803:, announcing that the government now promoted a larger family size of three or more children for married couples who could afford them, and promoted "the joys of marriage and parenthood". The new policy took into account Singapore's falling fertility rate and its increased proportion of the elderly, but was still concerned with the "disproportionate procreation" of the educated versus the uneducated, and discouraged having more than two children if the couple did not have sufficient income, to minimise the amount of welfare aid spent on such families. The government also relaxed its immigration policies.
102:. SFPPB also opened more clinics to better the health and welfare of families. Aside from encouraging small families, policies set in place by the government during the "Stop-at Two" era de-incentivized having more than two children; civil workers were not paid for maternity leave after their second child, children's hospital fees were higher for third and subsequent children, top school choices were given to only children with parents who had been sterilized before the age of 40, and sterilization itself was rewarded with seven days of paid leave.
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should appeal more to the sense of fulfilment of having children". Such measures include promoting workplaces that encourage spending time with the family, and creating a "Romancing
Singapore Campaign" that " to pro-children and pro-family initiatives," since "people get turned off" when the government appears to intervene in such intimate social affairs as marriage. However, this is still seen by some citizens as "trivialising" love and "emotional expression", which "should not be engineered". In 2001, the government announced a
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fertility rate was approximately ~6 β Asian MetaCentre researcher
Theresa Wong notes that Singaporean birth rates and death rates fell dramatically in a period that occurred over "much shorter time period than in Western countries," yet such a short time frame is also seen in other Southeast Asian countries, where family planning campaigns were much less aggressive. According to Saw Swee Hock, "the measures were comprehensive and strong, but they weren't reversed quickly enough".
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remained optimistic that the population rate would be restored to the replacement rate by 1995. An NUS sociologist however, observed that
Singapore had "a new breed of women" β one "involved in their careers used to a certain amount of leisure and more material possessions" β and hence would not be as receptive to financial incentives as previous women of the 1960s and the 1970s. As of 2011, Singapore's birth rate has not yet been restored to replacement level.
35:
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continued to decline. The natural rate of increase between the time period of 1980β1985, was 12.2, and several years after that, between the years of 2010β2015 the natural rate of increase, continued decreased to 4.6. The lowest natural rate of increase seen in
Singapore and according to the data of the United Nations (2017) will continue to decline. The rate of natural increase in Singapore is forecasted to decrease to 1.2 between the period of 2025β2030.
1109:" suggesting that the government could only work with or work against much more powerful natural demographic trends. To the researchers of the study, the methods used in 1987 to attempt to reverse the falling birth rate was a demonstration of "the government's assumption" that citizens were receptive towards monetary incentives and administrative allocation of social services when it came to family planning.
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male university graduates for less highly educated wives". This trend was deemed in a 1983 speech as "a serious social problem". Starting 1984, the government of
Singapore gave education and housing priorities, tax rebates and other benefits to mothers with a university degree, as well as their children. The government also encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives, establishing the
337:(SFPPB) was established based on the findings of the white paper, providing clinical services and public education on family planning. Initially allocated a budget of $ 1 million SGD for the entire programme, the SFPPB faced a resistant population, but eventually serviced over 156,000. The Family Planning Association of Singapore was absorbed into the activities of the SFPPB.
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In 1986 the
Government of Singapore had recognised that falling birth rates were a serious problem and began to reverse its past policy of Stop-at-Two, encouraging higher birth rates instead. By 30 June of that year, the authorities had abolished the Family Planning and Population Board, and by 1987,
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The government justified its social policy as a means of encouraging the poor to concentrate their limited resources on nurturing their existing children, making them more likely to be capable, productive citizens. The government also had to respond to criticism that this policy favoured
Chinese over
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and the following
Singaporean government, provided grants and land for its facilities network for the association. This cooperation culminated in 1960 with a three-month nationwide family planning campaign that was jointly conducted by the Association and government. The population growth rate slowed
97:
The first phase started with the launch of the
Singapore Family Planning and Population Board in 1966 to aggressively promote family planning after Singapore faced "post-war food and housing shortages". SFPPB targeted low-socioeconomic status individuals, particularly females, and worked to encourage
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scheme, which paid $ 9000 SGD for the second child and $ 18000 for the third child over six years to "defray the costs of having children", and would match "dollar for dollar" what money parents would put into a Child
Development Account (CDA) up to $ 6000 and $ 12000 for the second and third child
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Lee Kuan Yew was alarmed at the perceived demographic trend that educated women β most of all the college-educated β would be less likely to marry and procreate. Such a trend would run antithetical to his demographic policy, and part of this failure, Lee conjectured, was "the apparent preference of
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Though newer modern policies exhibit "signs that the government is beginning to recognise the ineffectiveness of a purely monetary approach to increasing birth rates", a former civil servant noted that the government needs "to learn to fine-tune to the emotions rather than to dollars and cents. It
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Phase Two started in the early 1960s. The natural rate of increase (per 1,000 population) between the years of 1955β1960 (five years previous to phase two) was 35.4. Five to ten years later, the natural rate of increase decreased to 27.8. Following that, 20 years later the natural rate of increase
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We must encourage those who earn less than $ 200 per month and cannot afford to nurture and educate many children never to have more than two...we will regret the time lost if we do not now take the first tentative steps towards correcting a trend which can leave our society with a large number of
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also suggested the disincentives had been very effective; one woman cited how sterilisation certification had to be shown to a school for a third child to receive priority, while she and four out of five sisters eventually underwent sterilisation. Expensive delivery fees ("accouchement fees") for
713:(SDU) that year to promote socialising among men and women graduates. Ironically, the SDU was known colloquially as "Single, Desperate and Ugly". The government also provided incentives for educated mothers to have three or four children, in what was the beginning of the reversal of the original
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noted the "baffled" reaction of parents, many who had grown up in an era where they were told that having more than two children was "antisocial". One parent commented, "are we being told to have more children for the sake of the country or for ourselves?" Goh Chok Tong, despite the scepticism,
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in 2008, argued the demographic transition "was rapid because of the government's strong population control measures," but also admitted that, "even without the Stop at Two policy, the would have gone below 2.1 due to ." When demographic transition statistics are examined β in 1960, the total
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doctor who worked KKH recalled sterilisation rates became "sky high" after the disincentives had been implemented; it was common for hospital workers to chide women who were pregnant with third-order or higher births, recommending abortions, while such women talked about their pregnancy " they
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A 1992 study noted that 61% of women giving birth had secondary education or higher, but this proportion dropped for third-order births (52%) and fourth-or-higher-order births (36%), supporting the idea that more children per capita continue to be born to women with less qualifications, and
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The government program "Stop-at-Two" was successful in achieving limited growth, but is also attributed to the initial decline of Singapore's population. Following the "Stop-at-Two" campaigns, population planning has taken the form of attempts to reverse falling birth rates. The Singaporean
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During this period, the average annual growth rate was 4.4%, of which 1% was due to immigration. Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. The associated risks of overpopulation including resource depletion, environmental degradation, heightened
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should be allocated the best of a country's limited resources to provide "a catalyst" for that society's progress. He theorized that such a policy for Singapore would "ensure that Singapore shall maintain its pre-eminent place" in Southeast Asia. Similar views shaped education policy and
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correspondingly, lower income. This issue is greatly known as the Great Marriage Debate. Many incentives were given to graduate women to marry and give birth to produce babies which were believed to be 'highly intelligent' to maximise the talent pool in Singapore. Women without
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government eventually became pro-natalist, and officially announced its replacement "Have-Three-or-More (if you can afford it)" campaign in 1987, where the government began to encourage and incentivize larger families for financially-stable families. Additionally, the
1101:. In 2008, Lee Kuan Yew said the below-national-average birth rate for the Chinese was a "worrying trend". That same year, he was quoted as saying, " you marry a non-graduate, then you are going to worry if your son or daughter is going to make it to the university."
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Different sources have offered differing judgments on the government policies' impact on the population structure of Singapore. While most agree that the policies have been very interventionist, comprehensive and broad, the Library of Congress Country Study argues
349:; though birth rates fell from 1957 to 1970, in 1970, birth rates rose as women who were themselves the product of the postwar baby boom reached maturity. Fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a vigorous
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Following World War II's end in 1945, the growth of Singapore's population was assessed to be unsustainable for its economic prospects; there were about 1 million born between the years of 1947 and 1964, with total live births increasing by 58%.
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article wrote, "many middle-aged Singaporeans will remember the poster of two cute girls sharing an umbrella and an apple: The umbrella fit two nicely. Three would have been a crowd." This same poster was also referred to in Prime Minister
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passes in one sitting, she would qualify for an enhanced child relief rebate (lowered from a threshold of five passes). Having a fourth child would qualify for enhanced child relief of 750 SGD plus 15% of the mother's income, up to 10000
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Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the
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for "largest number of births in a single maternity facility" each year for ten years. Because there was generally a massive shortage of beds in that era, mothers with routine deliveries were discharged from hospitals within 24 hours.
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and Toilet Flushing Campaigns) that would lead to its reputation as "paternalistic" and "interventionist" in social affairs. The "Stop at Two" media campaign from 1970 to 1976 was led by Basskaran Nair, press section head of the
699:" was occurring in Singapore as with other countries; increases in income, education and health and the role of women in the workforce were strongly correlated to levels of low population growth. According to a paper by the
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The government also added a gradually increasing array of incentives and disincentives between 1968 and 1973, penalising parents for having more than two children, raising the per-child costs of each additional child:
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speech. Many other posters from the "iconic" campaign included similar themes of being content with two girls, to combat the common trend in developing Asian societies for families with only daughters to continue
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All disincentives and penalties given in school registration to families with more than two children are to be removed; in the presence of competition, priority would be allocated to families with more than two
86:. Later on, from the 1980s, policy was tailored towards growth, attempting to encourage mothers to have more children. In 2020, the annual total population growth rate in Singapore was β0.3%, and its resident
703:, by the 1980s, "Singapore's vital statistics resembled those of other countries with comparable income levels but without Singapore's publicity campaigns and elaborate array of administrative incentives."
110:(SDU) was established in 1984 to promote marriage and romance between educated individuals. This second phase of population planning has been unsuccessful at reaching and maintaining the replacement rate.
170:, which was thought to overwhelm employment opportunities and social services in education, health and sanitation. These concerns lead also to the replacement of the Singapore Improvement Trust with the
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contraceptive use, such as condoms and birth control. The SFPPB advocated for small families, establishing the "Stop-at-Two" program, which encouraged and benefited two-children families and subsequent
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1204:"Singapore Population Control Policies β Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"
781:, deemed low-income and lowly educated, were offered by the government seven days' paid sick leave and $ 10,000 SGD in cash incentives to voluntarily undergo the sterilisation procedure.
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from 4β5% per year in the 1950s to around 2.5% in 1965 around independence. The birth rate had fallen to 29.5 per thousand individuals, and the natural growth rate had fallen to 2.5%.
185:(KKH) β a women's hospital where most babies in Singapore were delivered β saw over 100 deliveries per day in 1962. In 1966, KKH delivered 39,835 babies, earning it a place in the
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Lowering the priority for allocation of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats for bigger families. Two or less have highest priority, four or more would have little priority;
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Starting 1990, a tax rebate of 20,000 SGD (US$ 18,000 in 2010 dollars, factoring historic exchange rates) were given to mothers who had their second child before the age of 28
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The Singapore Family Planning and Population Board created a large array of public education material for the Stop-at-Two campaign, in one of the early examples of the public
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In addition to promoting just having two children, the government encouraged individuals to delay having their second child and to marry late, reinforcing the inevitable
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in the press. Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by the views of Lee Kuan Yew, who had questioned that perhaps the campaign for
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Mothers with a third child would get 750 SGD in child relief (factoring historic exchange rates, this was about $ 662 in 2010 US dollars). If a mother had three
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Progressive increment of childbirth fees charged in government hospitals based on birth order. These fees are waived if the man or woman underwent sterilisation;
773:. In 1985, especially controversial portions of the policy that gave education and housing priorities to educated women were eventually abandoned or modified.
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would stop "the irresponsible, the social delinquents" from thinking that having more children would entitle them to more government-provided social services.
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at KKH at the age of 23, herself coming from a large family of ten. "The pressure was high. The Government clearly didn't want us to have more than two." A
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lead to a situation where the less economically productive people ... are reproducing themselves at ." He believed that implementing a system of government
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respectively. In 2002, Goh Chok Tong advised "pragmatic" late marriers "to act fast. The timing is good now to get a choice flat to start a family."
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Expansion of the SDU's role and authority; recognising that the low birth rate reflected late marriages, the SDU also wooed those with postsecondary
82:'s population. Singapore first began population planning initiatives in an attempt to slow and reverse the rapid increase in births that began after
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it is impossible to separate the effects of government policies from the broader socioeconomic forces promoting later marriage and smaller families,
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683:; Malays and Indians were stereotyped to have higher birth rates and bigger families than the Chinese, further fuelling accusations of eugenics.
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Updates to these earlier measures were announced and debated in Singapore Parliament on 24 October 1972 and came into effect on 1 August 1973:
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interviewed mothers who were sterilised in that era, noting it was common to get sterilised at a young age, citing a woman who had undergone
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Despite their fall since 1957, birth rates in the 1960s were still perceived as high. On average, a baby was born every 11 minutes in 1965;
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In the 1960s the Singapore government encouraged women, especially uneducated women, to get sterilised following their second child.
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Top priority in top-tier primary schools would be given only to children whose parents had been sterilised before the age of forty.
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Lee's views reflected his earlier positionsβin 1967, Lee was recorded as believing that "five percent" of a society's population,
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Government delivery charges are also waived if the husband undergoes sterilisation within a month after the wife delivered child.
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Starting 1993, the sterilisation cash grant for lowly educated women was liberalised, allowing women to agree to use reversible
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810:, then a young Brigadier-General, exhorted Singaporeans to procreate rather than "passively watch ourselves going extinct".
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In April 1969, the accouchement fee of $ 10 charged at Government Maternity Hospitals was raised to $ 50 after the 3rd baby;
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for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation.
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1079:. Some of the social welfare, dating and marriage encouragement, and family planning policies are also managed by the
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Mui, Teng Yap (2007). "Singapore: Population Policies and Programs". In . Robinson, Warren C; Ross, John A. (eds.).
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came to power in the first election following the granting of Singapore's internal autonomy. In September 1965 the
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that would reduce the birth rate to 20.0 per thousand individuals by 1970. This initiative became known as the
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162:β 'a disgrace to a civilised community'", and the average person per building density was 18.2 by 1947. Rapid
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reached 1.006 in 1975; thereafter the replacement rate would drop below unity. Furthermore, the so-called "
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1633:"INCREASE OF ACCOUCHEMENT CHARGES FOR HIGHER ORDER OF DELIVERY (Statement by the Minister for Health)"
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was perceived as a threat to "political stability and living standards". Such a trend would lead to
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Women undergoing sterilisation with less than three children would receive compulsory counselling
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for existing children were added as existing benefits, so long as the number did not exceed two.
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No priority is given to large families in the allocation of Housing and Development Board flats.
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unemployment, and increased costs of living prompted the government's growth-culling response.
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1289:"Fertility and the family : an overview of pro-natalist population policies on Singapore"
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could now be authorised for hospital costs of a third child (previously forbidden under the
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of three rooms or higher would receive priority if they desired to upgrade to a larger flat
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No paid maternity leave is given for delivery of the fourth child and subsequent children.
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For ward C-class patients who have undergone sterilisation, the ward charges are remitted.
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were legalised in 1970, and women were urged to get sterilised after their second child.
221:. Until the 1960s, there was no legislated government policy in family planning, but the
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1461:"Fertility and the Family: An Overview of Pro-natalist Population Policies in Singapore"
1417:
The global family planning revolution: three decades of population policies and programs
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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reported in January 2011 that the fertility rate of Singaporeans in 2010 were 1.02 for
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1176:"Singapore Family Planning & Population Board is established β Singapore History"
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Subsidies for each child in a government-run or government-approved child care centre
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The campaign was known to target the uneducated in particular; Lee believed that, "
578:. Other slogans and campaign material exhorted Singaporeans with such messages as:
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In the late 1960s, Singapore was a developing nation and had not yet undergone the
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Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
604:"One, Two: And that's ideal: Sterilisation, the best method for Family Limitation"
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However, the uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 percent against the
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As Singapore modernised in the 1970s, fertility continued to drop. The natural
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Patients undergoing sterilisation are granted medical leave on generous terms.
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Delivery charges in Government Hospitals increase with each additional child.
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was introduced to Singapore in 1949 by a group of volunteers led by activist
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Policy comparisons between Have-Three-or-More and Stop-at-Two, starting 1988
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Singaporean couples to procreate and marry to reverse Singapore's negative
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has reflected various policies to both slow and boost the growth rate of
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third-order and higher births would also be waived with sterilisation.
1933:"Department of Statistics, Singapore. Infographic on Crude Birth Rate"
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had dropped to 1.44. That year, Goh Chok Tong announced a new slogan:
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Reduction of income tax relief to cover only the first three children;
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In 1968 with the Employment Bill, female employees would not receive
1908:"'Stop at 2' Campaign Works Too Well; Singapore Urges New Baby Boom"
1230:"'Stop at 2' Campaign Works Too Well; Singapore Urges New Baby Boom"
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However Saw Swee Hock, a statistician and demographer quoted in the
1970:"World Population Prospects β Population Division β United Nations"
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means rushing into problems: A happy marriage is worth waiting for"
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Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819β1826)
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policy. The measures sparked controversy and what became known as
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Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education;
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Reduction of paid maternity leave from three to two confinements;
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Singapore's population expansion can be seen in the graph below:
1309:""Baby Boom Generation in Singapore and its Impact of Ageing"".
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755:"who are more than ordinarily endowed physically and mentally,"
2001:"Chinese community assured, new initiatives for Malay/Muslims"
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1852:"Singapore Family Planning and Population Board (Repeal) Act"
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At the time of independence, many Singaporeans living in the
1558:"Third Annual Report of the Singapore Family Planning and β¦"
591:(a mother and father are seen as being happy with one child)
205:. The loose association of volunteers eventually became the
1815:"Singapore's 'Three or More' Policy: The First Five Years"
1583:"Singapore Family Planning and Population Board Seventh β¦"
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Wong, Soo Mun Theresa; Yeoh, Saw Ai Brenda (June 2003).
907:"Abortions of convenience" discouraged, with compulsory
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Demographic transition and the Graduate Mothers Scheme
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the physically, intellectually and culturally anaemic.
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campaigns the government would continue to implement (
1766:"Pushing for babies: S'pore fights fertility decline"
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Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports
585:(this message captioned a photo of two young girls)
1796:Singapore politics under the People's Action Party
1710:"National Family Planning Programme β Stop at Two"
1653:. Lee Kong Chian Reference Library. Archived from
551:, and created posters with lasting legacy: a 2008
369:for their fourth child or any subsequent children;
583:"Small Families β Brighter Future: Two is enough"
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622:(a stork carries a four-member nuclear family)
158:noted Singapore had "one of the world's worst
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1533:"Employment Bill β Singapore Statutes Online"
213:offering contraception, treatments for minor
8:
900:Families with more than two children with a
2796:British Military Administration (1945β1946)
2658:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
2643:Birth control movement in the United States
1635:. Parliament of Singapore. 24 October 1972.
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2496:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
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1354:Library of Congress Country Studies (1989)
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606:(shown with a cartoon of two girls' faces)
2055:. Parliament of Singapore. Archived from
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1390:. Government of Singapore. Archived from
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801:Have Three or More (if you can afford it)
790:Have-Three-or-More (if you can afford it)
748:, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983
375:In 1972, these measures were introduced:
2806:Self-governance of Singapore (1955β1962)
1376:
1374:
1350:"Singapore: Population Control Policies"
946:
428:
324:Five-year Mass Family Planning programme
231:
207:Family Planning Association of Singapore
178:for Singapore's overcrowded population.
1162:
930:rather than sterilisation; educational
806:In October 1987, future Prime Minister
735:of changes in our education policy and
353:family planning campaign. Abortion and
223:postwar British colonial administration
3045:ChinaβSingapore Suzhou Industrial Park
1794:Diane K. Mauzy, Robert Stephen Milne,
1731:
1729:
1727:
1468:Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series
1293:Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series
1263:"SLOW Movement: ST: Two is not enough"
1964:
1962:
1960:
7:
1421:. World Bank Publications. pp.
1304:
1302:
1198:
1196:
1170:
1168:
1166:
335:Family Planning and Population Board
2053:Singapore Parliamentary Proceedings
1999:De Souza, Ca-Mie (17 August 2008).
1459:Wong, Theresa; Brenda Yeoh (2003).
1063:Modern legacy and current practices
939:Statistics on Failure of Phase Two
920:rather than just college graduates
25:
2352:self-report sexual risk behaviors
1938:. singstat.gov.sg. Archived from
1906:Youngblood, Ruth (21 June 1987).
1228:YOUNGBLOOD, RUTH (21 June 1987).
2811:Merger with Malaysia (1962β1965)
2422:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
827:
156:British Housing Committee Report
129:Japanese occupation of Singapore
76:Population planning in Singapore
33:
2791:Japanese occupation (1942β1945)
2786:Straits Settlements (1826β1942)
2542:Sexually transmitted infections
1819:Asia-Pacific Population Journal
1499:Jacobson, Mark (January 2010).
194:Introduction of family planning
2801:Post-war Singapore (1946β1955)
2098:Sexual and reproductive health
842:format but may read better as
187:Guinness Book of World Records
1:
3462:Singapore government policies
1683:Toh, Mavis (24 August 2008).
615:Small Family: Brighter Future
610:"Take your time to say 'yes'"
172:Housing and Development Board
2816:Republic of Singapore (1965β
2522:Disorders of sex development
1764:Webb, Sara (26 April 2006).
1608:"New family plan incentives"
1506:National Geographic Magazine
1067:The modern SDU, renamed the
18:Family planning in Singapore
3239:Water supply and sanitation
2532:Reproductive system disease
785:Phase 2: Increase Fertility
3493:
3184:National Courtesy Campaign
2491:Obstetrics and gynaecology
1912:United Press International
1069:Social Development Network
812:United Press International
737:equal career opportunities
330:A year later in 1966, the
328:National Family Programme.
122:
90:(TFR) was 1.10, below the
3477:Human population planning
3457:Demographics of Singapore
3401:
3119:
3020:
2913:
2837:
2407:Pregnant patients' rights
2172:Pre-conception counseling
2129:Abortion-rights movements
1772:. Reuters. Archived from
1141:Demographics of Singapore
960:Rate of natural increase
949:
725:had been too successful:
719:The Great Marriage Debate
298:Establishment of the FPPB
209:and established numerous
125:Demographics of Singapore
42:This article needs to be
3472:Birth control by country
2918:Administrative divisions
2776:Early history (preβ1819)
2771:Archaeology in Singapore
2293:Gamete Cryopreservation
2139:Circumcision controversy
2119:Compulsory sterilization
1881:"Singapore β Government"
1736:Chee, Soon Juan (2008).
1501:"The Singapore Solution"
1151:Human population control
760:meritocracy in Singapore
639:committed a crime". The
174:to provide resettlement
3083:Singapore Standard (SS)
2653:Social hygiene movement
2506:Transgender health care
2049:"Opening of Parliament"
2023:"Eugenics in Singapore"
1885:Country Studies Program
1860:Parliament of Singapore
1685:"ST: Two is not enough"
851:converting this section
733:unintended consequences
710:Social Development Unit
183:Kandang Kerbau Hospital
168:population overcrowding
108:Social Development Unit
3179:Long hair in Singapore
2481:Genitourinary medicine
2284:In vitro fertilization
2239:Hormonal contraception
2124:Contraceptive security
1813:Mui, Teng Yap (1995).
918:A-level qualifications
779:O-Level qualifications
751:
576:demographic transition
347:demographic transition
72:
3068:Proposed developments
2144:Intersex human rights
1887:. Library of Congress
1612:eresources.nlb.gov.sg
1180:eresources.nlb.gov.sg
1136:Abortion in Singapore
771:1984 general election
767:People's Action Party
620:"Please stop at two!"
589:"The second can wait"
304:People's Action Party
211:sexual health clinics
150:lived in overcrowded
142:Overcrowding concerns
70:
2847:Environmental issues
2702:tax on childlessness
2458:Genital modification
2382:Unintended pregnancy
2114:Reproductive Justice
1980:on 19 September 2016
1651:Singapore Collection
1470:(12). Archived from
1267:chutzpah.typepad.com
1071:in 2009, encourages
951:Singapore population
909:abortion counselling
797:total fertility rate
543:Keep Singapore Clean
88:total fertility rate
3204:Population planning
3189:National Day Parade
3025:Economic statistics
2402:Pregnancy from rape
2259:Intrauterine device
1657:on 6 September 2012
1647:"Poster Collection"
1513:on 19 December 2009
1358:Library of Congress
701:Library of Congress
549:Ministry of Culture
395:The disincentives:
236:
3194:No U-turn syndrome
3088:Telecommunications
3078:Singapore Exchange
3040:Monetary Authority
2648:History of condoms
2537:Sexual dysfunction
2443:Sexual orientation
2397:Options counseling
2244:Male contraception
2167:Genetic counseling
2059:on 16 August 2011.
2003:. Channel NewsAsia
1856:Singapore Statutes
1798:(Routledge, 2002).
853:, if appropriate.
769:government in the
653:subsidised housing
564:National Day Rally
534:Speak Good English
526:social engineering
432:Accouchement fees
308:Minister of Health
232:
119:Post war baby boom
73:
3444:
3443:
3397:
3396:
3292:Singapore English
3106:
3105:
3007:
3006:
2994:Political parties
2940:Foreign relations
2900:
2899:
2717:
2716:
2417:Teenage pregnancy
2134:Genital integrity
2029:. 9 November 2008
1945:on 10 August 2014
1747:978-981-08-0819-8
1712:. healthcare50.sg
1689:The Straits Times
1432:978-0-8213-6951-7
1394:on 12 August 2011
1387:National Archives
1382:"Family Planning"
1234:Los Angeles Times
1060:
1059:
872:
871:
538:National Courtesy
514:
513:
322:, recommending a
295:
294:
233:Population growth
164:population growth
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
3484:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3124:Communitarianism
3117:
3053:
3018:
2911:
2835:
2819:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2721:
2679:Two-child policy
2674:One-child policy
2554:Gender dysphoria
2091:
2084:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1976:. Archived from
1966:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1810:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1770:Singapore Window
1761:
1752:
1751:
1738:A Nation Cheated
1733:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1509:. Archived from
1496:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1465:
1456:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1346:
1319:
1318:
1317:: 809β817. 2014.
1306:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1087:Channel NewsAsia
1077:replacement rate
947:
867:
864:
858:
849:You can help by
831:
830:
823:
749:
697:demographic gift
693:replacement rate
597:Teenage marriage
569:trying for a boy
429:
378:The incentives:
237:
235:1947–2000
92:replacement rate
58:
55:
49:
37:
36:
29:
21:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3393:
3345:
3243:
3224:Sex trafficking
3219:Public holidays
3164:Eat Frozen Pork
3102:
3051:
3003:
2896:
2824:
2817:
2757:
2748:
2718:
2713:
2662:
2631:
2604:United Kingdom
2558:
2510:
2501:Sexual medicine
2462:
2438:Gender identity
2426:
2372:Maternal health
2358:
2318:
2314:fertility fraud
2275:
2268:
2225:
2176:
2150:
2100:
2095:
2065:
2064:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1776:on 16 July 2011
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1477:on 27 July 2011
1474:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1440:
1433:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1159:
1146:Family planning
1132:
1065:
941:
868:
862:
859:
848:
832:
828:
821:
808:Lee Hsien Loong
792:
787:
750:
744:
689:
560:Lee Hsien Loong
367:maternity leave
343:
300:
288:2000–2010
280:1990–2000
272:1980–1990
264:1970–1980
256:1957–1970
248:1947–1957
234:
199:Family planning
196:
154:. In 1947, the
144:
131:
121:
116:
114:Limiting growth
59:
53:
50:
47:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3214:Public housing
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2955:Prime Minister
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Urban planning
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2620:teen pregnancy
2612:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2040:
2014:
1991:
1956:
1924:
1898:
1872:
1843:
1800:
1787:
1753:
1746:
1723:
1701:
1668:
1638:
1624:
1599:
1574:
1549:
1537:sso.agc.gov.sg
1524:
1488:
1438:
1431:
1405:
1370:
1320:
1298:
1279:
1254:
1220:
1192:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
962:
961:
958:
954:
953:
940:
937:
936:
935:
924:
921:
914:
911:
905:
898:
888:
885:
881:
870:
869:
835:
833:
826:
820:
817:
791:
788:
786:
783:
742:
723:women's rights
688:
685:
681:minority races
676:
675:
674:
673:
649:Free education
632:tubal ligation
624:
623:
617:
612:
607:
601:
592:
586:
530:Speak Mandarin
522:
521:
518:
512:
511:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
492:
489:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
427:
426:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
402:
399:
393:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
373:
370:
342:
339:
314:, submitted a
299:
296:
293:
292:
289:
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
219:marital advice
217:ailments, and
215:gynaecological
195:
192:
143:
140:
120:
117:
115:
112:
61:
60:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3489:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
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2625:birth control
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2615:United States
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2264:Sterilization
2262:
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2255:
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2250:
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2240:
2237:
2236:
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2231:Contraception
2228:
2222:
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2215:
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2207:
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2202:
2200:
2199:Birth spacing
2197:
2195:
2194:childlessness
2191:
2190:Childfreeness
2188:
2187:
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2173:
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2018:
2015:
2002:
1995:
1992:
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1965:
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1097:and 1.65 for
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928:contraception
925:
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903:
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892:
889:
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878:
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857:is available.
856:
852:
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836:This section
834:
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664:
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661:
660:
658:
657:disincentives
654:
650:
645:
642:
641:Straits Times
637:
636:gynaecologist
633:
629:
628:Straits Times
621:
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358:
356:
355:sterilisation
352:
348:
340:
338:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Yong Nyuk Lin
309:
305:
302:In 1959, the
297:
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203:Constance Goh
200:
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157:
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141:
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118:
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100:sterilisation
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:
65:
57:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3422:Bibliography
3364:Coat of arms
3341:Singaporeans
3262:Architecture
3209:Prostitution
3203:
3159:Demographics
2977:Conscription
2962:Human rights
2930:Constitution
2709:Abortion law
2692:bachelor tax
2599:
2342:vulvovaginal
2276:reproduction
2057:the original
2052:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2026:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1947:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1855:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1825:(4): 39β52.
1822:
1818:
1795:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:the original
1769:
1737:
1714:. Retrieved
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1650:
1641:
1627:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:the original
1504:
1479:. Retrieved
1472:the original
1467:
1416:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1385:
1361:. Retrieved
1353:
1314:
1310:
1292:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1233:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1085:
1072:
1066:
957:Time period
950:
942:
894:
860:
855:Editing help
837:
805:
800:
793:
775:
764:
754:
752:
746:Lee Kuan Yew
729:
728:
718:
714:
708:
705:
690:
677:
670:Lee Kuan Yew
665:
646:
640:
627:
625:
619:
614:
609:
603:
594:
588:
582:
573:
552:
541:
523:
359:
350:
344:
334:
331:
327:
323:
301:
228:
206:
197:
180:
175:
155:
148:Central Area
145:
136:
132:
104:
96:
84:World War II
75:
74:
64:
54:January 2021
51:
43:
26:
3234:Social fund
3030:Agriculture
2595:Philippines
2527:Infertility
2486:Gynaecology
2453:Transgender
2221:Sperm theft
2214:foster care
1517:26 December
1208:photius.com
1093:, 1.13 for
895:Stop at Two
715:Stop at Two
351:Stop at Two
341:Stop-at-Two
316:white paper
3451:Categories
3321:Mass media
3316:Literature
3144:Disability
3052:(currency)
2984:Parliament
2945:Government
2867:Reservoirs
2687:baby bonus
2683:Financial
2563:By country
2387:childbirth
2377:Obstetrics
2309:Sperm bank
1974:esa.un.org
1587:nas.gov.sg
1562:nas.gov.sg
1157:References
1123:Baby Bonus
1053:2010β2015
1045:2005β2010
1037:2000β2005
1029:1995β2000
1021:1990β1995
1013:1985β1990
1005:1980β1985
997:1975β1980
989:1970β1975
981:1965β1970
973:1960β1965
965:1955β1960
502:5th Child
488:4th Child
474:3rd Child
460:2nd Child
446:1st Child
320:Parliament
152:shophouses
123:See also:
3379:Lion head
3287:Languages
3199:OB marker
3154:Education
3098:Transport
2999:President
2935:Elections
2887:Waterways
2830:Geography
2751:Singapore
2600:Singapore
2515:Disorders
2476:Andrology
2364:Pregnancy
2348:Research
2204:Parenting
2155:Education
2033:11 August
2007:11 August
1917:17 August
1891:11 August
1865:12 August
1836:11 August
1716:12 August
1694:12 August
1661:12 August
1481:12 August
1398:12 August
1363:11 August
1242:0458-3035
932:bursaries
884:children.
877:'O'-level
863:July 2014
332:Singapore
80:Singapore
3467:Eugenics
3431:Category
3331:Religion
3282:Gambling
3073:Reserves
3035:Aviation
2972:Military
2906:Politics
2892:Wildlife
2755:articles
2590:Pakistan
2468:Medicine
2448:Intersex
2431:Identity
2392:Abortion
2274:Assisted
2249:Safe sex
2209:adoption
2182:Planning
2027:Your SDP
1984:11 April
1949:4 August
1831:12291532
1272:22 March
1247:22 March
1213:22 March
1185:22 March
1130:See also
902:HDB flat
891:Medisave
743:β
562:'s 2008
176:en masse
94:of 2.1.
3408:Outline
3384:Merlion
3351:Symbols
3309:history
3304:culture
3272:Cuisine
3249:Culture
3229:Smoking
3169:Five Cs
3139:Driving
3112:Society
3093:Tourism
3050:Dollar
3013:Economy
2950:Cabinet
2857:Islands
2852:Geology
2842:Beaches
2818:present
2763:History
2636:History
2585:Ireland
2337:Women's
1780:15 July
1095:Indians
1091:Chinese
897:policy)
441:C Ward
438:B Ward
435:A Ward
243:Growth
44:updated
3436:Portal
3389:Pledge
3374:Flower
3359:Anthem
3336:Sports
3267:Cinema
3174:Health
3129:Caning
3063:Labour
3058:Energy
2989:Police
2872:Rivers
2753:
2667:Policy
2547:clinic
2324:Health
2254:Condom
2106:Rights
1829:
1744:
1617:29 May
1592:29 May
1567:29 May
1542:29 May
1429:
1425:β219.
1240:
1099:Malays
838:is in
672:, 1969
291:40.9%
283:20.6%
275:18.5%
267:13.3%
259:90.8%
251:84.7%
240:Period
3415:Index
3326:Music
3277:Dance
3149:Women
3134:Crime
2862:Parks
2575:India
2570:China
2332:Men's
2302:Sperm
1943:(PDF)
1936:(PDF)
1475:(PDF)
1464:(PDF)
1024:13.4
1016:13.1
1008:12.2
1000:11.8
992:16.8
984:19.7
976:27.8
968:35.4
844:prose
160:slums
3369:Flag
3299:LGBT
2608:teen
2580:Iran
2289:ICSI
2035:2011
2009:2011
1986:2018
1951:2014
1919:2011
1893:2011
1867:2011
1838:2011
1827:PMID
1782:2024
1742:ISBN
1718:2011
1696:2011
1663:2011
1619:2020
1594:2020
1569:2020
1544:2020
1519:2009
1483:2011
1427:ISBN
1400:2011
1365:2011
1274:2018
1249:2018
1238:ISSN
1215:2018
1187:2018
1056:4.6
1048:5.6
1040:6.7
1032:9.7
880:SGD.
840:list
795:the
651:and
626:The
508:300
505:400
497:200
494:250
491:400
483:100
480:150
477:350
466:150
463:300
452:100
449:250
127:and
3257:Art
2967:Law
2297:Egg
1423:201
1073:all
762:.
571:".
469:75
455:50
318:to
3453::
2051:.
2025:.
1972:.
1959:^
1910:.
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1858:.
1854:.
1823:10
1821:.
1817:.
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1768:.
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1740:.
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1649:.
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1491:^
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1441:^
1384:.
1373:^
1356:.
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1323:^
1313:.
1301:^
1291:.
1265:.
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1206:.
1195:^
1178:.
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532:,
310:,
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2729:v
2192:/
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2037:.
2011:.
1988:.
1953:.
1921:.
1895:.
1869:.
1840:.
1784:.
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1720:.
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1665:.
1621:.
1596:.
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1521:.
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1435:.
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1367:.
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1217:.
1189:.
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865:)
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595:"
567:"
56:)
52:(
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20:)
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