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Population planning in Singapore

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803:, announcing that the government now promoted a larger family size of three or more children for married couples who could afford them, and promoted "the joys of marriage and parenthood". The new policy took into account Singapore's falling fertility rate and its increased proportion of the elderly, but was still concerned with the "disproportionate procreation" of the educated versus the uneducated, and discouraged having more than two children if the couple did not have sufficient income, to minimise the amount of welfare aid spent on such families. The government also relaxed its immigration policies. 102:. SFPPB also opened more clinics to better the health and welfare of families. Aside from encouraging small families, policies set in place by the government during the "Stop-at Two" era de-incentivized having more than two children; civil workers were not paid for maternity leave after their second child, children's hospital fees were higher for third and subsequent children, top school choices were given to only children with parents who had been sterilized before the age of 40, and sterilization itself was rewarded with seven days of paid leave. 1121:
should appeal more to the sense of fulfilment of having children". Such measures include promoting workplaces that encourage spending time with the family, and creating a "Romancing Singapore Campaign" that " to pro-children and pro-family initiatives," since "people get turned off" when the government appears to intervene in such intimate social affairs as marriage. However, this is still seen by some citizens as "trivialising" love and "emotional expression", which "should not be engineered". In 2001, the government announced a
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fertility rate was approximately ~6 – Asian MetaCentre researcher Theresa Wong notes that Singaporean birth rates and death rates fell dramatically in a period that occurred over "much shorter time period than in Western countries," yet such a short time frame is also seen in other Southeast Asian countries, where family planning campaigns were much less aggressive. According to Saw Swee Hock, "the measures were comprehensive and strong, but they weren't reversed quickly enough".
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remained optimistic that the population rate would be restored to the replacement rate by 1995. An NUS sociologist however, observed that Singapore had "a new breed of women" – one "involved in their careers used to a certain amount of leisure and more material possessions" – and hence would not be as receptive to financial incentives as previous women of the 1960s and the 1970s. As of 2011, Singapore's birth rate has not yet been restored to replacement level.
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continued to decline. The natural rate of increase between the time period of 1980–1985, was 12.2, and several years after that, between the years of 2010–2015 the natural rate of increase, continued decreased to 4.6. The lowest natural rate of increase seen in Singapore and according to the data of the United Nations (2017) will continue to decline. The rate of natural increase in Singapore is forecasted to decrease to 1.2 between the period of 2025–2030.
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male university graduates for less highly educated wives". This trend was deemed in a 1983 speech as "a serious social problem". Starting 1984, the government of Singapore gave education and housing priorities, tax rebates and other benefits to mothers with a university degree, as well as their children. The government also encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives, establishing the
337:(SFPPB) was established based on the findings of the white paper, providing clinical services and public education on family planning. Initially allocated a budget of $ 1 million SGD for the entire programme, the SFPPB faced a resistant population, but eventually serviced over 156,000. The Family Planning Association of Singapore was absorbed into the activities of the SFPPB. 1646: 829: 1654: 794:
In 1986 the Government of Singapore had recognised that falling birth rates were a serious problem and began to reverse its past policy of Stop-at-Two, encouraging higher birth rates instead. By 30 June of that year, the authorities had abolished the Family Planning and Population Board, and by 1987,
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The government justified its social policy as a means of encouraging the poor to concentrate their limited resources on nurturing their existing children, making them more likely to be capable, productive citizens. The government also had to respond to criticism that this policy favoured Chinese over
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and the following Singaporean government, provided grants and land for its facilities network for the association. This cooperation culminated in 1960 with a three-month nationwide family planning campaign that was jointly conducted by the Association and government. The population growth rate slowed
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The first phase started with the launch of the Singapore Family Planning and Population Board in 1966 to aggressively promote family planning after Singapore faced "post-war food and housing shortages". SFPPB targeted low-socioeconomic status individuals, particularly females, and worked to encourage
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scheme, which paid $ 9000 SGD for the second child and $ 18000 for the third child over six years to "defray the costs of having children", and would match "dollar for dollar" what money parents would put into a Child Development Account (CDA) up to $ 6000 and $ 12000 for the second and third child
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Lee Kuan Yew was alarmed at the perceived demographic trend that educated women – most of all the college-educated – would be less likely to marry and procreate. Such a trend would run antithetical to his demographic policy, and part of this failure, Lee conjectured, was "the apparent preference of
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Though newer modern policies exhibit "signs that the government is beginning to recognise the ineffectiveness of a purely monetary approach to increasing birth rates", a former civil servant noted that the government needs "to learn to fine-tune to the emotions rather than to dollars and cents. It
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Phase Two started in the early 1960s. The natural rate of increase (per 1,000 population) between the years of 1955–1960 (five years previous to phase two) was 35.4. Five to ten years later, the natural rate of increase decreased to 27.8. Following that, 20 years later the natural rate of increase
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We must encourage those who earn less than $ 200 per month and cannot afford to nurture and educate many children never to have more than two...we will regret the time lost if we do not now take the first tentative steps towards correcting a trend which can leave our society with a large number of
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also suggested the disincentives had been very effective; one woman cited how sterilisation certification had to be shown to a school for a third child to receive priority, while she and four out of five sisters eventually underwent sterilisation. Expensive delivery fees ("accouchement fees") for
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noted the "baffled" reaction of parents, many who had grown up in an era where they were told that having more than two children was "antisocial". One parent commented, "are we being told to have more children for the sake of the country or for ourselves?" Goh Chok Tong, despite the scepticism,
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in 2008, argued the demographic transition "was rapid because of the government's strong population control measures," but also admitted that, "even without the Stop at Two policy, the would have gone below 2.1 due to ." When demographic transition statistics are examined – in 1960, the total
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doctor who worked KKH recalled sterilisation rates became "sky high" after the disincentives had been implemented; it was common for hospital workers to chide women who were pregnant with third-order or higher births, recommending abortions, while such women talked about their pregnancy " they
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A 1992 study noted that 61% of women giving birth had secondary education or higher, but this proportion dropped for third-order births (52%) and fourth-or-higher-order births (36%), supporting the idea that more children per capita continue to be born to women with less qualifications, and
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The government program "Stop-at-Two" was successful in achieving limited growth, but is also attributed to the initial decline of Singapore's population. Following the "Stop-at-Two" campaigns, population planning has taken the form of attempts to reverse falling birth rates. The Singaporean
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During this period, the average annual growth rate was 4.4%, of which 1% was due to immigration. Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. The associated risks of overpopulation including resource depletion, environmental degradation, heightened
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should be allocated the best of a country's limited resources to provide "a catalyst" for that society's progress. He theorized that such a policy for Singapore would "ensure that Singapore shall maintain its pre-eminent place" in Southeast Asia. Similar views shaped education policy and
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correspondingly, lower income. This issue is greatly known as the Great Marriage Debate. Many incentives were given to graduate women to marry and give birth to produce babies which were believed to be 'highly intelligent' to maximise the talent pool in Singapore. Women without
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government eventually became pro-natalist, and officially announced its replacement "Have-Three-or-More (if you can afford it)" campaign in 1987, where the government began to encourage and incentivize larger families for financially-stable families. Additionally, the
1101:. In 2008, Lee Kuan Yew said the below-national-average birth rate for the Chinese was a "worrying trend". That same year, he was quoted as saying, " you marry a non-graduate, then you are going to worry if your son or daughter is going to make it to the university." 1104:
Different sources have offered differing judgments on the government policies' impact on the population structure of Singapore. While most agree that the policies have been very interventionist, comprehensive and broad, the Library of Congress Country Study argues
349:; though birth rates fell from 1957 to 1970, in 1970, birth rates rose as women who were themselves the product of the postwar baby boom reached maturity. Fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a vigorous 133:
Following World War II's end in 1945, the growth of Singapore's population was assessed to be unsustainable for its economic prospects; there were about 1 million born between the years of 1947 and 1964, with total live births increasing by 58%.
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article wrote, "many middle-aged Singaporeans will remember the poster of two cute girls sharing an umbrella and an apple: The umbrella fit two nicely. Three would have been a crowd." This same poster was also referred to in Prime Minister
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passes in one sitting, she would qualify for an enhanced child relief rebate (lowered from a threshold of five passes). Having a fourth child would qualify for enhanced child relief of 750 SGD plus 15% of the mother's income, up to 10000
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Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the
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for "largest number of births in a single maternity facility" each year for ten years. Because there was generally a massive shortage of beds in that era, mothers with routine deliveries were discharged from hospitals within 24 hours.
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and Toilet Flushing Campaigns) that would lead to its reputation as "paternalistic" and "interventionist" in social affairs. The "Stop at Two" media campaign from 1970 to 1976 was led by Basskaran Nair, press section head of the
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The government also added a gradually increasing array of incentives and disincentives between 1968 and 1973, penalising parents for having more than two children, raising the per-child costs of each additional child:
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speech. Many other posters from the "iconic" campaign included similar themes of being content with two girls, to combat the common trend in developing Asian societies for families with only daughters to continue
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All disincentives and penalties given in school registration to families with more than two children are to be removed; in the presence of competition, priority would be allocated to families with more than two
86:. Later on, from the 1980s, policy was tailored towards growth, attempting to encourage mothers to have more children. In 2020, the annual total population growth rate in Singapore was βˆ’0.3%, and its resident 703:, by the 1980s, "Singapore's vital statistics resembled those of other countries with comparable income levels but without Singapore's publicity campaigns and elaborate array of administrative incentives." 110:(SDU) was established in 1984 to promote marriage and romance between educated individuals. This second phase of population planning has been unsuccessful at reaching and maintaining the replacement rate. 170:, which was thought to overwhelm employment opportunities and social services in education, health and sanitation. These concerns lead also to the replacement of the Singapore Improvement Trust with the 98:
contraceptive use, such as condoms and birth control. The SFPPB advocated for small families, establishing the "Stop-at-Two" program, which encouraged and benefited two-children families and subsequent
1709: 2780: 2594: 1204:"Singapore Population Control Policies – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" 781:, deemed low-income and lowly educated, were offered by the government seven days' paid sick leave and $ 10,000 SGD in cash incentives to voluntarily undergo the sterilisation procedure. 226:
from 4–5% per year in the 1950s to around 2.5% in 1965 around independence. The birth rate had fallen to 29.5 per thousand individuals, and the natural growth rate had fallen to 2.5%.
185:(KKH) – a women's hospital where most babies in Singapore were delivered – saw over 100 deliveries per day in 1962. In 1966, KKH delivered 39,835 babies, earning it a place in the 420:
Lowering the priority for allocation of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats for bigger families. Two or less have highest priority, four or more would have little priority;
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Starting 1990, a tax rebate of 20,000 SGD (US$ 18,000 in 2010 dollars, factoring historic exchange rates) were given to mothers who had their second child before the age of 28
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The Singapore Family Planning and Population Board created a large array of public education material for the Stop-at-Two campaign, in one of the early examples of the public
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In addition to promoting just having two children, the government encouraged individuals to delay having their second child and to marry late, reinforcing the inevitable
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in the press. Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by the views of Lee Kuan Yew, who had questioned that perhaps the campaign for
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Mothers with a third child would get 750 SGD in child relief (factoring historic exchange rates, this was about $ 662 in 2010 US dollars). If a mother had three
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Progressive increment of childbirth fees charged in government hospitals based on birth order. These fees are waived if the man or woman underwent sterilisation;
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would stop "the irresponsible, the social delinquents" from thinking that having more children would entitle them to more government-provided social services.
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at KKH at the age of 23, herself coming from a large family of ten. "The pressure was high. The Government clearly didn't want us to have more than two." A
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lead to a situation where the less economically productive people ... are reproducing themselves at ." He believed that implementing a system of government
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respectively. In 2002, Goh Chok Tong advised "pragmatic" late marriers "to act fast. The timing is good now to get a choice flat to start a family."
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Expansion of the SDU's role and authority; recognising that the low birth rate reflected late marriages, the SDU also wooed those with postsecondary
82:'s population. Singapore first began population planning initiatives in an attempt to slow and reverse the rapid increase in births that began after 3238: 2866: 2795: 2584: 1107:
it is impossible to separate the effects of government policies from the broader socioeconomic forces promoting later marriage and smaller families,
3072: 2607: 2081: 683:; Malays and Indians were stereotyped to have higher birth rates and bigger families than the Chinese, further fuelling accusations of eugenics. 3461: 3183: 2993: 2619: 1582: 1557: 1500: 876: 537: 525: 411:
Updates to these earlier measures were announced and debated in Singapore Parliament on 24 October 1972 and came into effect on 1 August 1973:
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interviewed mothers who were sterilised in that era, noting it was common to get sterilised at a young age, citing a woman who had undergone
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Despite their fall since 1957, birth rates in the 1960s were still perceived as high. On average, a baby was born every 11 minutes in 1965;
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In the 1960s the Singapore government encouraged women, especially uneducated women, to get sterilised following their second child.
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Top priority in top-tier primary schools would be given only to children whose parents had been sterilised before the age of forty.
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Lee's views reflected his earlier positionsβ€”in 1967, Lee was recorded as believing that "five percent" of a society's population,
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Government delivery charges are also waived if the husband undergoes sterilisation within a month after the wife delivered child.
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Starting 1993, the sterilisation cash grant for lowly educated women was liberalised, allowing women to agree to use reversible
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In April 1969, the accouchement fee of $ 10 charged at Government Maternity Hospitals was raised to $ 50 after the 3rd baby;
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for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation.
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Mui, Teng Yap (2007). "Singapore: Population Policies and Programs". In . Robinson, Warren C; Ross, John A. (eds.).
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came to power in the first election following the granting of Singapore's internal autonomy. In September 1965 the
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Waiver of delivery charges in Government maternity hospitals for women who undergo sterilisation after delivery.
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that would reduce the birth rate to 20.0 per thousand individuals by 1970. This initiative became known as the
99: 1939: 1880: 1684: 1262: 766: 303: 162:– 'a disgrace to a civilised community'", and the average person per building density was 18.2 by 1947. Rapid 2056: 3320: 3315: 3256: 3173: 3143: 3082: 2983: 2944: 2652: 2579: 2505: 2296: 2189: 1859: 732: 709: 529: 319: 218: 182: 167: 147: 107: 695:
reached 1.006 in 1975; thereafter the replacement rate would drop below unity. Furthermore, the so-called "
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was perceived as a threat to "political stability and living standards". Such a trend would lead to
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Women undergoing sterilisation with less than three children would receive compulsory counselling
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for existing children were added as existing benefits, so long as the number did not exceed two.
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No priority is given to large families in the allocation of Housing and Development Board flats.
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unemployment, and increased costs of living prompted the government's growth-culling response.
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could now be authorised for hospital costs of a third child (previously forbidden under the
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of three rooms or higher would receive priority if they desired to upgrade to a larger flat
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No paid maternity leave is given for delivery of the fourth child and subsequent children.
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For ward C-class patients who have undergone sterilisation, the ward charges are remitted.
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were legalised in 1970, and women were urged to get sterilised after their second child.
221:. Until the 1960s, there was no legislated government policy in family planning, but the 2022: 1461:"Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore" 1417:
The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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reported in January 2011 that the fertility rate of Singaporeans in 2010 were 1.02 for
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Subsidies for each child in a government-run or government-approved child care centre
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The campaign was known to target the uneducated in particular; Lee believed that, "
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In the late 1960s, Singapore was a developing nation and had not yet undergone the
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Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
604:"One, Two: And that's ideal: Sterilisation, the best method for Family Limitation" 2066: 765:
However, the uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 percent against the
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As Singapore modernised in the 1970s, fertility continued to drop. The natural
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Patients undergoing sterilisation are granted medical leave on generous terms.
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Delivery charges in Government Hospitals increase with each additional child.
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was introduced to Singapore in 1949 by a group of volunteers led by activist
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Policy comparisons between Have-Three-or-More and Stop-at-Two, starting 1988
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Singaporean couples to procreate and marry to reverse Singapore's negative
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has reflected various policies to both slow and boost the growth rate of
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third-order and higher births would also be waived with sterilisation.
1933:"Department of Statistics, Singapore. Infographic on Crude Birth Rate" 799:
had dropped to 1.44. That year, Goh Chok Tong announced a new slogan:
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Reduction of income tax relief to cover only the first three children;
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In 1968 with the Employment Bill, female employees would not receive
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However Saw Swee Hock, a statistician and demographer quoted in the
1970:"World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations" 599:
means rushing into problems: A happy marriage is worth waiting for"
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Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)
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policy. The measures sparked controversy and what became known as
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Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education;
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Reduction of paid maternity leave from three to two confinements;
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Singapore's population expansion can be seen in the graph below:
1309:""Baby Boom Generation in Singapore and its Impact of Ageing"". 159: 2723: 2070: 755:"who are more than ordinarily endowed physically and mentally," 2001:"Chinese community assured, new initiatives for Malay/Muslims" 822: 28: 1852:"Singapore Family Planning and Population Board (Repeal) Act" 146:
At the time of independence, many Singaporeans living in the
1558:"Third Annual Report of the Singapore Family Planning and …" 591:(a mother and father are seen as being happy with one child) 205:. The loose association of volunteers eventually became the 1815:"Singapore's 'Three or More' Policy: The First Five Years" 1583:"Singapore Family Planning and Population Board Seventh …" 1287:
Wong, Soo Mun Theresa; Yeoh, Saw Ai Brenda (June 2003).
907:"Abortions of convenience" discouraged, with compulsory 850: 687:
Demographic transition and the Graduate Mothers Scheme
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the physically, intellectually and culturally anaemic.
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campaigns the government would continue to implement (
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Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports
585:(this message captioned a photo of two young girls) 1796:Singapore politics under the People's Action Party 1710:"National Family Planning Programme – Stop at Two" 1653:. Lee Kong Chian Reference Library. Archived from 551:, and created posters with lasting legacy: a 2008 369:for their fourth child or any subsequent children; 583:"Small Families – Brighter Future: Two is enough" 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 727: 622:(a stork carries a four-member nuclear family) 158:noted Singapore had "one of the world's worst 2735: 2082: 1533:"Employment Bill – Singapore Statutes Online" 213:offering contraception, treatments for minor 8: 900:Families with more than two children with a 2796:British Military Administration (1945–1946) 2658:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 2643:Birth control movement in the United States 1635:. Parliament of Singapore. 24 October 1972. 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 3116: 3017: 2910: 2834: 2742: 2728: 2720: 2496:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 2089: 2075: 2067: 1354:Library of Congress Country Studies (1989) 1344: 606:(shown with a cartoon of two girls' faces) 2055:. Parliament of Singapore. Archived from 1808: 1806: 1804: 1494: 1492: 1390:. Government of Singapore. Archived from 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 801:Have Three or More (if you can afford it) 790:Have-Three-or-More (if you can afford it) 748:, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 375:In 1972, these measures were introduced: 2806:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962) 1376: 1374: 1350:"Singapore: Population Control Policies" 946: 428: 324:Five-year Mass Family Planning programme 231: 207:Family Planning Association of Singapore 178:for Singapore's overcrowded population. 1162: 930:rather than sterilisation; educational 806:In October 1987, future Prime Minister 735:of changes in our education policy and 353:family planning campaign. Abortion and 223:postwar British colonial administration 3045:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park 1794:Diane K. Mauzy, Robert Stephen Milne, 1731: 1729: 1727: 1468:Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series 1293:Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series 1263:"SLOW Movement: ST: Two is not enough" 1964: 1962: 1960: 7: 1421:. World Bank Publications. pp.  1304: 1302: 1198: 1196: 1170: 1168: 1166: 335:Family Planning and Population Board 2053:Singapore Parliamentary Proceedings 1999:De Souza, Ca-Mie (17 August 2008). 1459:Wong, Theresa; Brenda Yeoh (2003). 1063:Modern legacy and current practices 939:Statistics on Failure of Phase Two 920:rather than just college graduates 25: 2352:self-report sexual risk behaviors 1938:. singstat.gov.sg. Archived from 1906:Youngblood, Ruth (21 June 1987). 1228:YOUNGBLOOD, RUTH (21 June 1987). 2811:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965) 2422:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 827: 156:British Housing Committee Report 129:Japanese occupation of Singapore 76:Population planning in Singapore 33: 2791:Japanese occupation (1942–1945) 2786:Straits Settlements (1826–1942) 2542:Sexually transmitted infections 1819:Asia-Pacific Population Journal 1499:Jacobson, Mark (January 2010). 194:Introduction of family planning 2801:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955) 2098:Sexual and reproductive health 842:format but may read better as 187:Guinness Book of World Records 1: 3462:Singapore government policies 1683:Toh, Mavis (24 August 2008). 615:Small Family: Brighter Future 610:"Take your time to say 'yes'" 172:Housing and Development Board 2816:Republic of Singapore (1965– 2522:Disorders of sex development 1764:Webb, Sara (26 April 2006). 1608:"New family plan incentives" 1506:National Geographic Magazine 1067:The modern SDU, renamed the 18:Family planning in Singapore 3239:Water supply and sanitation 2532:Reproductive system disease 785:Phase 2: Increase Fertility 3493: 3184:National Courtesy Campaign 2491:Obstetrics and gynaecology 1912:United Press International 1069:Social Development Network 812:United Press International 737:equal career opportunities 330:A year later in 1966, the 328:National Family Programme. 122: 90:(TFR) was 1.10, below the 3477:Human population planning 3457:Demographics of Singapore 3401: 3119: 3020: 2913: 2837: 2407:Pregnant patients' rights 2172:Pre-conception counseling 2129:Abortion-rights movements 1772:. Reuters. Archived from 1141:Demographics of Singapore 960:Rate of natural increase 949: 725:had been too successful: 719:The Great Marriage Debate 298:Establishment of the FPPB 209:and established numerous 125:Demographics of Singapore 42:This article needs to be 3472:Birth control by country 2918:Administrative divisions 2776:Early history (pre–1819) 2771:Archaeology in Singapore 2293:Gamete Cryopreservation 2139:Circumcision controversy 2119:Compulsory sterilization 1881:"Singapore – Government" 1736:Chee, Soon Juan (2008). 1501:"The Singapore Solution" 1151:Human population control 760:meritocracy in Singapore 639:committed a crime". The 174:to provide resettlement 3083:Singapore Standard (SS) 2653:Social hygiene movement 2506:Transgender health care 2049:"Opening of Parliament" 2023:"Eugenics in Singapore" 1885:Country Studies Program 1860:Parliament of Singapore 1685:"ST: Two is not enough" 851:converting this section 733:unintended consequences 710:Social Development Unit 183:Kandang Kerbau Hospital 168:population overcrowding 108:Social Development Unit 3179:Long hair in Singapore 2481:Genitourinary medicine 2284:In vitro fertilization 2239:Hormonal contraception 2124:Contraceptive security 1813:Mui, Teng Yap (1995). 918:A-level qualifications 779:O-Level qualifications 751: 576:demographic transition 347:demographic transition 72: 3068:Proposed developments 2144:Intersex human rights 1887:. Library of Congress 1612:eresources.nlb.gov.sg 1180:eresources.nlb.gov.sg 1136:Abortion in Singapore 771:1984 general election 767:People's Action Party 620:"Please stop at two!" 589:"The second can wait" 304:People's Action Party 211:sexual health clinics 150:lived in overcrowded 142:Overcrowding concerns 70: 2847:Environmental issues 2702:tax on childlessness 2458:Genital modification 2382:Unintended pregnancy 2114:Reproductive Justice 1980:on 19 September 2016 1651:Singapore Collection 1470:(12). Archived from 1267:chutzpah.typepad.com 1071:in 2009, encourages 951:Singapore population 909:abortion counselling 797:total fertility rate 543:Keep Singapore Clean 88:total fertility rate 3204:Population planning 3189:National Day Parade 3025:Economic statistics 2402:Pregnancy from rape 2259:Intrauterine device 1657:on 6 September 2012 1647:"Poster Collection" 1513:on 19 December 2009 1358:Library of Congress 701:Library of Congress 549:Ministry of Culture 395:The disincentives: 236: 3194:No U-turn syndrome 3088:Telecommunications 3078:Singapore Exchange 3040:Monetary Authority 2648:History of condoms 2537:Sexual dysfunction 2443:Sexual orientation 2397:Options counseling 2244:Male contraception 2167:Genetic counseling 2059:on 16 August 2011. 2003:. Channel NewsAsia 1856:Singapore Statutes 1798:(Routledge, 2002). 853:, if appropriate. 769:government in the 653:subsidised housing 564:National Day Rally 534:Speak Good English 526:social engineering 432:Accouchement fees 308:Minister of Health 232: 119:Post war baby boom 73: 3444: 3443: 3397: 3396: 3292:Singapore English 3106: 3105: 3007: 3006: 2994:Political parties 2940:Foreign relations 2900: 2899: 2717: 2716: 2417:Teenage pregnancy 2134:Genital integrity 2029:. 9 November 2008 1945:on 10 August 2014 1747:978-981-08-0819-8 1712:. healthcare50.sg 1689:The Straits Times 1432:978-0-8213-6951-7 1394:on 12 August 2011 1387:National Archives 1382:"Family Planning" 1234:Los Angeles Times 1060: 1059: 872: 871: 538:National Courtesy 514: 513: 322:, recommending a 295: 294: 233:Population growth 164:population growth 63: 62: 16:(Redirected from 3484: 3424: 3417: 3410: 3124:Communitarianism 3117: 3053: 3018: 2911: 2835: 2819: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2721: 2679:Two-child policy 2674:One-child policy 2554:Gender dysphoria 2091: 2084: 2077: 2068: 2061: 2060: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1976:. Archived from 1966: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1944: 1937: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1810: 1799: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1770:Singapore Window 1761: 1752: 1751: 1738:A Nation Cheated 1733: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1680: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1509:. Archived from 1496: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1476: 1465: 1456: 1437: 1436: 1420: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1378: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1346: 1319: 1318: 1317:: 809–817. 2014. 1306: 1297: 1296: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1200: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1172: 1087:Channel NewsAsia 1077:replacement rate 947: 867: 864: 858: 849:You can help by 831: 830: 823: 749: 697:demographic gift 693:replacement rate 597:Teenage marriage 569:trying for a boy 429: 378:The incentives: 237: 235:1947–2000 92:replacement rate 58: 55: 49: 37: 36: 29: 21: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3393: 3345: 3243: 3224:Sex trafficking 3219:Public holidays 3164:Eat Frozen Pork 3102: 3051: 3003: 2896: 2824: 2817: 2757: 2748: 2718: 2713: 2662: 2631: 2604:United Kingdom 2558: 2510: 2501:Sexual medicine 2462: 2438:Gender identity 2426: 2372:Maternal health 2358: 2318: 2314:fertility fraud 2275: 2268: 2225: 2176: 2150: 2100: 2095: 2065: 2064: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1968: 1967: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1776:on 16 July 2011 1763: 1762: 1755: 1748: 1735: 1734: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1541: 1539: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1477:on 27 July 2011 1474: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1440: 1433: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1395: 1380: 1379: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1348: 1347: 1322: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1164: 1159: 1146:Family planning 1132: 1065: 941: 868: 862: 859: 848: 832: 828: 821: 808:Lee Hsien Loong 792: 787: 750: 744: 689: 560:Lee Hsien Loong 367:maternity leave 343: 300: 288:2000–2010 280:1990–2000 272:1980–1990 264:1970–1980 256:1957–1970 248:1947–1957 234: 199:Family planning 196: 154:. In 1947, the 144: 131: 121: 116: 114:Limiting growth 59: 53: 50: 47: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3490: 3488: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3214:Public housing 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2955:Prime Minister 2952: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2877:Urban planning 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2622: 2620:teen pregnancy 2612: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2291: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2201: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2040: 2014: 1991: 1956: 1924: 1898: 1872: 1843: 1800: 1787: 1753: 1746: 1723: 1701: 1668: 1638: 1624: 1599: 1574: 1549: 1537:sso.agc.gov.sg 1524: 1488: 1438: 1431: 1405: 1370: 1320: 1298: 1279: 1254: 1220: 1192: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1002: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 986: 985: 982: 978: 977: 974: 970: 969: 966: 962: 961: 958: 954: 953: 940: 937: 936: 935: 924: 921: 914: 911: 905: 898: 888: 885: 881: 870: 869: 835: 833: 826: 820: 817: 791: 788: 786: 783: 742: 723:women's rights 688: 685: 681:minority races 676: 675: 674: 673: 649:Free education 632:tubal ligation 624: 623: 617: 612: 607: 601: 592: 586: 530:Speak Mandarin 522: 521: 518: 512: 511: 509: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 492: 489: 485: 484: 481: 478: 475: 471: 470: 467: 464: 461: 457: 456: 453: 450: 447: 443: 442: 439: 436: 433: 427: 426: 425: 424: 421: 418: 415: 409: 408: 407: 406: 405: 402: 399: 393: 392: 391: 388: 385: 382: 373: 370: 342: 339: 314:, submitted a 299: 296: 293: 292: 289: 285: 284: 281: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 265: 261: 260: 257: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 241: 219:marital advice 217:ailments, and 215:gynaecological 195: 192: 143: 140: 120: 117: 115: 112: 61: 60: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3489: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2923:Town Councils 2921: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2882:Urban renewal 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2697:child benefit 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2625:birth control 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2615:United States 2613: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412:Prenatal care 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2264:Sterilization 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2231:Contraception 2228: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2199:Birth spacing 2197: 2195: 2194:childlessness 2191: 2190:Childfreeness 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2162:Sex education 2160: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1525: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1114:Straits Times 1110: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1097:and 1.65 for 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 996: 995: 991: 988: 987: 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 971: 967: 964: 963: 959: 956: 955: 952: 948: 945: 938: 933: 929: 928:contraception 925: 922: 919: 915: 912: 910: 906: 903: 899: 896: 892: 889: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873: 866: 857:is available. 856: 852: 846: 845: 841: 836:This section 834: 825: 824: 818: 816: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 789: 784: 782: 780: 774: 772: 768: 763: 761: 756: 747: 741: 740: 738: 734: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711: 704: 702: 698: 694: 686: 684: 682: 671: 668: 664: 663: 662: 661: 660: 658: 657:disincentives 654: 650: 645: 642: 641:Straits Times 637: 636:gynaecologist 633: 629: 628:Straits Times 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 605: 602: 600: 598: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 580: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 561: 556: 555: 554:Straits Times 550: 545: 544: 539: 535: 531: 527: 519: 516: 515: 510: 507: 504: 501: 500: 496: 493: 490: 487: 486: 482: 479: 476: 473: 472: 468: 465: 462: 459: 458: 454: 451: 448: 445: 444: 440: 437: 434: 431: 430: 422: 419: 416: 413: 412: 410: 403: 400: 397: 396: 394: 389: 386: 383: 380: 379: 377: 376: 374: 371: 368: 364: 363: 362: 358: 356: 355:sterilisation 352: 348: 340: 338: 336: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:Yong Nyuk Lin 309: 305: 302:In 1959, the 297: 290: 287: 286: 282: 279: 278: 274: 271: 270: 266: 263: 262: 258: 255: 254: 250: 247: 246: 242: 239: 238: 230: 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 203:Constance Goh 200: 193: 191: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 141: 139: 135: 130: 126: 118: 113: 111: 109: 103: 101: 100:sterilisation 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 69: 65: 57: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 3422:Bibliography 3364:Coat of arms 3341:Singaporeans 3262:Architecture 3209:Prostitution 3203: 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Index

Family planning in Singapore

Singapore
World War II
total fertility rate
replacement rate
sterilisation
Social Development Unit
Demographics of Singapore
Japanese occupation of Singapore
Central Area
shophouses
slums
population growth
population overcrowding
Housing and Development Board
Kandang Kerbau Hospital
Guinness Book of World Records
Family planning
Constance Goh
sexual health clinics
gynaecological
marital advice
postwar British colonial administration
People's Action Party
Minister of Health
Yong Nyuk Lin
white paper
Parliament
demographic transition

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