1161:-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) disaccharides, and is synthesized by hyaluronan synthases (HAS), a class of integral membrane proteins that produce the well-defined, uniform chain lengths characteristic to HA. There are three existing types of HASs in vertebrates: HAS1, HAS2, HAS3; each of these contribute to elongation of the HA polymer. For an HA capsule to be created, this enzyme must be present because it polymerizes UDP-sugar precursors into HA. HA precursors are synthesized by first phosphorylating glucose by hexokinase, yielding glucose-6-phosphate, which is the main HA precursor. Then, two routes are taken to synthesize UDP-n-acetylglucosamine and UDP-glucuronic acid which both react to form HA. Glucose-6-phosphate gets converted to either fructose-6-phosphate with
263:
170:
49:
749:
40:
1204:
419:
1180:
1236:
830:
facilitation of cell migration into the provisional wound matrix, cell proliferation, and organization of the granulation tissue matrix. Initiation of inflammation is crucial for the formation of granulation tissue; therefore, the pro-inflammatory role of HA as discussed above also contributes to this stage of wound healing.
1057:
Hyaluronic acid in aqueous solutions self-associates to form transient clusters in solution. While it is considered a polyelectrolyte polymer chain, hyaluronic acid does not exhibit the polyelectrolyte peak, suggesting the absence of a characteristic length scale between the hyaluronic acid molecules
838:
Cell migration is essential for the formation of granulation tissue. The early stage of granulation tissue is dominated by a HA-rich extracellular matrix, which is regarded as a conducive environment for the migration of cells into this temporary wound matrix. HA provides an open hydrated matrix that
891:
In normal skin, HA is found in relatively high concentrations in the basal layer of the epidermis where proliferating keratinocytes are found. CD44 is collocated with HA in the basal layer of epidermis where additionally it has been shown to be preferentially expressed on plasma membrane facing the
904:
Epidermal HA also functions as a manipulator in the process of keratinocyte proliferation, which is essential in normal epidermal function, as well as during reepithelization in tissue repair. In the wound healing process, HA is expressed in the wound margin, in the connective tissue matrix, and
900:
may be correlated, at least in part, with an increase of skin HA content, giving rise to increased tissue hydration. It has been suggested that the free-radical scavenging property of HA contributes to protection against solar radiation, supporting the role of CD44 acting as a HA receptor in the
829:
clot in healing wounds. It typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size it heals. HA is abundant in granulation tissue matrix. A variety of cell functions that are essential for tissue repair may attribute to this HA-rich network. These functions include
1436:
associated with equine osteoarthritis. It can be injected directly into an affected joint, or intravenously for less localized disorders. It may cause mild heating of the joint if directly injected, but this does not affect the clinical outcome. Intra-articularly administered medicine is fully
1382:
Native hyaluronic acid has a relatively short half-life (shown in rabbits) so various manufacturing techniques have been deployed to extend the length of the chain and stabilise the molecule for its use in medical applications. The introduction of protein-based cross-links, the introduction of
1153:
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG), an anionic, gel-like, polymer, found in the extracellular matrix of epithelial and connective tissues of vertebrates. It is part of a family of structurally complex, linear, anionic polysaccharides. The carboxylate groups present in the
1117:
of malignant tumor cells. There is feedback inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (<500 kDa) at high concentrations, but there is stimulation by high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (>500 kDa) when tested in cultured human synovial fibroblasts.
964:. Some side effects can also appear by way of erythema, itching, and vascular occlusion; vascular occlusion is the most worrisome side effect due to the possibility of skin necrosis, or even blindness in a patient. In some cases, hyaluronic acid fillers can result in a
661:, embedded in dense fascial tissues, has been proposed as being cells specialized for the biosynthesis of the hyaluronan-rich matrix. Their related activity could be involved in regulating the sliding ability between adjacent muscular connective tissues.
1141:
Fasciacytes are fibroblast-like cells found in fasciae. They are round-shaped with rounder nuclei and have less elongated cellular processes when compared with fibroblasts. Fasciacytes are clustered along the upper and lower surfaces of a fascial layer.
5907:
952:. Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can significantly reduce vessel embolisms during injections. Currently, hyaluronic acid is used as a soft tissue filler due to its bio-compatibility and possible reversibility using
892:
HA-rich matrix pouches. Maintaining the extracellular space and providing an open, as well as hydrated, structure for the passage of nutrients are the main functions of HA in epidermis. A report found HA content increases in the presence of
859:
migrate is rich in HA. HA is closely associated with the cell migration process in granulation tissue matrix, and studies show that cell movement can be inhibited, at least partially, by HA degradation or blocking HA receptor occupancy.
839:
facilitates cell migration, whereas, in the latter scenario, directed migration and control of related cell mechanisms are mediated via the specific cell interaction between HA and cell surface HA receptors. It forms links with several
1276:
properties. In addition, recent studies showed hyaluronan fragments, not the native high-molecular weight molecule, can induce inflammatory responses in macrophages and dendritic cells in tissue injury and in skin transplant.
4973:
793:
evidence. There is also some limited evidence to suggest that hyaluronic acid may be beneficial for ulcer healing and may help to a small degree with pain control. Hyaluronic acid combines with water and swells to form a
5900:
2510:
Tuhkanen AL, Tammi M, Pelttari A, Agren UM, Tammi R (1998). "Ultrastructural analysis of human epidermal CD44 reveals preferential distribution on plasma membrane domains facing the hyaluronan-rich matrix pouches".
2261:
5893:
1532:
Research shows that abnormal hyaluronic acid (HA) metabolism is a major factor in tumor progression. HA and HA fragment-tumor cell interaction could activate the downstream signaling pathways, promoting
867:
and released directly into the extracellular environment. This may contribute to the hydrated microenvironment at sites of synthesis, and is essential for cell migration by facilitating cell detachment.
1506:
may be improved with cross-linking, producing a hydrogel. Crosslinking may allow a desired shape, as well as to deliver therapeutic molecules into a host. Hyaluronan can be crosslinked by attaching
921:. A 2012 review showed that the quality of studies supporting this use was mostly poor, with a general absence of significant benefits, and that intra-articular injection of HA could possibly cause
4966:
2555:
5177:
1387:, and minimal stabilisation of the HA chains through chemical agents such as NASHA (non-animal stabilised hyaluronic acid) are all techniques that have been used to preserve its shelf life.
3001:
Niamtu J. Rejuvenation of the lip and perioral areas. In: Bell WH, Guerroro CA, eds. Distraction
Osteogenesis of the Facial Skeleton. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada: Decker; 2007:38–48.
4959:
1054:
of its component disaccharides. Bulky groups on each sugar molecule are in sterically favored positions, whereas the smaller hydrogens assume the less-favorable axial positions.
315:
572:
The average 70 kg (150 lb) person has roughly 15 grams of hyaluronan in the body, one third of which is turned over (i.e., degraded and synthesized) per day.
3584:
Smith MM, Ghosh P (1987). "The synthesis of hyaluronic acid by human synovial fibroblasts is influenced by the nature of the hyaluronate in the extracellular environment".
974:
Hyaluronic acid is used to displace tissues away from tissues which are going to be subjected to radiation, for instance in one treatment option for some prostate cancers.
1691:
Saari H, Konttinen YT, Friman C, Sorsa T (1993). "Differential effects of reactive oxygen species on native synovial fluid and purified human umbilical cord hyaluronate".
432:
2755:
Wu K, Xie L, Wang M, Jiang Y, Tang Y, Wang H (August 2018). "Comparison of the
Microstructures and Properties of Different Microcannulas for Hyaluronic Acid Injection".
4508:"A hexadecylamide derivative of hyaluronan (HYMOVIS®) has superior beneficial effects on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and synoviocytes than unmodified hyaluronan"
4016:
2271:
880:. HA also has crucial functions in the reepithelization process due to several of its properties. These include being an integral part of the extracellular matrix of
5170:
3627:
646:(hyaluronic acid and proteoglycan link protein 1), large, highly negatively charged aggregates form. These aggregates imbibe water and are responsible for the
657:
A lubricating role of hyaluronan in muscular connective tissues to enhance the sliding between adjacent tissue layers has been suggested. A particular type of
6198:
4838:
3384:
Stecco C, Fede C, Macchi V, Porzionato A, Petrelli L, Biz C, et al. (2018-04-14). "The fasciacytes: A new cell devoted to fascial gliding regulation".
5163:
3435:
Stecco C, Stern R, Porzionato A, Macchi V, Masiero S, Stecco A, et al. (2011-10-02). "Hyaluronan within fascia in the etiology of myofascial pain".
1154:
molecule make it negatively charged, therefore allowing for successful binding to water, and making it valuable to cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
4385:
Segura T, Anderson BC, Chung PH, Webber RE, Shull KR, Shea LD (2005). "Crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels: a strategy to functionalize and pattern".
4164:
Avantaggiato A, Girardi A, Palmieri A, Pascali M, Carinci F (August 2015). "Bio-Revitalization: Effects of NASHA on Genes
Involving Tissue Remodeling".
2559:
1355:
and John Palmer in 1934 from the vitreous body in a cow's eye. The first hyaluronan biomedical product, Healon, was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by
1405:
damage during the surgery. It was evident that a viscous, clear, physiologic lubricant to prevent such scraping of the endothelial cells was needed.
3872:
Tesar BM, Jiang D, Liang J, Palmer SM, Noble PW, Goldstein DR (2006). "The role of hyaluronan degradation products as innate alloimmune agonists".
2177:
Stecco C, Stern R, Porzionato A, Macchi V, Masiero S, Stecco A, et al. (2011). "Hyaluronan within fascia in the etiology of myofascial pain".
1126:
recently has been genetically modified to culture a proprietary formula to yield hyaluronans, in a patented process producing human-grade product.
863:
By providing the dynamic force to the cell, HA synthesis has also been shown to associate with cell migration. Basically, HA is synthesized at the
3782:"Oligosaccharides of hyaluronan induce angiogenesis through distinct CD44 and RHAMM-mediated signalling pathways involving Cdc2 and gamma-adducin"
615:" molecule, a ubiquitous carbohydrate polymer that is part of the extracellular matrix. For example, hyaluronic acid is a major component of the
3054:"Review of long-term adverse effects associated with the use of chemically-modified animal and nonanimal source hyaluronic acid dermal fillers"
844:
676:
stop producing as much hyaluronan and increase the rate of its degradation. Hyaluronan degradation products then accumulate in the skin after
6645:
6142:
1782:
1102:
through the cell membrane into the extracellular space. The term fasciacyte was coined to describe fibroblast-like cells that synthesize HA.
5967:
4457:"Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid as Versatile Mucoadhesive Polymer: From the Chemistry Behind to Product Developments-What Are the Capabilities?"
1564:
2630:"Differentiating factors of intra‑articular injectables have a meaningful impact on knee osteoarthritis outcomes: a network meta‑analysis"
714:
Although hyaluronan binds to receptor CD44, there is evidence hyaluronan degradation products transduce their inflammatory signal through
2390:
6113:
4619:
Genasetti A, Vigetti D, Viola M, Karousou E, Moretto P, Rizzi M, et al. (2008). "Hyaluronan and human endothelial cell behavior".
1444:. In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and edibility of the horse meat is not affected.
1028:. Hyaluronic acid can be 25,000 disaccharide repeats in length. Polymers of hyaluronic acid can range in size from 5,000 to 20,000,000
6618:
2295:
Shaharudin A, Aziz Z (2 October 2016). "Effectiveness of hyaluronic acid and its derivatives on chronic wounds: a systematic review".
1529:
by stimulating endothelial cells to proliferate in vitro, hyaluronan can be used to create hydrogels to study vascular morphogenesis.
654:(its resistance to compression). The molecular weight (size) of hyaluronan in cartilage decreases with age, but the amount increases.
929:
found that intra-articular injection of high molecular weight HA improved both pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis.
4314:
4042:
1596:
1039:
is 3,140,000 Da; other sources mention average molecular weight of 7 million Da for synovial fluid. Hyaluronic acid also contains
6191:
4831:
4420:
Zheng Shu X, Liu Y, Palumbo FS, Luo Y, Prestwich GD (2004). "In situ crosslinkable hyaluronan hydrogels for tissue engineering".
1134:
A fasciacyte is a type of biological cell that produces hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix and modulates the gliding of muscle
2798:
Lazzeri D, Agostini T, Figus M, Nardi M, Pantaloni M, Lazzeri S (2012). "Blindness following
Cosmetic Injections of the Face".
664:
Hyaluronic acid is also a major component of skin, where it is involved in repairing tissue. When skin is exposed to excessive
3725:"Sustainability metrics for real case applications of the supply chain network design problem: A systematic literature review"
2428:
1440:
According to
Canadian regulation, hyaluronan in HY-50 preparation should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for
4940:
4664:"Inhibition of hyaluronic acid degradation pathway suppresses glioma progression by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest"
647:
569:
Medically, hyaluronic acid is used to treat osteoarthritis of the knee, dry eye, for wound repair, and as a cosmetic filler.
4020:
2222:"Differential regulation of hyaluronan metabolism in the epidermal and dermal compartments of human skin by UVB irradiation"
687:, hyaluronan also contributes to tissue hydrodynamics, movement, and proliferation of cells and participates in a number of
1573:, trade name for a mix of polysaccharides produced by microalgae. Inhibits production of hyaluronic-acid-degrading enzymes.
6610:
6074:
6622:
6502:
5993:
5055:
4706:
2266:
1417:
852:
807:
220:
1579:, a biomaterial company based in China, primarily specialized in hyaluronic acid and other bioactive substance products
6694:
6662:
6184:
6159:
4824:
4259:
John H. Brekke, Gregory E. Rutkowski, Kipling
Thacker (2011). "Chapter 19 Hyaluronan". In Jeffrey O. Hollinger (ed.).
241:
4292:
3631:
1805:"Abnormal accumulation of hyaluronan matrix diminishes contact inhibition of cell growth and promotes cell migration"
6626:
6614:
6420:
933:
707:. Hyaluronan's contribution to tumor growth may be due to its interaction with CD44. Receptor CD44 participates in
439:
1035:. The average molecular weight in human synovial fluid is 3–4 million Da, and hyaluronic acid purified from human
6699:
6606:
6008:
5885:
5858:
5713:
5636:
5529:
4225:
Miller D, O'Connor P, William J (1977). "Use of Na-Hyaluronate during intraocular lens implantation in rabbits".
4068:"Turnover of hyaluronan in synovial joints: elimination of labelled hyaluronan from the knee joint of the rabbit"
1067:
177:
6630:
5998:
5592:
5134:
4810:
1549:, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stem cell-like property, and chemoradioresistance in digestive cancers.
6650:
6481:
6147:
6098:
5917:
5789:
5520:
1364:
1352:
2032:"Hyaluronic acid capsule and the role of streptococcal entry into keratinocytes in invasive skin infection"
165:
6563:
6455:
5784:
885:
6689:
5627:
5373:
5314:
5073:
4951:
2728:
1503:
1296:
968:
688:
83:
65:
2908:
Alam M, Dover JS (2007). "Management of
Complications and Sequelae with Temporary Injectable Fillers".
3529:"A hyaluronan synthase suppressor, 4-methylumbelliferone, inhibits liver metastasis of melanoma cells"
6376:
6352:
6220:
5849:
5550:
5481:
5382:
5108:
5060:
3736:
3540:
3294:
3224:
1984:
1816:
1488:
762:
715:
684:
576:
1058:
and the emergence of a fractal clustering, which is due to the strong solvation of these molecules.
258:
48:
6597:
6527:
6451:
6268:
6176:
5666:
5569:
5468:
5249:
5220:
5139:
4987:
4891:
4557:
Darr A, Calabro A (2008). "Synthesis and characterization of tyramine-based hyaluronan hydrogels".
2341:
Roehrs H, Stocco JG, Pott F, Blanc G, Meier MJ, Dias FA (2023-07-27). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).
1561:, the sodium salt of hyaluronic acid, a glycosaminoglycan found in various human connective tissue.
1457:
1071:
1014:
786:
766:
385:
101:
3915:
Stern R, Kogan G, Jedrzejas MJ, Šoltés L (1 November 2007). "The many ways to cleave hyaluronan".
6461:
5289:
5259:
4870:
4644:
4582:
4189:
4132:
3897:
3762:
3609:
3566:
3468:
3417:
2941:
2890:
2831:
2780:
2610:
2536:
2202:
1953:
1716:
1670:
1567:, the process by which microorganisms are utilized in fermentation to synthesize hyaluronic acid.
1558:
1534:
1499:
1372:
1110:
881:
856:
818:
580:
398:
5294:
2851:"A Scoping Review of Hyaluronidase Use in Managing the Complications of Aesthetic Interventions"
1264:. In humans, there are at least seven types of hyaluronidase-like enzymes, several of which are
1196:(UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) converting glucose-1-P into UDP-glucose, which then reacts with
1109:), a 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin derivative. This selective inhibition (without inhibiting other
982:
Hyaluronic acid is produced on a large scale by extraction from animal tissues, such as chicken
4338:"The role of hyaluronan synthesis and degradation in the critical respiratory illness COVID-19"
3823:"Pathophysiology of the peritoneal membrane during peritoneal dialysis: the role of hyaluronan"
1502:. In particular, research groups have found hyaluronan's properties for tissue engineering and
806:; its effect lasts for about 6 to 12 months, and treatment has regulatory approval from the US
6547:
5819:
5799:
5734:
5393:
5388:
5284:
5083:
5078:
4851:
4636:
4574:
4539:
4488:
4437:
4402:
4367:
4181:
4124:
4089:
3932:
3889:
3854:
3803:
3754:
3698:
3680:
3601:
3558:
3509:
3460:
3452:
3409:
3401:
3361:
3320:
3260:
3242:
3193:
3175:
3136:
3085:
3034:
2984:
2976:
2933:
2925:
2882:
2823:
2815:
2772:
2710:
2661:
2602:
2528:
2492:
2471:"Hyaluronate accumulation in human epidermis treated with retinoic acid in skin organ culture"
2448:
2440:
2372:
2320:
2312:
2243:
2194:
2159:
2110:
2061:
2012:
1945:
1937:
1888:
1844:
1778:
1751:
1708:
1662:
1546:
1122:
945:
941:
790:
596:
532:
528:
524:
5759:
5749:
5037:
5032:
5014:
4896:
4740:
4685:
4675:
4628:
4566:
4529:
4519:
4478:
4468:
4429:
4394:
4357:
4349:
4173:
4116:
4079:
3996:
3963:
3924:
3881:
3844:
3834:
3793:
3744:
3688:
3672:
3593:
3548:
3499:
3444:
3393:
3351:
3310:
3302:
3250:
3232:
3183:
3167:
3126:
3116:
3075:
3065:
3024:
2968:
2917:
2872:
2862:
2807:
2764:
2700:
2692:
2651:
2641:
2598:
2594:
2583:"Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2520:
2482:
2362:
2354:
2304:
2233:
2186:
2149:
2141:
2100:
2092:
2051:
2043:
2002:
1992:
1927:
1878:
1834:
1824:
1743:
1700:
1652:
1484:
1402:
1391:
1269:
1265:
1029:
748:
457:
280:
1618:
229:
6704:
6602:
6579:
6298:
6273:
6229:
5844:
5719:
5504:
5401:
5299:
5200:
5155:
5009:
4908:
4903:
3488:"A novel mechanism for the inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthesis by 4-methylumbelliferone"
2220:
Averbeck M, Gebhardt CA, Voigt S, Beilharz S, Anderegg U, Termeer CC, et al. (2007).
1495:
1465:
1453:
1320:
1300:
1099:
1051:
1025:
1007:
864:
735:
731:
544:
540:
378:
111:
4690:
4663:
3740:
3628:"Novozymes Biopharma | Produced without the use of animal-derived materials or solvents"
3544:
3340:"Hyaluronan export by the ABC transporter MRP5 and its modulation by intracellular cGMP"
3298:
3228:
2877:
2850:
2367:
2342:
1988:
1908:"First report on genetic characterization, cell-surface properties and pathogenicity of
1820:
262:
169:
131:
6656:
6507:
6412:
6344:
6323:
6313:
6243:
6153:
6051:
5939:
5676:
5579:
5509:
5417:
5406:
5359:
5230:
5187:
4847:
4534:
4507:
4483:
4456:
4433:
4398:
4362:
4337:
3849:
3822:
3693:
3660:
3315:
3282:
3188:
3155:
3131:
3104:
3080:
3053:
2921:
2705:
2680:
2656:
2629:
2154:
2130:"Hyaluronic acid in human articular cartilage. Age-related changes in content and size"
2129:
1604:
1570:
1328:
1036:
983:
922:
914:
840:
616:
584:
548:
506:
410:
4816:
4806:
3968:
3951:
3255:
3212:
2628:
Phillips M, Vannabouathong C, Devji T, Patel R, Gomes Z, Patel A, et al. (2020).
2105:
2080:
2056:
2031:
1883:
1839:
1804:
6683:
6592:
6476:
6440:
6425:
6357:
6293:
6288:
5839:
5704:
5453:
5307:
4602:
4120:
4084:
4067:
3928:
3885:
3766:
2894:
2582:
2007:
1972:
1957:
1906:
Rao S, Pham TH, Poudyal S, Cheng LW, Nazareth SC, Wang PC, et al. (2021-04-27).
1771:
1657:
1640:
1376:
1261:
987:
965:
953:
926:
893:
799:
781:. As of 2023, however, reviews of its effect on healing for chronic wounds including
708:
665:
592:
554:
536:
158:
4648:
4586:
4193:
3901:
3613:
3570:
3472:
2945:
2835:
2784:
2540:
2206:
1674:
789:
or surgical skin repairs show either insufficient evidence or only limited positive
209:
6466:
6381:
6367:
6258:
6211:
6207:
6123:
5985:
5921:
5874:
5824:
5809:
5754:
5683:
5661:
5655:
5615:
5584:
5564:
5558:
5491:
5476:
5458:
5425:
5337:
5325:
5274:
5269:
5215:
5209:
5191:
4991:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4136:
3421:
2696:
2614:
2358:
2343:"Dressings and topical agents containing hyaluronic acid for chronic wound healing"
1720:
1542:
1526:
1519:
1477:
1105:
Hyaluronic acid synthesis has been shown to be inhibited by 4-methylumbelliferone (
1003:
778:
774:
770:
700:
559:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
3749:
3724:
3553:
3528:
3527:
Yoshihara S, Kon A, Kudo D, Nakazawa H, Kakizaki I, Sasaki M, et al. (2005).
1863:
1248:
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form HA via
1172:
UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-n-acetylglucosamine get bound together to form HA via
2811:
2768:
2487:
2470:
2308:
896:(vitamin A). The proposed effects of retinoic acid against skin photo-damage and
6445:
6435:
6396:
6308:
6303:
6283:
6263:
6253:
6238:
6059:
6041:
6021:
5962:
5864:
5854:
5834:
5829:
5744:
5724:
5699:
5647:
5642:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5445:
5435:
5343:
5320:
5068:
5024:
5000:
4886:
3486:
Kakizaki I, Kojima K, Takagaki K, Endo M, Kannagi R, Ito M, et al. (2004).
3306:
1492:
1360:
1336:
1316:
1135:
1106:
957:
727:
677:
635:
4680:
4353:
3217:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3029:
3012:
2972:
2867:
2646:
2524:
1973:"Hyaluronic acid capsule is a virulence factor for mucoid group A streptococci"
6542:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6471:
6430:
6401:
6391:
6386:
6362:
6318:
6278:
6082:
6064:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6016:
5957:
5869:
5814:
5804:
5764:
5610:
5496:
5354:
5330:
5279:
5264:
5244:
5238:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5019:
4865:
4744:
4632:
4570:
4177:
3676:
3448:
3171:
2190:
1514:) (trade names: Extracel, HyStem), hexadecylamides (trade name: Hymovis), and
1441:
1292:
1288:
1273:
1169:(α-phosphoglucomutase), where those both undergo different sets of reactions.
1114:
897:
704:
658:
142:
4207:
3758:
3684:
3456:
3405:
3246:
3179:
3121:
3038:
2980:
2929:
2819:
2444:
2316:
1941:
1228:(acetyltransferase) converts this into n-acetylglucosamine-1-P, and finally,
6587:
6532:
6497:
6248:
6128:
6108:
5778:
5769:
5671:
5598:
5574:
5486:
5253:
5225:
5118:
5113:
5088:
5042:
4524:
1997:
1747:
1469:
1433:
1356:
937:
877:
822:
651:
631:
620:
600:
539:. It is unique among glycosaminoglycans as it is non-sulfated, forms in the
521:
4640:
4578:
4543:
4492:
4441:
4406:
4371:
4300:
4185:
4128:
3936:
3893:
3858:
3807:
3702:
3562:
3513:
3504:
3487:
3464:
3413:
3365:
3356:
3339:
3324:
3237:
3197:
3140:
3089:
2988:
2937:
2886:
2827:
2776:
2714:
2665:
2606:
2452:
2391:"Dermal Fillers Approved by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health"
2376:
2324:
2247:
2238:
2221:
2198:
2114:
1949:
1848:
1829:
1755:
1597:"Hyaluronic Acid | Definition of Hyaluronic Acid by Oxford Dictionary"
1280:
Hyaluronan can also be degraded via non-enzymatic reactions. These include
944:
in cosmetic surgery. It is typically injected using either a classic sharp
4473:
4093:
3839:
3605:
3264:
2581:
Rutjes AW, Jüni P, da Costa BR, Trelle S, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S (2012).
2532:
2496:
2163:
2065:
2016:
1712:
1666:
17:
6333:
6103:
5774:
5739:
5729:
5709:
5430:
5349:
4760:
4001:
3984:
3798:
3781:
3723:
Moreno-Camacho CA, Montoya-Torres JR, Jaegler A, Gondran N (2019-09-10).
1892:
1576:
1538:
1515:
1461:
1384:
1368:
961:
639:
624:
1420:, in particular those in competition or heavy work. It is indicated for
1232:(pyrophosphorylase) converts this product into UDP-n-acetylglucosamine.
6537:
5975:
5930:
5144:
5050:
4924:
3597:
1932:
1907:
1704:
1518:(trade name: Corgel). Hyaluronan can also be crosslinked directly with
1511:
1425:
1395:
1040:
999:
949:
803:
669:
196:
178:
39:
2145:
2047:
1203:
5949:
5364:
3397:
3070:
2096:
1473:
1429:
1421:
1285:
826:
673:
643:
3105:"The role of radioprotective spacers in clinical practice: a review"
1522:(trade name: Hylan-A) or with divinylsulfone (trade name: Hylan-B).
1375:). Other biomedical companies also produce brands of hyaluronan for
888:
function, and its role in keratinocyte proliferation and migration.
703:
of CD44 itself is widely accepted as a marker of cell activation in
409:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2916:(Supplement). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 98S–105S.
2681:"Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome"
481:
4983:
3283:"Disappearance of the polyelectrolyte peak in salt-free solutions"
1734:
Stern R (2004). "Hyaluronan catabolism: a new metabolic pathway".
1507:
1398:
1235:
1234:
1202:
1179:
1178:
747:
696:
612:
588:
517:
122:
4107:
Frampton JE (2010). "Hylan G-F 20 single-injection formulation".
1145:
Fasciacytes produce hyaluronan, which regulates fascial gliding.
1098:-glucosamine to the nascent polysaccharide as it is extruded via
5369:
3213:"A bound form of silicon in glycosaminoglycans and polyuronides"
3013:"Complications of hyaluronic acid fillers and their managements"
2469:
Tammi R, Ripellino JA, Margolis RU, Maibach HI, Tammi M (1989).
1476:, hyaluronic acid is under study as a possible mediator of lung
1281:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1050:
Hyaluronic acid is energetically stable, in part because of the
918:
848:
782:
723:
719:
692:
6180:
5889:
5159:
4955:
4820:
3983:
Necas J, Bartosikova L, Brauner P, Kolar J (5 September 2008).
3661:"Biotechnological production of hyaluronic acid: a mini review"
3156:"Biotechnological production of hyaluronic acid: a mini review"
2427:
Litwiniuk M, Krejner A, Speyrer MS, Gauto AR, Grzela T (2016).
4731:
Wu R, Huang L (2016). "Hyaluronic acid in digestive cancers".
4246:
Healon: A Comprehensive Guide to its Use in
Ophthalmic Surgery
1641:"Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover"
1260:
Hyaluronic acid can be degraded by a family of enzymes called
795:
4150:
905:
collocating with CD44 expression in migrating keratinocytes.
855:. During fetal development, the migration path through which
691:
interactions, notably those including its primary receptors,
4322:
4274:
246:
1224:(Mutase) reacts with this product to form glucosamine-1-P.
472:
466:
2806:(4). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 995–1012.
611:
Until the late 1970s, hyaluronic acid was described as a "
484:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
2429:"Hyaluronic acid in inflammation and tissue regeneration"
1200:(UDP-glucose dehydrogenase) to form UDP-glucuronic acid.
1086:. These enzymes lengthen hyaluronan by repeatedly adding
490:
478:
1777:(1st ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier.
1331:
of hyaluronic acid. Since the molecule typically exists
627:, it is one of the fluid's main lubricating components.
4604:
4506:
Smith MM, Russell AK, Schiavinato A, Little CB (2013).
2961:
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
1971:
Wessels MR, Moses AE, Goldberg JB, DiCesare TJ (1991).
1912:, emerging pathogen isolated from cage-cultured cobia (
1157:
HA consists of repeating β4-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)-β3-
745:
loss of this compound limiting the duration of effect.
630:
Hyaluronic acid is an important component of articular
587:, and is involved in the progression of many malignant
427:
4707:"How is Hyaluronic Acid Related to Tumor Development?"
1272:
and very low-molecular-weight hyaluronan, exhibit pro-
1165:(phosphoglucoisomerase), or glucose-1-phosphate using
752:
A joint hydration supplement that uses hyaluronic acid
2849:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Mosahebi A, Zargaran D (2022).
1432:
or fracture are suspected. It is especially used for
884:, which are major constituents of the epidermis; its
493:
487:
460:
3780:
Matou-Nasri S, Gaffney J, Kumar S, Slevin M (2009).
2393:. U S Food and Drug Administration. 26 November 2018
475:
6576:
6556:
6490:
6411:
6377:
mast cell stabilizer (some are also antihistamines)
6332:
6228:
6219:
6091:
6073:
6050:
6007:
5984:
5948:
5929:
5692:
5626:
5519:
5467:
5444:
5416:
5199:
5127:
4999:
4933:
4917:
4879:
4858:
4559:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine
1323:and possesses a high uronic acid content. The term
956:. Complications include the severing of nerves and
463:
4601:
4455:Griesser J, Hetényi G, Bernkop-Schnürch A (2018).
1864:"Biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid by Streptococcus"
1770:
1487:of hyaluronic acid and its common presence in the
1244:Final step: Two disaccharides form hyaluronic acid
1220:(amidotransferase) to form glucosamine-6-P. Then,
634:, where it is present as a coat around each cell (
3017:Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery
1207:Precursor 2: Synthesis of UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine
4733:Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
3103:Tang Q, Zhao F, Yu X, Wu L, Lu Z, Yan S (2018).
2959:Niamtu J (2005). "New Lip and Wrinkle Fillers".
2750:
2748:
2746:
2729:"Hyaluronic Acid - Uses, Side Effects, And More"
208:
4342:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
2556:"Hyaluronic acid injections for osteoarthritis"
2464:
2462:
1809:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1408:The name "hyaluronan" is also used for a salt.
1315:(Greek for vitreous, meaning ‘glass-like’) and
913:Hyaluronic acid has been FDA-approved to treat
642:monomers bind to hyaluronan in the presence of
110:
2634:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
2030:Schrager HM, Rheinwald JG, Wessels MR (1996).
1268:. The degradation products of hyaluronan, the
843:associated with cell locomotion, for example,
6192:
5901:
5171:
4967:
4832:
1686:
1684:
1634:
1632:
1183:Precursor 1: Synthesis of UDP-Glucuronic Acid
1066:Hyaluronic acid is synthesized by a class of
1024:, linked via alternating β-(1→4) and β-(1→3)
591:. Hyaluronic acid is also a component of the
8:
3109:Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery
1216:The path forward from fructose-6-P utilizes
1047:μg/g depending on location in the organism.
936:. Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient in
825:, fibrous connective tissue that replaces a
259:DTXSID90925319 DTXSID7046750, DTXSID90925319
4017:"Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices: History"
1862:Sugahara K, Schwartz NB, Dorfman A (1979).
798:, making it useful in skin treatments as a
469:
6225:
6199:
6185:
6177:
5908:
5894:
5886:
5178:
5164:
5156:
4974:
4960:
4952:
4839:
4825:
4817:
3952:"The Polysaccharide of the Vitreous Humor"
3659:Sze JH, Brownlie JC, Love CA (June 2016).
3276:
3274:
3154:Sze J, Brownlie JC, Love CA (2016-02-15).
2262:"Synvisc-One (hylan GF-20) – P940015/S012"
1639:Fraser JR, Laurent TC, Laurent UB (1997).
1491:of tissues indicate its possible use as a
1418:treatment of articular disorders in horses
1394:implantation was often followed by severe
1383:free-radical scavenging molecules such as
261:
168:
31:
4809:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4689:
4679:
4533:
4523:
4482:
4472:
4361:
4083:
4043:"Hyaluronic acid is just getting started"
4000:
3967:
3848:
3838:
3797:
3748:
3692:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3552:
3503:
3355:
3314:
3254:
3236:
3187:
3130:
3120:
3079:
3069:
3028:
2876:
2866:
2704:
2655:
2645:
2558:. US Arthritis Foundation. Archived from
2486:
2366:
2237:
2153:
2104:
2055:
2006:
1996:
1931:
1882:
1838:
1828:
1656:
1339:form, it is most commonly referred to as
1252:(HA synthase), completing the synthesis.
1074:, of which vertebrates have three types:
876:HA plays an important role in the normal
228:
4066:Brown TJ, Laurent UB, Fraser JR (1991).
3985:"Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan): a review"
3338:Schulz T, Schumacher U, Prehm P (2007).
1815:(6). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA: 3609–3614.
2599:10.7326/0003-4819-157-3-201208070-00473
2347:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2290:
2288:
1588:
1541:, migration and invasion, and inducing
1428:joint dysfunctions, but not when joint
1319:because it was first isolated from the
940:products. Hyaluronic acid is used as a
932:Hyaluronic acid has been used to treat
257:
5109:Sodium chlorite (tetrachlorodecaoxide)
3115:(5). Quant Imaging Med Surg: 514–524.
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2128:Holmes MW, Bayliss MT, Muir H (1988).
1351:Hyaluronic acid was first obtained by
711:interactions required by tumor cells.
575:As one of the chief components of the
562:monomers, while other sources mention
159:
27:Anionic, nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan
5290:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
3379:
3377:
3375:
2679:Pucker AD, Ng SM, Nichols JJ (2016).
2336:
2334:
845:extracellular signal-regulated kinase
130:
7:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4768:
3950:Meyer K, Palmer JW (December 1934).
3011:Abduljabbar MH, Basendwh MA (2016).
1798:
1796:
1794:
1565:Microbial hyaluronic acid production
765:, hyaluronic acid has a key role in
741:There are limitations including the
734:. TLR and hyaluronan play a role in
599:, and is believed to play a role in
355:
345:
335:
325:
4336:Albtoush N, Petrey AC (June 2022).
1920:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
1192:UDP-glucuronic acid is formed from
199:
4434:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.014
4399:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.067
3281:Chremos A, Horkay F (2020-03-12).
2922:10.1097/01.prs.0000248859.14788.60
2910:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2800:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2757:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1601:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1452:Due to its accumulation in airway
579:, it contributes significantly to
25:
5916:Other drugs for disorders of the
5300:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
4600:Wnek GE, Bowlin GL, eds. (2008).
1926:(3). Hindawi Limited: 1197–1211.
1437:metabolized in less than a week.
1212:Synthesis of N-acetyl glucosamine
1113:) may prove useful in preventing
4121:10.2165/11203900-000000000-00000
4085:10.1113/expphysiol.1991.sp003474
3929:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.07.001
3886:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01537.x
3052:Edwards PC, Fantasia JE (2007).
1658:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1997.00170.x
1311:Hyaluronic acid is derived from
1188:Synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid
456:
417:
47:
38:
5260:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
4293:"Hy-50 (Canada) for Animal Use"
4261:An Introduction to Biomaterials
3956:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3437:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
3058:Clinical Interventions in Aging
2081:"Hyaluronan is not just a goo!"
1525:Due to its ability to regulate
1371:surgery, and surgery to repair
547:, and can be very large: human
413:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
6210:and other nasal preparations (
6075:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
4982:Preparations for treatment of
4941:Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan
2697:10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2
2359:10.1002/14651858.CD012215.pub2
619:and was found to increase the
558:per molecule, or about 20,000
527:distributed widely throughout
1:
4244:Miller D, Stegmann R (1983).
4212:Bioventus OA Knee Pain Relief
4041:Bettenhausen C (2021-05-02).
3969:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)75338-6
3750:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.278
3729:Journal of Cleaner Production
3554:10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.079
1884:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50356-2
853:non-receptor tyrosine kinases
6503:Calcium hexamine thiocyanate
5994:Delandistrogene moxeparvovec
4315:"Dechra Veterinary Products"
4275:"Dechra Veterinary Products"
2812:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182442363
2769:10.1097/PRS.0000000000004573
2488:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277125
2309:10.12968/jowc.2016.25.10.585
2267:Food and Drug Administration
1977:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1773:Hyaluronan in cancer biology
808:Food and Drug Administration
761:As a major component of the
3307:10.1103/PhysRevE.102.012611
1769:Stern, Robert, ed. (2009).
726:, or both TLR2 and TLR4 in
69:(1→4)-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-
6721:
6421:Beclometasone dipropionate
6009:Antisense oligonucleotides
4705:Higgins M (Nov 26, 2023).
4681:10.1186/s12935-023-02998-4
4354:10.1152/ajpcell.00071.2022
3030:10.1016/j.jdds.2016.01.001
2973:10.1016/j.coms.2004.10.001
2868:10.1007/s00266-022-03207-9
2685:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2647:10.1007/s00167-019-05763-1
2525:10.1177/002215549804600213
1359:, and approved for use in
1239:Final step of HA Synthesis
1068:integral membrane proteins
6640:
6338:excluding corticosteroids
6137:
5593:Potassium channel openers
4859:Unsulfated, extracellular
4745:10.1007/s00432-016-2213-5
4668:Cancer Cell International
4633:10.1080/03008200802148462
4571:10.1007/s10856-008-3540-0
4178:10.1007/s00266-015-0514-8
4166:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
3677:10.1007/s13205-016-0379-9
3449:10.1007/s00276-011-0876-9
3172:10.1007/s13205-016-0379-9
2967:(1). Elsevier BV: 17–28.
2855:Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
2191:10.1007/s00276-011-0876-9
1293:ultrasonic disintegration
919:intra-articular injection
623:of the fluid. Along with
407:
364:
308:
273:
94:
82:
64:
59:
46:
37:
6491:Other nasal preparations
5999:Onasemnogene abeparvovec
5970:clostridium histolyticum
4811:Medical Subject Headings
3821:Yung S, Chan TM (2011).
3211:Schwarz K (1973-05-01).
3122:10.21037/qims.2018.06.06
1480:mechanisms, as of 2022.
1006:, which are composed of
683:While it is abundant in
672:), and the cells in the
6482:Triamcinolone acetonide
5918:musculo-skeletal system
5790:Glycopyrronium tosylate
5705:Aminobenzoate potassium
5637:5α-Reductase inhibitors
5585:Topilutamide (fluridil)
5530:5α-Reductase inhibitors
5505:Topical corticosteroids
5402:Topical corticosteroids
5084:Centella asiatica herba
4918:Sulfated, intracellular
4880:Sulfated, extracellular
4525:10.1186/1476-9255-10-26
3023:(2). Medknow: 100–106.
1998:10.1073/pnas.88.19.8317
1748:10.1078/0171-9335-00392
1365:corneal transplantation
886:free-radical scavenging
668:, it becomes inflamed (
6564:Olopatadine/mometasone
6456:Fluticasone propionate
5785:Glycopyrronium bromide
5628:Hair growth inhibitors
5315:Calcineurin inhibitors
5135:Bromelain (anacaulase)
4662:Tan T, Yang H (2023).
3917:Biotechnology Advances
3505:10.1074/jbc.M405918200
3357:10.1074/jbc.M700915200
3238:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1608
2513:J. Histochem. Cytochem
2239:10.1038/sj.jid.5700614
1830:10.1073/pnas.052026799
1416:Hyaluronan is used in
1240:
1208:
1184:
1149:Biosynthetic mechanism
777:, which are phases of
753:
685:extracellular matrices
607:Physiological function
6353:histamine antagonists
5374:urea-containing cream
5074:Beremagene geperpavec
4608:. Informa Healthcare.
4474:10.3390/polym10030243
3827:J. Biomed. Biotechnol
2297:Journal of Wound Care
1803:Itano, Naoki (2002).
1504:regenerative medicine
1299:, and degradation by
1297:thermal decomposition
1238:
1206:
1182:
1090:-glucuronic acid and
998:Hyaluronic acid is a
969:foreign body reaction
849:focal adhesion kinase
751:
689:cell surface receptor
593:group A streptococcal
84:Systematic IUPAC name
6557:Combination products
5850:Pregnenolone acetate
5551:Saw palmetto extract
5061:Isosorbide dinitrate
5038:Calcium pantothenate
4248:. New York: J Wiley.
4002:10.17221/1930-VETMED
3989:Veterinární Medicína
3799:10.3892/ijo_00000389
1914:Rachycentron canadum
1910:Lactococcus garvieae
1489:extracellular matrix
1458:respiratory diseases
1367:, cataract surgery,
1072:hyaluronan synthases
1062:Biological synthesis
787:diabetic foot ulcers
763:extracellular matrix
716:toll-like receptor 2
577:extracellular matrix
6619:+dexbrompheniramine
6598:Phenylpropanolamine
6528:Ipratropium bromide
6452:Fluticasone furoate
5667:Cyproterone acetate
5570:Cyproterone acetate
5521:Alopecia treatments
5469:Anti-inflammatories
5250:Cetrimonium bromide
5221:Cyproterone acetate
5140:Clostridiopeptidase
5128:Proteolytic enzymes
4892:Chondroitin sulfate
4621:Connect. Tissue Res
3840:10.1155/2011/180594
3741:2019JCPro.231..600M
3545:2005FEBSL.579.2722Y
3498:(32): 33281–33289.
3350:(29): 20999–21004.
3299:2020PhRvE.102a2611C
3229:1973PNAS...70.1608S
2475:J. Invest. Dermatol
2226:J. Invest. Dermatol
1989:1991PNAS...88.8317W
1821:2002PNAS...99.3609I
1607:on October 6, 2019.
1390:In the late 1970s,
1043:, ranging 350–1,900
882:basal keratinocytes
767:tissue regeneration
34:
6695:Glycosaminoglycans
6667:Never to phase III
6462:Mometasone furoate
6164:Never to phase III
4871:Sodium hyaluronate
4852:glycosaminoglycans
4711:Stanford Chemicals
4428:(7–8): 1339–1348.
4348:(6): C1037–C1046.
3598:10.1007/bf00270463
1933:10.1111/tbed.14083
1705:10.1007/bf00916581
1559:Sodium hyaluronate
1535:cell proliferation
1500:tissue engineering
1373:retinal detachment
1241:
1209:
1185:
1111:glycosaminoglycans
857:neural crest cells
819:Granulation tissue
754:
581:cell proliferation
551:HA averages about
440:Infobox references
399:Sodium hyaluronate
365:Related compounds
54:Haworth projection
32:
6677:
6676:
6572:
6571:
6174:
6173:
5883:
5882:
5820:Magnesium sulfate
5800:Hydrogen peroxide
5735:Calcium gluconate
5394:Lithium succinate
5389:Lithium gluconate
5285:Piroctone olamine
5153:
5152:
4949:
4948:
3880:(11): 2622–2635.
3874:Am. J. Transplant
3539:(12): 2722–2726.
2146:10.1042/bj2500435
2079:Toole BP (2000).
2048:10.1172/JCI118998
1983:(19): 8317–8321.
1877:(14): 6252–6261.
1784:978-0-12-374178-3
1736:Eur. J. Cell Biol
1623:wordreference.com
1619:"Hyaluronic acid"
1547:lymphangiogenesis
1266:tumor suppressors
1123:Bacillus subtilis
1097:
1089:
1021:
1010:
946:hypodermic needle
791:clinical research
525:glycosaminoglycan
448:Chemical compound
446:
445:
392:
381:
371:Related compounds
242:CompTox Dashboard
76:
72:
16:(Redirected from
6712:
6700:Veterinary drugs
6580:Sympathomimetics
6382:Cromoglicic acid
6269:Levmetamfetamine
6230:Sympathomimetics
6226:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6178:
6099:Aceneuramic acid
5910:
5903:
5896:
5887:
5760:Deoxycholic acid
5750:Cromoglicic acid
5201:Anti-seborrheics
5180:
5173:
5166:
5157:
5015:Cadexomer iodine
4976:
4969:
4962:
4953:
4897:Dermatan sulfate
4841:
4834:
4827:
4818:
4802:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4749:
4748:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4683:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4527:
4512:J Inflamm (Lond)
4503:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4325:on June 1, 2008.
4321:. Archived from
4319:www.dechra.co.uk
4311:
4305:
4304:
4303:on June 7, 2011.
4299:. Archived from
4289:
4283:
4282:
4279:www.dechra.co.uk
4271:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4019:. Archived from
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3852:
3842:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3752:
3720:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3656:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3630:. Archived from
3624:
3618:
3617:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3556:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3398:10.1002/ca.23072
3386:Clinical Anatomy
3381:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3240:
3223:(5): 1608–1612.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3071:10.2147/cia.s382
3049:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2880:
2870:
2861:(6): 1193–1209.
2846:
2840:
2839:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2763:(2): 150e–159e.
2752:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2640:(9): 3031–3039.
2625:
2619:
2618:
2587:Ann. Intern. Med
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2554:Gower, Timothy.
2551:
2545:
2544:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2424:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2270:. Archived from
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2179:Surg Radiol Anat
2174:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2097:10.1172/JCI10706
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2042:(9): 1954–1958.
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1935:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1832:
1800:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1660:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:. Archived from
1593:
1485:biocompatibility
1454:epithelial cells
1403:endothelial cell
1392:intraocular lens
1270:oligosaccharides
1095:
1087:
1046:
1026:glycosidic bonds
1019:
1011:-glucuronic acid
1008:
917:of the knee via
565:
557:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
430:
424:
421:
420:
390:
382:-Glucuronic acid
379:
359:
349:
339:
329:
281:Chemical formula
266:
265:
250:
248:
232:
212:
201:
180:
172:
161:
134:
114:
77:-glucuronoglycan
74:
70:
51:
42:
35:
33:Hyaluronic acid
21:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6657:Clinical trials
6636:
6603:Pseudoephedrine
6578:
6568:
6552:
6486:
6413:Corticosteroids
6407:
6337:
6328:
6299:Propylhexedrine
6274:Methylephedrine
6215:
6205:
6175:
6170:
6169:
6154:Clinical trials
6133:
6119:Hyaluronic acid
6087:
6069:
6052:Glucocorticoids
6046:
6003:
5980:
5944:
5933:and derivatives
5925:
5914:
5884:
5879:
5845:Povidone-iodine
5795:Hyaluronic acid
5720:Benzoylperoxide
5688:
5622:
5515:
5463:
5440:
5418:Skin lightening
5412:
5195:
5184:
5154:
5149:
5123:
5094:Hyaluronic acid
5010:epichlorohydrin
4995:
4980:
4950:
4945:
4929:
4913:
4909:Keratan sulfate
4904:Heparan sulfate
4875:
4854:
4848:Polysaccharides
4845:
4757:
4752:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4263:(2nd ed.).
4258:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4010:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3722:
3721:
3710:
3658:
3657:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3443:(10): 891–896.
3434:
3433:
3429:
3383:
3382:
3373:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2754:
2753:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2691:(2): CD009729.
2678:
2677:
2673:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2426:
2425:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2353:(7): CD012215.
2340:
2339:
2332:
2303:(10): 585–592.
2294:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2085:J. Clin. Invest
2078:
2077:
2073:
2036:J. Clin. Invest
2029:
2028:
2024:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1555:
1466:cystic fibrosis
1450:
1414:
1349:
1321:vitreous humour
1309:
1258:
1246:
1214:
1190:
1176:(HA synthase).
1151:
1132:
1100:ABC-transporter
1064:
1052:stereochemistry
1044:
996:
980:
923:adverse effects
911:
874:
865:plasma membrane
841:protein kinases
836:
816:
759:
736:innate immunity
732:dendritic cells
609:
563:
552:
545:Golgi apparatus
543:instead of the
541:plasma membrane
512:), also called
459:
455:
452:Hyaluronic acid
449:
442:
437:
436:
435: ?)
426:
422:
418:
414:
403:
372:
318:
303:
297:
293:
289:
283:
269:
251:
244:
235:
215:
202:
190:
153:
137:
117:
104:
90:
89:
78:
55:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6718:
6716:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6682:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6654:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6611:+carbinoxamine
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6508:Eucalyptus oil
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6372:
6371:
6365:
6360:
6348:
6347:
6345:Spaglumic acid
6341:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6324:Xylometazoline
6321:
6316:
6314:Tuaminoheptane
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6244:Cyclopentamine
6241:
6235:
6233:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6079:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5986:Gene therapies
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5927:
5926:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5677:Spironolactone
5674:
5669:
5664:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5632:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5580:Spironolactone
5577:
5572:
5567:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5525:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5510:hydrocortisone
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5482:Gamolenic acid
5479:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5446:Skin darkening
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5407:hydrocortisone
5398:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5360:Salicylic acid
5357:
5352:
5340:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5311:
5308:Antihistamines
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5231:Spironolactone
5228:
5223:
5218:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5190:preparations (
5188:dermatological
5185:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5079:Betulae cortex
5076:
5071:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4756:
4755:External links
4753:
4751:
4750:
4723:
4697:
4654:
4627:(3): 120–123.
4611:
4592:
4549:
4498:
4447:
4412:
4393:(4): 359–371.
4377:
4328:
4306:
4284:
4266:
4251:
4236:
4217:
4199:
4156:
4142:
4099:
4078:(1): 125–134.
4058:
4033:
4008:
3995:(8): 397–411.
3975:
3962:(3): 629–634.
3942:
3923:(6): 537–557.
3907:
3864:
3813:
3792:(4): 761–773.
3772:
3708:
3644:
3619:
3592:(3): 113–122.
3576:
3519:
3478:
3427:
3392:(5): 667–676.
3371:
3330:
3270:
3203:
3146:
3095:
3044:
3003:
2994:
2951:
2900:
2841:
2790:
2742:
2720:
2671:
2620:
2573:
2562:on 14 May 2015
2546:
2502:
2458:
2404:
2382:
2330:
2284:
2253:
2212:
2169:
2140:(2): 435–441.
2120:
2091:(3): 335–336.
2071:
2022:
1963:
1898:
1854:
1790:
1783:
1761:
1726:
1680:
1645:J. Intern. Med
1628:
1610:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1571:Alguronic acid
1568:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1449:
1446:
1413:
1410:
1348:
1345:
1329:conjugate base
1327:refers to the
1308:
1305:
1262:hyaluronidases
1257:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1213:
1210:
1189:
1186:
1150:
1147:
1131:
1128:
1063:
1060:
1037:umbilical cord
995:
992:
979:
976:
915:osteoarthritis
910:
907:
873:
870:
835:
834:Cell migration
832:
815:
812:
773:response, and
758:
755:
617:synovial fluid
608:
605:
595:extracellular
537:neural tissues
507:conjugate base
501:; abbreviated
447:
444:
443:
438:
416:
415:
411:standard state
408:
405:
404:
402:
401:
396:
375:
373:
370:
367:
366:
362:
361:
319:
314:
311:
310:
306:
305:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
268:
267:
254:
252:
240:
237:
236:
234:
233:
225:
223:
217:
216:
214:
213:
205:
203:
195:
192:
191:
189:
188:
184:
182:
174:
173:
163:
155:
154:
152:
151:
147:
145:
139:
138:
136:
135:
127:
125:
119:
118:
116:
115:
107:
105:
100:
97:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
80:
79:
73:-gluco)-(1→3)-
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6717:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6623:+fexofenadine
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6593:Phenylephrine
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6577:Systemic use:
6575:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6477:Triamcinolone
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6450:Fluticasone (
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6441:Dexamethasone
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:Betamethasone
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:Levocabastine
6355:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6335:
6331:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:Phenylephrine
6292:
6290:
6289:Oxymetazoline
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6208:Decongestants
6202:
6197:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:Oxymetazoline
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5656:Antiandrogens
5653:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5559:Antiandrogens
5556:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Afamelanotide
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5383:Lithium salts
5380:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5210:Antiandrogens
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5176:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Nitroglycerin
5054:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4724:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4698:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4227:Ophthal. Surg
4221:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4172:(4): 459–64.
4171:
4167:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4023:on 2021-12-03
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3786:Int. J. Oncol
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3634:on 2010-09-15
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:Rheumatol Int
3580:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:J. Biol. Chem
3489:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:J. Biol. Chem
3341:
3334:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3293:(1): 012611.
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3064:(4): 509–19.
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:(3): 180–91.
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2481:(3): 326–32.
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2274:on 2014-11-29
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2232:(3): 687–97.
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:(10): 891–6.
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:J. Biol. Chem
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:(7): 317–25.
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:(4): 403–15.
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:Other animals
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1004:disaccharides
1001:
993:
991:
989:
985:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:granulomatous
963:
959:
955:
954:hyaluronidase
951:
950:micro-cannula
947:
943:
942:dermal filler
939:
935:
930:
928:
927:meta-analysis
924:
920:
916:
908:
906:
902:
899:
895:
894:retinoic acid
889:
887:
883:
879:
871:
869:
866:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
833:
831:
828:
824:
820:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
800:dermal filler
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
750:
746:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
709:cell adhesion
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
570:
567:
561:
556:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
498:
453:
441:
434:
429:
412:
406:
400:
397:
394:
388:
383:
377:
376:
374:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
320:
317:
313:
312:
309:Pharmacology
307:
302:
285:
282:
278:
277:
272:
264:
260:
256:
255:
253:
243:
239:
238:
231:
227:
226:
224:
222:
219:
218:
211:
207:
206:
204:
198:
194:
193:
186:
185:
183:
181:
176:
175:
171:
167:
164:
162:
160:ECHA InfoCard
157:
156:
149:
148:
146:
144:
141:
140:
133:
129:
128:
126:
124:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
85:
81:
67:
63:
58:
50:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
6690:Uronic acids
6548:Saline water
6467:Prednisolone
6375:
6368:Thonzylamine
6351:
6334:Antiallergic
6259:Fenoxazoline
6124:Palovarotene
6118:
6114:Chondrocytes
5969:
5968:Collagenase
5940:Hydroquinine
5875:Tralokinumab
5859:progesterone
5855:Progestogens
5825:Metandienone
5810:Lebrikizumab
5794:
5755:Delgocitinib
5714:testosterone
5684:Eflornithine
5662:Bicalutamide
5654:
5635:
5616:Ritlecitinib
5605:
5591:
5565:Bicalutamide
5557:
5528:
5503:
5492:Pimecrolimus
5477:Alitretinoin
5459:Melanotan II
5426:Hydroquinone
5400:
5381:
5344:Keratolytics
5342:
5338:Isotretinoin
5326:Pimecrolimus
5313:
5306:
5275:Ketoconazole
5270:Clotrimazole
5237:
5216:Bicalutamide
5208:
5049:
5043:Dexpanthenol
5031:
5008:
5001:Cicatrizants
4736:
4732:
4726:
4714:. Retrieved
4710:
4700:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4603:
4595:
4565:(1): 33–44.
4562:
4558:
4552:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4425:
4422:Biomaterials
4421:
4415:
4390:
4387:Biomaterials
4386:
4380:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4323:the original
4318:
4309:
4301:the original
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4260:
4254:
4245:
4239:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4145:
4115:(1): 77–85.
4112:
4108:
4102:
4075:
4072:Exp. Physiol
4071:
4061:
4050:. Retrieved
4046:
4036:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:the original
4011:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3830:
3826:
3816:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3732:
3728:
3668:
3664:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:the original
3622:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3389:
3385:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3290:
3287:Phys. Rev. E
3286:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2997:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2760:
2756:
2733:. Retrieved
2723:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:the original
2549:
2519:(2): 241–8.
2516:
2512:
2505:
2478:
2474:
2439:(3): 78–88.
2436:
2432:
2395:. Retrieved
2385:
2350:
2346:
2300:
2296:
2276:. Retrieved
2272:the original
2265:
2256:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2039:
2035:
2025:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1812:
1808:
1772:
1764:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1696:
1693:Inflammation
1692:
1651:(1): 27–33.
1648:
1644:
1622:
1613:
1605:the original
1600:
1591:
1543:angiogenesis
1531:
1527:angiogenesis
1524:
1520:formaldehyde
1482:
1478:inflammatory
1451:
1439:
1415:
1407:
1389:
1381:
1350:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1312:
1310:
1279:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1104:
1091:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1032:
1022:-glucosamine
1015:
997:
988:Streptococci
981:
973:
960:, pain, and
958:microvessels
931:
912:
909:Medical uses
903:
890:
875:
872:Skin healing
862:
851:, and other
837:
817:
779:wound repair
775:angiogenesis
771:inflammation
760:
757:Wound repair
742:
740:
713:
701:Upregulation
682:
663:
656:
629:
610:
574:
571:
568:
564:3–4 MDa
560:disaccharide
513:
509:
502:
451:
450:
393:-glucosamine
386:
300:
95:Identifiers
88:Poly{oxyoxy}
29:
6653:from market
6627:+loratadine
6615:+cetirizine
6446:Flunisolide
6436:Ciclesonide
6397:Olopatadine
6309:Tramazoline
6304:Tetryzoline
6284:Naphazoline
6264:Iproheptine
6254:Epinephrine
6239:Amidephrine
6150:from market
6060:Deflazacort
6042:Viltolarsen
6022:Drisapersen
5963:Chymopapain
5865:Ruxolitinib
5835:Oclacitinib
5830:Nemolizumab
5745:Crisaborole
5725:Brimonidine
5700:Abrocitinib
5648:Finasteride
5643:Dutasteride
5546:Finasteride
5541:Dutasteride
5536:Alfatradiol
5436:Monobenzone
5321:Cyclosporin
5239:Antifungals
5069:Becaplermin
5025:Dextranomer
4887:Chondroitin
4109:Drugs Aging
4047:cen.acs.org
3735:: 600–618.
1493:biomaterial
1456:in various
1361:eye surgery
1337:polyanionic
1325:hyaluronate
1317:uronic acid
1256:Degradation
1107:hymecromone
986:, and from
901:epidermis.
814:Granulation
802:for facial
728:macrophages
705:lymphocytes
678:UV exposure
659:fibroblasts
636:chondrocyte
522:nonsulfated
510:hyaluronate
274:Properties
166:100.029.695
132:CHEBI:16336
6684:Categories
6607:+azatadine
6543:Ritiometan
6523:Hyaluronan
6518:Hexamidine
6513:Framycetin
6472:Tixocortol
6431:Budesonide
6402:Lodoxamide
6392:Azelastine
6387:Nedocromil
6363:Antazoline
6319:Tymazoline
6279:Metizoline
6083:Givinostat
6065:Vamorolone
6037:Nusinersen
6032:Golodirsen
6027:Eteplirsen
6017:Casimersen
5958:Bromelains
5870:Tiratricol
5815:Lokivetmab
5805:Ivermectin
5765:Diclofenac
5611:Nepidermin
5497:Tacrolimus
5355:Resorcinol
5331:Tacrolimus
5295:Xenysalate
5280:Miconazole
5265:Climbazole
5245:Bifonazole
5104:Nepidermin
5099:Ketanserin
5020:Crilanomer
4866:Hyaluronan
4807:Hyaluronan
4467:(3): 243.
4208:"DUROLANE"
4052:2022-05-04
4027:2021-12-03
3638:2010-10-19
2735:1 February
2278:2014-11-23
2134:Biochem. J
1584:References
1460:, such as
1442:horse meat
1377:ophthalmic
1353:Karl Meyer
1341:hyaluronan
1289:hydrolysis
1274:angiogenic
1130:Fasciacyte
1115:metastasis
898:photoaging
648:resilience
533:epithelial
529:connective
514:hyaluronan
395:(monomers)
230:S270N0TRQY
143:ChemSpider
102:CAS Number
66:IUPAC name
18:Fasciacyte
6663:Phase III
6651:Withdrawn
6631:+naproxen
6588:Ephedrine
6533:Mupirocin
6498:Cafaminol
6249:Ephedrine
6160:Phase III
6148:Withdrawn
6129:Risdiplam
6109:Branaplam
5779:estradiol
5775:Estrogens
5770:Dupilumab
5710:Androgens
5672:Flutamide
5599:Minoxidil
5575:Flutamide
5487:Oxaceprol
5254:cetrimide
5226:Flutamide
5119:Trolamine
5114:Trafermin
5089:Enoxolone
4934:Synthetic
4761:ATC codes
4297:Drugs.com
3767:191866577
3759:0959-6526
3685:2190-572X
3671:(1): 67.
3665:3 Biotech
3533:FEBS Lett
3457:0930-1038
3406:0897-3806
3247:0027-8424
3180:2190-572X
3166:(1): 67.
3160:3 Biotech
3039:2352-2410
2981:1042-3699
2930:0032-1052
2895:254913847
2820:0032-1052
2445:1044-7946
2317:0969-0700
1958:232338928
1942:1865-1674
1516:tyramines
1483:The high
1470:influenza
1434:synovitis
1401:, due to
1379:surgery.
1357:Pharmacia
1307:Etymology
994:Structure
938:skin care
925:. A 2020
878:epidermis
652:cartilage
632:cartilage
621:viscosity
601:virulence
585:migration
187:232-678-0
179:EC Number
112:9004-61-9
6104:Ataluren
5740:Collagen
5730:Caffeine
5431:Mequinol
5350:Coal tar
4739:: 1–16.
4691:10422813
4649:28661552
4641:18661325
4587:46349004
4579:18668211
4544:23889808
4493:30966278
4461:Polymers
4442:14643608
4407:15275810
4372:35442830
4233:: 58–61.
4194:19066664
4186:26085225
4129:20030435
3937:17716848
3902:45674285
3894:17049055
3859:22203782
3833:: 1–11.
3808:19724912
3703:28330137
3614:19253084
3571:46035041
3563:15862315
3514:15190064
3473:19645759
3465:21964857
3414:29575206
3366:17540771
3325:32794995
3198:28330137
3141:30050786
3090:18225451
2989:18088761
2946:28303093
2938:18090348
2887:36536092
2878:10999391
2836:44566627
2828:22456369
2785:48361201
2777:29889738
2715:26905373
2666:31897550
2607:22868835
2566:16 March
2541:42549927
2453:26978861
2397:11 March
2377:37497805
2368:10373121
2325:27681589
2248:17082783
2207:19645759
2199:21964857
2115:10930435
1950:33759359
1849:11891291
1756:15503855
1675:37551992
1577:Bloomage
1553:See also
1539:adhesion
1512:thiomers
1496:scaffold
1462:COVID-19
1448:Research
1385:sorbitol
1369:glaucoma
1301:oxidants
1286:alkaline
1094:-acetyl-
1018:-acetyl-
962:bruising
823:perfused
804:wrinkles
666:UVB rays
640:aggrecan
638:). When
625:lubricin
549:synovial
516:, is an
389:-acetyl-
316:ATC code
6538:Retinol
6336:agents,
6232:, plain
6221:Topical
5976:Trypsin
5950:Enzymes
5931:Quinine
5857:(e.g.,
5777:(e.g.,
5712:(e.g.,
5508:(e.g.,
5405:(e.g.,
5145:Trypsin
5067:other:
5051:nitrate
4925:Heparin
4797: (
4795:S01KA01
4787: (
4785:R01AX09
4777: (
4775:M09AX01
4767: (
4765:D03AX05
4716:Sep 15,
4535:3727958
4484:6414859
4363:9126216
4137:6329556
4094:2015069
3850:3238805
3737:Bibcode
3694:4754297
3606:3671989
3541:Bibcode
3422:4852040
3316:8243406
3295:Bibcode
3265:4268099
3225:Bibcode
3189:4754297
3132:6037953
3081:2686337
2731:. WebMD
2706:5045033
2657:7471203
2615:5660398
2533:9446831
2497:2465358
2164:3355532
2155:1148875
2066:8903312
2017:1656437
1985:Bibcode
1817:Bibcode
1721:5181236
1713:8406685
1667:9260563
1426:fetlock
1396:corneal
1363:(i.e.,
1347:History
1335:in its
1333:in vivo
1136:fasciae
1070:called
1041:silicon
1033:in vivo
1000:polymer
978:Sources
934:dry eye
821:is the
743:in vivo
670:sunburn
597:capsule
553:7
518:anionic
433:what is
431: (
354: (
352:S01KA01
344: (
342:R01AX09
334: (
332:M09AX01
330:)
324: (
322:D03AX05
304:
210:3084050
197:PubChem
6705:Sanofi
6646:WHO-EM
6143:WHO-EM
5693:Others
5606:Others
5365:Sulfur
5186:Other
4988:ulcers
4984:wounds
4813:(MeSH)
4688:
4647:
4639:
4585:
4577:
4542:
4532:
4518:: 26.
4491:
4481:
4440:
4405:
4370:
4360:
4192:
4184:
4151:"Home"
4135:
4127:
4092:
3935:
3900:
3892:
3857:
3847:
3806:
3765:
3757:
3701:
3691:
3683:
3612:
3604:
3569:
3561:
3512:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3364:
3323:
3313:
3263:
3256:433552
3253:
3245:
3196:
3186:
3178:
3139:
3129:
3088:
3078:
3037:
2987:
2979:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2893:
2885:
2875:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2783:
2775:
2713:
2703:
2664:
2654:
2613:
2605:
2539:
2531:
2495:
2451:
2443:
2433:Wounds
2375:
2365:
2323:
2315:
2246:
2205:
2197:
2162:
2152:
2113:
2106:314333
2103:
2064:
2057:507637
2054:
2015:
2005:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1893:376529
1891:
1847:
1840:122571
1837:
1781:
1754:
1719:
1711:
1673:
1665:
1508:thiols
1474:sepsis
1472:, and
1430:sepsis
1422:carpal
1313:hyalos
1282:acidic
1082:, and
1045:
827:fibrin
674:dermis
644:HAPLN1
589:tumors
535:, and
428:verify
425:
60:Names
6092:Other
4674:163.
4645:S2CID
4583:S2CID
4190:S2CID
4133:S2CID
3898:S2CID
3763:S2CID
3610:S2CID
3567:S2CID
3469:S2CID
3418:S2CID
2942:S2CID
2891:S2CID
2832:S2CID
2781:S2CID
2611:S2CID
2537:S2CID
2203:S2CID
2008:52499
1954:S2CID
1867:(PDF)
1717:S2CID
1671:S2CID
1510:(see
1399:edema
948:or a
783:burns
697:RHAMM
123:ChEBI
5370:Urea
4986:and
4718:2024
4637:PMID
4575:PMID
4540:PMID
4489:PMID
4438:PMID
4403:PMID
4368:PMID
4182:PMID
4125:PMID
4090:PMID
3933:PMID
3890:PMID
3855:PMID
3831:2011
3804:PMID
3755:ISSN
3699:PMID
3681:ISSN
3602:PMID
3559:PMID
3510:PMID
3461:PMID
3453:ISSN
3410:PMID
3402:ISSN
3362:PMID
3321:PMID
3261:PMID
3243:ISSN
3194:PMID
3176:ISSN
3137:PMID
3086:PMID
3035:ISSN
2985:PMID
2977:ISSN
2934:PMID
2926:ISSN
2883:PMID
2824:PMID
2816:ISSN
2773:PMID
2737:2023
2711:PMID
2689:2016
2662:PMID
2603:PMID
2568:2019
2529:PMID
2493:PMID
2449:PMID
2441:ISSN
2399:2019
2373:PMID
2351:2023
2321:PMID
2313:ISSN
2244:PMID
2195:PMID
2160:PMID
2111:PMID
2062:PMID
2013:PMID
1946:PMID
1938:ISSN
1889:PMID
1845:PMID
1779:ISBN
1752:PMID
1709:PMID
1663:PMID
1424:and
1284:and
1250:hasA
1230:hasD
1226:hasD
1222:glmM
1218:glmS
1198:hasB
1194:hasC
1174:hasA
1163:hasE
1084:HAS3
1080:HAS2
1076:HAS1
1013:and
984:comb
730:and
724:TLR4
720:TLR2
695:and
693:CD44
583:and
482:ʊəˈr
384:and
221:UNII
150:None
6212:R01
5922:M09
5192:D11
4992:D03
4800:WHO
4793:),
4790:WHO
4783:),
4780:WHO
4773:),
4770:WHO
4741:doi
4737:143
4686:PMC
4676:doi
4629:doi
4567:doi
4530:PMC
4520:doi
4479:PMC
4469:doi
4430:doi
4395:doi
4358:PMC
4350:doi
4346:322
4174:doi
4117:doi
4080:doi
3997:doi
3964:doi
3960:107
3925:doi
3882:doi
3845:PMC
3835:doi
3794:doi
3745:doi
3733:231
3689:PMC
3673:doi
3594:doi
3549:doi
3537:579
3500:doi
3496:279
3445:doi
3394:doi
3352:doi
3348:282
3311:PMC
3303:doi
3291:102
3251:PMC
3233:doi
3184:PMC
3168:doi
3127:PMC
3117:doi
3076:PMC
3066:doi
3025:doi
2969:doi
2918:doi
2914:120
2873:PMC
2863:doi
2808:doi
2804:129
2765:doi
2761:142
2701:PMC
2693:doi
2652:PMC
2642:doi
2595:doi
2591:157
2521:doi
2483:doi
2363:PMC
2355:doi
2305:doi
2234:doi
2230:127
2187:doi
2150:PMC
2142:doi
2138:250
2101:PMC
2093:doi
2089:106
2052:PMC
2044:doi
2003:PMC
1993:doi
1928:doi
1879:doi
1875:254
1835:PMC
1825:doi
1744:doi
1701:doi
1653:doi
1649:242
1498:in
1167:pgm
1002:of
796:gel
722:),
650:of
613:goo
555:MDa
357:WHO
350:),
347:WHO
340:),
337:WHO
327:WHO
247:EPA
200:CID
6686::
6659::
6629:,
6625:,
6621:,
6617:,
6613:,
6609:,
6454:,
6156::
5033:B5
4850::
4763::
4735:.
4709:.
4684:.
4672:23
4670:.
4666:.
4643:.
4635:.
4625:49
4623:.
4581:.
4573:.
4563:20
4561:.
4538:.
4528:.
4516:10
4514:.
4510:.
4487:.
4477:.
4465:10
4463:.
4459:.
4436:.
4426:25
4424:.
4401:.
4391:26
4389:.
4366:.
4356:.
4344:.
4340:.
4317:.
4295:.
4277:.
4229:.
4210:.
4188:.
4180:.
4170:39
4168:.
4131:.
4123:.
4113:27
4111:.
4088:.
4076:76
4074:.
4070:.
4045:.
3993:53
3991:.
3987:.
3958:.
3954:.
3931:.
3921:25
3919:.
3896:.
3888:.
3876:.
3853:.
3843:.
3829:.
3825:.
3802:.
3790:35
3788:.
3784:.
3761:.
3753:.
3743:.
3731:.
3727:.
3711:^
3697:.
3687:.
3679:.
3667:.
3663:.
3647:^
3608:.
3600:.
3588:.
3565:.
3557:.
3547:.
3535:.
3531:.
3508:.
3494:.
3490:.
3467:.
3459:.
3451:.
3441:33
3439:.
3416:.
3408:.
3400:.
3390:31
3388:.
3374:^
3360:.
3346:.
3342:.
3319:.
3309:.
3301:.
3289:.
3285:.
3273:^
3259:.
3249:.
3241:.
3231:.
3221:70
3219:.
3215:.
3192:.
3182:.
3174:.
3162:.
3158:.
3135:.
3125:.
3111:.
3107:.
3084:.
3074:.
3060:.
3056:.
3033:.
3021:20
3019:.
3015:.
2983:.
2975:.
2965:17
2963:.
2940:.
2932:.
2924:.
2912:.
2889:.
2881:.
2871:.
2859:48
2857:.
2853:.
2830:.
2822:.
2814:.
2802:.
2779:.
2771:.
2759:.
2745:^
2709:.
2699:.
2687:.
2683:.
2660:.
2650:.
2638:28
2636:.
2632:.
2609:.
2601:.
2589:.
2585:.
2535:.
2527:.
2517:46
2515:.
2491:.
2479:92
2477:.
2473:.
2461:^
2447:.
2437:28
2435:.
2431:.
2407:^
2371:.
2361:.
2349:.
2345:.
2333:^
2319:.
2311:.
2301:25
2299:.
2287:^
2264:.
2242:.
2228:.
2224:.
2201:.
2193:.
2183:33
2181:.
2158:.
2148:.
2136:.
2132:.
2109:.
2099:.
2087:.
2083:.
2060:.
2050:.
2040:98
2038:.
2034:.
2011:.
2001:.
1991:.
1981:88
1979:.
1975:.
1952:.
1944:.
1936:.
1924:69
1922:.
1918:.
1916:)"
1887:.
1873:.
1869:.
1843:.
1833:.
1823:.
1813:99
1811:.
1807:.
1793:^
1750:.
1740:83
1738:.
1715:.
1707:.
1697:17
1695:.
1683:^
1669:.
1661:.
1647:.
1643:.
1631:^
1621:.
1599:.
1545:,
1537:,
1468:,
1464:,
1343:.
1303:.
1295:,
1291:,
1138:.
1078:,
1030:Da
990:.
971:.
847:,
810:.
785:,
769:,
738:.
699:.
680:.
603:.
566:.
531:,
520:,
505:;
503:HA
467:aɪ
360:)
296:11
294:NO
292:21
288:14
286:(C
6633:)
6605:(
6458:)
6404:)
6380:(
6370:)
6356:(
6214:)
6200:e
6193:t
6186:v
5924:)
5920:(
5909:e
5902:t
5895:v
5861:)
5781:)
5716:)
5512:)
5409:)
5376:)
5372:(
5256:)
5252:(
5194:)
5179:e
5172:t
5165:v
5053::
5035::
5012::
4994:)
4990:(
4975:e
4968:t
4961:v
4840:e
4833:t
4826:v
4803:)
4747:.
4743::
4720:.
4694:.
4678::
4651:.
4631::
4589:.
4569::
4546:.
4522::
4495:.
4471::
4444:.
4432::
4409:.
4397::
4374:.
4352::
4281:.
4231:8
4214:.
4196:.
4176::
4153:.
4139:.
4119::
4096:.
4082::
4055:.
4030:.
4005:.
3999::
3972:.
3966::
3939:.
3927::
3904:.
3884::
3878:6
3861:.
3837::
3810:.
3796::
3769:.
3747::
3739::
3705:.
3675::
3669:6
3641:.
3616:.
3596::
3590:7
3573:.
3551::
3543::
3516:.
3502::
3475:.
3447::
3424:.
3396::
3368:.
3354::
3327:.
3305::
3297::
3267:.
3235::
3227::
3200:.
3170::
3164:6
3143:.
3119::
3113:8
3092:.
3068::
3062:2
3041:.
3027::
2991:.
2971::
2948:.
2920::
2897:.
2865::
2838:.
2810::
2787:.
2767::
2739:.
2717:.
2695::
2668:.
2644::
2617:.
2597::
2570:.
2543:.
2523::
2499:.
2485::
2455:.
2401:.
2379:.
2357::
2327:.
2307::
2281:.
2250:.
2236::
2209:.
2189::
2166:.
2144::
2117:.
2095::
2068:.
2046::
2019:.
1995::
1987::
1960:.
1930::
1895:.
1881::
1851:.
1827::
1819::
1787:.
1758:.
1746::
1723:.
1703::
1677:.
1655::
1625:.
1159:N
1096:D
1092:N
1088:D
1020:D
1016:N
1009:D
718:(
497:/
494:k
491:ɪ
488:n
485:ɒ
479:j
476:l
473:ə
470:.
464:h
461:ˌ
458:/
454:(
423:N
391:D
387:N
380:D
301:n
298:)
290:H
249:)
245:(
75:D
71:D
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
