152:, Cs ions make up the primary beam and for FAB the primary beam is made up of Xe or Ar atoms. Xe atoms are used because they tend to be more sensitive than Argon atoms due to their larger masses and more momentum. For the molecules to be ionized by FAB, first the slow moving atoms (Xe or Ar) are ionized by colliding electrons. Those slow moving atoms are then ionized and accelerated to a certain potential where they develop into fast moving ions that become neutral in a dense cloud of excess natural gas atoms that make a flowing stream of high translational energy atoms. Although the exact mechanism of how the samples are ionized have not been fully discovered, the nature of its ionization mechanism is similar to
285:
sometimes modified to perform peak jumping instead of scanning and to do ion counting detection. While satisfactory precision and accuracy were attained with FAB-MS, the technique was labor-intensive with a very low sample through-put rate due in part to the absence of auto-sampling options. By the early 2000s this severe sampling rate limitation had motivated users of FAB-MS for mineral isotope analysis to switch to conventional inorganic mass spectrometers, usually ICP-MS which also exhibited improved affordability and isotope ratio analysis performance by that time.
176:. Choosing the appropriate matrix for the sample is crucial because the matrix can also influence the degree of fragmentation of the sample (analyte) ions. The sample can then be introduced to FAB analysis. The normal method of introducing the sample-matrix mixture is through an insertion probe. The sample-matrix mixture is loaded on a stainless steel sample target on the probe, which is then placed in the ion source via a vacuum lock. The alternative method of introducing the sample is by using a device called continuous flow fast atom bombardment (CF)-FAB.
136:
172:) in order to be analyzed. FAB uses a liquid matrix that is mixed with the sample in order to provide a sample ion current that is sustained, reduces damages made to the sample by absorbing the impact of the primary beam, and keeps the sample molecules form aggregating. The liquid matrix, like any other matrix, most importantly provides a medium that promotes sample ionization. The most widely accepted matrix for this type of ionization is
1467:
1491:
17:
1479:
214:
205:
ratio. When a metal frit is used to disperse the liquid on the probe, the technique is known as frit FAB. Samples can be introduced by flow injection, microdialysis, or by coupling with liquid chromatography. Flow rates are typically between 1 and 20 ÎĽL/min. CF-FAB has a higher sensitivity compared to static FAB
246:
ATPase activity. Another application of FAB includes its original use for the analysis of condensed-phase samples. FAB can be use for measurements of the molecular weight of samples below 5000 Da, as well as their structural characteristics. FAB can be paired with various mass spectrometers for data
284:
studies of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc. The analysis of metals required minimal modification of the mass spectrometers, e.g.replacing the stainless steel sample targets with pure silver ones to eliminate background from ionization of stainless steel components. Signal acquisition systems were
147:
denoted as and deprotonated molecules such as . Radical cations can also be observed in a FAB spectrum in rare cases. FAB was designed as an improved version of SIMS that allowed for the primary beam to no longer cause damaging effects to the sample. The major difference between the two techniques
204:
ombardment (CF-FAB), the sample is introduced into the mass spectrometer insertion probe through a small diameter capillary. (CF)-FAB was developed to minimize the problem of poor detection sensitivity that is caused by an excess of the matrix background that results in a high matrix-to-sample
263:
In 1983 a paper was published describing the use of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) to analyze isotopes of calcium. Glycerol was not used; samples in aqueous solution were deposited on the sample target and dried prior to analysis. The technique was effectively
661:
Székely, Gabriella; Allison, John (1997). "If the ionization mechanism in fast-atom bombardment involves ion/molecule reactions, what are the reagent ions? The time dependence of fast-atom bombardment mass spectra and parallels to chemical ionization".
221:
The first example of the practical application of this FAB was the elucidation of the amino acid sequence of the oligopeptide efrapeptin D. This contained a variety of very unusual amino acid residues. The sequence was shown to be:
993:
Miller, Leland; Hambidge, Michael; Fennessey, Paul (1991). "Isotope
Fractionation and Hydride Interference in Metal Isotope Analysis by Fast Atom Bombardment-Induced Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry".
280:(ICP-MS). In contrast, FAB mass spectrometers were widely found in biomedical research institutions. Multiple laboratories adopted this technique, using FAB-MS to measure isotope ratios in
1012:
Krebs, Nancy; Miller, Leland; Naake, Vernon; Lei, Sian; Westcott, Jamie; Fennessey, Paul; Hambidge, Michael (June 1995). "The Use of Stable
Isotope Techniques to Assess Zinc Metabolism".
1211:
664:
1394:
1389:
1141:
302:
Morris HR, Panico M, Barber M, Bordoli RS, Sedgwick RD, Tyler A (1981). "Fast atom bombardment: a new mass spectrometric method for peptide sequence analysis".
884:"Coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment for higher-molecular-weight peptides: comparison with static fast atom bombardment and electrospray ionization"
1246:
1196:
277:
1384:
252:
1206:
1057:
153:
1221:
1495:
1412:
1302:
1379:
395:
Barber, M.; Bordoli, R. S.; Sedgwick, R. D.; Tyler, A. N. (September 1981). "Fast atom bombardment of solids as an ion source in mass spectrometry".
1121:
1447:
337:
Barber, Michael; Bordoli, Robert S.; Elliott, Gerard J.; Sedgwick, R. Donald; Tyler, Andrew N. (1982). "Fast Atom
Bombardment Mass Spectrometry".
968:
Eagles, John; Mellon, Fred (1996). "Chapter 10: Fast Atom
Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FABMS)". In Mellon, Fred; Sandstrom, Britmarie (eds.).
1437:
1201:
1126:
938:
Smith, David (December 1983). "Determination of Stable
Isotopes of Calcium in Biological Fluids by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry".
817:
772:
484:
1131:
500:
De Pauw, E.; Agnello, A.; Derwa, F. (1991). "Liquid matrices for liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry-fast atom bombardment: An update".
273:
372:
Barber M, Bordoli RS, Sedgewick RD, Tyler AN (1981). "Fast atom bombardment of solids (F.A.B.): a new ion source for mass spectrometry".
1364:
124:
928:
Bullough,D.A., Jackson C.G.,Henderson, P.J.F., Cottee, F.H.,Beechey,R.B. and
Linnett, P.E. Biochemistry International (1981) 4, 543-549
859:
834:
1161:
1151:
1103:
1442:
1404:
1226:
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using a neutral primary beam. This was a welcomed development for biomedical researchers studying the nutrition and metabolism of
1427:
1282:
1191:
1156:
1231:
1050:
265:
120:
56:
1432:
1417:
430:
Stoll, R.G.; Harvan, D.J.; Hass, J.R. (1984). "Liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry with a focussed primary ion source".
1422:
1369:
1343:
1452:
1146:
67:). In FAB and LSIMS, the material to be analyzed is mixed with a non-volatile chemical protection environment, called a
1483:
622:"The development of fast atom bombardment combined with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of biomolecules"
1328:
227:
1471:
1098:
1043:
169:
626:
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1077:
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104:
52:
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96:
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752:
635:
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439:
222:
N-acetyl-L-pip-AIB-L-pip-AIB-AIB-L-leu-beta-ala-gly-AIB-AIB-L-pip-AIB-gly-L-leu-L-iva-AIB-X. PIP =
1517:
1323:
1292:
1166:
1136:
157:
144:
1251:
782:
269:
143:
FAB is a relatively low fragmentation (soft) ionization technique and produces primarily intact
135:
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311:
68:
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116:
850:
756:
699:
Caprioli, Richard M. (1990). "Continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry".
639:
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223:
112:
72:
677:
1511:
1333:
1093:
1025:
451:
315:
243:
168:
As previously stated, in FAB the samples are mixed with a non-volatile environment (
148:
is the difference in the nature of the primary beam used; ions vs atoms. For LSIMS,
1297:
92:
1338:
1277:
1256:
76:
1113:
100:
32:
907:
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Tomer, K. B.; Perkins, J. R.; Parker, C. E.; Deterding, L. J. (1991-12-01).
235:
108:
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521:
16:
915:
860:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199903)34:3<157::AID-JMS804>3.0.CO;2-4
728:
323:
272:
but lacking access to inorganic mass spectrometry instrumentation such as
1307:
585:
Pachuta, Steven J.; Cooks, R. G. (1987). "Mechanisms in molecular SIMS".
381:
173:
88:
55:
in 1980. When a beam of high energy ions is used instead of atoms (as in
951:
712:
598:
350:
20:
Schematic of a fast atom bombardment ion source for a mass spectrometer.
239:
231:
149:
835:"The coupling of gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry"
764:
751:. Vol. 58. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 494–.
408:
217:
ThermoQuest AvantGarde MS with quadrupole detector and FAB/EI source.
1035:
883:
621:
71:, and is bombarded under vacuum with a high energy (4000 to 10,000
213:
212:
134:
84:
80:
40:
15:
970:
Stable
Isotopes in Human Nutrition:Inorganic Nutrient Metabolism
1039:
1082:
44:
432:
International
Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes
374:
Journal of the
Chemical Society, Chemical Communications
810:
Continuous-flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry
665:
Journal of the
American Society for Mass Spectrometry
79:. The atoms are typically from an inert gas such as
1403:
1352:
1316:
1265:
1112:
139:Schematic of the fast atom bombardment process.
554:Fundamentals of contemporary mass spectrometry
1051:
8:
740:
738:
278:inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry
154:matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
1058:
1044:
1036:
972:. London: Academic Press. pp. 73–80.
858:
473:Dominic M. Desiderio (14 November 1990).
294:
253:liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
790:
780:
61:liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry
963:
961:
180:Continuous flow fast atom bombardment
7:
1478:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
274:thermal ionization mass spectrometry
1490:
745:JĂĽrgen H Gross (14 February 2011).
125:plasma desorption mass spectrometry
14:
995:Journal of Micronutrient Analysis
242:. This is a potent inhibitor of
1489:
1477:
1466:
1465:
164:Matrices and sample introduction
266:secondary ion mass spectrometry
121:secondary ion mass spectrometry
119:. This technique is similar to
57:secondary ion mass spectrometry
39:in which a beam of high energy
1:
748:Mass Spectrometry: A Textbook
678:10.1016/S1044-0305(97)00003-2
552:Chhabil., Dass (2007-01-01).
476:Mass Spectrometry of Peptides
304:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
1026:10.1016/0955-2863(95)00043-Y
888:Biological Mass Spectrometry
839:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
479:. CRC Press. pp. 174–.
452:10.1016/0168-1176(84)85118-6
316:10.1016/0006-291X(81)91304-8
43:strikes a surface to create
1329:Microchannel plate detector
228:alpha-amino-isobutyric acid
1534:
87:. Common matrices include
59:), the method is known as
1461:
1073:
627:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
502:Mass Spectrometry Reviews
247:analysis, such as with a
1344:Langmuir–Taylor detector
1014:Nutritional Biochemistry
808:Caprioli, R. M. (1990).
249:quadrupole mass analyzer
105:2-nitrophenyloctyl ether
53:University of Manchester
1288:Quadrupole mass filter
900:10.1002/bms.1200201207
648:10.1002/mas.1280080602
556:. Wiley-Interscience.
522:10.1002/mas.1280100402
218:
140:
47:. It was developed by
21:
216:
138:
97:3-nitrobenzyl alcohol
25:Fast atom bombardment
19:
940:Analytical Chemistry
701:Analytical Chemistry
382:10.1039/C39810000325
339:Analytical Chemistry
145:protonated molecules
131:Ionization mechanism
1324:Electron multiplier
1293:Quadrupole ion trap
952:10.1021/ac00264a042
851:1999JMSp...34..157A
812:. New York: Wiley.
757:2005PhT....58f..59G
713:10.1021/ac00207a715
640:1989MSRv....8..445T
599:10.1021/cr00079a009
514:1991MSRv...10..283D
444:1984IJMSI..61...71S
351:10.1021/ac00241a817
158:chemical ionization
833:Abian, J. (1999).
270:essential minerals
259:Inorganic analysis
219:
141:
35:technique used in
22:
1505:
1504:
1067:Mass spectrometry
946:(14): 2391–2393.
819:978-0-471-92863-8
774:978-3-642-10709-2
765:10.1063/1.1996478
620:Tomer KB (1989).
486:978-0-8493-6293-4
403:(5830): 270–275.
37:mass spectrometry
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707:(8): 477A–485A.
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587:Chemical Reviews
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409:10.1038/293270a0
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345:(4): 645A–657A.
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894:(12): 783–788.
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117:triethanolamine
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5:
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1283:Time-of-flight
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1020:(6): 292–301.
1004:
985:
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930:
921:
874:
845:(3): 157–168.
825:
818:
800:
791:|journal=
773:
734:
691:
672:(4): 337–351.
653:
612:
593:(3): 647–669.
577:
562:
535:
508:(4): 283–301.
492:
485:
465:
422:
387:
364:
329:
293:
292:
290:
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282:isotope tracer
260:
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224:pipecolic acid
210:
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181:
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132:
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113:diethanolamine
73:electron volts
49:Michael Barber
13:
10:
9:
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1094:Mass spectrum
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979:0-12-490540-4
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634:(6): 445–82.
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310:(2): 623–31.
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1298:Penning trap
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435:
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373:
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332:
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303:
297:
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255:, and more.
220:
209:Applications
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
167:
156:(MALDI) and
142:
93:thioglycerol
64:
60:
28:
24:
23:
1496:WikiProject
1339:Faraday cup
1278:Wien filter
1099:MS software
77:atomic beam
1518:Ion source
1114:Ion source
1001:: 179–197.
289:References
188:ontinuous
101:18-crown-6
33:ionization
1375:Hybrid MS
908:1052-9306
869:1076-5174
793:ignored (
783:cite book
721:0003-2700
686:1044-0305
607:0009-2665
572:609942304
530:0277-7037
460:0168-1176
417:0028-0836
359:0003-2700
236:isovaline
109:sulfolane
99:(3-NBA),
1512:Category
1472:Category
1317:Detector
1308:Orbitrap
1104:Acronyms
238:, gly =
234:, iva =
230:, leu =
226:, AIB =
174:glycerol
89:glycerol
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1484:Commons
1212:MALDESI
916:1812988
847:Bibcode
753:Bibcode
729:2190496
636:Bibcode
510:Bibcode
440:Bibcode
324:7306100
240:glycine
232:leucine
103:ether,
51:at the
1390:IMS/MS
1303:FT-ICR
1273:Sector
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867:
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458:
415:
397:Nature
357:
322:
170:matrix
150:Cesium
115:, and
69:matrix
1443:IRMPD
1395:CE-MS
1385:LC/MS
1380:GC/MS
1360:MS/MS
1247:SELDI
1207:MALDI
1202:LAESI
1142:DAPPI
85:xenon
81:argon
65:LSIMS
41:atoms
1448:NETD
1413:BIRD
1232:SIMS
1227:SESI
1162:EESI
1157:DIOS
1152:DESI
1147:DART
1132:APPI
1127:APLI
1122:APCI
1078:Mass
974:ISBN
912:PMID
904:ISSN
865:ISSN
814:ISBN
795:help
769:ISBN
725:PMID
717:ISSN
682:ISSN
603:ISSN
568:OCLC
558:ISBN
526:ISSN
481:ISBN
456:ISSN
413:ISSN
355:ISSN
320:PMID
200:tom
196:ast
192:low
123:and
45:ions
1453:SID
1438:HCD
1433:ETD
1428:EDD
1423:ECD
1418:CID
1370:AMS
1365:QqQ
1242:SSI
1222:PTR
1217:MIP
1197:ICP
1177:FAB
1172:ESI
1022:doi
948:doi
896:doi
855:doi
761:doi
709:doi
674:doi
644:doi
595:doi
518:doi
448:doi
405:doi
401:293
378:doi
347:doi
312:doi
308:101
276:or
184:In
83:or
29:FAB
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