Farmers' Alliance - Knowledge

687: 394:, the unusually rainy years of the early 1880s which had buoyed land prices gave way to a protracted drought beginning in the summer of 1887, bringing an end to the giddy, speculative boom. With crops failing, artificially inflated land prices plummeted; Eastern capital began to withdraw from the region. Banks collapsed and credit dried up. A decade of hard times followed, marked by the abandonment of entire communities. A sense of deep discontent with the current state of affairs was felt by the farmers who remained. 51: 898:

for the storage of non-perishable agricultural commodities, operated at minimal cost to participating farmers. Farmers would then be permitted to draw low interest loans of up to 80% of the value of warehoused goods, payable in U.S. Treasury notes, under the plan. The failure of the Democratic Party to endorse this initiative was instrumental in causing the Farmers' Alliance to become directly involved in partisan politics through an organization largely of its own making, the

894:. It did away with national banks so private, local banks could be formed. The Alliance wanted an income tax, the freedom to coin its own money and the freedom to borrow money from the government to buy land. The Alliance also tried to do away with foreign competitors who owned land in America. It wanted to directly elect federal judges and senators. The Alliance gained powerful political strength and controlled elections in states in the South and the West. 465:, as merchants demanded this easily storable, readily marketable commodity to be produced for the satisfaction of debt. Not accidentally, the requirement by merchants for cotton production made production of adequate food and fodder for sustenance virtually impossible, further deepening the debt of the farmer to his merchant-creditor. A sense of deep discontent with the current state of affairs was felt by the small-holding and tenant farmers of the South. 534:

organization, however, as prosperity returned to Midwestern agriculture in 1883 and the 4th Convention was poorly attended and no convention was held at all in 1884. With work to do and money to be made, early enthusiasm in the new radical reform organization fell precipitously. Even National Secretary Milton George lost heart, publishing less and less news of the Farmers' Alliance in his newspaper's pages. State and local organizations became moribund.

526:. Local organizations proved easier to launch than did statewide bodies and in its first years the Alliance was dominated by these local groups, with state-level bodies floundering. The locals did organize themselves at the state level, however, with delegates gathering in founding conventions in Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota and Michigan between January 1881 and the middle of 1882. 826:

otherwise. In a broad sense, the purposes of the Farmers' Alliance ... cover today a remedy for every evil known to exist and afflict farmers and other producers, and in the future should cover every contingency that may arise, presenting evil to be combatted by means of organization; they are accumulative and ever changing, as the enemy assumes a new guise.

348:, which had been previously regarded by the public as worthless to the needs of agriculture due to insufficiencies of the soil as well as the arid climate. Millions of advertising dollars were spent by the railway companies promoting the agricultural development of the land which they had to sell. This effort was to be rewarded, particularly after the 811:

Alliance "calamity" howlers, who are traveling from State to State, county to county, town to town, township to township, schoolhouse to schoolhouse, not for the good of the people, but for the money they make and in hopes of political promotion. The people should organize at once in opposition to this gigantic scheme.

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The Alliance failed as an economic movement, but it is regarded by historians as engendering a "movement culture" among the rural poor. This failure prompted an evolution of the Alliance into a political movement to field its own candidates in national elections. In 1889–1890, the Alliance was reborn

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In the South, the agenda centered on demands of government control of transportation and communication, in order to break the power of corporate monopolies. From 1890 it also included a demand for a national "Sub-Treasury Plan" calling for the establishment of a network of government-owned warehouses

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to form a new group called the National Farmers' and Laborers' Union of America. Negotiations were begun to further unify forces by joining this newly expanded Southern Alliance with its Northern Alliance counterpart. While merger of the two organizations would have created a larger and more powerful

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A new mode of production replaced the slave-based large-scale agriculture of the pre-war years. Now it would be small-scale agrarian enterprise that would proliferate and the emergence of the so-called "share system" or "cropping system," in which non-landowners paid rent for the use of the land they

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During the early 1880s this Texas Farmers' State Alliance was considered to be a loose part of the Northern Alliance organization. Owing to the lack of dues of the national group in this period, such a relationship was more theoretical than practical. The adoption of a dues system in the middle part

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and soon spreading throughout the American Midwest. Dues were not collected in the earliest phase of Northern Alliance's existence, with editor George financing the group's launch — a fact which spurred growth. Within a month more than 200 locals had been chartered, with claims made that 1,000 local

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preacher, emerged as the leader of this Texas organization when he was elected Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Texas organization in 1886. Macune immediately stifled an impending split of the organization threatened by a faction inside the Texas Alliance pushing to launch the group as an

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with the whites, and a great many other things which, since he has found out better, he neither needs nor wants." Turner argued that relations between the races were fundamentally benevolent now that black farmers had recognized that "his old master" had "almost invariably" been on hand to provide

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emerged in which future crops would be mortgaged to merchants or landowners (often one and the same) in exchange for credit for current purchases. Written contracts made these loans legally enforceable and those so enmeshed frequently found themselves forced to pay inflated prices at high rates of

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when a new group was established there by a former member of the Lampasas County Alliance group. The Northern Alliance's constitution and its precedent of non-partisan activity were closely followed and in short order a dozen local groups had been established upon that model. This Texas group was

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Stevens, Albert C. Cyclopedia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to the Origin, Derivation, Founders, Development, Aims, Emblems, Character, and Personnel of More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States New

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Included among these concerns to greater or lesser extent were the question of exploitative terms of credit, insufficient money supply to sustain the economic needs of society, super-profits extracted by merchants, millers, and other middlemen, systemically unfavorable terms of trade levied upon

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organization of the day. Ten state organizations were fully functioning by 1890 and new members flooded into the Farmers' Alliance at the rate of 1,000 per week. Kansas alone boasted 130,000 members, closely followed by Nebraska, the Dakotas, and Minnesota, and the national office optimistically

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No man ... can give a perfect definition of the purposes of the Farmers' Alliance; and he who attempts a definition simply gives his own personal conception of the subject, which may be more or less valuable, according to whether his field of observation and his accuracy of judgment are good or

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As a widespread movement consisting of three independent branches and existing for more than two decades, reduction of the Farmers' Alliance to a few universal objectives is problematic. As Southern Alliance leader C.W. Macune noted in 1891, the agenda of the organization was both amorphous and

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organized as a Texas Alliance as a means of cooperating to apprehend horse thieves, round up stray animals, and cooperatively purchase large stores of supplies. This group gradually moved into more extensive action in response to the perceived abuses towards smaller operators engaged in by land

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By the time of the organization's 2nd Annual Convention, held early in October 1881, the organization claimed a membership of 24,500. A year hence, at the 3rd Convention of October 1882, some 2,000 locals and a total membership of 100,000 was claimed. This proved to be a high-water mark for the

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The new movement strove to protect farmers from the capitalistic and industrial powers of monopolies (such as railroads) and unsympathetic public officials. The Northern Alliance sought to enact a more equitable tax system on mortgage property, pass income tax law, abolish free travel passes to

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brokers who had previously negotiated with individual farmers for ten bales at a time now needed to strike deals with the Alliance men for 1,000 bale sales. This solidarity was usually short-lived, however, and could not withstand the retaliation from the commodities brokers and railroads, who

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The only way for the farmers to meet the Alliance secret political society is with a secret society the object of which shall not be to nominate men for office, but to assist in educating the people and making them thoroughly acquainted with the wants of all the people and the fallacies of the

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before being finally completed in May 1869. There followed a rush to complete additional railway lines to open up new frontier areas for economic development, a situation in which the United States government and the great railroad companies of the day maintained a common interest. Rather than

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The accomplishments of the Farmers' Alliance are numerous. For example, many Alliance chapters all set up their own cooperative stores, which bought directly from wholesalers and sold their goods to farmers at a lower rate, at times 20 to 30 percent below the regular retail price. Such stores

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The Colored Farmers' Alliance sponsored cooperative stores at which members could obtain necessary goods at reduced prices, published newspapers which attempted to educate members of the organization as to new farming techniques, and in some places raised money to help support the underfunded

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The limited effects of the local policies of the Alliance did little to address the overall problem of deflation and depressed agricultural prices. By 1886, tensions had begun to form in the movement between the political activists, who promoted a national political agenda, and the political

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in winter of 1890 by a group of Republicans including Jesse Taylor, D. M. Frost and S. R. Peters. By 1895 the Knights claimed 125,000 members and had lodges in Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Arkansas, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Ohio. Founders included

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Political activists in the movement also made attempts to unite the two Alliance organizations, along with the Knights of Labor and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, into a common movement. The efforts and unification proved futile, however.

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in order to restrict speculative profits, and the adoption of an inflationary relaxation of the nation's money supply as a means of easing the burden of repayment of loans by debtors. The Farmers' Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the

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speculators and massive cattle operations. The organization grew and was organized on a statewide basis in 1878 but was almost immediately killed when it attempted to enter the political field and was torn asunder by antagonistic factions favoring the Democratic and

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organization, unity was stalled over terms of the union, including the composition of the governing bodies, divergent views on non-white membership, and disagreement over program owing to divergence between Southern and Northern farmers' economic interests.

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At its December 1889 convention in St. Louis, the National Farmers' and Laborers' Union of America changed its name again, this time to the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union — the name by which it would be known for the rest of its existence.

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as the Alliance of Colored Farmers of Texas — forerunner of the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, commonly known as the "Colored Farmers' Alliance." A declaration of principles was adopted which identified the new organization as a

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A great part of this massive stockpile of land needed to be converted into cash by the railways to finance their building activities, since railroad construction was a costly undertaking. New settlement had to be attracted to the virgin lands west of the

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The region faced enormous costs to replace the buildings destroyed in the war and the factories looted. The capacity of the gutted financial market to make loans was grossly insufficient for the needs of the region, exemplified by the 123 counties in

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of the South, also typical of Southern whites of the era, did nothing to reassure African-American farmers that their concerns were shared by their European-American counterparts. With their presence from the Southern Farmers' Alliance barred due to

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independent political party. He then united the group around a vision of organizational independence from the Northern Alliance coupled with a program of active expansion. As a first step towards this end, Macune negotiated a merger with the

425:. Great landed estates were broken up or rendered unworkable by the lack of a free labor supply and the flood of land sold on the marked depressed prices and reduced the economic possibilities of those who counted their dollars in acres. 748:

dedicated to education, improvement of agricultural efficiency, and the raising of funds for collective benefits for "sick or disabled members, or their distressed families." The initial form of the organization was that of a

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The Northern Alliance made its greatest inroads in areas which were stricken by drought in 1881, including the states of Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Minnesota. Growth was slower in states less severely affected, including as

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held on March 14, 1888, at which the group was redefined as national in scope under the name Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union. A national newspaper was launched by the organization called

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achieved only limited success, however, since they faced the hostility of wholesale merchants who sometimes retaliated by temporarily lowering their prices in order to drive the Alliance stores out of business.

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would have the incentive to produce more and benefit from increased output while landowners would be provided with a labor source to produce upon the land they held without the necessity of paying cash wages.

486:. The group sought to organize in order to fight what they deemed the unfair practices of the railroad transportation mill, for the reform of the tax system, and for the legalization of Grange-sponsored 454:

interest. If the value of the credit exceeded the cash value of the crop, the arrangement was automatically rolled over for another year and a never-ending cycle amounting to a condition of perpetual

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This first organization proved largely ineffectual but does seem to have provided the inspiration for the first effective Alliance group, which was established on April 15, 1880, by newspaper editor

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conservatives, who favored no change in national policy but a "strictly business" plan of local economic action. In Texas, the split reached a climax in August 1886 at the statewide convention in

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to subsidize construction. Some 129 million acres (52.2 million hectares) of public land was ultimately transferred from public ownership to the privately owned railways as part of this process.

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The Southern Farmers' Alliance was unapologetic about its color bar banning black farmers from membership. The Alliance's National Secretary-Treasurer J.H. Turner, himself the son of a former

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responded by boycotting the Alliance and eventually broke the power of the movement. The Alliance had never fielded its own political candidates. It preferred to work through the established

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The program of the organization became steadily more radical in this interval, including demands for government ownership of one or more of the intercontinental railroad lines as well as for

803:. Its program included trade reciprocity, protection of American industries, just pensions for Union veterans and disenfranchisement of those who accepted or offered a bribe for a vote. 279: 632:(today's Oklahoma). By the end of 1885 this growing organization claimed a membership of approximately 50,000, scattered between more than 1200 local groups, known as "Sub-Alliances." 946:

members from the industrialized Northeast. The Populists, who fielded national candidates in the 1892 election, essentially repeated all the demands of the Alliance in its platform.

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The Knights were adamant in their opposition to what they called the Democratic Union Labor - Farmers Alliance combination in politics. One of their circulars from 1891 reads:

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The roots of the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, commonly known as the "Southern Alliance," dated back to approximately 1875, when a group of ranchers in

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with no banks whatsoever even in 1895. Merchants, finding a sellers' market, extracted extraordinary profits through inflated prices and usurious credit terms.

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The Southern Alliance also demanded reforms of currency, land ownership, and income tax policies. Meanwhile, the Northern Alliance stressed the demand for

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belt. The demands of the Southern Alliance were similar to those of its northern counterpart. They pressed for abolition of national banks and monopolies,

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prices following the harvest of 1884 reinvigorated the Farmers' Alliance and activity again exploded. In 1885 a new Alliance group was established for the

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emerged around the buying and selling of farmland and urban lots. Population continued to surge throughout the region well into the decade of the 1880s.

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and a 5th Convention was successfully held in November 1886. A system of dues was established, thereby funding and energizing the state organizations.

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farmed in the form of a fixed percentage of the output generated. This system in theory served the needs of landowners and poor farmers alike, as the

854:. Such facilities allowed debt-laden farmers, who often had little cash to pay third-party mills, to bring their goods to markets at a lower cost. 872: 709: 666:, issuance of paper money (Greenback or Fiat money), loans on land, establishment of sub-treasuries, income tax acts, and revision of tariffs. 478:

The National Farmers' Alliance, commonly known as the "Northern Alliance," was established on March 21, 1877, by a group of members of the

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In February 1887 the group was chartered under the laws of Texas as the Alliance of Colored Farmers. This was followed by a convention in

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The idea emerged to put this enthusiastic and growing membership to work to advance the group's goals through a political organization.

2230: 720:"the best advice" regarding agricultural problems and had very often been the one to "protect and defend him in his business affairs." 959: 883:, on the grounds that this would alleviate the contraction in the money supply that led to falling prices and scarcity of credit (see 246:

farmers that developed and flourished ca. 1875. The movement included several parallel but independent political organizations — the

969: 875:. Other demands include changes in governmental land policy, and railroad regulation. The demands also included a demand for use of 403: 1149: 939: 899: 303: 151: 931: 927: 320: 1954: 390:

Unfortunately for those who chose to attempt to farm new lands in such places as Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, and Eastern

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showed parallel population gains. New counties, villages, and towns sprang up by the hundreds throughout the region and a

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gave the new organization public exposure and inspired the establishment of chartered local organizations, beginning in

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In practice, however, a system of virtual slavery emerged, in which poor whites and freed blacks became enmeshed in the

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grew from a population of just under 365,000 to nearly a million people during the 1870s. The number of inhabitants in

867:. The political activists successfully lobbied for passage of a set of political demands that included support of the 297:. The Alliance also generally supported the government regulation of the transportation industry, establishment of an 1924: 2174: 2071:

Up from the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmers' Alliance, Populism, And Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870–1915.

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small-scale agricultural shippers by the railroad industry, negative impacts on land prices caused by speculation.

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in 1885. The groups were joined under a new name, the National Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union of America.

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In 1889 the National Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union united with a large rival organization known as the

213: 2141: 553:, as interest spread westward. New national principles were composed and mailed out to the entire readership of 778:

The Colored Farmers' Alliance's organizational strength peaked in 1891, with some 1.2 million members claimed.

617: 353: 271: 2200: 1768:

R.H. Humphrey, "History of the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union," in Dunning (ed.),

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A History of Farmers' Movements in Canada: The Origins and Development of Agrarian Protest, 1872–1924.

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Farmers in Rebellion: The Rise and Fall of the Southern Farmers Alliance and People's Party in Texas.

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Minutes 9 of the Travis County Farmers' Alliance, Held in their Hall in Austin, October 11th, 1889.

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Radical Protest and Social Structure: The Southern Farmers Alliance and Cotton Tenancy, 1880–1890.

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Populism and Feminism in a Newspaper by and for Women of the Kansas Farmer’s Alliance, 1891-1894.

1144: 1090: 1074: 995: 800: 712:, who "promised each head of family forty acres of land and a mule if only he would vote right." 670: 411: 324: 294: 203: 198: 1992: 2083:

Howard L. Meredith, "'The Middle Way': The Farmers' Alliance in Indian Territory, 1889–1896,"

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Humphrey, "History of the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union," pg. 290.

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Humphrey, "History of the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union," pg. 289.

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in the South — although these often proved fickle in supporting the agenda of the Alliance.

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bonds and currency saw them lost, as did those whose wealth was tied up in the ownership of

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of the decade forced the Texas group to closely consider its organizational affiliation.

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in 1880 as the "Farmers' State Alliance" and it subsequently expanded throughout the

438: 349: 243: 183: 2199:, newspaper of the Farmer's Alliance and Industrial Union in Washington State, from 880: 357: 329: 275: 2019: 786:

The Alliance was opposed by a group called the Knights of Reciprocity, founded in

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First banner of the Southern Farmers' Alliance, organized on a statewide basis in

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As an economic movement, the Alliance had a very limited and short term success.

704:, wrote that in fact the liberated slaves' "worst enemies" had been the Northern 1024: 906: 796: 792: 663: 572: 561: 462: 337: 191: 187: 175: 352:

left many unemployed and seeking a new start. Settlers began to flood into the

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C.W. Macune, "The Purposes of the Farmers' Alliance," in N.A. Dunning (ed.),

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Moreover, Turner noted, the liberated slaves of the South had been promised "

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Moreover, this crop-lien system contributed to the establishment of a cotton

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History of the National Farmers Alliance and Co-operative Union of America.

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One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the

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Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Oklahoma Historical Society.

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The Alliance wanted to change the way Americans worked by pushing for an

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groups had been established by the end of the organization's first year.

391: 368: 179: 942:(commonly known as the "Populists"), and included both Alliance men and 2099:

Herman C. Nixon, "The Cleavage within the Farmers' Alliance Movement,"

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Herman C. Nixon, "The Cleavage within the Farmers' Alliance Movement,"

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This was one of the first steps in unifying farmers along the American

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at its historic ratio to gold. Connections began to be forged with the

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Blacks in the Populist Revolt: Ballots and Bigotry in the "New South."

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The Granger Movement: A Study of Agricultural Organization, 1870–1880.

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Dr. Charles W. Macune, a top leader of the Southern Farmers' Alliance.

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of merchants and landowners providing essential supplies on credit. A

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Organized agrarian economic movement among late 1800s American farmers

922: 876: 729: 659: 364: 549:, where wheat reigned supreme, followed by a state organization for 2050:

The Populist Moment: A Short History of Agrarian Revolt in America.

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Farmers' Union, a group established in 1880 and transformed into a

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In 1879 the influence of the Northern Alliance made itself felt in

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Roy V. Scott, "Milton George and the Farmers' Alliance Movement,"

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William F. Holmes, "The Demise of the Colored Farmers' Alliance,"

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William F. Holmes, "The Demise of the Colored Farmers' Alliance,"

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Additionally, the Farmer's Alliance established its own mills for

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In December 1886 a group of black farmers organized themselves in

685: 600: 586: 538: 446: 56: 1925:"John Patterson Stelle: Agrarian Crusader from Southern Illinois" 771:, establishing a presence in every Southern state of the union. 690:

Counties with at least a 30% African-American population in 2000

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public officials, and regulate interstate commerce by Congress.

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History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution.

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Populist Vanguard: A History of the Southern Farmers' Alliance.

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farmers were forced to establish an organization of their own.

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The One-Gallused Rebellion: Agrarianism in Alabama, 1865–1896.

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The Populist Revolt: A History of the Crusade for Farm Relief.

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Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association.

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Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association.

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Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association.

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The Agrarian Crusade: A Chronicle of the Farmer in Politics.

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Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1931; pg. 3.

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Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.

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A History of Farmer Movements in the Southwest, 1873–1925.

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consisting of the African American farmers of the South.

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Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union,

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Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1970.

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Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union

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Madison, Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, 1914.

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Washington, DC: Alliance Publishing Co., 1891; pg. 257.

1004:, member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 988:, member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 821:

dynamic, a response to local problems and conditions:

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Agricultural organizations based in the United States

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in response to the railway companies' blandishments.

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Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1960.

1734:J.H. Turner, "The Race Problem," in Dunning (ed.), 723:Such a view of the indebted and impoverished black 197: 169: 157: 147: 137: 129: 121: 111: 72: 64: 39: 2193:Guest lecture, Columbia University, December 1998. 2146:Austin, TX: Travis County Farmers' Alliance, 1889. 2038:Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1977. 2012:Farmers' Alliance History and Agricultural Digest. 1844:Farmers' Alliance History and Agricultural Digest. 1770:Farmers' Alliance History and Agricultural Digest, 1736:Farmers' Alliance History and Agricultural Digest, 1662: 1660: 371:nearly tripled, rising to nearly half a million. 162: 1929:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 1533:Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1964. 576:projected 2 million members in the near future. 328:directly undertaking railroad construction as a 315:Agricultural crisis in the US Midwest and Plains 2138:Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1975. 2066:College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 1935. 823: 248:National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union 89:National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union 2073:Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2006. 2031:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913. 2015:Washington, DC: Alliance Publishing Co., 1891. 2004:The Agrarian Revolution in Georgia, 1865–1912. 982:, U.S. Senator from North Carolina (1895–1901) 1877:"Alliance Party Made Political Waves in 1890" 1409: 1407: 8: 2134:Louis Aubrey Wood with Foster J.K. Griezic, 1988:Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1984. 1823:York, E. B. Treat and Company, 1899 pp.303-4 1805: 1803: 1801: 628:parts of the state and into the neighboring 323:across the U.S. was delayed somewhat by the 2124:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. 2024:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1920. 1704: 1702: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 767:The organization rapidly spread across the 414:. Those who had their fortunes invested in 2190:History of the South: The Southern Revolt. 1425: 1423: 1380: 1378: 398:Agricultural crisis in the southeastern US 88: 77: 49: 36: 2115:Farmer Movements in the South, 1865–1933. 2087:vol. 47, no. 4 (Winter 1969-70): 377–387. 1861:Bruce Palmer and Charles W. Macune, Jr., 1857: 1855: 1853: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1764: 1762: 1531:Farmer Movements in the South, 1865–1933. 1517:, MNopedia, Minnesota Historical Society. 1273: 1271: 1244: 1242: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1210: 1208: 2226:1877 establishments in the United States 2052:New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. 1747:Turner, "The Race Problem," pp. 272–273. 775:segregated black schools of the region. 2236:Left-wing populism in the United States 1725:vol. 15, no. 1, (June 1928), pp. 22–33. 1165: 907:free coinage of large amounts of silver 873:Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 293:on farmers in the period following the 100:National Alliance and Cooperative Union 363:Populations skyrocketed. The state of 2216:Economic history of the United States 2129:Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 2101:Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 1723:Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 306:, commonly known as the "Populists." 7: 2241:Progressive Era in the United States 2221:Defunct American political movements 2059:vol. 41, no. 2 (May, 1975): 187–200. 1813:vol. 41, no. 2 (May, 1975), pg. 187. 1756:Turner, "The Race Problem," pg. 273. 998:, Governor of Washington (1897–1901) 2131:vol. 45, no. 1 (June 1958): 90–109. 2103:vol. 15, no. 1, (June 1928): 22–33. 2096:St. Louis, MO: C.B. Woodward, 1891. 1123:Western Rural and Family Farm Paper 917:Transition to the Populist movement 332:project of the federal government, 27:For the Irish political party, see 1999:7, no. 4 (Winter 1984-85): 280–90. 1963:. Associated Press. March 19, 1900 1069:—No copies known to have survived. 1039:, Texas. Edited by James H. Davis. 960:Minnesota House of Representatives 25: 2045:Jacksboro, TX: J.N. Rogers, 1887. 970:Illinois House of Representatives 336:granted cash loans and grants of 1875:King, Tim (February 21, 2014). 410:was virtually destroyed by the 321:First transcontinental railroad 1515:Farmers' Alliance in Minnesota 1: 2041:W. L. Garvin and J. O. Daws, 2182:"Colored Farmers' Alliance," 2057:Journal of Southern History, 1909:Illinois Blue Book 1913-1914 1811:Journal of Southern History, 1013:Selected Alliance newspapers 562:unlimited coinage of silver 78:National Farmers's Alliance 29:Farmers' Alliance (Ireland) 2262: 693: 260:National Farmers' Alliance 238:was an organized agrarian 26: 2177:New Georgia Encyclopedia. 1863:"Charles William Macune," 282:had been strong, and the 214:Politics of United States 209: 48: 469:Organizational histories 2201:The Labor Press Project 2106:William Warren Rogers, 2085:Chronicles of Oklahoma, 2076:Robert C. McMath, Jr., 1100:Leonidas LaFayette Polk 1096:Raleigh, North Carolina 816:Agenda and achievements 319:The quest to achieve a 199:Political position 2231:Farmers' organizations 1955:"H. E. Taubeneck Dead" 1923:Scott, Roy V. (1962). 1155:William Jennings Bryan 1084:Charles William Macune 1020:American Nonconformist 828: 813: 763:The National Alliance. 691: 664:free coinage of silver 592: 408:Southern United States 406:-based economy of the 18:Farmer's Alliance 2197:The People's Advocate 1991:Marilyn Dell Brady, “ 962:and its 20th Speaker. 850:, as well as its own 808: 741:Houston County, Texas 689: 590: 583:The Southern Alliance 474:The Northern Alliance 358:Northern Great Plains 2175:"Farmers' Alliance," 2168:"Farmers' Alliance," 2158:"Farmers' Alliance," 2113:Theodore Saloutous, 2009:N.A. Dunning (ed.), 1710:The Populist Revolt, 1694:The Populist Revolt, 1681:The Populist Revolt, 1668:The Populist Revolt, 1652:The Populist Revolt, 1639:The Populist Revolt, 1626:The Populist Revolt, 1604:The Populist Revolt, 1586:The Populist Revolt, 1573:The Populist Revolt, 1555:The Populist Revolt, 1503:The Populist Revolt, 1490:The Populist Revolt, 1470:The Populist Revolt, 1457:The Populist Revolt, 1444:The Populist Revolt, 1431:The Populist Revolt, 1415:The Populist Revolt, 1399:The Populist Revolt, 1386:The Populist Revolt, 1370:The Populist Revolt, 1357:The Populist Revolt, 1344:The Populist Revolt, 1331:The Populist Revolt, 1318:The Populist Revolt, 1305:The Populist Revolt, 1292:The Populist Revolt, 1279:The Populist Revolt, 1263:The Populist Revolt, 1250:The Populist Revolt, 1234:The Populist Revolt, 1216:The Populist Revolt, 1200:The Populist Revolt, 1187:The Populist Revolt, 682:The Colored Alliance 613:Parker County, Texas 2180:William F. Holmes, 1529:Theodore Saloutos, 1036:Alliance Vindicator 930:in the Midwest and 858:The national agenda 788:Garden City, Kansas 2120:Michael Schwartz, 2048:Lawrence Goodwyn, 2002:Robert P. Brooks, 1145:Agricultural Wheel 1091:Progressive Farmer 1075:National Economist 996:John Rankin Rogers 892:eight-hour workday 746:mutual aid society 710:Reconstruction era 692: 671:Agricultural Wheel 593: 501:. George's paper, 412:American Civil War 385:speculative bubble 325:American Civil War 295:American Civil War 98: • 87: • 76: • 2156:Donna A. Barnes, 2090:W. Scott Morgan, 2062:Robert Lee Hunt, 1984:Donna A. Barnes, 1128:Chicago, Illinois 1070: 1060:National Alliance 1053:William A. Peffer 950:Elected officials 640:Charles W. Macune 402:The agrarian and 236:Farmers' Alliance 232: 231: 219:Political parties 148:Succeeded by 116:Farmers' Movement 105:Black Southerners 94:White Southerners 42:Farmers' Alliance 16:(Redirected from 2253: 2187:Adrienne Petty, 2034:Gerald Gaither, 1973: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1904: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1872: 1866: 1859: 1848: 1839: 1833: 1832:Stevens pp.303-4 1830: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1807: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1773: 1766: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1706: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1655: 1648: 1642: 1635: 1629: 1622: 1607: 1600: 1589: 1582: 1576: 1569: 1558: 1551: 1534: 1527: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1473: 1466: 1460: 1453: 1447: 1440: 1434: 1427: 1418: 1411: 1402: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1353: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1301: 1295: 1288: 1282: 1275: 1266: 1259: 1253: 1246: 1237: 1230: 1219: 1212: 1203: 1196: 1190: 1183: 1177: 1170: 1107:Southern Mercury 1080:Washington, D.C. 1068: 1002:Herman Taubeneck 968:, member of the 958:, member of the 956:Ezra T. Champlin 944:Knights of Labor 932:Democratic Party 928:Republican Party 869:Knights of Labor 734:African-American 630:Indian Territory 566:Knights of Labor 547:Dakota Territory 507:Filley, Nebraska 451:crop-lien system 420:African American 381:Dakota Territory 291:crop-lien system 280:Granger movement 138:Preceded by 53: 37: 21: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2206: 2205: 2164:Gilbert C. Fite 2153: 2069:Connie Lester, 1981: 1979:Further reading 1976: 1966: 1964: 1960:San Jose Herald 1953: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1906: 1905: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1729: 1720: 1716: 1707: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1610: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1537: 1528: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1476: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1421: 1412: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1337: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1285: 1276: 1269: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1184: 1180: 1172:John D. Hicks, 1171: 1167: 1163: 1141: 1015: 952: 919: 860: 818: 784: 758:Lovelady, Texas 717:social equality 698: 684: 642:, the son of a 597:Lampasas County 585: 480:Grange movement 476: 471: 400: 317: 312: 270:farmers of the 254:farmers of the 242:movement among 228: 192:Monetary reform 190: 186: 182: 178: 102: 97: 91: 86: 80: 60: 44: 43: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2178: 2173:Matthew Hild, 2171: 2161: 2152: 2151:External links 2149: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2025: 2016: 2007: 2000: 1997:Kansas History 1989: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1946: 1915: 1912:. p. 394. 1894: 1867: 1849: 1834: 1825: 1815: 1797: 1788: 1774: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1727: 1714: 1698: 1685: 1672: 1656: 1643: 1630: 1608: 1590: 1577: 1559: 1535: 1519: 1507: 1494: 1474: 1461: 1448: 1435: 1419: 1403: 1390: 1374: 1361: 1348: 1335: 1322: 1309: 1296: 1283: 1267: 1265:pp. 18–19, 31. 1254: 1238: 1220: 1204: 1191: 1178: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1150:People's Party 1147: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1119: 1103: 1087: 1071: 1065:Houston, Texas 1056: 1049:Topeka, Kansas 1040: 1032: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 999: 993: 986:Hosea H. Moore 983: 977: 966:James Cockrell 963: 951: 948: 940:People's Party 918: 915: 900:People's Party 859: 856: 844:cottonseed oil 817: 814: 783: 780: 769:American South 751:secret society 694:Main article: 683: 680: 653:secret society 584: 581: 568:, the leading 503:Western Rural, 484:New York state 475: 472: 470: 467: 399: 396: 346:Missouri River 316: 313: 311: 308: 304:People's Party 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 216: 210: 207: 206: 201: 195: 194: 173: 167: 166: 159: 155: 154: 152:People's Party 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 41: 40: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2258: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1132:Milton George 1129: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1112:Dallas, Texas 1109: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1044:Kansas Farmer 1041: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1029:Henry Vincent 1026: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 987: 984: 981: 980:Marion Butler 978: 975: 974:Marion County 971: 967: 964: 961: 957: 954: 953: 949: 947: 945: 941: 935: 933: 929: 924: 916: 914: 910: 908: 903: 901: 895: 893: 888: 886: 885:gold standard 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 857: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 832: 827: 822: 815: 812: 807: 804: 802: 798: 794: 789: 781: 779: 776: 772: 770: 765: 764: 759: 754: 752: 747: 742: 737: 735: 731: 726: 725:sharecroppers 721: 718: 713: 711: 707: 706:carpetbaggers 703: 697: 688: 681: 679: 675: 672: 667: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 645: 641: 637: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 609: 607: 602: 598: 589: 582: 580: 577: 574: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 555:Western Rural 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 531: 527: 525: 521: 517: 511: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Milton George 491: 489: 485: 481: 473: 468: 466: 464: 459: 457: 452: 448: 443: 440: 439:sharecroppers 434: 432: 426: 424: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 397: 395: 393: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 350:Panic of 1873 347: 341: 339: 335: 331: 326: 322: 314: 309: 307: 305: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 202: 200: 196: 193: 189: 185: 184:Progressivism 181: 177: 174: 172: 168: 165: 164: 160: 156: 153: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 114: 110: 106: 101: 95: 90: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 38: 30: 19: 2189: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2084: 2077: 2070: 2063: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2027:Solon Buck, 2020: 2018:Solon Buck, 2011: 2003: 1996: 1985: 1965:. Retrieved 1958: 1949: 1937:. Retrieved 1932: 1928: 1918: 1908: 1885:. Retrieved 1883:. p. 15 1880: 1870: 1843: 1837: 1828: 1818: 1810: 1791: 1769: 1752: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1709: 1696:pp. 106–107. 1693: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1651: 1646: 1641:pp. 104–105. 1638: 1633: 1625: 1603: 1588:pp. 102–103. 1585: 1580: 1572: 1554: 1530: 1510: 1505:pp. 100–101. 1502: 1497: 1489: 1469: 1464: 1456: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1430: 1414: 1398: 1393: 1385: 1369: 1364: 1356: 1351: 1343: 1338: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1312: 1304: 1299: 1291: 1286: 1278: 1262: 1257: 1249: 1233: 1215: 1199: 1194: 1186: 1181: 1173: 1168: 1130:. Edited by 1121: 1114:. Edited by 1105: 1098:. Edited by 1089: 1073: 1058: 1051:. Edited by 1042: 1034: 1027:. 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