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the major producer of milk in the country. More than 40% of Indian farming households are engaged in milk production because it is a livestock enterprise in which they can engage with relative ease to improve their livelihoods. Regular milk sales allow them to move from subsistence to earning a market-based income. The structure of the livestock industry is globally changing and putting poorer livestock producers in danger because they will be crowded out and left behind. More than 40 million households in India are at least partially dependent on milk production, and developments in the dairy sector will have important repercussions on their livelihoods and on rural poverty levels. Haryana was chosen to assess possible developments in the Indian dairy sector and to broadly identify areas of interventions that favor small-scale dairy producers. A methodology developed by the
International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN) examined impacts of change on milk prices, farm management and other market factors that affect the small-scale milk production systems, the whole farm and related household income.
282:, Kutia Kondha, Dongaria Kondha, Lanjia Sauras, and Paraja are all involved in this practice. Many festivals and other such rituals revolve around the podu fields because the tribals view podu cultivation as more than just a means of their livelihood, they view it as a way of life. In the first year of podu cultivation, tribals sow kandlan (variety of arhar dal). Sowing means spraying the seeds and is used at pre-monsoon time and the area is adequately protected. Yield differs from area to area depending on local climatic factors. After harvest, the land is left fallow. During the pre-monsoon, varieties of rice, corn, and ginger are also sown. Generally, after the third year, the tribals abandon this land and shift to new land. On the abandoned land, natural regeneration starts from the available rootstocks and seed banks.
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India. Its goal is to bring together all of the land resources of farmers in such an organized and united way so that they will be collected in a position to grow crops on all of the land to the best of the fertility of the land. This system has become an essential feature of India's Five Year Plans. There is immense scope for co-operative farming in India although the movement is as yet in it infancy. The progress of co-operative financing in India has been very slow. The reasons are fear of unemployment, attachment to the land, lack of proper propaganda renunciation of membership by farmers and the existence of fake societies.
356:. It involves rotations of grasses and food grains in a specific area. It is now being promoted even more to encourage organic farming, especially in the drylands. Ley farming acts as insurance against crop failures by frequent droughts. Structurally related physical properties and biological processes of soil often change when different cropping systems, tillage, or management practices are used. Soil fertility can be increased and maintained by enhancing natural soil biological processes. Farming provides balanced nutrition for sustainable production through continuous turnover of organic matter in the soil.
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247:, small millets, root crops, and vegetables are grown in this system. Eighty-five percent of the total cultivation in northeast India is by shifting cultivation. Due to the increasing requirement for cultivation of land, the cycle of cultivation followed by leaving land fallow has reduced from 25 to 30 years to 2–3 years. This significant drop in uncultivated land does not give the land enough time to return to its natural condition. Because of this, the resilience of the
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85:. Currently, the country holds the second position in agricultural production in the world. In 2007, agriculture and other industries made up more than 16% of India's GDP. Despite the steady decline in agriculture's contribution to the country's GDP, agriculture is the biggest industry in the country and plays a key role in the socio-economic growth of the country. India is the second-largest producer of wheat, rice, cotton,
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53:, and many more. Due to India's geographical location, certain parts experience different climates, thus affecting each region's agricultural productivity differently. India is very dependent on its monsoon cycle for large crop yields. India's agriculture has an extensive background which goes back to at least 9 thousand years. In India, in the alluvial plains of the
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59 million hectares in FY 1990. The main strategy for these irrigation systems focuses on public investments in surface systems, such as large dams, long canals, and other large-scale works that require large amounts of capital. Between 1951 and 1990, nearly 1,350 large- and medium-sized irrigation works were started, and about 850 were completed.
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due to their fast growth rate, tolerance of rich or degraded agricultural land, and potential to produce large quantities of raw material for industrial use. Plantations are always young forests in ecological terms; this means that these forests don't contain the type of growth, soil or wildlife that
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With increases in both human and animal populations in the Indian arid zone, the demand for grain, fodder, and fuelwood is increasing. Agricultural production in this region is low due to the low and uneven distribution of rainfall (100–400 mm yr"1) and the low availability of essential mineral
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Commercial grain farming is a response to farm mechanization and it is the major type of activity in the areas of low rainfall and low density of population where extensive farming is practiced. Crops are prone to the vagaries of weather and droughts, and monoculture of wheat is the general practice.
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Extensive commercial farming is a system of agriculture in which relatively small amounts of capital or labor investment are applied to relatively large areas of land. At times, the land is left fallow to regain its fertility. It is mostly mechanized because of the cost and availability of labor. It
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and
Rajasthan contributed to the civil unrest in Punjab during the 1980s and early 1990s. Problems also have arisen as groundwater supplies used for irrigation face depletion. Drawing water off from one area to irrigate another often leads to increased salinity receiving water through irrigation are
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can be classified as a type of subsistence farming if there is an individual or communal farmer doing the labor and if the yield is solely for their own consumption. It is characterized by different crops being alternately grown on the same land in a specific order to have more effective control of
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and bamboo plantations in India are a good alternative crop solution to farmers of central India, where conventional farming is popular. Due to rising input costs of farming, many farmers have grown teak and bamboo plantations because they only require water during the first two years. Bamboo, once
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requires a crucial role of water. Empirical evidence suggests that the increase in agricultural production in India is mostly due to irrigation; close to three-fifths of India's grain harvest comes from irrigated land. The land area under irrigation expanded from 22.6 million hectares in FY 1950 to
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In 2001 India became the world leader in milk production with a production volume of 84 million tons. India has about three times as many dairy animals as the US, which produces around 75 million tons. Dairy farming is generally a type of subsistence farming system in India, especially in
Haryana,
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Frequent shifting from one land to the other has affected the ecology of these regions. The area under natural forest has declined; the fragmentation of habitat, local disappearance of native species and invasion by exotic weeds and other plants are some of the other environmental consequences of
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This extensive commercial system is characterized by the cultivation of a single cash crop in plantations of estates on a large scale. Because it is a capital centered system, it is important to be technically advanced and have efficient methods of cultivation and tools including fertilizers and
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Irrigation farming is when crops are grown with the help of irrigation systems by supplying water to land through rivers, reservoirs, tanks, and wells. Over the last century, the population of India has tripled. With a growing population and increasing demand for food, the necessity of water for
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crops are grown at the start of the monsoon until the beginning of the winter, relatively from June to
November. Examples of such crops are rice, corn, millet, groundnut, moong, and urad. Rabi crops are winter crops that are sown in October -November months and harvested in February – March. Its
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Co-operative farming refers to the pooling of farming resources such as fertilizers, pesticides, farming equipment such as tractors. However, it generally excludes pooling of land unlike in collective farming where pooling of land is also done. Co-operative farming is a relatively new system in
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The replacement of natural forests with tree plantations has also caused social problems. In some countries, there is little concern or regard for the rights of the local people when replacing natural forests with plantations. Because these plantations are made solely for the production of one
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that is only suitable for certain types of farming. Many regions on the western side of India experience less than 50 cm of rain annually, so the farming systems are restricted to cultivate crops that can withstand drought conditions and farmers are usually restricted to single cropping.
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weeds, pests, diseases, and more economical utilization of soil fertility. In India, leguminous crops are grown alternately with wheat, barley, and mustard. An ideal cropping system should use natural resources efficiently, provide stable and high returns, and avoid environmental damage.
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material, there is a much smaller range of services for the local people. India has taken measures to avoid this by limiting the amount of land that can be owned by someone. As a result, smaller plantations are owned by local farmers who then sell the wood to larger companies.
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through the adoption of farming technologies that improve physical properties as well as the biological processes of these soils. Alternate farming systems are being sought for higher sustainable crop production at low input levels and to protect the soils from further
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is a type of subsistence farming where a plot of land is cultivated for a few years until the crop yield declines due to soil exhaustion and the effects of pests and weeds. Once crop yield has stagnated, the plot of land is deserted and the ground is cleared by
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Intensive commercial farming is a system of agriculture in which relatively large amounts of capital or labor are applied to relatively smaller areas of land. It is usually practiced where the population pressure is reducing the size of landholdings.
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Cluster bean – Pearl millet crop sequence with crop residue incorporation has significantly increased the productivity in the arid zone of
Western Rajasthan where fallow – pearl millet/pearl millet after pearl millet crop sequence is practiced.
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or estates and shipped off to other countries for money. These systems are common in sparsely populated areas such as
Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and Maharashtra. Wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and corn are all examples of crops grown commercially.
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irrigation and transport facilities. Examples of this type of farming are the tea plantations in Assam and West Bengal, the coffee plantations in
Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, and the rubber plantations in Kerala and Maharashtra.
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crop is mostly grown as a rain-fed monsoon crop during kharif (June–July to
September–November) and also as an irrigated hot weather (February–June) crop in north, central and south India. Pearl millet is often grown in rotation with
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shifting agriculture. Areas that have a fallow cycle of 5 to 10 years are more vulnerable to weed invasion compared to 15-year cycles, which have more soil nutrients, a larger variety of species, and higher agronomic yield.
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methods, allowing the land to replenish. Crops like yarn cassava, maize, potatoes are mostly grown This type of cultivation is predominant in the eastern and north-eastern regions on hill slopes and in forest areas such as
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typical examples are wheat, boro paddy, jowar, nuts, etc. The third type is Zaid crops which are summer crops. It is sown in
February – March and harvested in May – June. Examples are aush paddy, vegetables, and jute.
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Because funds and technical expertise were in short supply, many projects moved forward at a slow pace, including The Indira Gandhi Canal project. The central government's transfer of huge amounts of water from
206:, Karnataka, and other regions thrive on irrigation and generally practice multiple or double cropping. With irrigation, a large variety of crops can be produced such as rice, sugarcane, wheat and tobacco.
377:, primarily for timber production. These plantations are also likely to contain tree species that would not naturally grow in the area. They may include unconventional types of trees such as hybrids, and
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105:, and bananas. India also has the biggest number of livestock in the world, holding 281 million. In 2008, the country housed the second largest number of cattle in the world with 175 million.
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In the dry and light soils of
Rajasthan, southern Punjab and Haryana, and northern Gujarat, pearl millet is most often rotated with a pulse-like moth or mungbean, or is followed by fallow,
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usually occurs at the margin of the agricultural system, at a great distance from the market or on poor land of limited potential and is usually practiced in the tarai regions of southern
93:, and dozens more. It is also the second biggest harvester of vegetables and fruit, representing 8.6% and 10.9% of overall production, respectively. The major fruits produced by India are
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Plantation agriculture involves a large farm or estate usually in a tropical or sub-tropical country where crops are grown for sale in distant markets rather than local consumption.
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agricultural productivity is crucial. India faces the daunting task of increasing its food production by over 50 percent in the next two decades, and reaching towards the goal of
126:. In contrast, the eastern side of India has an average of 100–200 cm of rainfall annually without irrigation, so these regions have the ability to double crop. West Coast,
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planted, provides the farmer with output for 50 years until it flowers. Production of these two trees positively impacts and contributes to the climate change problem in India.
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There are three different types of crops that are cultivated throughout India. Each type is grown in a different season depending on their compatibility with certain weather.
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are strategically utilized, according to the locations where they are most suitable. The farming systems that significantly contribute to the agriculture of India are
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Irrigation farming is very important for crop cultivation in regions of seasonal or low rainfall. Western U.P., Punjab, Haryana, parts of Bihar,
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On the red and iron-rich soils of Karnataka, pearl millet and ragi rotation are practiced although pearl millet is not always grown annually.
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266:. More than 30,000 square km of land (about 1/5 land surface of Odisha) is under such cultivation. Shifting cultivation is prevalent in
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grows naturally; along with many other climbers that regenerate. Generally, this land is not cultivated for the next ten years.
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are likely to be used in the future. Plantation owners will grow trees that are best suited to industrial applications such as
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poorly managed or inadequately designed; the result often is too much water and water-logged fields incapable of production.
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122:, and northern Maharashtra all experience this climate and each region grows such suitable crops like jowar, bajra, and
790:" Agriculture, Environmental Articles for Education at World Agriculture. Articles for Education. Web. 7 November 2011.
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In Punjab, the dry-land rotation may be a small grain-millet-fallow. In irrigated lands, pearl millet is rotated with
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experienced an apparent establishment of an organized farming urban culture. That society, known as the Harappan or
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accounts for the largest area under shifting cultivation in India. Shifting cultivation is locally known as the
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Ramesh, P., N. R. Panwar, A. B. Sing, S. Ramana, Sushil Kumar Yadav, Rahul Shrivastava, and A. Subba Rao.
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Bhaduri, Anik, Upali Amarasinghe, and Tushaar Shah. "Future of Irrigation in India." Web. 14 October 2011
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are all associated with this climate and they grow crops such as rice, sugarcane, jute, and many more.
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679:. Silang, Cavite, Philippines: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 2006. Print. <
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In contrast to a naturally regenerated forest, tree plantations are typically grown as even-aged
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616:"Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation, and Migitation"
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nutrients. These demands can be met only by increasing production levels of these
41:. Regions throughout India differ in types of farming they use; some are based on
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Cities Farming for the Future Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities
519:. Sesame crop may be low-yielding and may be replaced by castor or groundnut.
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Monitoring Agricultural trade Policy. European Commission, December 2007.
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Fertilizer Industry in India: Share of Labour & Productivity Trends
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and other southern and western districts. Tribal communities such as
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In a commercial based agriculture, crops are raised in large-scale
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704:"The Potential for Organic Farming in the Drylands of India."
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In India's drylands, ley farming is used as a way to restore
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Department of Agriculture, Co-operation and Farmers' Welfare
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has broken down and the land is increasingly deteriorating.
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Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001
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and appeared earlier than analogous societies in northern
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is typical of old-growth natural ecosystems in a forest.
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Gulati, Ashok, P. K. Joshi, and Maurice Landes (2003).
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Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
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National Mission For Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
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Dryland Farming – Work on Dryland Farming in India.
655:Ranjan, Rajiv, and V. P. Upadhyay (23 March 1999).
657:"Ecological Problems Due to Shifting Cultivation."
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1162:All India Kisan Sangharsh Coordination Committee
594:. Darya Ganj, New Delhi: Academic Foundation.
895:Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
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725:"Contract Farming in India: An Introduction."
588:Krishna, K. L., and Uma Kapila (eds) (2009).
324:. Crops grown are sugarcane, rice and wheat.
113:Each region in India has a specific soil and
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486:, and sometimes, in south India, with rice.
591:Readings in Indian Agriculture and Industry
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997:Farmer Income Protection Scheme (PM AASHA)
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430:Rotation of two crops within a year i.e.:
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316:practices intensive commercial farming.
1214:Indian Council of Agricultural Research
982:Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
905:Indian Council of Agricultural Research
623:Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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1224:Indian Agricultural Research Institute
1219:Central Institute for Cotton Research
747:"Status of Organic Farming in India."
243:. Crops such as rain-fed rice, corn,
7:
1025:Agriculture in ancient Tamil country
577:"India's Role in World Agriculture."
426:Different sequences of crop rotation
1134:2021 Farmers' Republic Day protest
14:
1124:2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest
109:Climate effect on farming systems
1119:2017 Tamil Nadu farmers' protest
543:is a Farmer Knowledge Exchange.
194:Geography of irrigation in India
307:Types of commercial agriculture
255:Shifting cultivations in Odisha
22:Rice paddy fields in Tamil Nadu
1040:National Commission on Farmers
926:Biological Diversity Act, 2002
235:, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,
1:
1188:Minimum support price (India)
987:Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
972:Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
500:, fodder sorghum, and wheat.
936:2020 Indian agriculture acts
681:http://www.ruaf.org/node/961
962:Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)
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1193:Farmers' suicides in India
444:Three crop rotation i.e.:
379:genetically modified trees
1078:Bayer CropScience Limited
992:Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
1198:Doubling farmers' income
1139:Lakhimpur Kheri violence
765:. Dr. Kalyan Lal Meena.
614:Aggarwal, P. K. (2008).
149:Climate regions of India
27:Farming systems in India
1167:Kisaan swaraj sangathan
1098:Suminter India Organics
957:Gramin Bhandaran Yojana
772:19 October 2013 at the
702:Sharma, Arun K. (2005)
686:31 October 2011 at the
169:sustainable agriculture
1207:Education and research
707:Arid Lands Newsletters
675:Van, Veenhuizen René.
294:Commercial agriculture
176:Problems of irrigation
150:
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1181:Issues and challenges
1172:All India Kisan Sabha
1157:Bharatiya Kisan Union
776:, New Delhi. (2013).
474:, groundnut, cotton,
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1282:Agriculture in India
1129:Samyukt Kisan Morcha
1093:Reuters Market Light
1035:Women in agriculture
825:Agriculture in India
767:Ruby Press & Co.
553:Agriculture in India
532:Co-operative farming
215:Shifting cultivation
210:Shifting cultivation
118:Gujarat, Rajasthan,
61:, the old cities of
457:Year 4: Wheat again
440:Year 3: Wheat again
31:subsistence farming
977:Kisan Samman Nidhi
952:Atal Bhujal Yojana
360:Plantation farming
162:Irrigation farming
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71:Indus civilization
39:industrial farming
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782:978-93-82395-10-2
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523:Dairy farming
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480:finger millet
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448:Year 1: Wheat
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434:Year 1: Wheat
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419:Crop rotation
414:Crop rotation
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467:Pearl millet
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462:Pearl millet
443:
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375:monocultures
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63:Mohenjo-Daro
51:agroforestry
43:horticulture
26:
25:
15:
727:ncap.res.in
347:degradation
335:Ley farming
314:West Bengal
300:plantations
231:, Manipur,
130:, parts of
128:West Bengal
55:Indus River
47:ley farming
832:Industries
600:8171887384
559:References
507:, potato,
391:eucalyptus
204:Tamil Nadu
91:groundnuts
1071:Companies
888:Executive
864:Fenugreek
848:in Kerala
839:Areca nut
659:ias.ac.in
629:: 911–19.
513:moth bean
342:Aridisols
268:Kalahandi
249:ecosystem
245:buckwheat
87:sugarcane
79:Babylonia
1276:Category
1112:Protests
770:Archived
684:Archived
547:See also
498:chickpea
482:(ragi),
369:Forestry
276:Phulbani
229:Nagaland
202:, A.P.,
89:, silk,
59:Pakistan
1007:History
945:Schemes
844:Coconut
509:mustard
472:sorghum
272:Koraput
233:Tripura
187:Haryana
115:climate
99:papayas
95:mangoes
67:Harappa
1244:Others
1150:Unions
1083:Mahyco
1058:Jaunti
854:Coffee
780:
598:
515:, and
505:sesame
484:castor
389:, and
387:spruce
284:Bamboo
280:Kondha
260:Odisha
200:Orissa
183:Punjab
155:Kharif
120:Punjab
103:sapota
1251:E-NAM
879:Sugar
869:Olive
859:Dairy
619:(PDF)
541:Aaqua
322:Nepal
225:Assam
140:Assam
132:Bihar
83:China
75:Egypt
1233:more
1231:and
874:Rice
778:ISBN
690:>
596:ISBN
517:guar
407:Teak
383:pine
138:and
136:U.P.
124:peas
65:and
1103:UPL
919:Law
185:to
77:or
57:in
1278::
732:^
714:^
695:^
664:^
644:^
627:10
625:.
621:.
606:^
567:^
511:,
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349:.
274:,
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846:(
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709:.
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