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pressed for authorization, But the
Cabinet held back. The Arabs were shortly to give him his chance. Before dawn on 22 October, in defiance of the UN Security Council cease-fire order, ALA units stormed the IDF hilltop position of Sheikh Abd, just north of, and overlooking, Kibbutz Manara ... (which) was imperiled ... Ben-Gurion initially rejected Carmel's demand to launch a major counteroffensive. He was chary of antagonizing the United Nations so close on the heels of its cease-fire order ... The kibbutz was now besieged, and the main south-north road through the Panhandle to Metulla was also under threat. During 24â25 October ALA troops regularly sniped at Manara and at traffic along the main road. In contacts with UN observers, al-Qawuqji demanded that Israel evacuate ... The IDF demanded the ALA's withdrawal from the captured positions and, after a 'no' from al-Qawuqji, informed the United Nations that it felt free to do as it pleased. Sensing what was about to happen, the Lebanese army 'ordered' al-Qawuqji to withdraw from Israeli territoryâbut to no avail. Al-Qawuqji's provocation at Sheikh Abd made little military sense ... On 16 October, a week before the attack on Sheikh Abd, Carmel ... had pressed Ben-Gurion to be allowed 'to begin in the Galilee.' Ben-Gurion had refused, but on 24â25 October he gave the green light".
638:, who commanded forces that were active in the area around Jerusalem. After a ceasefire had been agreed to on 12 October 1936, the British ordered their troops to desist from hunting him. al-Qawuqji in turn issued an order saying he would personally impose severe penalties on any Arab who opened fire on British soldiers. He was proud of his military achievements in the field, which he considered instrumental in bringing Britain to the negotiating table. Both the British and Haj Amin considered him a threat. With the assistance of 5,000 local villagers, and the connivance of British authorities, on orders from London, who refrained from acting on their intelligence, and had vacated the area, interdicting attempts to intercept him, he crossed the Jordan River with his troops on the night of 25/26 October into Transjordan. In November 1936, the leading Sheikhs of
779:
Sonderstab F after he was fully recovered from the wounds he received fighting against the
British in Iraq. Gen. Felmy's memoirs (written after the war when he was a prisoner of the allies and published by the US Army) mention the political conflicts between the 'chieftains' (Grand Mufti Husseini and former Iraqi Prime Minister Rashid Ali) among Arabs receiving military training in Greece, and their consequent contact with al-Qawuqji. He consistently campaigned for the formation of an independent Arab nationalist army that would fight as German allies, rather than incorporate Arabs under the German command structure. On 4 September 1941 al-Qawuqji told a comrade in Syria "I will come with Arab and German troops to help you."
151:
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889:, and was surrounded by Arab villages. On 4 April, al-Qawuqji initiated the first use of artillery during the war by directing his seven 75 and 105 mm field guns to fire on the kibbutz for a 36-hour barrage. During this battle al-Qawuqji issued a number of announcements that were subsequently proven false. In the first 24-hours he announced victory, on 8 April he announced he had taken Mishmar HaEmek, and after the battle was lost he claimed the Jews had been assisted by non-Jewish Soviet troops and bombers. Copies of these mendacious telegrams are preserved in the Jordanian archives. The Haganah and
111:
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live off the plunder of conquered Jewish settlements. Nor did the fact that his medical supplies consisted of aspirin, bandages and laxatives worry him. He anticipated neither a long campaign nor serious casualties. "I have come to
Palestine to stay and fight until Palestine is a free and united Arab country or until I am killed and buried here," he announced. His aim, he declared, borrowing the slogan that was becoming the leitmotiv of the Arab leadership, was "to drive all the Jews into the sea." "Everything is ready," he proclaimed. "The battle starts when I give the word."
138:
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853:, al-Qawuqji commanded a few thousand armed men who had infiltrated the area. They were grouped into several regiments concentrated in Galilee and around Nablus. According to Collins and Lapierre, Al-Qawuqji told his troops that the purpose was "ridding Palestine of the Zionist plague", and his aim was "to drive all the Jews into the sea." Historian Shay Hazkani disagrees, writing that ALA propaganda contains no mention of genocidal threats such as pushing Jews into the sea.
217:
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666:. Al-Qawuqji became the Mufti's military advisor in the 'Arab Committee' that Haj Amin Husseini formed in Baghdad. Husseini's group, including, al-Qawuqji, played critical roles in the pro-Axis coup. His frequently demonstrated prowess won him fame among the Arab population and the esteem of Haj Amin Husseini. His popular following, however, was not altogether to the Mufti's liking. He was prominent in the
964:. Historian Benny Morris concludes that although the Israelis had planned for Operation Hiram, they might not have launched this campaign without the justification provided by al-Qawuqji's military provocations. The ALA were driven from their positions, and the Arab forces lost all of upper Galilee, even though this had been assigned to the Arabs by the UN Partition Plan. On 30 October the Israeli
33:
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681:, he again fought against the British. Al-Qawuqji led approximately 500 "irregulars" in the area between Rutbah and Ramadi. He established a reputation as bold fighter. He was also known to either execute or mutilate his prisoners. After the Rashid Ali regime collapsed, al-Qawuqji and his irregular forces were targeted for destruction by the
960:(Israeli) forces in Manara. The Haganah responded by demanding that ALA withdraw from its positions. Al-Qawuqji rejected these counter-demands. The Haganah then informed the United Nations that in view of al-Qawuqji's actions it did not feel encumbered by the UN's cease-fire order, and on 24 October launched
898:
653:
Although al-Qawuqji and Grand Mufti al-Husseini had periods of considerable friction and discord, particularly during the 1936â39 Arab revolt in
Palestine, the two men subsequently reached a rapprochement. Al-Qawuqji followed the Mufti from Lebanon to Iraq in October 1939, along with other members of
1700:
in 15 years of searching, during which I read hundreds of propaganda documents from 1947 to 1949, I encountered only one case in which an Arab leader mentioned 'sea' and 'Jews' in the same sentence. That was the
Egyptian Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, in a call to expel the Jews
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on march 6th and 7th, leading hundreds of Arab and
Bosnian volunteers in a column of twenty-five trucks. The British troops' inaction infuriated General Sir Gordon MacMillan, who stated that al-Qawuqji should not be allowed "to go openly rampaging over territory in which Britain considered herself a
491:
This is to confirm that First
Lieutenant Fawzi Bey served with me in his capacity as companion and aide from 1/3/16 until 12/5/17. I can testify to the fact that he offered outstanding service to his country during this period and distinguished himself with unusual energy and experience. (H)e is of
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By
Palestine standards, his men were relatively well armed. Communications and logistics, however, were primitive. Runners ran word-of-mouth commands or handwritten messages from post to post. The shortage of food and other essential items did not unduly concern Kaukji. He intended to let his army
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As early as mid-August 1947, Fawzi al-Qawuqjiâsoon to be named the head of the Arab League's volunteer army in
Palestine, the Arab Liberation Army (ALA)âthreatened that, should the vote go the wrong way, "we will have to initiate total war. We will murder, wreck and ruin everything standing in our
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Morris, 2008, pp. 330-339; see especially p. 339: "IDF Northern Front OC Moshe Carmel was later to write that al-Qawuqji's provocation had been like 'a match that ignited ... fire ... in a dry, yellow field ... but the fire quickly rose ... turned on him and he was unable to
745:(German Army), and given a captain to act as his aide, along with a chauffeured car, and an apartment near the clinic at Hansa. His expenses were paid by Wehrmacht High Command and by Rashid Ali's Foreign Minister. The Germans used al-Qawuqji's name and reputation extensively in their propaganda.
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Achcar reports that al-Qawuqji was as bewildered by rivalries between competing Arab leaders (Grand Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini and exiled Iraqi former Prime
Minister Rashid Ali) as by the Axis foot-dragging over support for Arab nationalist goals. He opposed incorporating Arab units into the Axis
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Morris, 2008, p.339, "al-Qawuqji supplied the justification for Operation Hiram, in which the IDF overran the north-central Galilee 'pocket' and a strip of southern Lebanon ... Operation Hiram had been long in the planning ... on 6 October, at the IDF General Staff meeting, Carmel had
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In July 1941, al-Qawuqji wrote a memorandum addressed to General Felmy. This memorandum's subject was the need for GermanâArab alliance in Iraq, and included discussions of geography, desert warfare, and combined propaganda efforts directed against Jews. Al-Qawuqji was officially transferred to
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In his memoirs, he tells how, during his stay in hospital, he came under heavy pressure from German civilian and military officials to declare his allegiance to the fĂŒhrer. He even had an altercation with an SS officer who proffered threats when al-Qawuqji insisted that Germany first formally
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triangle until the end of October. His title was "Supreme Commander of the Arab Revolution in South-Syrian Palestine". His troops managed to shoot down several RAF warplanes near Tulkaram in September. The military performance of al-Qawuqji's troops became hampered by internal dissensions and
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Der Syrer, dem der Rang eines Obersten der Wehrmacht verliehen worden war, erfreute sich eines Adjutanten im Hauptmannsrang und eines Dienstwagens mit Chauffeur sowie einer Wohnung in der CuxhavenerstraĂe, nahe der Klinik am Hansaplatz; bezahlt wurde sein Aufenthalt aus einem Sonderfonds des
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ReichsauĂenministers fĂŒr al-Kaylani sowie durch das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Der Name al-Qawuqji's war des Weiteren fester Bestandteil der deutschen Propaganda, und er figurierte als Kandidat fĂŒr einen "arabischen FĂŒhrerrat", dessen GrĂŒndung das AuswĂ€rtige Amt Hitler vorschlug.
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counter-attacked and the ALA were routed. The battle was over by 16 April, and most of the Arabs in the area fled, disheartened by the defeat of the ALA or demoralized by the Jewish victory. The remaining minority were expelled from the surrounding Arab villages by Jewish forces.
1081:
The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives, by Gilbert Achcar, (NY: Henry Holt and Co.; 2009), pp. 92: "Arab nationalism's leading military figure in the interwar period ... served as a commander in all the Arab national battles of the
909:(Sejera), a Jewish settlement deep in ALA territory. Although he deployed armored cars and a battery of 75 mm artillery to support the ALA infantry, his troops suffered from lack of artillery ammunition and host of other deficiencies. The opposing
748:
In Germany, al-Qawuqji continued to oppose the Allies in cooperation with other Arabs who were allied with the Axis powers, including the two competing leaders of the pro-Nazi Arab factions, Grand Mufti Husseini and former Iraqi Prime Minister
487:, and in his operations, he served as special assistant to a cavalry officer, a certain von Leyser. When his loyalty as an Ottoman officer was questioned because of his Arab origins, von Leyser wrote a letter in his defense, which states:
773:
Thus a number of the volunteers had already secretly contacted Fauzi Kaikyi, the Syrian army leader. After his escape by plane from the British, Fauzi had established himself in Berlin and begun to take an active interest in the Arabs at
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way, be it English, American or Jewish". It would be a "holy war", the Arabs suggested, which might even evolve into "World War III". ; p. 396- al-Qawuqji told his troops that the purpose is "ridding Palestine of the Zionist plague
769:, who was appointed central authority for all Arab affairs concerning the Wehrmacht under the terms of this "Directive No. 30", wrote about al-Qawuqji's 'active interest' and support of the military training of Arabs by the Nazis:
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1478:"German Exploitation of Arab Nationalist Movements in World War II" by Gen. Hellmuth Felmy and Gen. Walter Warlimont, Foreword by Generaloberst Franz Haider, Historical Division, Headquarters, United States Army, Europe,
829:. The execution of the 1948 Palestine War was marked by the personal, family, and political rivalry between al-Qawuqji (who fought mainly in northern Palestine) and al-Husayni, who fought mostly in the Jerusalem area.
913:
Twelfth Battalion withstood the attack, inflicting heavy losses on the ALA. The battle ended on 18 July, with the ALA losing the Arab village of Lubiya, which had been their main base in Central Eastern Galilee.
613:, who was acting as German ambassador to Iraq. This was probably al-Qawuqji's first encounter with a representative of Nazi Germany. In August, he commanded about 200 volunteers, consisting of Iraqis, Syrians,
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acknowledge the Arab's right to independence. The next day, his son died of poisoning. Al-Qawuqji, convinced that the Nazis had murdered the young man, refused to take part in the funeral they organized.
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In 1947 al-Qawuqji traveled to Egypt, via France, and proclaimed that he was "at the disposition of the Arab people should they call on to take up arms again." In August he threatened that, should the
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609:. Al-Qawuqji resigned his commission in the Iraqi army and his position at the Royal Military College to lead approximately fifty armed guerrillas into Mandatory Palestine. In June he contacted
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in Ottoman Palestine. He was decorated with the Ottoman Majidi Medal for his role in these battles. He was also awarded the German Iron Cross, second class, for his bravery in the battle around
578:. Al-Qawuqji relates that he was unimpressed with Abdul-Aziz, depicting him as self-infatuated and suspicious, who disappointingly attempted to justify his collaboration with the British.
650:, accompanied Fawzi Al-Qawuqji, Supreme Commander of the Arab Revolution in South-Syrian Palestine, through the desert to ensure his safe journey. A few weeks later he returned to Iraq.
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sovereign power." General MacMillan did not want to confront al-Qawuqji's force, however, since he saw "no point in getting a lot of British soldiers killed in that kind of operation."
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appointed him to be field commander of the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) in the 1948 Palestine War. This appointment was opposed by Haj Amin Husseini, who had appointed his own kinsman
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claims he fought alongside General Otto von Kreiss's Prussian unit during this period. Al-Qawuqji conducted infiltrations behind British lines to report back directly to General
333:
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signed secret documents to support the Arab nationalists, al-Qawuqji expressed dissatisfaction with the results, commenting that they were "just symbolic and not an agreement".
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retook Sheikh Abd from the ALA, who had abandoned the position. Shortly thereafter the last of the ALA forces were driven out of Galilee, and al-Qawuqji escaped to Lebanon.
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1993:
1452:. by Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Cuppers, trans. by Krista Smith, (Enigma Books, published in association with the United States Holocaust Museum, NY; 2010), p. 92
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has described him as "Arab nationalism's leading military figure in the interwar period ... served as a commander in all the Arab national battles of the period."
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vote go the wrong way, "we will have to initiate total war. We will murder, wreck and ruin everything standing in our way, be it English, American, or Jewish".
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Al-Qawuqji's sojourn in Germany has been the subject of considerable controversy. Gilbert Achcar recounts stories of conflicts during his Berlin period:
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He served as a captain (Yuzbashi) in the 12th Ottoman corps garrison in Mosul, and in several battles during the First World War, including at
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711:. He remained in Germany for the remainder of World War II, recuperated from his wounds, and married a German woman named Anneliese MĂŒller.
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good character and intelligent and perceptive, and he has perfected the German language in a few months in a way that has amazed everyone.
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Felmy, Gen. Hellmuth; Warlimont, Gen. Walter (1952). "Foreword by Generaloberst Franz Haider, Historical Div., HQ, U.S. Army, Europe".
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2002:
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from the ALA (Arab Liberation Army- Kaukji's army) on 1948. The car still carries the ALA emblem, a dagger stabbing a Star of David.
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418:. A political decision by the British enabled him to flee the country in 1937. He was a colonel in the Nazi Wehrmacht during
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765:" (Sonderstab F) designated the Wehrmacht's central agency for all issues that affected the Arab world. General der Flieger
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and Palestinians whom he organized into four reinforced platoons, each with an intelligence unit attached, operating in the
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1107:"Ruhmloses Zwischenspiel: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Deutschland, 1941â1947", by Gerhard Höpp in Peter Heine, ed.,
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Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936â1939
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Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936â1939
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Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936â1939
536:) which had been created by the French mandatory authorities. Al-Qawuqji received formal training at the
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The Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I. Al-Qawuqji supported the independence of the short-lived
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410:; 19 January 1890 â 5 June 1977) was a Lebanese-born Arab nationalist military figure in the
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and were chased out of Iraq. While still in Iraq, a British plane strafed and almost killed him.
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Parsons, Laila (Summer 2007). "Soldiering for Arab Nationalism: Fawzi al-Qawuqji in Palestine".
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armed forces, since he preferred their formation into an independent Arab nationalist army.
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1724:, by Eugene L. Rogan and Avi Shlaim, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007), p. 111.
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After suffering serious wounds fighting the British in Iraq, al-Qawuqji was transported to
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After the unsuccessful outcome of the campaign to establish the Arab Kingdom of Syria,
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Security Council cease-fire order, the ALA attacked Sheikh Abd, a hilltop overlooking
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1257:, by Reeva Spector Simon, (New York: Columbia University Press; 2013), p. 65; p. 124.
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1614:Ă JĂ©rusalem, un drapeau flottait sur la ligne de feu; Jacques De Reynier, 1950, p.37
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up to the Lebanese border until October 1948. On 22 October, the date of the third
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Palestine, 1948: War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem
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Al-Qawuqji told the UN observers that he demanded depopulation of nearby Kibbutz
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In July, al-Qawuqji launched a rolling offensive of counterattacks, focusing on
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The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence, 1914â1948.
1592:, by Yoav Gelber, (Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press; 2006), p. 46â48, 51â56.
605:, which was separate from forces under the control of Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
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The Commander: Fawzi al-Qawuqji and the Fight for Arab Independence, 1914â1948
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Arabism, Islamism and the Palestine question, 1908â1941: a political history
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After the end of the war, al-Qawuqji moved to Syria and lived in Damascus,
1971:
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Palestine 1936: The Great Revolt and the Roots of the Middle East Conflict
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douse it. In truth ... Operation Hiram had been long in the planning.
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Yawmiyyat Akram Zu'ayter: Al-Haraka al-Wataniyy al-Filastiniyya, 1935-1939
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Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine
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area and crossed (unmolested by British troops) into Palestine over the
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Palestinian Arab National Movement, 1929â1939: From Riots to Rebellion
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Iraq Between the Two World Wars: The Militarist Origins of Tyranny
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In early March 1948, al-Qawuqji moved some of his forces from the
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German Exploitation of Arab Nationalist Movements in World War II
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Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad
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1604:, by Tom Segev, (New York: Henry Holt and Co., LLC; 1999), p. 510
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One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate
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in early October 1925. al-Qawuqji remained an outlaw thereafter.
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Al-Rafidayn: Jahrbuch zu Geschichte und Kultur des modernen Iraq
546:
1975:
532:. Al-Qawuqji then joined the Syrian Legion (also known as the
1837:. Campaign. Oxford, New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 96.
1324:. Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Dirasat al-Filistiniyya. p. 226.
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In April 1948, the ALA mounted a major attack on the kibbutz
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In 1912, he graduated from the military academy in Istanbul.
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1207:
1692:"Who's Afraid to Reveal the Palestinian 'Secrets' of 1948?"
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Rebel commanders of the 1936â1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
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forces, and reportedly held prisoner until February 1947.
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The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
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1472:
1428:, by Yehoshua Porath, (London: Cass; 1977), pp. 236, 237
416:
British Mandatory suppression of the Palestinian Revolt
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World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
414:. He served briefly in Palestine in 1936 fighting the
1113:
http://www.zmo.de/biblio/nachlass/hoepp/01_30_064.pdf
1003:"Memoirs, 1948, Part II" in 2, no. 1 (Aut. 72): 3â33.
997:"Memoirs, 1948, Part I" in 1, no. 4 (Sum. 72): 27â58.
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animosity between him and Grand Mufti Husseini, the
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881:which sat near the strategic road that connected
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545:. He became commander of a cavalry squadron in
2351:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
1349:by Jeffrey Herf (Yale University Press, 2009)
585:Fawzi al-Qawuqji (3rd from the right) in 1936.
1987:
1543:1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war
922:The ALA established control of upper central
8:
1667:Dear Palestine: A Social History of the 1948
1646:LaPierre, Dominique; Collins, Larry (1971).
739:He was awarded the rank of a colonel of the
1786:. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1538148803
812:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
790:1948 Palestine War and Arab Liberation Army
2386:Syrian people of the 1948 ArabâIsraeli War
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1994:
1980:
1972:
1959:Newspaper clippings about Fawzi al-Qawuqji
1669:. Stanford University Press. p. 111.
597:in actions that would become known as the
20:
16:Arab Liberation Army commander (1890â1977)
2346:Ottoman military personnel of World War I
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438:Fawzi al-Qawuqji was born in 1890 into a
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574:to help train the army of Saudi monarch
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589:In 1936, al-Qawuqji began fighting the
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707:-held Syria, and then made his way to
1546:. Yale University Press. p. 61.
542:Ăcole spĂ©ciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
7:
2376:Arab collaborators with Nazi Germany
2181:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
1527:Collins & Lapierre, pp. 160, 161
1500:Mallmann & Cuppers, pp. 126, 127
1416:Collins & Lapierre, pp. 159, 160
603:Society for the Defense of Palestine
1577:Collins & Lapierre, pp. 156â163
560:to join the rebellion, leading the
407:
2381:German World War II special forces
2371:Arab people in Mandatory Palestine
1518:Mallmann & Cuppers, pp. 85, 92
1347:Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World
14:
2366:People of the Great Syrian Revolt
1111:(WĂŒrzburg: Ergon Verlag, 1995), (
949:and put the kibbutz under siege.
817:After the UN Partition vote, the
654:the Mufti's entourage, including
426:(ALA) field commander during the
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1690:Shay Hazkani (4 December 2022).
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324:1936â39 Arab revolt in Palestine
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31:
2336:Ottoman Military Academy alumni
1942:. 19 April 1948. Archived from
1918:. 15 March 1948. Archived from
1480:Foreign Military Studies Branch
1366:Collins & Lapierre, p. 160.
1636:Collins & Lapierre, p. 207
1627:Collins & Lapierre, p. 206
1491:Mallmann & Cuppers, p. 126
273:Arab Liberation Army 1948â1949
1:
1858:. University of Texas Press.
1509:Mallmann & Cuppers, p. 75
1482:, 1952, p.13, by Gen. Haider;
901:Fawzi al-Quawuqji 24 May 1948
517:) in a squadron commanded by
446:, which was then part of the
1806:Journal of Palestine Studies
991:Journal of Palestine Studies
986:Memoirs of al-Qawuqji, Fauzi
956:forces, and a diminution of
869:armored car captured by the
782:In 1945, he was captured by
505:. In 1920, he fought at the
1963:20th Century Press Archives
1879:, Garnet and Ithaca Press,
1213:Provence, 2005, pp. 95â103.
805:Arab League field commander
677:and, during the subsequent
601:. He represented the Iraqi
182:Palestinian Defense Society
2417:
1852:Provence, Michael (2005).
1733:Morris, 2008, pp. 133â137.
1308:Cambridge University Press
1292:Cambridge University Press
1096:Cambridge University Press
984:al-Qawuqji, Fauzi (1972):
793:
761:and the "Instructions for
634:, and the Mufti's kinsman
570:brought al-Qawuqji to the
2175:PauletâNewcombe Agreement
2060:
1873:Nafi, Basheer M. (1998),
509:, serving in the army of
169:Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz
30:
2356:Syrian Arab nationalists
2291:French High Commissioner
2275:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
1936:"War for Jerusalem Road"
1826:10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.33
1818:10.1525/jps.2007.36.4.33
1650:. Simon & Schuster.
1320:Zu'ayter, Akram (1980).
1118:20 December 2019 at the
1038:Abd Al-Rahman Shahbandar
825:as the commander of the
389:Iron Cross, Second Class
363:Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
46:
37:Fawzi al-Qawuqji in 1936
2131:Battle of al-Musayfirah
2003:French Mandate of Syria
1789:Parsons, Laila (2016).
823:Abdul Qadir al-Husseini
759:FĂŒhrer Directive No. 30
735:German military service
727:In May 1942, after the
636:Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni
143:French Mandate of Syria
2148:SyriaâLebanon campaign
2111:Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
2106:1925–1927 revolt
2049:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1833:Lyman, Robert (2006).
902:
874:
776:
721:
586:
554:rebellion of 1925â1927
494:
485:Otto Liman von Sanders
442:family in the city of
370:First Arab-Israeli War
339:1941 Iraqi coup d'Ă©tat
334:Middle Eastern theatre
73:(present-day Tripoli,
2361:Syrian Turkmen people
2341:Ottoman Army officers
2240:Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah
2169:SykesâPicot Agreement
1722:The War for Palestine
1712:Morris,2008, pp. 133.
1665:Shay Hazkani (2021).
1540:Benny Morris (2008).
900:
864:
771:
751:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
716:
632:Arab Higher Committee
584:
503:Arab Kingdom of Syria
489:
290:Mesopotamian Campaign
244:Years of service
130:Arab Kingdom of Syria
2250:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
1946:on 30 September 2007
1742:Morris, 2008, p. 282
1461:Höpp, 1995, p. 16, "
1160:Simon & Schuster
827:Army of the Holy War
800:Arab Liberation Army
424:Arab Liberation Army
422:, and served as the
238:Arab Liberation Army
222:Arab Liberation Army
2260:Saadallah al-Jabiri
2225:Mustafa Bey Barmada
2143:1936 general strike
2126:Battle of al-Mazraa
2094:Capture of Damascus
1910:"'I Have Returned'"
1278:Hughes, 2019 p.113.
1152:Lapierre, Dominique
1018:Great Syrian Revolt
851:Mandatory Palestine
833:Return to Palestine
648:Haditha Al-Khraisha
595:Mandatory Palestine
398:(sometimes spelled
307:Great Syrian Revolt
295:Battle of Beersheba
2331:People from Beirut
2136:1925 Hama uprising
2116:Capture of Salkhad
2089:Battle of Maysalun
2032:Al-Jazira Province
1310:, 2019 pp. 418-423
1236:"Achcar", p. 121n.
1201:Parsons, 2017 p.30
903:
875:
796:1948 Palestine War
587:
556:, he deserted the
534:French-Syrian Army
507:Battle of Maysalun
428:1948 Palestine War
358:1948 Palestine war
312:1925 Hama uprising
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2296:Charles de Gaulle
2230:Shukri al-Quwatli
2121:Battle of al-Kafr
2084:Franco-Syrian War
2039:Jabal Druze State
2027:State of Damascus
1799:978-0-80906-712-1
1676:978-1-503-61465-9
1355:978-0-300-14579-3
1337:Höpp, 1995, p. 4.
1269:Höpp, 1995, p. 3.
1245:Höpp, 1995, p. 2.
1179:Parsons 2017 p.26
1138:Höpp, 1995, p. 1.
1098:, 2019 pp. 20, 98
607:Haj Amin Husseini
393:
392:
302:Franco-Syrian War
2408:
2255:Sultan al-Atrash
2245:Jamil Mardam Bey
2220:Hashim al-Atassi
2195:
2066:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1898:
1889:
1869:
1848:
1829:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1537:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1394:'I Have Returned
1393:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1303:Matthew Hughes,
1301:
1295:
1287:Matthew Hughes,
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1123:
1105:
1099:
1091:Matthew Hughes,
1089:
1083:
1079:
1063:Hasan al-Kharrat
1043:Sultan al-Atrash
753:. In June 1941,
656:Jamal al-Husayni
644:Mithqal Al-Fayez
562:uprising in Hama
409:
396:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
329:Second World War
233:
220:
219:
218:
207:
205:
204:
193:
192:
191:
180:
179:
178:
167:
166:
165:
154:
153:
152:
141:
140:
139:
128:
127:
126:
115:
113:
112:
88:
62:
60:
35:
25:Fawzi al-Qawuqji
21:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2279:
2186:
2157:
2067:
2058:
2054:Greater Lebanon
2022:State of Aleppo
2005:
2000:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1905:
1892:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1832:
1803:
1793:Hill and Wang.
1776:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1470:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:"Achcar", p. 92
1439:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:2017 pp. 27-31.
1188:Laila Parsons,
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1126:
1120:Wayback Machine
1106:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1014:
981:
979:Published works
975:, and Tripoli.
966:Carmeli Brigade
962:Operation Hiram
920:
918:Operation Hiram
859:
835:
807:
802:
794:Main articles:
792:
763:Special Staff F
737:
701:
696:
679:Anglo-Iraqi War
668:Kingdom of Iraq
660:Rafiq al-Tamimi
519:Taha al-Hashimi
499:
497:Interwar period
469:in Iraq and at
463:
436:
412:interwar period
400:Fauzi el-Kaukji
381:
375:Operation Hiram
349:Syrian Campaign
344:Anglo-Iraqi War
285:First World War
227:
216:
214:
202:
200:
189:
187:
176:
174:
163:
161:
150:
148:
137:
135:
124:
122:
110:
108:
90:
86:
72:
64:
63:19 January 1890
58:
56:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:Ibrahim Hananu
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2017:State of Syria
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1956:
1932:
1922:on 3 July 2007
1904:
1903:External links
1901:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1849:
1843:
1830:
1801:
1787:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1754:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1714:
1705:
1682:
1675:
1657:
1638:
1629:
1617:
1606:
1594:
1579:
1570:
1552:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1468:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1339:
1327:
1312:
1296:
1280:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1215:
1203:
1194:
1181:
1172:
1148:Collins, Larry
1140:
1124:
1100:
1084:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1033:Yusuf al-'Azma
1030:
1028:Ibrahim Hananu
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1000:
980:
977:
919:
916:
879:Mishmar HaEmek
858:
857:Mishmar HaEmek
855:
843:Allenby Bridge
834:
831:
806:
803:
791:
788:
767:Hellmuth Felmy
736:
733:
700:
697:
695:
692:
530:French Mandate
513:as a captain (
498:
495:
462:
459:
455:Gilbert Achcar
448:Ottoman Empire
435:
432:
391:
390:
387:
383:
382:
380:
379:
378:
377:
367:
366:
365:
355:
354:
353:
352:
351:
346:
341:
326:
321:
316:
315:
314:
304:
299:
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297:
292:
281:
279:
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274:
271:
267:
266:
253:
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248:
245:
241:
240:
235:
229:
228:
226:
225:
212:
198:
185:
172:
159:
146:
133:
120:
117:Ottoman Empire
105:
103:
99:
98:
89:(aged 87)
83:
79:
78:
70:Ottoman Empire
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2413:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2302:
2301:Henri Gouraud
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Ayyash Al-Haj
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Khalid al-Azm
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Yusuf al-Azma
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2153:Levant Crisis
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Hananu Revolt
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:Alawite State
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:0-86372-235-0
1882:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1865:9780292706804
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1844:1-84176-991-6
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:Kessler, Oren
1778:
1777:
1773:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1555:
1553:9780300126969
1549:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:0-586-05452-9
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Adham Khanjar
1051:
1049:
1048:Henri Gouraud
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Ayyash Al-Haj
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
993:
992:
987:
983:
982:
978:
976:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
945:
941:
937:
934:line through
933:
929:
925:
917:
915:
912:
908:
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
868:
863:
856:
854:
852:
847:
844:
840:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
804:
801:
797:
789:
787:
785:
780:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
744:
743:
734:
732:
730:
725:
720:
715:
712:
710:
706:
698:
693:
691:
689:
688:flying column
686:
685:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
662:, and Sheikh
661:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:Shakib Arslan
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
515:ra'is khayyal
512:
508:
504:
496:
493:
488:
486:
482:
481:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
425:
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2265:Haqqi al-Azm
2210:Saleh al-Ali
1948:. Retrieved
1944:the original
1939:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1913:
1894:
1875:
1854:
1834:
1812:(4): 33â48.
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87:(1977-06-05)
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2391:1977 deaths
2326:1890 births
2079:1919 revolt
1701:from Egypt.
1648:O Jerusalem
1170:pp. 143-145
926:, from the
819:Arab League
729:Axis powers
670:during the
558:French Army
552:During the
511:King Faisal
477:. The book
475:Nabi Samwil
461:World War I
256:German Army
224:(1948â1949)
211:(1941â1945)
184:(1936â1939)
171:(1927â1930)
158:(1925â1927)
145:(1920â1925)
132:(1918â1920)
119:(1912â1918)
85:5 June 1977
43:Native name
2320:Categories
1950:31 October
1926:31 October
1069:References
932:Deir Hanna
672:Rashid Ali
640:Bani Sakhr
576:Abdul-Aziz
434:Early life
102:Allegiance
59:1890-01-19
2072:Conflicts
755:Wehrmacht
742:Wehrmacht
528:became a
471:Beersheba
247:1912â1949
2162:Treaties
1782:(2023).
1357:. p. 37.
1154:(1972):
1116:Archived
1082:period."
1012:See also
839:Damascus
623:Tulkaram
270:Commands
232:Service/
1965:of the
1961:in the
1696:Haaretz
1559:13 July
958:Haganah
944:Kibbutz
930:âArabeâ
928:Sakhnin
924:Galilee
907:Ilaniya
891:Palmach
871:Haganah
849:Inside
774:Sunium.
591:British
444:Tripoli
440:Turkmen
259:Colonel
96:Lebanon
75:Lebanon
66:Tripoli
2284:French
2198:Syrian
2191:People
2183:(1936)
2177:(1920)
2171:(1916)
2010:States
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1862:
1841:
1824:
1797:
1673:
1550:
1353:
1166:
973:Beirut
954:Yiftah
947:Manara
911:Golani
784:Soviet
699:Berlin
684:Mercol
619:Nablus
538:French
404:Arabic
386:Awards
234:branch
206:
197:(1941)
114:
92:Beirut
1822:JSTOR
1122:) p.1
1005:(PDF)
999:(PDF)
887:Jenin
883:Haifa
867:Otter
757:High
627:Jenin
615:Druze
572:Hejaz
526:Syria
467:Qurna
1952:2009
1940:Time
1928:2009
1915:Time
1881:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1561:2013
1548:ISBN
1388:Time
1351:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1150:and
798:and
646:and
547:Hama
263:WWII
252:Rank
82:Died
53:Born
1967:ZBW
1814:doi
988:in
885:to
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593:in
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