crest" redirects here. For Japanese family emblems, see
934:
926:
Website of Ian
Brennan, sculptor to the British Royal Household
853:
451:
Perhaps the only places physical crests are still seen are the
1841:
252:. Originating in the decorative sculptures worn by knights in
345:), whereas those of peers and gentlemen faced to the right (
930:
271:
displayed on the shield, or to the achievement as a whole.
547:. Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. Archived from
248:
display, consisting of the device borne on top of the
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1023:
491:, the official sculptor to the royal household.
305:, meaning "tuft" or "plume", perhaps related to
946:
205:
8:
500:
68:External devices in addition to the central
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212:
198:
45:
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301:The word "crest" derives from the Latin
223:
545:"Legionary Helmets of the Roman Period"
520:
386:: after defeating the Americans at the
57:
908:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. Ltd.
655:
568:
455:of Britain's orders of chivalry: the
7:
325:, as in the royal crest of England.
228:A knight with an eagle crest at the
27:Top component of an heraldic display
616:
604:
25:
896:. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack.
2523:External devices in achievements
2488:
2154:
2122:
357:are no longer rigidly observed.
181:
169:
921:Crests of Knights of the Garter
682:"The Arms of Sir Francis Drake"
416:British crests in an 1817 book.
371:Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
532:. Online Etymology Dictionary.
1:
373:, with fifteen crested helms.
291:
2245:(metal in the United States)
893:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
2539:
36:
29:
2475:
968:
882:. London: B. T. Batsford.
780:. Court of the Lord Lyon.
834:. Contemporary Sculptor.
30:Not to be confused with
2483:List of oldest heraldry
865:Encyclopædia Britannica
832:"Creating a crest/arms"
753:"Battle of Bladensburg"
501:
417:
409:
374:
298:
237:
415:
400:
388:Battle of Bladensburg
368:
284:Sir Geoffrey Luttrell
282:
227:
902:Scott-Giles, Charles
465:Order of the Thistle
244:is a component of a
2495:Heraldry portal
1922:Hastings/Hungerford
1209:Crowns and coronets
1181:National traditions
457:Order of the Garter
188:Heraldry portal
1879:Waterlily/Seeblatt
1103:Ancient and modern
906:Boutell's Heraldry
888:Fox-Davies, Arthur
461:St George's Chapel
447:Orders of chivalry
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259:A normal heraldic
238:
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2350:
2289:(color in Canada)
1975:
1974:
528:Harper, Douglas.
473:Order of the Bath
336:Sir Francis Drake
329:Later development
222:
221:
16:(Redirected from
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1989:Rule of tincture
1706:Griffin/Keythong
1302:
993:Officers of arms
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855:"Heraldry"
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820:, pp. 154–5
818:Scott-Giles 1954
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404:of the chief of
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2017:
2014:
2003:
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1937:Hungerford knot
1907:Cavendish/Savoy
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1635:
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850:Barron, Oswald
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978:Grant of arms
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804:
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792:
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759:on 2016-03-11
758:
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570:
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551:on 2015-09-14
550:
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503:Kolbenturnier
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389:
385:
384:augmentations
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230:Saracen Joust
226:
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201:
196:
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19:
2457:Phaleristics
2390:Roll of arms
2356:Applications
2268:Bleu celeste
2254:Rare colours
1947:Ormonde/Wake
1832:Fleur-de-lis
1394:Inescutcheon
1359:Crozier head
1213:
1204:Coat of arms
1091:Augmentation
998:King of Arms
905:
892:
878:
863:
825:
798:
786:
772:
761:. Retrieved
757:the original
747:
735:
723:
694:
686:the original
675:
663:
651:
639:
612:
600:
588:
576:
564:
553:. Retrieved
549:the original
538:
523:
450:
438:
430:
419:
406:Clan Douglas
380:
376:
369:Arms of the
355:
350:
346:
342:
340:
332:
315:
311:
306:
302:
300:
258:
241:
239:
165:Coat of arms
163:
155:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
114:
107:
101:
100:
93:
86:
79:
70:coat of arms
43:
39:Mon (emblem)
32:Coat of arms
18:Family crest
2462:Vexillology
2223:Rare metals
2203:(blood red)
1801:Winged lion
1781:Sea-griffin
1716:Hippocampus
1649:Allocamelus
1291:Fimbriation
1219:Compartment
1196:Achievement
1164:Marshalling
1130:distinction
988:Law of arms
973:Authorities
874:Eve, George
656:Barron 1911
569:Barron 1911
489:Ian Brennan
426:crest badge
402:crest badge
392:Robert Ross
295: 1330
261:achievement
254:tournaments
137:Compartment
81:Escutcheon
62:achievement
2407:equestrian
2191:(mulberry)
1917:Harrington
1847:Quatrefoil
1776:Salamander
1721:Hippogriff
1679:Cockatrice
1659:Amphiptere
1631:Wolfsangel
1611:Portcullis
1523:Black swan
1477:Camelopard
1306:Ordinaries
1224:Escutcheon
1174:impalement
1169:quartering
1152:variations
1070:Attributed
1008:pursuivant
763:2015-07-21
555:2015-07-21
511:References
471:, and the
236:, Tuscany.
49:Part of a
2500:resources
2445:socialist
2368:Hatchment
2363:Bookplate
2343:Carnation
2330:Realistic
2143:Erminites
1981:Tinctures
1932:Hinckaert
1897:Bourchier
1751:Ouroboros
1736:Manticore
1641:Legendary
1616:Reremouse
1553:Przepaska
1482:Hind/stag
1472:Dog/hound
1281:Attitudes
1258:Supporter
1186:Societies
1147:divisions
1096:abatement
516:Footnotes
481:lime wood
95:Supporter
2517:Category
2452:Logotype
2395:Illyrian
2277:Brunâtre
2201:Sanguine
2138:Erminois
2106:(purple)
1999:Hatching
1994:Tricking
1957:Stafford
1857:Shamrock
1806:Woodwose
1786:Sea-lion
1756:Pantheon
1731:Lindworm
1674:Chollima
1669:Biscione
1664:Basilisk
1586:Crapaudy
1487:Kangaroo
1349:Componée
1343:Łękawica
1239:pavilion
1234:Mantling
1113:courtesy
1108:Alliance
1036:dominion
1031:National
962:Heraldry
904:(1954).
890:(1909).
876:(1907).
852:(1911).
778:"Crests"
617:Eve 1907
605:Eve 1907
495:See also
343:affronté
319:mantling
246:heraldic
116:Mantling
59:Heraldic
2428:Related
2296:Cendrée
2279:(brown)
2133:Ermines
2104:Purpure
2094:(green)
2070:(black)
2043:Colours
2023:(white)
1927:Heneage
1869:Thistle
1862:Trefoil
1796:Unicorn
1771:Phoenix
1766:Pegasus
1761:Panther
1746:Musimon
1741:Mermaid
1726:Lampago
1696:Enfield
1689:Chinese
1626:Serpent
1621:Scallop
1591:Dolphin
1565:Pelican
1560:Martlet
1548:Szaszor
1518:Alerion
1492:Leopard
1467:Bull/ox
1441:Saltire
1429:Roundel
1404:Lozenge
1374:Flaunch
1339:Chevron
1329:Bordure
1314:Annulet
1286:Erasure
1273:Charges
1137:Canting
1125:Cadency
1086:Armiger
1060:Burgher
1013:private
983:History
862:(ed.).
842:Sources
530:"Crest"
453:chapels
441:coronet
434:cadency
351:statant
323:chapeau
2440:Emblem
2414:Tabard
2338:Proper
2317:
2312:Orange
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2241:
2239:
2234:Copper
2231:
2210:
2207:
2198:
2195:
2189:Murrey
2186:
2183:
2176:Stains
2165:Potent
2128:Ermine
2101:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2082:(blue)
2077:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2053:
2050:
2035:(gold)
2030:
2027:
2021:Argent
2018:
2015:
2008:Metals
1874:Turnip
1825:Plants
1811:Wyvern
1701:Garuda
1684:Dragon
1654:Alphyn
1450:Beasts
1434:Bezant
1389:Hamade
1379:Goutte
1334:Canton
1251:slogan
1229:Helmet
1120:Blazon
1079:Topics
1003:herald
485:gilded
463:, the
347:dexter
307:crinis
303:crista
275:Origin
234:Arezzo
157:slogan
144:Charge
123:Helmet
51:series
2385:Badge
2304:Ochre
2213:Tenné
2080:Azure
2068:Sable
2058:(red)
2056:Gules
1952:Savoy
1912:Dacre
1902:Bowen
1889:Knots
1791:Tyger
1711:Harpy
1596:Emmet
1574:Other
1543:Eagle
1511:Birds
1399:Label
1384:Gyron
1364:Chief
1354:Cross
1296:Lines
1263:Torse
1246:Motto
1214:Crest
1159:Fraud
1142:Field
1065:Women
1053:papal
1041:civic
1024:Types
858:. In
422:badge
361:Usage
265:torse
242:crest
151:Motto
130:Crown
109:Torse
102:Crest
88:Field
2402:Seal
2373:Flag
2320:Rose
2287:Buff
2243:Buff
2160:Vair
2148:Pean
2115:Furs
2092:Vert
1967:Wake
1942:Lacy
1852:Rose
1816:Yale
1606:Lucy
1538:Dove
1533:Crow
1528:Cock
1502:Wolf
1497:Lion
1462:Boar
1457:Bear
1424:Pile
1419:Pall
1414:Pale
1409:Orle
1369:Fess
1324:Bend
269:arms
250:helm
154:(or
2435:Mon
1842:Oak
1601:Ged
1581:Bee
1319:Bar
487:by
475:'s
467:'s
459:'s
232:in
2519::
2033:Or
810:^
706:^
624:^
390:,
292:c.
290:,
240:A
53:on
1345:)
1341:(
954:e
947:t
940:v
766:.
558:.
408:.
297:.
213:e
206:t
199:v
160:)
41:.
34:.
20:)
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