1763:
pressed for authorization, But the
Cabinet held back. The Arabs were shortly to give him his chance. Before dawn on 22 October, in defiance of the UN Security Council cease-fire order, ALA units stormed the IDF hilltop position of Sheikh Abd, just north of, and overlooking, Kibbutz Manara ... (which) was imperiled ... Ben-Gurion initially rejected Carmel's demand to launch a major counteroffensive. He was chary of antagonizing the United Nations so close on the heels of its cease-fire order ... The kibbutz was now besieged, and the main south-north road through the Panhandle to Metulla was also under threat. During 24â25 October ALA troops regularly sniped at Manara and at traffic along the main road. In contacts with UN observers, al-Qawuqji demanded that Israel evacuate ... The IDF demanded the ALA's withdrawal from the captured positions and, after a 'no' from al-Qawuqji, informed the United Nations that it felt free to do as it pleased. Sensing what was about to happen, the Lebanese army 'ordered' al-Qawuqji to withdraw from Israeli territoryâbut to no avail. Al-Qawuqji's provocation at Sheikh Abd made little military sense ... On 16 October, a week before the attack on Sheikh Abd, Carmel ... had pressed Ben-Gurion to be allowed 'to begin in the Galilee.' Ben-Gurion had refused, but on 24â25 October he gave the green light".
649:, who commanded forces that were active in the area around Jerusalem. After a ceasefire had been agreed to on 12 October 1936, the British ordered their troops to desist from hunting him. al-Qawuqji in turn issued an order saying he would personally impose severe penalties on any Arab who opened fire on British soldiers. He was proud of his military achievements in the field, which he considered instrumental in bringing Britain to the negotiating table. Both the British and Haj Amin considered him a threat. With the assistance of 5,000 local villagers, and the connivance of British authorities, on orders from London, who refrained from acting on their intelligence, and had vacated the area, interdicting attempts to intercept him, he crossed the Jordan River with his troops on the night of 25/26 October into Transjordan. In November 1936, the leading Sheikhs of
790:
Sonderstab F after he was fully recovered from the wounds he received fighting against the
British in Iraq. Gen. Felmy's memoirs (written after the war when he was a prisoner of the allies and published by the US Army) mention the political conflicts between the 'chieftains' (Grand Mufti Husseini and former Iraqi Prime Minister Rashid Ali) among Arabs receiving military training in Greece, and their consequent contact with al-Qawuqji. He consistently campaigned for the formation of an independent Arab nationalist army that would fight as German allies, rather than incorporate Arabs under the German command structure. On 4 September 1941 al-Qawuqji told a comrade in Syria "I will come with Arab and German troops to help you."
162:
136:
2075:
900:, and was surrounded by Arab villages. On 4 April, al-Qawuqji initiated the first use of artillery during the war by directing his seven 75 and 105 mm field guns to fire on the kibbutz for a 36-hour barrage. During this battle al-Qawuqji issued a number of announcements that were subsequently proven false. In the first 24-hours he announced victory, on 8 April he announced he had taken Mishmar HaEmek, and after the battle was lost he claimed the Jews had been assisted by non-Jewish Soviet troops and bombers. Copies of these mendacious telegrams are preserved in the Jordanian archives. The Haganah and
122:
1664:
live off the plunder of conquered Jewish settlements. Nor did the fact that his medical supplies consisted of aspirin, bandages and laxatives worry him. He anticipated neither a long campaign nor serious casualties. "I have come to
Palestine to stay and fight until Palestine is a free and united Arab country or until I am killed and buried here," he announced. His aim, he declared, borrowing the slogan that was becoming the leitmotiv of the Arab leadership, was "to drive all the Jews into the sea." "Everything is ready," he proclaimed. "The battle starts when I give the word."
149:
214:
201:
188:
864:, al-Qawuqji commanded a few thousand armed men who had infiltrated the area. They were grouped into several regiments concentrated in Galilee and around Nablus. According to Collins and Lapierre, Al-Qawuqji told his troops that the purpose was "ridding Palestine of the Zionist plague", and his aim was "to drive all the Jews into the sea." Historian Shay Hazkani disagrees, writing that ALA propaganda contains no mention of genocidal threats such as pushing Jews into the sea.
228:
175:
873:
677:. Al-Qawuqji became the Mufti's military advisor in the 'Arab Committee' that Haj Amin Husseini formed in Baghdad. Husseini's group, including, al-Qawuqji, played critical roles in the pro-Axis coup. His frequently demonstrated prowess won him fame among the Arab population and the esteem of Haj Amin Husseini. His popular following, however, was not altogether to the Mufti's liking. He was prominent in the
975:. Historian Benny Morris concludes that although the Israelis had planned for Operation Hiram, they might not have launched this campaign without the justification provided by al-Qawuqji's military provocations. The ALA were driven from their positions, and the Arab forces lost all of upper Galilee, even though this had been assigned to the Arabs by the UN Partition Plan. On 30 October the Israeli
44:
593:
692:, he again fought against the British. Al-Qawuqji led approximately 500 "irregulars" in the area between Rutbah and Ramadi. He established a reputation as bold fighter. He was also known to either execute or mutilate his prisoners. After the Rashid Ali regime collapsed, al-Qawuqji and his irregular forces were targeted for destruction by the
971:(Israeli) forces in Manara. The Haganah responded by demanding that ALA withdraw from its positions. Al-Qawuqji rejected these counter-demands. The Haganah then informed the United Nations that in view of al-Qawuqji's actions it did not feel encumbered by the UN's cease-fire order, and on 24 October launched
909:
664:
Although al-Qawuqji and Grand Mufti al-Husseini had periods of considerable friction and discord, particularly during the 1936â39 Arab revolt in
Palestine, the two men subsequently reached a rapprochement. Al-Qawuqji followed the Mufti from Lebanon to Iraq in October 1939, along with other members of
1711:
in 15 years of searching, during which I read hundreds of propaganda documents from 1947 to 1949, I encountered only one case in which an Arab leader mentioned 'sea' and 'Jews' in the same sentence. That was the
Egyptian Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, in a call to expel the Jews
856:
on march 6th and 7th, leading hundreds of Arab and
Bosnian volunteers in a column of twenty-five trucks. The British troops' inaction infuriated General Sir Gordon MacMillan, who stated that al-Qawuqji should not be allowed "to go openly rampaging over territory in which Britain considered herself a
502:
This is to confirm that First
Lieutenant Fawzi Bey served with me in his capacity as companion and aide from 1/3/16 until 12/5/17. I can testify to the fact that he offered outstanding service to his country during this period and distinguished himself with unusual energy and experience. (H)e is of
1663:
By
Palestine standards, his men were relatively well armed. Communications and logistics, however, were primitive. Runners ran word-of-mouth commands or handwritten messages from post to post. The shortage of food and other essential items did not unduly concern Kaukji. He intended to let his army
1576:
As early as mid-August 1947, Fawzi al-Qawuqjiâsoon to be named the head of the Arab League's volunteer army in
Palestine, the Arab Liberation Army (ALA)âthreatened that, should the vote go the wrong way, "we will have to initiate total war. We will murder, wreck and ruin everything standing in our
1772:
Morris, 2008, pp. 330-339; see especially p. 339: "IDF Northern Front OC Moshe Carmel was later to write that al-Qawuqji's provocation had been like 'a match that ignited ... fire ... in a dry, yellow field ... but the fire quickly rose ... turned on him and he was unable to
756:(German Army), and given a captain to act as his aide, along with a chauffeured car, and an apartment near the clinic at Hansa. His expenses were paid by Wehrmacht High Command and by Rashid Ali's Foreign Minister. The Germans used al-Qawuqji's name and reputation extensively in their propaganda.
734:
Achcar reports that al-Qawuqji was as bewildered by rivalries between competing Arab leaders (Grand Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini and exiled Iraqi former Prime
Minister Rashid Ali) as by the Axis foot-dragging over support for Arab nationalist goals. He opposed incorporating Arab units into the Axis
1762:
Morris, 2008, p.339, "al-Qawuqji supplied the justification for Operation Hiram, in which the IDF overran the north-central Galilee 'pocket' and a strip of southern Lebanon ... Operation Hiram had been long in the planning ... on 6 October, at the IDF General Staff meeting, Carmel had
789:
In July 1941, al-Qawuqji wrote a memorandum addressed to General Felmy. This memorandum's subject was the need for GermanâArab alliance in Iraq, and included discussions of geography, desert warfare, and combined propaganda efforts directed against Jews. Al-Qawuqji was officially transferred to
729:
In his memoirs, he tells how, during his stay in hospital, he came under heavy pressure from German civilian and military officials to declare his allegiance to the fĂŒhrer. He even had an altercation with an SS officer who proffered threats when al-Qawuqji insisted that Germany first formally
640:
triangle until the end of October. His title was "Supreme Commander of the Arab Revolution in South-Syrian Palestine". His troops managed to shoot down several RAF warplanes near Tulkaram in September. The military performance of al-Qawuqji's troops became hampered by internal dissensions and
1474:
Der Syrer, dem der Rang eines Obersten der Wehrmacht verliehen worden war, erfreute sich eines Adjutanten im Hauptmannsrang und eines Dienstwagens mit Chauffeur sowie einer Wohnung in der CuxhavenerstraĂe, nahe der Klinik am Hansaplatz; bezahlt wurde sein Aufenthalt aus einem Sonderfonds des
1475:
ReichsauĂenministers fĂŒr al-Kaylani sowie durch das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Der Name al-Qawuqji's war des Weiteren fester Bestandteil der deutschen Propaganda, und er figurierte als Kandidat fĂŒr einen "arabischen FĂŒhrerrat", dessen GrĂŒndung das AuswĂ€rtige Amt Hitler vorschlug.
904:
counter-attacked and the ALA were routed. The battle was over by 16 April, and most of the Arabs in the area fled, disheartened by the defeat of the ALA or demoralized by the Jewish victory. The remaining minority were expelled from the surrounding Arab villages by Jewish forces.
1092:
The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives, by Gilbert Achcar, (NY: Henry Holt and Co.; 2009), pp. 92: "Arab nationalism's leading military figure in the interwar period ... served as a commander in all the Arab national battles of the
920:(Sejera), a Jewish settlement deep in ALA territory. Although he deployed armored cars and a battery of 75 mm artillery to support the ALA infantry, his troops suffered from lack of artillery ammunition and host of other deficiencies. The opposing
759:
In Germany, al-Qawuqji continued to oppose the Allies in cooperation with other Arabs who were allied with the Axis powers, including the two competing leaders of the pro-Nazi Arab factions, Grand Mufti Husseini and former Iraqi Prime Minister
498:, and in his operations, he served as special assistant to a cavalry officer, a certain von Leyser. When his loyalty as an Ottoman officer was questioned because of his Arab origins, von Leyser wrote a letter in his defense, which states:
784:
Thus a number of the volunteers had already secretly contacted Fauzi Kaikyi, the Syrian army leader. After his escape by plane from the British, Fauzi had established himself in Berlin and begun to take an active interest in the Arabs at
1577:
way, be it English, American or Jewish". It would be a "holy war", the Arabs suggested, which might even evolve into "World War III". ; p. 396- al-Qawuqji told his troops that the purpose is "ridding Palestine of the Zionist plague
780:, who was appointed central authority for all Arab affairs concerning the Wehrmacht under the terms of this "Directive No. 30", wrote about al-Qawuqji's 'active interest' and support of the military training of Arabs by the Nazis:
2406:
1489:"German Exploitation of Arab Nationalist Movements in World War II" by Gen. Hellmuth Felmy and Gen. Walter Warlimont, Foreword by Generaloberst Franz Haider, Historical Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe,
840:. The execution of the 1948 Palestine War was marked by the personal, family, and political rivalry between al-Qawuqji (who fought mainly in northern Palestine) and al-Husayni, who fought mostly in the Jerusalem area.
924:
Twelfth Battalion withstood the attack, inflicting heavy losses on the ALA. The battle ended on 18 July, with the ALA losing the Arab village of Lubiya, which had been their main base in Central Eastern Galilee.
624:, who was acting as German ambassador to Iraq. This was probably al-Qawuqji's first encounter with a representative of Nazi Germany. In August, he commanded about 200 volunteers, consisting of Iraqis, Syrians,
730:
acknowledge the Arab's right to independence. The next day, his son died of poisoning. Al-Qawuqji, convinced that the Nazis had murdered the young man, refused to take part in the funeral they organized.
2411:
820:
In 1947 al-Qawuqji traveled to Egypt, via France, and proclaimed that he was "at the disposition of the Arab people should they call on to take up arms again." In August he threatened that, should the
1702:
620:. Al-Qawuqji resigned his commission in the Iraqi army and his position at the Royal Military College to lead approximately fifty armed guerrillas into Mandatory Palestine. In June he contacted
484:
in Ottoman Palestine. He was decorated with the Ottoman Majidi Medal for his role in these battles. He was also awarded the German Iron Cross, second class, for his bravery in the battle around
589:. Al-Qawuqji relates that he was unimpressed with Abdul-Aziz, depicting him as self-infatuated and suspicious, who disappointingly attempted to justify his collaboration with the British.
661:, accompanied Fawzi Al-Qawuqji, Supreme Commander of the Arab Revolution in South-Syrian Palestine, through the desert to ensure his safe journey. A few weeks later he returned to Iraq.
857:
sovereign power." General MacMillan did not want to confront al-Qawuqji's force, however, since he saw "no point in getting a lot of British soldiers killed in that kind of operation."
2396:
2361:
832:
appointed him to be field commander of the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) in the 1948 Palestine War. This appointment was opposed by Haj Amin Husseini, who had appointed his own kinsman
494:
claims he fought alongside General Otto von Kreiss's Prussian unit during this period. Al-Qawuqji conducted infiltrations behind British lines to report back directly to General
344:
742:
signed secret documents to support the Arab nationalists, al-Qawuqji expressed dissatisfaction with the results, commenting that they were "just symbolic and not an agreement".
979:
retook Sheikh Abd from the ALA, who had abandoned the position. Shortly thereafter the last of the ALA forces were driven out of Galilee, and al-Qawuqji escaped to Lebanon.
2356:
2004:
1463:. by Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cuppers, trans. by Krista Smith, (Enigma Books, published in association with the United States Holocaust Museum, NY; 2010), p. 92
1013:
1007:
468:
has described him as "Arab nationalism's leading military figure in the interwar period ... served as a commander in all the Arab national battles of the period."
2386:
825:
vote go the wrong way, "we will have to initiate total war. We will murder, wreck and ruin everything standing in our way, be it English, American, or Jewish".
2391:
2381:
822:
552:
2376:
725:
Al-Qawuqji's sojourn in Germany has been the subject of considerable controversy. Gilbert Achcar recounts stories of conflicts during his Berlin period:
2346:
2074:
426:
476:
He served as a captain (Yuzbashi) in the 12th Ottoman corps garrison in Mosul, and in several battles during the First World War, including at
1997:
1946:
1920:
1809:
1685:
1365:
722:. He remained in Germany for the remainder of World War II, recuperated from his wounds, and married a German woman named Anneliese MĂŒller.
609:
334:
2191:
1977:
613:
192:
503:
good character and intelligent and perceptive, and he has perfected the German language in a few months in a way that has amazed everyone.
1904:
Felmy, Gen. Hellmuth; Warlimont, Gen. Walter (1952). "Foreword by Generaloberst Franz Haider, Historical Div., HQ, U.S. Army, Europe".
2366:
2013:
1895:
1874:
1853:
1562:
1178:
884:
from the ALA (Arab Liberation Army- Kaukji's army) on 1948. The car still carries the ALA emblem, a dagger stabbing a Star of David.
1126:
1990:
2301:
2027:
996:
429:. A political decision by the British enabled him to flee the country in 1937. He was a colonel in the Nazi Wehrmacht during
2371:
2351:
877:
2185:
776:" (Sonderstab F) designated the Wehrmacht's central agency for all issues that affected the Arab world. General der Flieger
628:
and Palestinians whom he organized into four reinforced platoons, each with an intelligence unit attached, operating in the
1001:
349:
2341:
1973:
2158:
2153:
2104:
1318:
1302:
1106:
769:
481:
305:
2179:
1885:
1624:
179:
2285:
1048:
889:
586:
373:
2250:
2311:
2141:
1118:"Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941â1947", by Gerhard Höpp in Peter Heine, ed.,
1058:
833:
646:
540:
153:
2121:
2089:
2059:
1158:
495:
380:
359:
1316:
Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936â1939
1300:
Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936â1939
1104:
Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936â1939
547:) which had been created by the French mandatory authorities. Al-Qawuqji received formal training at the
512:
The Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I. Al-Qawuqji supported the independence of the short-lived
761:
642:
548:
513:
300:
140:
2401:
2336:
2260:
837:
810:
434:
248:
232:
205:
421:; 19 January 1890 â 5 June 1977) was a Lebanese-born Arab nationalist military figure in the
2270:
2235:
2136:
2116:
1170:
1028:
861:
658:
605:
564:
317:
166:
1954:
1930:
2146:
2126:
2099:
2042:
1832:
1162:
806:
701:
and were chased out of Iraq. While still in Iraq, a British plane strafed and almost killed him.
572:
544:
517:
438:
368:
322:
1815:
Parsons, Laila (Summer 2007). "Soldiering for Arab Nationalism: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Palestine".
2306:
2240:
2131:
2094:
2049:
2037:
1891:
1870:
1849:
1805:
1681:
1558:
1361:
1315:
1299:
1174:
1103:
1043:
617:
312:
1864:
2265:
2255:
2230:
1824:
1073:
1053:
735:
armed forces, since he preferred their formation into an independent Arab nationalist army.
685:
666:
654:
521:
454:
339:
76:
1735:, by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007), p. 111.
714:
After suffering serious wounds fighting the British in Iraq, al-Qawuqji was transported to
2064:
2032:
1925:
1130:
976:
972:
773:
689:
678:
670:
529:
477:
422:
414:
385:
354:
295:
1836:
1123:
872:
2225:
1038:
957:
921:
853:
777:
601:
535:
After the unsuccessful outcome of the campaign to establish the Arab Kingdom of Syria,
465:
458:
450:
127:
80:
953:
Security Council cease-fire order, the ALA attacked Sheikh Abd, a hilltop overlooking
43:
2330:
2280:
2245:
2215:
2163:
2111:
2054:
1268:, by Reeva Spector Simon, (New York: Columbia University Press; 2013), p. 65; p. 124.
1063:
1033:
698:
578:
329:
1625:Ă JĂ©rusalem, un drapeau flottait sur la ligne de feu; Jacques De Reynier, 1950, p.37
2275:
2220:
1790:
1166:
1068:
949:
up to the Lebanese border until October 1948. On 22 October, the date of the third
946:
794:
719:
715:
674:
621:
592:
490:
430:
273:
219:
1969:
1601:
Palestine, 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem
1552:
963:
Al-Qawuqji told the UN observers that he demanded depopulation of nearby Kibbutz
916:
In July, al-Qawuqji launched a rolling offensive of counterattacks, focusing on
829:
739:
568:
485:
266:
17:
1802:
The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence, 1914â1948.
1603:, by Yoav Gelber, (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press; 2006), p. 46â48, 51â56.
616:, which was separate from forces under the control of Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
1201:
The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence, 1914â1948
942:
682:
650:
1828:
1887:
Arabism, Islamism and the Palestine question, 1908â1941: a political history
752:
982:
After the end of the war, al-Qawuqji moved to Syria and lived in Damascus,
1982:
1795:
Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict
1773:
douse it. In truth ... Operation Hiram had been long in the planning.
1333:
Yawmiyyat Akram Zu'ayter: Al-Haraka al-Wataniyy al-Filastiniyya, 1935-1939
849:
633:
1461:
Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine
852:
area and crossed (unmolested by British troops) into Palestine over the
968:
954:
938:
934:
917:
901:
881:
269:
106:
85:
1437:
Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1929â1939: From Riots to Rebellion
983:
964:
694:
629:
102:
908:
1266:
Iraq Between the Two World Wars: The Militarist Origins of Tyranny
907:
897:
893:
871:
848:
In early March 1948, al-Qawuqji moved some of his forces from the
637:
625:
591:
582:
536:
1906:
German Exploitation of Arab Nationalist Movements in World War II
1846:
Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad
1634:
1632:
1615:, by Tom Segev, (New York: Henry Holt and Co., LLC; 1999), p. 510
1613:
One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate
575:
in early October 1925. al-Qawuqji remained an outlaw thereafter.
1120:
Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zu Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Iraq
557:
1986:
543:. Al-Qawuqji then joined the Syrian Legion (also known as the
1848:. Campaign. Oxford, New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 96.
1335:. Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Dirasat al-Filistiniyya. p. 226.
888:
In April 1948, the ALA mounted a major attack on the kibbutz
464:
In 1912, he graduated from the military academy in Istanbul.
1220:
1218:
1703:"Who's Afraid to Reveal the Palestinian 'Secrets' of 1948?"
950:
2407:
Rebel commanders of the 1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
797:
forces, and reportedly held prisoner until February 1947.
1866:
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
1485:
1483:
1439:, by Yehoshua Porath, (London: Cass; 1977), pp. 236, 237
427:
British Mandatory suppression of the Palestinian Revolt
2412:
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
425:. He served briefly in Palestine in 1936 fighting the
1124:
http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf
1014:"Memoirs, 1948, Part II" in 2, no. 1 (Aut. 72): 3â33.
1008:"Memoirs, 1948, Part I" in 1, no. 4 (Sum. 72): 27â58.
641:
animosity between him and Grand Mufti Husseini, the
2294:
2208:
2201:
2172:
2082:
2020:
396:
288:
280:
262:
254:
242:
112:
92:
63:
53:
34:
892:which sat near the strategic road that connected
1546:
1544:
1447:
1445:
556:. He became commander of a cavalry squadron in
2362:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
1360:by Jeffrey Herf (Yale University Press, 2009)
596:Fawzi al-Qawuqji (3rd from the right) in 1936.
1998:
1554:1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war
933:The ALA established control of upper central
8:
1678:Dear Palestine: A Social History of the 1948
1657:LaPierre, Dominique; Collins, Larry (1971).
750:He was awarded the rank of a colonel of the
1797:. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1538148803
823:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
801:1948 Palestine War and Arab Liberation Army
2397:Syrian people of the 1948 ArabâIsraeli War
2205:
2005:
1991:
1983:
1970:Newspaper clippings about Fawzi al-Qawuqji
1680:. Stanford University Press. p. 111.
608:in actions that would become known as the
31:
27:Arab Liberation Army commander (1890â1977)
2357:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
1596:
1594:
449:Fawzi al-Qawuqji was born in 1890 into a
1344:
1342:
1276:
1274:
1234:
1232:
1230:
585:to help train the army of Saudi monarch
1394:
1392:
1085:
600:In 1936, al-Qawuqji began fighting the
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
718:-held Syria, and then made his way to
1557:. Yale University Press. p. 61.
553:Ăcole spĂ©ciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
7:
2387:Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany
2192:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
1538:Collins & Lapierre, pp. 160, 161
1511:Mallmann & Cuppers, pp. 126, 127
1427:Collins & Lapierre, pp. 159, 160
614:Society for the Defense of Palestine
1588:Collins & Lapierre, pp. 156â163
571:to join the rebellion, leading the
418:
2392:German World War II special forces
2382:Arab people in Mandatory Palestine
1529:Mallmann & Cuppers, pp. 85, 92
1358:Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World
25:
2377:People of the Great Syrian Revolt
1122:(WĂŒrzburg: Ergon Verlag, 1995), (
960:and put the kibbutz under siege.
828:After the UN Partition vote, the
665:the Mufti's entourage, including
437:(ALA) field commander during the
2073:
1701:Shay Hazkani (4 December 2022).
610:1936â39 Arab revolt in Palestine
335:1936â39 Arab revolt in Palestine
226:
212:
199:
186:
173:
160:
147:
134:
120:
42:
2347:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
1953:. 19 April 1948. Archived from
1929:. 15 March 1948. Archived from
1491:Foreign Military Studies Branch
1377:Collins & Lapierre, p. 160.
1647:Collins & Lapierre, p. 207
1638:Collins & Lapierre, p. 206
1502:Mallmann & Cuppers, p. 126
284:Arab Liberation Army 1948â1949
1:
1869:. University of Texas Press.
1520:Mallmann & Cuppers, p. 75
1493:, 1952, p.13, by Gen. Haider;
912:Fawzi al-Quawuqji 24 May 1948
528:) in a squadron commanded by
457:, which was then part of the
1817:Journal of Palestine Studies
1002:Journal of Palestine Studies
997:Memoirs of al-Qawuqji, Fauzi
967:forces, and a diminution of
880:armored car captured by the
793:In 1945, he was captured by
516:. In 1920, he fought at the
1974:20th Century Press Archives
1890:, Garnet and Ithaca Press,
1224:Provence, 2005, pp. 95â103.
816:Arab League field commander
688:and, during the subsequent
612:. He represented the Iraqi
193:Palestinian Defense Society
2428:
1863:Provence, Michael (2005).
1744:Morris, 2008, pp. 133â137.
1319:Cambridge University Press
1303:Cambridge University Press
1107:Cambridge University Press
995:al-Qawuqji, Fauzi (1972):
804:
772:and the "Instructions for
645:, and the Mufti's kinsman
581:brought al-Qawuqji to the
2186:PauletâNewcombe Agreement
2071:
1884:Nafi, Basheer M. (1998),
520:, serving in the army of
180:Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz
41:
2367:Syrian Arab nationalists
2302:French High Commissioner
2286:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
1947:"War for Jerusalem Road"
1837:10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.33
1829:10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.33
1661:. Simon & Schuster.
1331:Zu'ayter, Akram (1980).
1129:20 December 2019 at the
1049:Abd Al-Rahman Shahbandar
836:as the commander of the
400:Iron Cross, Second Class
374:Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
57:
48:Fawzi al-Qawuqji in 1936
2142:Battle of al-Musayfirah
2014:French Mandate of Syria
1800:Parsons, Laila (2016).
834:Abdul Qadir al-Husseini
770:FĂŒhrer Directive No. 30
746:German military service
738:In May 1942, after the
647:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
154:French Mandate of Syria
2159:SyriaâLebanon campaign
2122:Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
2117:1925–1927 revolt
2060:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1844:Lyman, Robert (2006).
913:
885:
787:
732:
597:
565:rebellion of 1925â1927
505:
496:Otto Liman von Sanders
453:family in the city of
381:First Arab-Israeli War
350:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
345:Middle Eastern theatre
84:(present-day Tripoli,
2372:Syrian Turkmen people
2352:Ottoman Army officers
2251:Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah
2180:SykesâPicot Agreement
1733:The War for Palestine
1723:Morris,2008, pp. 133.
1676:Shay Hazkani (2021).
1551:Benny Morris (2008).
911:
875:
782:
762:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
727:
643:Arab Higher Committee
595:
514:Arab Kingdom of Syria
500:
301:Mesopotamian Campaign
255:Years of service
141:Arab Kingdom of Syria
2261:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
1957:on 30 September 2007
1753:Morris, 2008, p. 282
1472:Höpp, 1995, p. 16, "
1171:Simon & Schuster
838:Army of the Holy War
811:Arab Liberation Army
435:Arab Liberation Army
433:, and served as the
249:Arab Liberation Army
233:Arab Liberation Army
2271:Saadallah al-Jabiri
2236:Mustafa Bey Barmada
2154:1936 general strike
2137:Battle of al-Mazraa
2105:Capture of Damascus
1921:"'I Have Returned'"
1289:Hughes, 2019 p.113.
1163:Lapierre, Dominique
1029:Great Syrian Revolt
862:Mandatory Palestine
844:Return to Palestine
659:Haditha Al-Khraisha
606:Mandatory Palestine
409:(sometimes spelled
318:Great Syrian Revolt
306:Battle of Beersheba
2342:People from Beirut
2147:1925 Hama uprising
2127:Capture of Salkhad
2100:Battle of Maysalun
2043:Al-Jazira Province
1321:, 2019 pp. 418-423
1247:"Achcar", p. 121n.
1212:Parsons, 2017 p.30
914:
886:
807:1948 Palestine War
598:
567:, he deserted the
545:French-Syrian Army
518:Battle of Maysalun
439:1948 Palestine War
369:1948 Palestine war
323:1925 Hama uprising
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2307:Charles de Gaulle
2241:Shukri al-Quwatli
2132:Battle of al-Kafr
2095:Franco-Syrian War
2050:Jabal Druze State
2038:State of Damascus
1810:978-0-80906-712-1
1687:978-1-503-61465-9
1366:978-0-300-14579-3
1348:Höpp, 1995, p. 4.
1280:Höpp, 1995, p. 3.
1256:Höpp, 1995, p. 2.
1190:Parsons 2017 p.26
1149:Höpp, 1995, p. 1.
1109:, 2019 pp. 20, 98
618:Haj Amin Husseini
404:
403:
313:Franco-Syrian War
16:(Redirected from
2419:
2266:Sultan al-Atrash
2256:Jamil Mardam Bey
2231:Hashim al-Atassi
2206:
2077:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1909:
1900:
1880:
1859:
1840:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1405:'I Have Returned
1404:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1314:Matthew Hughes,
1312:
1306:
1298:Matthew Hughes,
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1225:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1134:
1116:
1110:
1102:Matthew Hughes,
1100:
1094:
1090:
1074:Hasan al-Kharrat
1054:Sultan al-Atrash
764:. In June 1941,
667:Jamal al-Husayni
655:Mithqal Al-Fayez
573:uprising in Hama
420:
407:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
340:Second World War
244:
231:
230:
229:
218:
216:
215:
204:
203:
202:
191:
190:
189:
178:
177:
176:
165:
164:
163:
152:
151:
150:
139:
138:
137:
126:
124:
123:
99:
73:
71:
46:
36:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
32:
21:
18:Fawzi al-Qawukji
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2290:
2197:
2168:
2078:
2069:
2065:Greater Lebanon
2033:State of Aleppo
2016:
2011:
1960:
1958:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1916:
1903:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1843:
1814:
1804:Hill and Wang.
1787:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1481:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:"Achcar", p. 92
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:2017 pp. 27-31.
1199:Laila Parsons,
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1137:
1131:Wayback Machine
1117:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1025:
992:
990:Published works
986:, and Tripoli.
977:Carmeli Brigade
973:Operation Hiram
931:
929:Operation Hiram
870:
846:
818:
813:
805:Main articles:
803:
774:Special Staff F
748:
712:
707:
690:Anglo-Iraqi War
679:Kingdom of Iraq
671:Rafiq al-Tamimi
530:Taha al-Hashimi
510:
508:Interwar period
480:in Iraq and at
474:
447:
423:interwar period
411:Fauzi el-Kaukji
392:
386:Operation Hiram
360:Syrian Campaign
355:Anglo-Iraqi War
296:First World War
238:
227:
225:
213:
211:
200:
198:
187:
185:
174:
172:
161:
159:
148:
146:
135:
133:
121:
119:
101:
97:
83:
75:
74:19 January 1890
69:
67:
59:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Ibrahim Hananu
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2028:State of Syria
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1967:
1943:
1933:on 3 July 2007
1915:
1914:External links
1912:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1841:
1812:
1798:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1765:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1725:
1716:
1693:
1686:
1668:
1649:
1640:
1628:
1617:
1605:
1590:
1581:
1563:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1479:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1350:
1338:
1323:
1307:
1291:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1226:
1214:
1205:
1192:
1183:
1159:Collins, Larry
1151:
1135:
1111:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:Yusuf al-'Azma
1041:
1039:Ibrahim Hananu
1036:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1011:
991:
988:
930:
927:
890:Mishmar HaEmek
869:
868:Mishmar HaEmek
866:
854:Allenby Bridge
845:
842:
817:
814:
802:
799:
778:Hellmuth Felmy
747:
744:
711:
708:
706:
703:
541:French Mandate
524:as a captain (
509:
506:
473:
470:
466:Gilbert Achcar
459:Ottoman Empire
446:
443:
402:
401:
398:
394:
393:
391:
390:
389:
388:
378:
377:
376:
366:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
337:
332:
327:
326:
325:
315:
310:
309:
308:
303:
292:
290:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
246:
240:
239:
237:
236:
223:
209:
196:
183:
170:
157:
144:
131:
128:Ottoman Empire
116:
114:
110:
109:
100:(aged 87)
94:
90:
89:
81:Ottoman Empire
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2424:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2313:
2312:Henri Gouraud
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Ayyash Al-Haj
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Khalid al-Azm
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Yusuf al-Azma
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2164:Levant Crisis
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Hananu Revolt
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Alawite State
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1897:0-86372-235-0
1893:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1876:9780292706804
1872:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1855:1-84176-991-6
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:Kessler, Oren
1789:
1788:
1784:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1566:
1564:9780300126969
1560:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:0-586-05452-9
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Adham Khanjar
1062:
1060:
1059:Henri Gouraud
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Ayyash Al-Haj
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
993:
989:
987:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
956:
952:
948:
945:line through
944:
940:
936:
928:
926:
923:
919:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
879:
874:
867:
865:
863:
858:
855:
851:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
815:
812:
808:
800:
798:
796:
791:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
757:
755:
754:
745:
743:
741:
736:
731:
726:
723:
721:
717:
709:
704:
702:
700:
699:flying column
697:
696:
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:, and Sheikh
672:
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
594:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:Shakib Arslan
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
526:ra'is khayyal
523:
519:
515:
507:
504:
499:
497:
493:
492:
487:
483:
479:
471:
469:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:ÙÙŰČÙ Ű§ÙÙۧÙÙŰŹÙ
416:
412:
408:
399:
395:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
330:Ikhwan Revolt
328:
324:
321:
320:
319:
316:
314:
311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
294:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
247:
241:
234:
224:
221:
210:
207:
206:Golden Square
197:
194:
184:
181:
171:
168:
167:Syrian rebels
158:
155:
145:
142:
132:
129:
118:
117:
115:
111:
108:
104:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
66:
62:
58:ÙÙŰČÙ Ű§ÙÙۧÙÙŰŹÙ
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2276:Haqqi al-Azm
2221:Saleh al-Ali
1959:. Retrieved
1955:the original
1950:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1924:
1905:
1886:
1865:
1845:
1823:(4): 33â48.
1820:
1816:
1801:
1794:
1785:Bibliography
1768:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1584:
1575:
1568:. Retrieved
1553:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1490:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1418:Lyman, p. 87
1414:
1398:
1386:Lyman, p. 88
1382:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1332:
1326:
1310:
1305:, 2019 p.100
1294:
1285:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1238:Lyman, p. 21
1208:
1200:
1195:
1186:
1167:O Jerusalem!
1154:
1119:
1114:
1098:
1088:
1069:Saleh Al-Ali
1000:
981:
962:
947:Majd al-Krum
932:
915:
887:
859:
847:
827:
819:
792:
788:
783:
765:
758:
751:
749:
737:
733:
728:
724:
720:Nazi Germany
716:Vichy French
713:
705:World War II
693:
686:coup of 1941
675:Hasan Salama
663:
622:Fritz Grobba
599:
577:
562:
551:
534:
525:
511:
501:
491:O Jerusalem!
489:
475:
463:
448:
431:World War II
410:
406:
405:
289:Battles/wars
220:Nazi Germany
98:(1977-06-05)
29:
2402:1977 deaths
2337:1890 births
2090:1919 revolt
1712:from Egypt.
1659:O Jerusalem
1181:pp. 143-145
937:, from the
830:Arab League
740:Axis powers
681:during the
569:French Army
563:During the
522:King Faisal
488:. The book
486:Nabi Samwil
472:World War I
267:German Army
235:(1948â1949)
222:(1941â1945)
195:(1936â1939)
182:(1927â1930)
169:(1925â1927)
156:(1920â1925)
143:(1918â1920)
130:(1912â1918)
96:5 June 1977
54:Native name
2331:Categories
1961:31 October
1937:31 October
1080:References
943:Deir Hanna
683:Rashid Ali
651:Bani Sakhr
587:Abdul-Aziz
445:Early life
113:Allegiance
70:1890-01-19
2083:Conflicts
766:Wehrmacht
753:Wehrmacht
539:became a
482:Beersheba
258:1912â1949
2173:Treaties
1793:(2023).
1368:. p. 37.
1165:(1972):
1127:Archived
1093:period."
1023:See also
850:Damascus
634:Tulkaram
281:Commands
243:Service/
1976:of the
1972:in the
1707:Haaretz
1570:13 July
969:Haganah
955:Kibbutz
941:âArabeâ
939:Sakhnin
935:Galilee
918:Ilaniya
902:Palmach
882:Haganah
860:Inside
785:Sunium.
602:British
455:Tripoli
451:Turkmen
270:Colonel
107:Lebanon
86:Lebanon
77:Tripoli
2295:French
2209:Syrian
2202:People
2194:(1936)
2188:(1920)
2182:(1916)
2021:States
1894:
1873:
1852:
1835:
1808:
1684:
1561:
1364:
1177:
984:Beirut
965:Yiftah
958:Manara
922:Golani
795:Soviet
710:Berlin
695:Mercol
630:Nablus
549:French
415:Arabic
397:Awards
245:branch
217:
208:(1941)
125:
103:Beirut
1833:JSTOR
1133:) p.1
1016:(PDF)
1010:(PDF)
898:Jenin
894:Haifa
878:Otter
768:High
638:Jenin
626:Druze
583:Hejaz
537:Syria
478:Qurna
1963:2009
1951:Time
1939:2009
1926:Time
1892:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1572:2013
1559:ISBN
1399:Time
1362:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1161:and
809:and
657:and
558:Hama
274:WWII
263:Rank
93:Died
64:Born
1978:ZBW
1825:doi
999:in
896:to
876:An
604:in
2333::
1949:.
1923:.
1831:.
1821:36
1819:.
1709:.
1705:.
1631:^
1593:^
1574:.
1543:^
1482:^
1444:^
1401:,
1391:^
1341:^
1273:^
1229:^
1217:^
1173:,
1169:,
1138:^
951:UN
669:,
653:,
560:.
532:.
461:.
441:.
417::
413:-
105:,
79:,
2006:e
1999:t
1992:v
1965:.
1941:.
1908:.
1879:.
1858:.
1839:.
1827::
1777:"
1775:'
1690:.
1477:"
1409:"
1407:'
1403:"
636:â
632:â
276:)
272:(
88:)
72:)
68:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
