Faster-than-light - Knowledge

1510: 544:, even though one may be tempted to associate pulse maxima with signals. The latter association has been shown to be misleading, because the information on the arrival of a pulse can be obtained before the pulse maximum arrives. For example, if some mechanism allows the full transmission of the leading part of a pulse while strongly attenuating the pulse maximum and everything behind (distortion), the pulse maximum is effectively shifted forward in time, while the information on the pulse does not come faster than 1033:. Calculations imply that light will go faster in such a vacuum by a minuscule amount: a photon traveling between two plates that are 1 micrometer apart would increase the photon's speed by only about one part in 10. Accordingly, there has as yet been no experimental verification of the prediction. A recent analysis argued that the Scharnhorst effect cannot be used to send information backwards in time with a single set of plates since the plates' rest frame would define a " 871:

later photons "retroactively" determines whether the earlier photons show interference or not, although the interference pattern can only be seen by correlating the measurements of both members of every pair and so it cannot be observed until both photons have been measured, ensuring that an experimenter watching only the photons going through the slit does not obtain information about the other photons in an faster-than-light or backwards-in-time manner.

7137: 7147: 1476:, quantum corrections to general relativity effectively cut off regions of spacetime with causality-violating closed timelike curves. In particular, in the quantum theory a smeared supertube is present that cuts the spacetime in such a way that, although in the full spacetime a closed timelike curve passed through every point, no complete curves exist on the interior region bounded by the tube. 1184:. This general framework has allowed experimental searches by ultra-high energy cosmic-ray experiments and a wide variety of experiments in gravity, electrons, protons, neutrons, neutrinos, mesons, and photons. The breaking of rotation and boost invariance causes direction dependence in the theory as well as unconventional energy dependence that introduces novel effects, including 1132:, in which a ship would be enclosed in a "warp bubble" where the space at the front of the bubble is rapidly contracting and the space at the back is rapidly expanding, with the result that the bubble can reach a distant destination much faster than a light beam moving outside the bubble, but without objects inside the bubble locally traveling faster than light. However, 1552: 946:. In other words, any travel that is faster-than-light will be seen as traveling backwards in time in some other, equally valid, frames of reference, or need to assume the speculative hypothesis of possible Lorentz violations at a presently unobserved scale (for instance the Planck scale). Therefore, any theory which permits "true" FTL also has to cope with 1538: 1437:, which connects two distant locations as though by a shortcut. Both distortions would need to create a very strong curvature in a highly localized region of space-time and their gravity fields would be immense. To counteract the unstable nature, and prevent the distortions from collapsing under their own 'weight', one would need to introduce hypothetical 1524: 626:). The current distance to this cosmological event horizon is about 16 billion light-years, meaning that a signal from an event happening at present would eventually be able to reach us in the future if the event was less than 16 billion light-years away, but the signal would never reach us if the event was more than 16 billion light-years away. 666:. Corrected calculations show these objects have velocities close to the speed of light (relative to our reference frame). They are the first examples of large amounts of mass moving at close to the speed of light. Earth-bound laboratories have only been able to accelerate small numbers of elementary particles to such speeds. 38: 1344:(approximately 1 in 40,000), a statistic with 6.0-sigma significance. On 17 November 2011, a second follow-up experiment by OPERA scientists confirmed their initial results. However, scientists were skeptical about the results of these experiments, the significance of which was disputed. In March 2012, the 1203:

In current models of Lorentz symmetry violation, the phenomenological parameters are expected to be energy-dependent. Therefore, as widely recognized, existing low-energy bounds cannot be applied to high-energy phenomena; however, many searches for Lorentz violation at high energies have been carried

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is one quintillionth (10) of a second). All that could be measured was 24 attoseconds, which is the limit of the test accuracy. Again, though, other physicists believe that tunneling experiments in which particles appear to spend anomalously short times inside the barrier are in fact fully compatible

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in the intervening space between the objects. This is sometimes described in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, owing to the mathematical form of one possible way of calculating the strength of the effect. Because the strength of the force falls off rapidly with distance, it is

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The rate at which two objects in motion in a single frame of reference get closer together is called the mutual or closing speed. This may approach twice the speed of light, as in the case of two particles travelling at close to the speed of light in opposite directions with respect to the reference

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depends on the conditions of observation of a second photon entangled with the first. The characteristic of this experiment is that the observation of the second photon can take place at a later time than the observation of the first photon, which may give the impression that the measurement of the

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The Hartman effect is the tunneling effect through a barrier where the tunneling time tends to a constant for large barriers. This could, for instance, be the gap between two prisms. When the prisms are in contact, the light passes straight through, but when there is a gap, the light is refracted.

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failed to reproduce the OPERA results with their equipment, detecting neutrino travel time from CERN to the Gran Sasso National Laboratory indistinguishable from the speed of light. Later the OPERA team reported two flaws in their equipment set-up that had caused errors far outside their original

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could have left a "relic field" throughout the universe which causes particles to behave differently depending on their velocity relative to the field; however, there are also some models where Lorentz symmetry is broken in a more fundamental way. If Lorentz symmetry can cease to be a fundamental

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has demonstrated quantum correlations between particles separated by over 10 kilometers. But as noted earlier, the non-local correlations seen in entanglement cannot actually be used to transmit classical information faster than light, so that relativistic causality is preserved. The situation is

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yielding a speed exceeding that of light by 1.8-sigma significance. However, those measurements were considered to be statistically consistent with neutrinos traveling at the speed of light. After the detectors for the project were upgraded in 2012, MINOS corrected their initial result and found

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which suggests that feedback loops of virtual particles would create "uncontrollable singularities in the renormalized quantum stress-energy" on the boundary of any potential time machine, and thus would require a theory of quantum gravity to fully analyze. Other authors argue that Scharnhorst's

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If a spaceship travels to a planet one light-year (as measured in the Earth's rest frame) away from Earth at high speed, the time taken to reach that planet could be less than one year as measured by the traveller's clock (although it will always be more than one year as measured by a clock on

758:, also because the tunnelling time "should not be linked to a velocity since evanescent waves do not propagate". The evanescent waves in the Hartman effect are due to virtual particles and a non-propagating static field, as mentioned in the sections above for gravity and electromagnetism. 621:

where any light they emit past that point will never be able to reach us at any time in the infinite future, because the light never reaches a point where its "peculiar velocity" towards us exceeds the expansion velocity away from us (these two notions of velocity are also discussed in

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of the collider type. The closing speed would be the rate at which the distance between the two particles is decreasing. From the point of view of an observer standing at rest relative to the accelerator, this rate will be slightly less than twice the speed of light.

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akin to sharing a synchronized coin flip, where the second person to flip their coin will always see the opposite of what the first person sees, but neither has any way of knowing whether they were the first or second flipper, without communicating classically. See

470:. There is no limit on the value of a proper speed as a proper speed does not represent a speed measured in a single inertial frame. A light signal that left the Earth at the same time as the traveller would always get to the destination before the traveller would. 455: 1234:

is not an exact symmetry of nature but rather the approximate description valid only for the small fluctuations of the superfluid background. Within the framework of the approach, a theory was proposed in which the physical vacuum is conjectured to be a

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around a spaceship with an extremely large amount of energy would create a "bubble" that could cause the ship to travel faster than the speed of light. To create this bubble, the physicists believe manipulating the 10th spatial dimension would alter the

1002:. That is, it will be the same from any frame of reference moving at a constant speed. The equations do not specify any particular value for the speed of light, which is an experimentally determined quantity for a fixed unit of length. Since 1983, the 823:

state are correlated even when the measurements are distant from the source and each other. However, no information can be transmitted this way; the answer to whether or not the measurement actually affects the other quantum system comes down to which

2168: 1037:" for FTL signaling. However, with multiple pairs of plates in motion relative to one another the authors noted that they had no arguments that could "guarantee the total absence of causality violations", and invoked Hawking's speculative 1179:

The possibility that Lorentz symmetry may be violated has been seriously considered in the last two decades, particularly after the development of a realistic effective field theory that describes this possible violation, the so-called

501:) component of the wave at that frequency. Such a wave component must be infinite in extent and of constant amplitude (otherwise it is not truly monochromatic), and so cannot convey any information. Thus a phase velocity above 781:

only measurable when the distance between the objects is extremely small. Because the effect is due to virtual particles mediating a static field effect, it is subject to the comments about static fields discussed above.

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Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G.; Chakrabarti, Sandip K.; Zhuk, Alexander I.; Bisnovatyi-Kogan, Gennady S. (2010). "Logarithmic nonlinearity in theories of quantum gravity: Origin of time and observational consequences".

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reduces to special relativity in a local sense (in small regions of spacetime where curvature is negligible), general relativity does allow the space between distant objects to expand in such a way that they have a

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view, for objects such as comets to vary their speed from subluminal to superluminal and vice versa simply because the distance from the Earth varies. Comets may have orbits which take them out to more than 1000

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move faster than light travelling through the wormhole alongside them, but they would be able to reach their destination (and return to their starting location) faster than light traveling outside the wormhole.

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away. In this frame of reference, in which Proxima Centauri is perceived to be moving in a circular trajectory with a radius of four light years, it could be described as having a speed many times greater than

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Adamson, P.; Andreopoulos, C.; Arms, K.; Armstrong, R.; Auty, D.; Avvakumov, S.; Ayres, D.; Baller, B.; et al. (2007). "Measurement of neutrino velocity with the MINOS detectors and NuMI neutrino beam".

4631:, p. 286: "People initially thought of tachyons as particles travelling faster than the speed of light...But we now know that a tachyon indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably for 41:

Because the sphere travels faster than light, the observer sees nothing until it has already passed. Then, two images appear: one of the sphere arriving (on the right) and one of it departing (on the left).

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that particle tunneling does indeed occur in zero real time. Their tests involved tunneling electrons, where the group argued a relativistic prediction for tunneling time should be 500–600 attoseconds (an

4472: 1124:" which exceeds the speed of light, and it is thought that galaxies which are at a distance of more than about 14 billion light-years from us today have a recession velocity which is faster than light. 698:

of its environment. Since the underlying behavior does not violate local causality or allow FTL communication, it follows that neither does the additional effect of wavefunction collapse, whether real

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Eckle, P.; Pfeiffer, A. N.; Cirelli, C.; Staudte, A.; Dorner, R.; Muller, H. G.; Buttiker, M.; Keller, U. (5 December 2008). "Attosecond Ionization and Tunneling Delay Time Measurements in Helium".

262:. The circumference of a circle with a radius of 1000 AU is greater than one light day. In other words, a comet at such a distance is superluminal in a geostatic, and therefore non-inertial, frame. 595:, velocity is a local notion, and there is not even a unique definition for the relative velocity of a cosmologically distant object. Faster-than-light cosmological recession speeds are entirely a 1200:

symmetry at the Planck scale or at some other fundamental scale, it is conceivable that particles with a critical speed different from the speed of light be the ultimate constituents of matter.

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The experimental determination has been made in vacuum. However, the vacuum we know is not the only possible vacuum which can exist. The vacuum has energy associated with it, called simply the

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In the following examples, certain influences may appear to travel faster than light, but they do not convey energy or information faster than light, so they do not violate special relativity.

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in three large spatial dimensions: height, width and length. Cleaver said positive dark energy is currently responsible for speeding up the expansion rate of our universe as time moves on.

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in some circumstances. In such cases, which typically at the same time involve rapid attenuation of the intensity, the maximum of the envelope of a pulse may travel with a velocity above

148:. Such proposals are still widely believed to be impossible as they still violate current understandings of causality, and they all require fanciful mechanisms to work (such as requiring 969:. In general relativity no coordinate system on a large region of curved spacetime is "inertial", so it is permissible to use a global coordinate system where objects travel faster than 5293: 686:

these phenomena do not allow true communication; they only let two observers in different locations see the same system simultaneously, without any way of controlling what either sees.

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Earth). The value obtained by dividing the distance traveled, as determined in the Earth's frame, by the time taken, measured by the traveller's clock, is known as a proper speed or a

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Bowlan, P.; Valtna-Lukner, H.; Lõhmus, M.; Piksarv, P.; Saari, P.; Trebino, R. (2009). "Measurement of the spatiotemporal electric field of ultrashort superluminal Bessel-X pulses".

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will prohibit them. One theory states that stable wormholes are possible, but that any attempt to use a network of wormholes to violate causality would result in their decay. In

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raised against the Alcubierre drive appear to rule out the possibility of actually using it in any practical fashion. Another possibility predicted by general relativity is the

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in vacuum, which is 299,792,458 m/s (by definition of the metre) or about 186,282.397 miles per second. This is not quite the same as traveling faster than light, since:

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to compute the velocity of one of the particles, as would be measured by an observer traveling alongside the other particle. That is, special relativity gives the correct

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Avdeenkov, Alexander V.; Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011). "Quantum Bose liquids with logarithmic nonlinearity: Self-sustainability and emergence of spatial extent".

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is decreasing with time, there can actually be cases where a galaxy that is receding from us faster than light does manage to emit a signal which reaches us eventually.

4604: 3307: 1417:. It maintains the principle that no object can accelerate to the speed of light in the reference frame of any coincident observer. However, it permits distortions in 662:

caused by the object partly moving in the direction of the observer, when the speed calculations assume it does not. The phenomenon does not contradict the theory of

144:. Some of these proposals find loopholes around general relativity, such as by expanding or contracting space to make the object appear to be travelling greater than 6356: 5438: 4797: 913:

in vacuum. This result means that measurements of time and velocity in different frames are no longer related simply by constant shifts, but are instead related by

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faster than the vacuum velocity of light. However, as stated above, a superluminal phase velocity cannot be used for faster-than-light transmission of information

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Davis, T. M.; Lineweaver, C. H. (2004). "Expanding Confusion: common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the universe".

2511: 6552: 1140:, which could create a shortcut between arbitrarily distant points in space. As with the Alcubierre drive, travelers moving through the wormhole would not 7150: 2120: 724:

There have been various reports in the popular press of experiments on faster-than-light transmission in optics — most often in the context of a kind of

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Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011). "Spontaneous symmetry breaking and mass generation as built-in phenomena in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory".

1021:, which could perhaps be altered in certain cases. When vacuum energy is lowered, light itself has been predicted to go faster than the standard value 5627: 1103:, it is difficult to imagine (much less construct) experiments to test this hypothesis. Despite this difficulty, such experiments have been proposed. 840:

for further information. A 2008 quantum physics experiment also performed by Nicolas Gisin and his colleagues has determined that in any hypothetical

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in the limit of low momenta. The important fact is that at very high velocities the behavior of the particle-like modes becomes distinct from the

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signals, involved approximations which may be incorrect, so that it is not clear whether this effect could actually increase signal speed at all.

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In some models of broken Lorentz symmetry, it is postulated that the symmetry is still built into the most fundamental laws of physics, but that

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of quantum decoherence, which in turn is nothing more than an effect of the underlying local time evolution of the wavefunction of a system and

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If a laser beam is swept across a distant object, the spot of laser light can easily be made to move across the object at a speed greater than

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and modifications to the dispersion relations of different particle species, which naturally could make particles move faster than light.

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Yan, Kun (2006). "The tendency analytical equations of stable nuclides and the superluminal velocity motion laws of matter in geospace".

6567: 6206: 6090: 1333: 1244: 1629: 1029:. Such a vacuum can be produced by bringing two perfectly smooth metal plates together at near atomic diameter spacing. It is called a 754:

However, it has been claimed that the Hartman effect cannot actually be used to violate relativity by transmitting signals faster than

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Cramer, J. G. (2009). "Faster-than-Light Implications of Quantum Entanglement and Nonlocality". In Millis, M. G.; et al. (eds.).

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with relativity, although there is disagreement about whether the explanation involves reshaping of the wave packet or other effects.

31: 7172: 6050: 5376: 4382: 3084:"What is the 'zero-point energy' (or 'vacuum energy') in quantum physics? Is it really possible that we could harness this energy?" 3361:

For a summary of Herbert G. Winful's explanation for apparently superluminal tunneling time which does not involve reshaping, see

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frequencies. However, the phase velocity of a wave corresponds to the propagation speed of a theoretical single-frequency (purely

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Some observers with sub-light relative motion will disagree about which occurs first of any two events that are separated by a

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Winful, H. G. (2006). "Tunneling time, the Hartman effect, and superluminality: A proposed resolution of an old paradox".

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attached improperly, which caused the apparently faster-than-light measurements, and a clock oscillator ticking too fast.

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is a version of the EPR paradox in which the observation (or not) of interference after the passage of a photon through a

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Liberati, Stefano; Sonego, Sebastiano; Visser, Matt (2002). "Faster-than-c Signals, Special Relativity, and Causality".

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as the rim speed of an object moving in a circle is a product of the radius and angular speed. It is also possible on a

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numbers of 1.4 or higher. All of these have cosmological recession speeds greater than the speed of light. Because the

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causes distant galaxies to recede from us faster than the speed of light. However, the recession speed associated with

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Kim, Yoon-Ho; Yu, Rong; Kulik, Sergei P.; Shih, Yanhua; Scully, Marlan O. (2000). "Delayed "Choice" Quantum Eraser".

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is an approximation to a more general theory, but since the relevant comparison would (by definition) be outside the

682:, might give the superficial impression of allowing communication of information faster than light. According to the 1391:

failed to produce faster-than-light particles, and instead illustrated that their presence leads to an instability.

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to be a symmetry of thermodynamical statistical nature (hence a symmetry broken at some presently unobserved scale).

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particle would increase with speed in such a way that at the speed of light an object would have infinite momentum.

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There is a non-zero probability that the photon will tunnel across the gap rather than follow the refracted path.

128:) speed with respect to the locally distorted spacetime region. Speculative faster-than-light concepts include the 87: 61: 7086: 7031: 6852: 6710: 6417: 6075: 6065: 6025: 5839: 5445: 5015: 4387:

That group found, although with less precision, that the neutrino speeds were consistent with the speed of light.

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Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni (1 November 2009). "Doubly-Special Relativity: Facts, Myths and Some Key Open Issues".

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Withayachumnankul, Withawat; Fischer, Bernd M; Ferguson, Bradley; Davis, Bruce R; Abbott, Derek (October 2010).

773: 450:{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{rel}}={\frac {\beta +\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}={\frac {2\beta }{1+\beta ^{2}}}\leq 1.} 166:

In the context of this article, "faster-than-light" means the transmission of information or matter faster than

7140: 6976: 6943: 6938: 6811: 6766: 6577: 6498: 6465: 6246: 6105: 6085: 6070: 6055: 6045: 6030: 5773: 5736: 5694: 5613: 4813: 4059: 1217: 1205: 1181: 1174: 1080: 1071:, any modifications to it must necessarily be quite subtle and difficult to measure. The best-known attempt is 936:

would require infinite time with any finite acceleration, or infinite acceleration for a finite amount of time.

837: 683: 2079: 4518: 6705: 6534: 6346: 6326: 6100: 6095: 6040: 6035: 6020: 5989: 5969: 5763: 5573: 5462: 5381: 5311: 5220: 2844: 2478: 2043: 1788: 1586: 1087:. There are speculative theories that claim inertia is produced by the combined mass of the universe (e.g., 2779:

Salart, D.; Baas, A.; Branciard, C.; Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H. (2008). "Testing spooky action at a distance".

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at finite energy; also, faster-than-light propagation is possible without requiring moving objects to have

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in this frame, with massive objects moving through this local neighborhood always having a speed less than

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Chodos, A.; Kostelecký, V. A.; Potting, R.; Gates, Evalyn (1992). "Null experiments for neutrino masses".

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for a particle interaction. However, it was shown in 2011 that a single photon may not travel faster than

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implies that individual photons may travel for short distances at speeds somewhat faster (or slower) than

5283: 1725: 1208:. Lorentz symmetry violation is expected to become stronger as one gets closer to the fundamental scale. 6981: 6903: 6529: 6371: 5895: 5756: 4791: 4425:) (22 September 2011). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam". 4262:

Zloshchastiev, Konstantin G. (2011). "Vacuum Cherenkov effect in logarithmic nonlinear quantum theory".

3083: 2931: 1252: 706: 687: 596: 274:. Similarly, a shadow projected onto a distant object can be made to move across the object faster than 6266: 5266: 4497:) (17 November 2011). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam". 4924:

Gimon, Eric G.; Hořava, Petr (2004). "Over-rotating black holes, Gödel holography and the hypertube".

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that allow an object to move faster than light from the point of view of a distant observer. One such

7111: 7066: 6918: 6831: 6735: 6720: 6678: 6442: 6211: 6191: 5677: 5667: 5495: 5457: 5403: 5175: 5144: 5107: 4983: 4898: 4867: 4822: 4763: 4708: 4671: 4566: 4547:) (15 March 2012). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam". 4335: 4281: 4236: 4182: 4129: 3963: 3913: 3857: 3804: 3751: 3698: 3611: 3564: 3499: 3395: 3322: 3264: 3213: 3156: 2863: 2800: 2731: 2694: 2657: 2570: 2487: 2398: 2350: 2305: 2250: 2192: 2096: 1977: 1924: 1881: 1571: 1264: 820: 679: 486: 295: 236:

For an earth-bound observer, objects in the sky complete one revolution around the Earth in one day.

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Glasser, Ryan T. (2012). "Stimulated Generation of Superluminal Light Pulses via Four-Wave Mixing".

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Sokolovski, D. (8 February 2004). "Why does relativity allow quantum tunneling to 'take no time'?".

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Chodos, Alan; Alan Kostelecký, V.; IUHET 280 (1994). "Nuclear null tests for spacelike neutrinos".

2936: 2915: 2200: 1842: 1384: 1350: 1345: 1329: 1256: 1100: 1088: 635: 306: 206: 161: 106: 57: 7146: 3308:"Tunneling time, the Hartman effect, and superluminality: A proposed resolution of an old paradox" 848:(what Einstein called "spooky action at a distance") is at least 10,000 times the speed of light. 6990: 6660: 6625: 6617: 6291: 6241: 6216: 6128: 5908: 5672: 5510: 5452: 5267:

Markus Pössel: Faster-than-light (FTL) speeds in tunneling experiments: an annotated bibliography

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Alcubierre, Miguel (1994-05-01). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity".

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Colladay, Don; Kostelecký, V. Alan (1998). "Lorentz-violating extension of the standard model".

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Alcubierre, Miguel (1 May 1994). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity".

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Gonzalez-Mestres, Luis (2009). "AUGER-HiRes results and models of Lorentz symmetry violation".

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Wang, L. J.; Kuzmich, A.; Dogariu, A. (2000). "Gain-assisted superluminal light propagation".

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and, for the coordinate speed of light, non-inertial observers, regardless of their relative

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Winful, Herbert (2007). "New paradigm resolves old paradox of faster-than-light tunneling".

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indicated detection of 17 and 28 GeV muon neutrinos, sent 730 kilometers (454 miles) from

1034: 800: 714: 467: 254: 5039: 4945: 4194: 1644:"The 17th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) : Definition of the metre" 1473: 607: 580: 572: 5179: 5148: 5111: 4987: 4902: 4871: 4826: 4767: 4712: 4675: 4570: 4339: 4285: 4240: 4186: 4133: 3967: 3917: 3894:

Kostelecký, V. Alan; Russell, Neil (2011). "Data tables for Lorentz and CPT violation".

3861: 3808: 3755: 3702: 3615: 3568: 3503: 3399: 3326: 3268: 3217: 3160: 2867: 2804: 2735: 2698: 2661: 2574: 2491: 2402: 2354: 2309: 2254: 2100: 1981: 1928: 1885: 17: 7091: 7076: 7071: 6893: 6888: 6645: 6397: 6331: 6306: 6276: 6251: 6171: 6156: 5561: 5349: 4645: 4600: 2020: 2013: 1869: 1817: 1576: 1515: 1469: 1272: 1268: 1030: 1011: 999: 890: 804: 767: 745: 733: 729: 525: 482: 171: 133: 73: 4684: 3869: 2034:

Withayachumnankul, W.; Fischer, B. M.; Ferguson, B.; Davis, B. R.; Abbott, D. (2010).

7166: 7121: 7081: 6791: 6402: 6392: 6296: 5783: 5354: 5119: 5003: 4995: 4910: 4775: 4720: 4301: 4202: 4149: 3633: 3466: 3433:. Statistical Science and Interdisciplinary Research. Vol. 9. pp. 123–170. 3415: 3292: 2997: 2434: 1997: 1461: 1438: 1260: 1240: 1153: 1076: 1018: 832: 777: 691: 639: 618: 556: 498: 149: 5203: 4783: 4699:

Chodos, A.; Hauser, A. I.; Alan Kostelecký, V. (1985). "The neutrino as a tachyon".

4586: 4355: 3877: 3824: 3527: 2370: 2270: 2138: 2116: 2064: 182:, but cannot carry information (see examples in the sections immediately following). 6883: 6673: 6630: 6361: 6281: 6221: 6196: 6133: 5187: 4578: 4293: 3933: 3771: 3718: 3679:

Colladay, Don; Kostelecký, V. Alan (1997). "CPT violation and the standard model".

3641: 2891: 2828: 2669: 2499: 2418: 2325: 2080:"Acceleration of femtosecond pulses to superluminal velocities by Gouy phase shift" 1952: 1529: 1306:

agreement with the speed of light. Further measurements are going to be conducted.

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Kostelecký, V. Alan (2004). "Gravity, Lorentz violation, and the standard model".

3334: 2743: 617:, it is projected that most galaxies will eventually cross a type of cosmological 294:

Imagine two fast-moving particles approaching each other from opposite sides of a

278:. In neither case does the light travel from the source to the object faster than 3577: 3542: 3241: 3176: 2560: 120:

According to all observations and current scientific theories, matter travels at

6820: 6412: 6311: 6286: 6271: 5778: 5467: 5011: 4946:"Themes : Faster Than Light : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 4040: 3656:"Traveling Faster Than the Speed of Light: A New Idea That Could Make It Happen" 1491: 1449: 1158: 947: 886: 790: 655: 651: 563:

causes the peak of the pulse to propagate faster, while overall power does not.

560: 110: 69: 5233: 4347: 3816: 3763: 3448: 2469:

Zhang, S.; Chen, J. F.; Liu, C.; Loy, M. M. T.; Wong, G. K. L.; Du, S. (2011).

2317: 2056: 1379:

the speed of light. However, it might be possible for an object to exist which

713:, even in vacuum; this possibility must be taken into account when enumerating 6826: 6781: 6771: 6407: 6161: 5984: 5920: 5021: 4834: 3225: 2906: 2339:

Rees, M. J. (1966). "Appearance of relativistically expanding radio sources".

1581: 1505: 1422: 1227: 1055: 245: 5256:

Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam

5241: 5127: 4629:

Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions

4141: 4071: 4018: 3925: 3710: 3233: 3109: 2875: 1989: 1079:

is also the same in all reference frames, and is associated with the work of

957:

In special relativity the coordinate speed of light is only guaranteed to be

6587: 6475: 6256: 5935: 5930: 5903: 5873: 5856: 5551: 5500: 5490: 5047: 3975: 3276: 3059: 1453: 1430: 1418: 1302: 1095:

by conventional measurements of natural law. If confirmed, this would imply

493:, the vacuum velocity of light. For example, this occurs in most glasses at 222: 5278: 5261:

Encyclopedia of laser physics and technology on "superluminal transmission"

5195: 3519: 3407: 3372: 3284: 3168: 2883: 2820: 2507: 1944: 1398:

might have a tachyonic nature, while others have disputed the possibility.

885:

Faster-than-light communication is, according to relativity, equivalent to

3993: 1115:

forbids objects to have a relative velocity greater than light speed, and

320:

It is instructive to compute the relative velocity of particles moving at

6857: 5999: 5925: 5741: 4650:"Will the real 4D, N=1 SG limit of superstring/M-theory please stand up?" 2858: 2758: 2300: 2245: 1784:

The Wonderful World of Relativity: A Precise Guide for the General Reader

1434: 1395: 1196: 1137: 902: 898: 893:

in vacuum (or near vacuum) is actually the fundamental physical constant

776:

is a physical force exerted between separate objects due to resonance of

603: 137: 2812: 2646:

Martinez, J. C.; Polatdemir, E. (2006). "Origin of the Hartman effect".

1651: 1387:

with this property are called tachyons or tachyonic particles. Attempts

7056: 6751: 5915: 4972:

Falla, D. F.; Floyd, M. J. (2002). "Superluminal motion in astronomy".

4930: 4862: 4758: 4666: 3799: 3746: 3693: 2108: 1537: 1457: 1444:

General relativity also recognizes that any means of faster-than-light

1414: 1366: 1042:

original analysis, which seemed to show the possibility of faster-than-

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Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni (1 July 2002). "Doubly Special Relativity".

3151: 2706: 1893: 5795: 5303: 2410: 2362: 1936: 1844:"An Objection Against the Theory of Relativity and its Removal" 1701: 1445: 1433:

that carries an object along with it. Another possible system is the

1223: 965:; in a non-inertial frame the coordinate speed may be different from 906: 647: 643: 225:, and thus neither qualifies as faster-than-light as described here. 65: 4886: 4503: 4431: 3511: 3194:

in nontrivial vacua in flat space-time? Relativistic causality II".

2284:

Loeb, A. (2002). "The Long-Term Future of Extragalactic Astronomy".

2262: 3559: 27:

Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light

5878: 5751: 5605: 5170: 4635:, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in nature." 4561: 4464:"Scientists Report Second Sighting of Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos" 4330: 4276: 4231: 4177: 4124: 3908: 3852: 3439: 3208: 2795: 1295: 1289: 1007: 494: 5298: 5263:, with more details on phase and group velocity, and on causality 2968:"If we could travel faster than light, could we go back in time?" 536:. However, even this situation does not imply the propagation of 328:

in accelerator frame, which corresponds to the closing speed of 2

2146: 1371:

In special relativity, it is impossible to accelerate an object

1325: 922: 5609: 5307: 4448:

Neutrinos Travel Faster Than Light, According to One Experiment

2078:

Horváth, Z. L.; Vinkó, J.; Bor, Zs.; von der Linde, D. (1996).

1336:

in Italy, traveling faster than light by a relative amount of

1298:

collaboration reported results measuring the flight-time of 3

1152:, theorized that manipulating the extra spatial dimensions of 1148:

Gerald Cleaver and Richard Obousy, a professor and student of

1091:), which implies that the rest frame of the universe might be 998:

postulates that the speed of light in vacuum is invariant in

5284:

Usenet Physics FAQ: is FTL travel or communication Possible?

305:

does not prohibit this. It tells us that it is wrong to use

105:) have been hypothesized, but their existence would violate 5294:

Conical and paraboloidal superluminal particle accelerators

4165:

Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics

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Volovik, G. E. (2003). "The Universe in a helium droplet".

3949:"Spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry in string theory" 2169:"Is the universe expanding faster than the speed of light?" 1612:"Quantum-tunnelling time is measured using ultracold atoms" 4848:

Chang, Tsao (2002). "Parity Violation and Neutrino Mass".

591:, is not a velocity in a relativistic sense. Moreover, in 5299:

Relativity and FTL (=Superluminal motion) Travel Homepage

624:

Comoving and proper distances#Uses of the proper distance

3190:

Fearn, H. (2007). "Can light signals travel faster than

1726:"Is Faster-Than-Light Travel or Communication Possible?" 950:

and all its associated paradoxes, or else to assume the

489:, when traveling through a medium, can routinely exceed 98:

the speed of light, and that nothing may travel faster.

2622:

Special Relativity: Will it Survive the Next 101 Years?

939:

Either way, such acceleration requires infinite energy.

811:

that was realized experimentally for the first time by

2683:

Hartman, T. E. (1962). "Tunneling of a Wave Packet".

2232:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia

917:. These transformations have important implications: 654:. The effect was predicted before it was observed by 361: 282:, nor does any information travel faster than light. 5213:"A Systemized View of Superluminal Wave Propagation" 4519:"Study rejects "faster than light" particle finding" 4400:"MINOS reports new measurement of neutrino velocity" 2036:"A Systemized View of Superluminal Wave Propagation" 1375:

the speed of light, or for a massive object to move

7044: 7024: 6957: 6871: 6840: 6744: 6659: 6616: 6607: 6543: 6522: 6486: 6441: 6434: 6385: 6142: 6121: 6114: 6008: 5948: 5894: 5708: 5643: 5582: 5541: 5480: 5339: 4372:"Tiny neutrinos may have broken cosmic speed limit" 2591:

Logic and Algebraic Structures in Quantum Computing

1676:University of York Science Education Group (2001). 1429:, which can be thought of as producing a ripple in 602:There are many galaxies visible in telescopes with 5071:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2588:Chubb, J.; Eskandarian, A.; Harizanov, V. (2016). 2012: 905:, will always measure zero-mass particles such as 449: 3947:Kostelecký, V. A.; Samuel, S. (15 January 1989). 3889: 3887: 1671: 1669: 819:. In this experiment, the two measurements of an 1128:theorized that it would be possible to create a 4219:American Institute of Physics Conference Series 2625:(Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 506. 1678:Salter Horners Advanced Physics A2 Student Book 1230:which is essentially non-relativistic, whereas 185:In some materials where light travels at speed 5595:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale records 728:phenomenon. Usually, such reports deal with a 5621: 5319: 4093:International Series of Monographs on Physics 2953:Relativity:the special and the general theory 1708:. Royal Greenwich Observatory. 15 April 1996. 615:the expansion of the universe is accelerating 548:without this effect. However, group velocity 210: 101:Particles whose speed exceeds that of light ( 8: 1067:Because of the strong empirical support for 4796:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3840:Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 3055:An Introduction to the Science of Cosmology 2191:Lineweaver, C.; Davis, T. M. (March 2005). 1320:On September 22, 2011, a preprint from the 6613: 6438: 6118: 5952: 5712: 5628: 5614: 5606: 5326: 5312: 5304: 3431:Recent Developments in Theoretical Physics 1394:Various theorists have suggested that the 1383:moves faster than light. The hypothetical 5169: 5101: 4929: 4885:Hughes, R. J.; Stephenson, G. J. 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Expressing the speeds in units of 217:Neither of these phenomena violates 5567:greatest of a spacecraft population 4648:; Nishino, Hitoshi (October 2000). 3541:Chang, Donald C. (March 22, 2017). 2955:. Methuen & Co. pp. 25–27. 2619:Ehlers, J.; Lämmerzahl, C. (2006). 2193:"Misconceptions about the Big Bang" 2167:Rothstein, D. 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Center for Quantum Philosophy 2757:Suarez, A. (26 February 2015). 2211:from the original on 2006-05-27 2165:See the last two paragraphs in 2143:Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial 1730:The Original Usenet Physics FAQ 1680:. Heinemann. pp. 302–303. 1592:Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory 1486:Space travel in science fiction 1222:In this approach, the physical 921:The relativistic momentum of a 240:, the nearest star outside the 7097:Science and technology studies 5188:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.173902 4850:Nuclear Science and Techniques 4579:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033 4402:. Fermilab today. June 8, 2012 4294:10.1016/j.physleta.2011.05.012 4221:. AIP Conference Proceedings. 4195:10.1088/0953-4075/44/19/195303 4060:"Interpreting the Cosmic Rays" 4058:Overbye, Dennis (2002-12-31). 2670:10.1016/j.physleta.2005.10.076 2500:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.243602 2137:Wright, E. L. 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This raises problems with 981:in the local inertial frame. 846:quantum non-local connection 117:is that they do not exist. 84:special theory of relativity 6641:Space stations and habitats 4975:European Journal of Physics 1874:American Journal of Physics 1279:FTL neutrino flight results 658:and can be explained as an 244:, is about four and a half 7224: 5234:10.1109/JPROC.2010.2052910 5120:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001 4996:10.1088/0143-0807/23/1/310 4609:Of Particular Significance 4348:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.072005 3817:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.105009 3764:10.1103/PhysRevD.58.116002 3634:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001 3578:10.1140/epjp/i2017-11402-4 3449:10.1142/9789814287333_0006 2930:Motl, L. 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What we measure as the 630:Astronomical observations 577:expansion of the universe 311:velocity-addition formula 221:or creates problems with 7173:Faster-than-light travel 4814:Modern Physics Letters A 4605:"OPERA: What Went Wrong" 4142:10.5506/APhysPolB.42.261 3926:10.1103/RevModPhys.83.11 3711:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.6760 2876:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.1 2594:(Illustrated ed.). 2534:(Illustrated ed.). 1990:10.1364/OPN.20.12.000042 1259:can be described by the 1247:. It was shown that the 1218:Superfluid vacuum theory 1206:Standard-Model Extension 1182:Standard-Model Extension 1175:Standard-Model Extension 1081:Giovanni Amelino-Camelia 1075:, which posits that the 915:Poincaré transformations 838:No-communication theorem 815:in 1981 and 1982 in the 684:no-communication theorem 18:Faster than light travel 6965:Artificial intelligence 6863:Simulated consciousness 5221:Proceedings of the IEEE 5158:Physical Review Letters 4950:www.sf-encyclopedia.com 4493:Adam, T.; et al. ( 4421:Adam, T.; et al. ( 4112:Acta Physica Polonica B 3976:10.1103/PhysRevD.39.683 3277:10.1126/science.1163439 2845:Physical Review Letters 2479:Physical Review Letters 2436:Lectures on QED and QCD 2044:Proceedings of the IEEE 1841:Sommerfeld, A. (1907). 1789:Oxford University Press 1587:Variable speed of light 1490:FTL travel is a common 1448:could also be used for 1226:is viewed as a quantum 1111:Although the theory of 1025:. This is known as the 650:, and recently also in 517:Group velocities above 474:Phase velocities above 266:Light spots and shadows 201:(but still slower than 7188:Science fiction themes 7117:Technology and society 5985:Science Fiction Museum 5137:Progress in Geophysics 3408:10.1098/rspa.2003.1222 3373:10.1117/2.1200711.0927 3169:10.1006/aphy.2002.6233 2011:Brillouin, L. (1960). 1750:Salmon, W. C. (2006). 1544:Science fiction portal 1468:have argued that in a 1310:OPERA neutrino anomaly 897:. This means that all 868:double slit experiment 540:with a velocity above 509:with a velocity above 451: 42: 7183:Fiction about physics 6716:Organ transplantation 5975:Libraries and museums 5896:Cyberpunk derivatives 5850:Utopian and dystopian 5533:Deepest ocean vehicle 2951:Einstein, A. (1927). 1253:collective excitation 707:uncertainty principle 688:Wavefunction collapse 674:Certain phenomena in 452: 138:traversable wormholes 40: 7193:Theory of relativity 7067:Fictional technology 7062:Fictional astronauts 6919:Frankenstein complex 5562:greatest of a person 5073:. pp. 509–529. 5024:. pp. 197–215. 4633:science fiction fans 4545:ICARUS Collaboration 2992:Gott, J. R. (2002). 1572:Intergalactic travel 1464:, Eric G. Gimon and 1441:or negative energy. 1409:was developed after 1385:elementary particles 1346:ICARUS collaboration 1269:speed of light limit 1257:elementary particles 1243:is described by the 1138:traversable wormhole 1107:Spacetime distortion 1006:unit of length (the 774:Casimir–Polder force 690:can be viewed as an 680:quantum entanglement 638:is observed in many 487:electromagnetic wave 359: 296:particle accelerator 211:phase velocity below 115:scientific consensus 30:For other uses, see 7178:Interstellar travel 7107:Speculative fiction 6701:Genetic engineering 5590:Spaceflight records 5491:furthest spacecraft 5453:Water-borne vehicle 5394:propulsively-driven 5180:2012PhRvL.108q3902G 5149:2006PrGeo..21...38Y 5112:1994CQGra..11L..73A 4988:2002EJPh...23...69F 4903:1990PhLB..244...95H 4872:2002hep.ph....8239C 4827:1992MPLA....7..467C 4768:1994PhLB..336..295C 4713:1985PhLB..150..431C 4676:2000PhLB..492..178G 4571:2012PhLB..713...17A 4495:OPERA Collaboration 4423:OPERA Collaboration 4340:2007PhRvD..76g2005A 4286:2011PhLA..375.2305Z 4241:2010AIPC.1206..112Z 4187:2011JPhB...44s5303A 4134:2011AcPPB..42..261Z 3968:1989PhRvD..39..683K 3918:2011RvMP...83...11K 3862:2009NuPhS.190..191G 3809:2004PhRvD..69j5009K 3756:1998PhRvD..58k6002C 3703:1997PhRvD..55.6760C 3616:1994CQGra..11L..73A 3569:2017EPJP..132..140C 3504:2002Natur.418...34A 3400:2004RSPSA.460..499S 3327:2006PhR...436....1W 3269:2008Sci...322.1525E 3263:(5907): 1525–1529. 3218:2007LaPhy..17..695F 3161:2002AnPhy.298..167L 3088:Scientific American 3021:Petkov, V. (2009). 2972:NASA Astronomy Café 2937:The Reference Frame 2916:Scientific American 2868:2000PhRvL..84....1K 2813:10.1038/nature07121 2805:2008Natur.454..861S 2736:2006PhR...436....1W 2699:1962JAP....33.3427H 2662:2006PhLA..351...31M 2575:1994PhDT.......314S 2492:2011PhRvL.106x3602Z 2432:Grozin, A. (2007). 2403:1977Natur.267..211B 2355:1966Natur.211..468R 2310:2002PhRvD..65d7301L 2255:2004PASA...21...97D 2201:Scientific American 2101:1996ApPhB..63..481H 1982:2009OptPN..20...42M 1929:2000Natur.406..277W 1886:1954AmJPh..22..618W 1781:Steane, A. (2012). 1351:confidence interval 1330:Geneva, Switzerland 1322:OPERA Collaboration 1261:particle-like modes 1239:whose ground-state 1237:quantum Bose liquid 1101:observable universe 944:space-like interval 844:, the speed of the 828:one subscribes to. 636:superluminal motion 555:in some parts of a 313:for computing such 307:Galilean relativity 207:Cherenkov radiation 162:Superluminal motion 6934:Message from space 6899:Ancient astronauts 6787:Parallel universes 6762:Extrasolar planets 6669:Biological warfare 5791:Parallel universes 5673:Scientific romance 5511:closest to the Sun 5334:Extremes of motion 5272:2010-01-23 at the 4469:The New York Times 4378:The New York Times 4064:The New York Times 3000:. pp. 82–83. 2528:Kåhre, J. (2012). 2204:. pp. 36–45. 2109:10.1007/BF01828944 1868:Weber, J. (1954). 1812:Hecht, E. (1987). 1724:Gibbs, P. (1997). 1632:. 20 October 2020. 1411:special relativity 1407:General relativity 1402:General relativity 1134:several objections 1122:recession velocity 1117:general relativity 1113:special relativity 1097:special relativity 1069:special relativity 1027:Scharnhorst effect 996:Special relativity 952:Lorentz invariance 797:thought experiment 726:quantum tunnelling 664:special relativity 593:general relativity 447: 303:Special relativity 219:special relativity 43: 7198:Warp drive theory 7160: 7159: 7052:Alternate history 7040: 7039: 7001:Simulated reality 6731:Sex and sexuality 6684:Extraterrestrials 6603: 6602: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6167:Campbell Memorial 5944: 5943: 5813:Planetary romance 5603: 5602: 5413:production model 5228:(10): 1775–1786. 5080:978-1-56347-956-4 5057:978-3-527-40735-4 5031:978-0-7139-9992-1 4891:Physics Letters B 4746:Physics Letters B 4701:Physics Letters B 4654:Physics Letters B 4549:Physics Letters B 4318:Physical Review D 4270:(24): 2305–2308. 4264:Physics Letters A 4249:10.1063/1.3292518 3956:Physical Review D 3787:Physical Review D 3734:Physical Review D 3687:(11): 6760–6774. 3681:Physical Review D 3458:978-981-4287-32-6 3394:(2042): 499–506. 3138:Annals of Physics 2909:(16 April 2017). 2789:(7206): 861–864. 2707:10.1063/1.1702424 2693:(12): 3427–3433. 2649:Physics Letters A 2632:978-3-540-34523-7 2605:978-1-107-03339-9 2545:978-1-4615-0975-2 2455:978-981-256-914-1 2397:(5608): 211–216. 2349:(5048): 468–470. 2287:Physical Review D 2173:Ask an Astronomer 2088:Applied Physics B 2051:(10): 1775–1786. 1923:(6793): 277–279. 1894:10.1119/1.1933858 1827:978-0-201-11609-0 1798:978-0-19-969461-7 1767:978-0-8229-5926-7 1630:"Quanta Magazine" 1472:five-dimensional 1355:fiber-optic cable 1150:Baylor University 1126:Miguel Alcubierre 817:Aspect experiment 676:quantum mechanics 670:Quantum mechanics 613:However, because 589:cosmological time 439: 406: 369: 315:relative velocity 142:quantum tunneling 122:slower-than-light 46:Faster-than-light 16:(Redirected from 7215: 7149: 7139: 7138: 6977:Astroengineering 6909:Evil corporation 6636:Matrioshka brain 6614: 6553:List of TV shows 6439: 6119: 5953: 5823:Sword and planet 5713: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5607: 5526:highest altitude 5382:transcontinental 5377:propeller-driven 5328: 5321: 5314: 5305: 5245: 5217: 5207: 5173: 5152: 5131: 5105: 5084: 5061: 5035: 5007: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4865: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4787: 4761: 4752:(3–4): 295–302. 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4669: 4660:(1–2): 178–186. 4642: 4636: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4564: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4466: 4458: 4452: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4374: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4333: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4279: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4234: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4180: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4127: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3953: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3911: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3855: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3802: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3749: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3696: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3660:www.newswise.com 3652: 3646: 3645: 3627: 3609: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3562: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3497: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3442: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3337:. Archived from 3312: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3211: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3154: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2861: 2859:quant-ph/9903047 2839: 2833: 2832: 2798: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2475: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2442:World Scientific 2439: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2411:10.1038/267211a0 2385:Blandford, R. D. 2381: 2375: 2374: 2363:10.1038/211468a0 2336: 2330: 2329: 2303: 2301:astro-ph/0107568 2281: 2275: 2274: 2248: 2246:astro-ph/0310808 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2197: 2188: 2177: 2176: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2084: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1937:10.1038/35018520 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1846: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1816:(2nd ed.). 1809: 1803: 1802: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1721: 1710: 1709: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1650:. Archived from 1640: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1608: 1560: 1558:Astronomy portal 1555: 1554: 1553: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1427:Alcubierre drive 1389:to quantize them 1343: 1341: 1284:MINOS experiment 1232:Lorentz symmetry 1089:Mach's principle 772:In physics, the 715:Feynman diagrams 660:optical illusion 608:Hubble parameter 587:per interval of 567:Cosmic expansion 456: 454: 453: 448: 440: 438: 437: 436: 420: 412: 407: 405: 404: 403: 387: 376: 371: 370: 367: 332: > 238:Proxima Centauri 232:Daily sky motion 195:refractive index 130:Alcubierre drive 109:and would imply 81: 72:faster than the 21: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7155: 7126: 7102:Sense of wonder 7036: 7020: 6953: 6949:Xenoarchaeology 6924:Galactic empire 6879:Africanfuturism 6867: 6836: 6740: 6655: 6599: 6539: 6518: 6482: 6422: 6381: 6144: 6138: 6110: 6004: 5940: 5890: 5867:Techno-thriller 5835:Climate fiction 5803:Science fantasy 5757:Anime and manga 5704: 5663:Anthropological 5639: 5637:Science fiction 5634: 5604: 5599: 5578: 5537: 5521:furthest flight 5501:furthest humans 5476: 5439:by acceleration 5430:production car 5422:by acceleration 5335: 5332: 5274:Wayback Machine 5252: 5215: 5210: 5155: 5134: 5087: 5081: 5064: 5058: 5044:Zero Time Space 5038: 5032: 5010: 4971: 4968: 4966:Further reading 4963: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4788: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4627:Randall, Lisa; 4626: 4622: 4613: 4611: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4444: 4440: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4074: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3625:10.1.1.338.8690 3591: 3590: 3586: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3512:10.1038/418034a 3488:(6893): 34–35. 3479: 3478: 3474: 3459: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3315:Physics Reports 3310: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3031:. p. 219. 3020: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2723:Physics Reports 2719: 2718: 2714: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2569:. p. 100. 2558: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2538:. p. 425. 2527: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2263:10.1071/AS03040 2228: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2180: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1896: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1791:. p. 180. 1780: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1760:. p. 107. 1749: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1654:on May 27, 2020 1642: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1618:. 22 July 2020. 1610: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1542: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1496:science fiction 1488: 1482: 1404: 1369: 1363: 1339: 1337: 1318: 1312: 1292: 1286: 1281: 1220: 1214: 1177: 1169:Main articles: 1167: 1109: 1065: 1035:preferred frame 1000:inertial frames 993: 988: 883: 877: 860: 854: 801:Albert Einstein 793: 787: 770: 764: 748: 742: 672: 632: 585:proper distance 569: 522: 479: 468:proper velocity 463: 428: 421: 413: 395: 388: 377: 362: 357: 356: 288: 268: 234: 164: 158: 134:Krasnikov tubes 77: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7221: 7219: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7143: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7092:Rubber science 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7072:Future history 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6894:Alien language 6891: 6889:Alien invasion 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6853:Mind uploading 6850: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6711:Nanotechnology 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6646:Stellar engine 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6447: 6445: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6143:Literary, art, 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 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5369: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5250:External links 5248: 5247: 5246: 5208: 5164:(17): 173902. 5153: 5132: 5096:(5): L73–L77. 5085: 5079: 5062: 5056: 5036: 5030: 5008: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4937: 4931:hep-th/0405019 4916: 4877: 4863:hep-ph/0208239 4840: 4821:(6): 467–476. 4803: 4759:hep-ph/9409404 4736: 4707:(6): 431–435. 4691: 4667:hep-th/0008206 4646:Gates, S.James 4637: 4620: 4603:(2012-04-02). 4592: 4535: 4510: 4485: 4453: 4438: 4413: 4391: 4361: 4307: 4254: 4208: 4171:(19): 195303. 4155: 4118:(2): 261–292. 4102: 4083: 4050: 4031: 4006: 3962:(2): 683–685. 3939: 3883: 3830: 3800:hep-th/0312310 3793:(10): 105009. 3777: 3747:hep-ph/9809521 3740:(11): 116002. 3724: 3694:hep-ph/9703464 3671: 3647: 3600:(5): L73–L77. 3584: 3533: 3472: 3457: 3421: 3378: 3354: 3298: 3247: 3202:(5): 695–699. 3182: 3145:(1): 167–185. 3127: 3100: 3075: 3069:978-0750304054 3068: 3062:. p. 94. 3044: 3038:978-3642019623 3037: 3013: 3007:978-0618257355 3006: 2984: 2958: 2943: 2922: 2897: 2834: 2771: 2749: 2712: 2675: 2656:(1–2): 31–36. 2638: 2631: 2611: 2604: 2598:. p. 61. 2580: 2551: 2544: 2520: 2486:(24): 243602. 2461: 2454: 2424: 2376: 2331: 2276: 2221: 2178: 2158: 2129: 2095:(5): 481–484. 2070: 2026: 2021:Academic Press 2003: 1958: 1905: 1860: 1857:(23): 841–842. 1833: 1826: 1820:. p. 62. 1818:Addison Wesley 1804: 1797: 1773: 1766: 1742: 1711: 1693: 1687:978-0435628925 1686: 1665: 1635: 1621: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1577:Krasnikov tube 1574: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1547: 1533: 1519: 1516:Physics portal 1503: 1500: 1481: 1478: 1474:Gödel universe 1470:supersymmetric 1403: 1400: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1365:Main article: 1362: 1359: 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1288:Main article: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1273:imaginary mass 1216:Main article: 1213: 1210: 1204:out using the 1166: 1163: 1108: 1105: 1064: 1061: 1031:Casimir vacuum 1012:speed of light 992: 989: 987: 986:Justifications 984: 983: 982: 963:inertial frame 955: 940: 937: 926: 891:speed of light 879:Main article: 876: 873: 856:Main article: 853: 850: 805:Boris Podolsky 789:Main article: 786: 783: 768:Casimir effect 766:Main article: 763: 762:Casimir effect 760: 746:Hartman effect 744:Main article: 741: 740:Hartman effect 738: 734:group velocity 730:phase velocity 671: 668: 640:radio galaxies 631: 628: 568: 565: 526:group velocity 521: 515: 483:phase velocity 478: 472: 462: 459: 458: 457: 446: 443: 435: 431: 427: 424: 419: 416: 410: 402: 398: 394: 391: 386: 383: 380: 374: 365: 287: 286:Closing speeds 284: 267: 264: 233: 230: 215: 214: 205:), leading to 183: 172:speed of light 160:Main article: 157: 154: 74:speed of light 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7220: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Magic realism 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958:Technological 6956: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6939:Transhumanism 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6914:First contact 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841:Psychological 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812:Teleportation 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6792:Portable hole 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6618:Architectural 6615: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6514:Short stories 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6337:Tähtivaeltaja 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5784:Space Western 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5769:Space warfare 5767: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5468:transatlantic 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5103:gr-qc/0009013 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5040:Nimtz, Günter 5037: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4897:(1): 95–100. 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4601:Strassler, M. 4596: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4536: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4486: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4445:Cho, Adrian; 4442: 4439: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4324:(7): 072005. 4323: 4319: 4311: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4021:on 2004-04-05 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3672: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3607:gr-qc/0009013 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3495:gr-qc/0207049 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3365:SPIE Newsroom 3358: 3355: 3344:on 2011-12-18 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3321:(1–2): 1–69. 3320: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3196:Laser Physics 3193: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3152:gr-qc/0107091 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3128: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3101: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2998:Mariner Books 2995: 2988: 2985: 2973: 2969: 2966:Odenwald, S. 2962: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2905:Hillmer, R.; 2901: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2772: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730:(1–2): 1–69. 2729: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2294:(4): 047301. 2293: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2239:(1): 97–109. 2238: 2234: 2233: 2225: 2222: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2159: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1909: 1906: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1616:Physics World 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462:string theory 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1439:exotic matter 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1154:string theory 1151: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:João Magueijo 1082: 1078: 1077:Planck length 1074: 1070: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:vacuum energy 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 990: 985: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 953: 949: 945: 941: 938: 935: 931: 927: 924: 920: 919: 918: 916: 912: 909:traveling at 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 882: 874: 872: 869: 865: 859: 851: 849: 847: 843: 839: 834: 833:Nicolas Gisin 829: 827: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 792: 784: 782: 779: 778:vacuum energy 775: 769: 761: 759: 757: 752: 747: 739: 737: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 692:epiphenomenon 689: 685: 681: 677: 669: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 629: 627: 625: 620: 619:event horizon 616: 611: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 571:According to 566: 564: 562: 558: 557:Gaussian beam 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 520: 516: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499:monochromatic 496: 492: 488: 484: 477: 473: 471: 469: 461:Proper speeds 460: 444: 441: 433: 429: 425: 422: 417: 414: 408: 400: 396: 392: 389: 384: 381: 378: 372: 363: 355: 354: 353: 351: 347: 344: = 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 297: 292: 285: 283: 281: 277: 273: 265: 263: 261: 256: 252: 247: 243: 239: 231: 229: 226: 224: 220: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 176: 175: 173: 169: 163: 155: 153: 151: 150:exotic matter 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 97: 94:) may travel 93: 89: 85: 80: 75: 71: 67: 63: 62:communication 59: 55: 51: 47: 39: 33: 19: 7112:Supernatural 6884:Afrofuturism 6797:Space travel 6706:Invisibility 6674:Energy being 6651:Terraforming 6631:Dyson sphere 6626:Colonization 6558:Australasian 6451:Film history 6232:Grand Master 5434:by top speed 5417:by top speed 5399:wheel-driven 5389:Land vehicle 5225: 5219: 5161: 5157: 5140: 5136: 5093: 5089: 5066: 5043: 5016: 5012:Kaku, Michio 4982:(1): 69–81. 4979: 4973: 4953:. Retrieved 4949: 4940: 4919: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4792:cite journal 4749: 4745: 4739: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4657: 4653: 4640: 4628: 4623: 4612:. Retrieved 4608: 4595: 4555:(1): 17–22. 4552: 4548: 4538: 4527:. Retrieved 4525:. 2011-11-20 4522: 4513: 4488: 4477:. Retrieved 4468: 4456: 4447: 4441: 4416: 4404:. Retrieved 4394: 4386: 4376: 4364: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4075:. Retrieved 4063: 4053: 4045:CERN Courier 4044: 4034: 4023:. Retrieved 4019:the original 4009: 3959: 3955: 3942: 3902:(1): 11–31. 3899: 3895: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3663:. Retrieved 3659: 3650: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3430: 3424: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3364: 3357: 3346:. Retrieved 3339:the original 3318: 3314: 3301: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3119:. Retrieved 3113: 3103: 3092:. Retrieved 3090:. 1997-08-18 3087: 3078: 3054: 3047: 3023: 3016: 2993: 2987: 2975:. Retrieved 2971: 2961: 2952: 2946: 2935: 2925: 2914: 2900: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2763:. Retrieved 2752: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2621: 2614: 2590: 2583: 2561: 2554: 2530: 2523: 2483: 2477: 2464: 2435: 2427: 2394: 2388: 2379: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2213:. Retrieved 2199: 2172: 2161: 2150:. Retrieved 2142: 2132: 2092: 2086: 2073: 2048: 2042: 2029: 2014: 2006: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1897:. Retrieved 1877: 1873: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1836: 1813: 1807: 1783: 1776: 1752: 1745: 1733:. Retrieved 1729: 1705: 1696: 1677: 1656:. Retrieved 1652:the original 1647: 1638: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1530:Space portal 1489: 1443: 1405: 1393: 1370: 1319: 1294:In 2007 the 1293: 1265:relativistic 1241:wavefunction 1221: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1147: 1141: 1110: 1092: 1066: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1022: 1016: 994: 978: 974: 970: 966: 958: 933: 910: 894: 884: 861: 830: 813:Alain Aspect 809:Nathan Rosen 794: 771: 755: 753: 749: 723: 718: 710: 704: 699: 695: 673: 652:microquasars 633: 612: 601: 581:Hubble's law 573:Hubble's law 570: 552: 545: 541: 533: 529: 523: 518: 510: 502: 490: 480: 475: 464: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 319: 301: 293: 289: 279: 275: 271: 269: 250: 242:Solar System 235: 227: 216: 202: 198: 190: 186: 179: 167: 165: 145: 125: 121: 119: 100: 95: 78: 53: 50:superluminal 49: 45: 44: 6970:AI takeover 6817:Time travel 6777:Inertialess 6767:Force field 6757:Black holes 6726:Prosthetics 6588:Live-action 6357:Translation 6352:Tour-Apollo 6227:Golden Duck 6129:Jules Verne 5995:Women in SF 5960:Conventions 5845:Libertarian 5808:Dying Earth 5779:Space opera 5747:Inner space 5658:Definitions 4856:: 129–133. 4504:1109.4897v2 4432:1109.4897v1 4225:: 288–297. 3846:: 191–197. 1492:plot device 1466:Petr Hořava 1450:time travel 1159:dark energy 948:time travel 887:time travel 791:EPR paradox 785:EPR paradox 656:Martin Rees 561:diffraction 246:light-years 111:time travel 70:information 54:supercausal 7167:Categories 7006:Spacecraft 6982:Holography 6848:Group mind 6827:Warp drive 6782:Multiverse 6772:Hyperspace 6661:Biological 6545:Television 6509:Publishers 6487:Literature 6386:Multimedia 6302:Prometheus 6237:Grand Prix 6152:Astounding 6016:Australian 5921:Dieselpunk 5886:Underwater 5685:Golden Age 5409:motorcycle 5367:Spacecraft 5022:Allen Lane 4955:2021-09-01 4730:2022/20737 4614:2023-08-24 4529:2023-08-24 4479:2011-11-18 4077:2023-08-24 4025:2011-09-26 3985:2022/18649 3665:2023-08-24 3560:1706.05252 3553:(3): 140. 3348:2010-06-08 3121:2009-05-27 3094:2009-05-27 2852:(1): 1–5. 2765:2017-06-07 2565:(Thesis). 2444:. p. 2215:2008-11-06 2152:2011-09-26 1976:(12): 42. 1899:2007-04-30 1880:(9): 618. 1582:Slow light 1484:See also: 1423:distortion 1228:superfluid 1130:warp drive 1056:attosecond 702:apparent. 678:, such as 597:coordinate 550:can exceed 126:subluminal 7025:Religious 6736:Symbiosis 6721:Parasites 6679:Evolution 6499:Magazines 6476:Tokusatsu 6257:Kitschies 6187:Deutscher 6145:and audio 6122:Cinematic 6076:Norwegian 6066:Hungarian 6026:Brazilian 5936:Steampunk 5931:Solarpunk 5904:Cyberpunk 5874:Tokusatsu 5857:Tech noir 5840:Christian 5818:Superhero 5709:Subgenres 5542:Endurance 5517:Aircraft 5463:submerged 5242:0018-9219 5171:1204.0810 5128:0264-9381 5048:Wiley-VCH 5004:250863474 4562:1203.3433 4331:0706.0437 4302:118152360 4277:1003.0657 4232:0906.4282 4203:119248001 4178:1108.0847 4150:118152708 4125:0912.4139 4072:0362-4331 3909:0801.0287 3853:0902.0994 3620:CiteSeerX 3467:118855372 3440:1003.3942 3416:122620657 3293:206515239 3234:1054-660X 3209:0706.0553 3060:CRC Press 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