1503:
his brother Abu'l-Abbas
Muhammad, Abu Zaki, and the 'supreme shaykh' Abu Musa Harun openly accused him of being a fraud and an impostor. When Abu Musa Harun was murdered shortly after, the other conspirators decided to assassinate al-Mahdi. Possibly due to the doubts of Abu Abdallah, or because they could not agree on his successor, they delayed their action. Informed of their intentions by the Kutama commander Ghazwiya, al-Mahdi moved first. Commanders whose loyalty was suspect were sent to missions away from the capital, and replaced by loyal ones, so that on 18 February 911, Abu Abdallah and Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad were assassinated by loyal Kutama soldiers in the caliph's own palace. News of the death of Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i spread quickly. Al-Mahdi hesitated for two days, but then executed the remaining Kutama leaders involved in the conspiracy. Given his vital role in the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate, Abu Abdallah was given a formal funeral, with al-Mahdi attending; and the pro-Fatimid sources are at pains to portray his death as a "regrettable fall from grace of a hitherto loyal servant whose faith was finally overcome by ambition", for which the blame is placed on Abu'l-Abbas and the Kutama chieftains, above all Abu Zaki; Abu Zaki's and Abu'l-Abbas spell of power as regents during Abu Abdallah's absence are said to have corrupted them and led them to challenge their rightful master.
1350:'s army now swelled to enormous size, as many more tribes joined it; not quite willingly, as those who refused were massacred in retaliation. On 18 March 909, the Aghlabid army was overwhelmed, and the inhabitants of al-Urbus massacred. Ziyadat Allah III fled his capital for Egypt, taking many of his treasures with him, but leaving most of his extensive harem behind, and taking care to torch the offices of the land tax department and all fiscal records contained therein. Chaos broke out once this became known, as the palaces were ransacked for five days by the locals and any thought of further resistance vanished. Abu Abdallah sent a thousand horse under one of his commanders ahead to put and end to the looting, and followed towards Kairouan. There he was met by a delegation of notables that surrendered the city. On the next day, 25 March 909, Abu Abdallah entered Raqqada and took up residence in the palace of the emir.
1491:, while diffuse, had insisted that his coming would be heralded by celestial signs and portents, that he would be a young man of exceptional beauty, and that he would rapidly and miraculously lead his armies to victory. By comparison, the reality of al-Mahdi as a man and ruler was disappointing: a 35-year old former merchant accustomed to an easy life, wine, and rich clothing, whose luxurious lifestyle clashed with the austere doctrines propagated by Abu Abdallah and hitherto followed by the Kutama. Even Abu Abdallah criticized his master, accusing him of corrupting the Kutama with power, money and luxury and gifts. Abu Abdallah had never met his master before going to Sijilmasa, and was obviously unaware of his character or intentions; and now he may have felt, in the words of the historian Michael Brett, "as if his own movement had been taken over by one completely different".
57:
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release of their captive imam. After brief clashes with the
Midrarid troops, Emir al-Yasa fled his city, which was occupied and plundered. Mounted on horseback and dressed in fine clothes, al-Mahdi and al-Qa'im were presented to the army, amidst shouts and tears of religious exaltation. On the next day, 27 August, al-Mahdi was enthroned and acclaimed by the troops. As the historian Michael Brett explains, the occasion had double meaning: on the one hand, it acknowledged al-Mahdi's caliphate, but on the other, it confirmed the Kutama soldiery in their exceptional status as 'faithful' (
1375:, the Aghlabid capital, to reconnoitre. Unbeknownst to him, news of al-Mahdi and his identity as one sought by the Abbasid government had already reached the city, and he was immediately arrested. He remained in prison until spring of 906, when he was able to escape and left for Tripoli. Informed of Abu'l-Abbas' fate, al-Mahdi changed his plans: instead of crossing the Aghlabid domains and making for the country of the Kutama, he joined another caravan heading west, skirting the southern fringes of Aghlabid territory. He was accompanied only by his son, the future
2135:
1253:
1452:, with his brother Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad as his aide. Abu Zaki was named as regent because of his influence with the Kutama, since Abu'l-Abbas lacked his brother's authority over the Berbers; but it was made clear that in reality, especially concerning religious affairs, Abu'l-Abbas' opinion was to be decisive. On the way to Sijilmasa, Abu Abdallah received the submission of
886:
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1302:, before being joined by the forces of Shabib ibn Abi Shaddad, governor of the frontier province of Zab. Ibrahim al-Habashi led the combined Aghlabid army into the mountains in pursuit of the Kutama, but at Kayuna it was put to battle and destroyed by Abu Abdallah's men. The Aghlabid government immediately raised another army and stationed it at
1204:), a chosen people. Conversion and participation in the new community meant the shedding of previous practices and affiliations: under the new doctrine and its preacher, the adherents were forged into unity. Disregarding prior tribal or clan affiliations, Abu Abdallah divided his armed followers into seven parts (
1502:
At Ténès, however, a conspiracy had begun among the Kutama chieftains: led by Abu
Abdallah, they decided to confront al-Mahdi and put his claims to the test. The sources differ on the details, but the Kutama confronted al-Mahdi in a public audience, demanding that he perform a miracle. Abu Abdallah,
1494:
An immediate conflict was averted as Abu
Abdallah was called to lead an army west in July 910. During the previous months, Sijilmasa had been lost to the Midrarids, Tahert was once more closely besieged by the Zenata, and an uprising broke out among the Kutama, led by a certain Baban. The latter was
1172:
made some powerful converts in the chieftains Abu Musa ibn Yunus al-Azayi, leader of the
Masalta clan, and Zaki Tammam ibn Mu'arik, nephew of the leader of the Ijjana. At the same time his teachings aroused opposition, not only from adherents of Kharijism who rejected his teachings, but also as the
1366:
and thence Egypt, where they were sheltered by Abu
Abdallah's old mentor, Abu Ali, for a year in 904–905. In view of Abu Abdallah's successes, al-Mahdi decided to next move west towards Ifriqiya, and joined a merchant caravan going west, accompanied by Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad. On the way, the caravan
1464:
Ibadi imamate at Tahert, installing a Kutama governor there. Learning of the approach of the Kutama army, the emir of
Sijilmasa had al-Mahdi questioned and put under house arrest along with his son, but otherwise treated well. On 26 August 909, the Kutama army reached Sijilmasa, and demanded the
1310:
and
Raqqada. As the historian Michael Brett comments, "this was an army on the defensive"; as a result, Abu Abdallah ignored it, and moved instead against Tubna (ancient Tubunae), seat of Shabib ibn Abi Shaddad, administrative and military centre of the Aghlabid frontier, and last refuge of the
1128:
and Abu
Abdallah himself chose their targets with intention: there are stories about previous Shi'a missionaries sent to the Maghreb, the Kutama party contained at least two who were Shi'a themselves, and thus amenable to the Isma'ili cause. Moreover, the Kutama, unlike most Berbers, were not
1286:
to Italy, the army was composed mostly of raw recruits; and its arrival so late in the year meant that while Abu
Abdallah retreated to his mountain strongholds, the Aghlabid troops could not follow in the snow. The expedition was further condemned to failure as the result of Aghlabid dynastic
1122:, and the Berbers' own military potential. Seeing an opportunity, he managed to convince them to invite him to come and teach them his doctrine. Modern scholars on the other hand cast some doubt on the story of an unplanned, chance encounter, instead emphasizing that the
1268:. The move was born both out of strength and weakness: while Abu Abdallah had consolidated control over most of the Kutama, those of their chiefs who remained opposed to him now turned to the Aghlabid government for support and military help against the
1298:. Emir Ziyadat Allah III obtained a juridical opinion lambasting the followers of "the man from Sana'a" as heretics, but his military response proved as ineffective as the last. An army under the prince Ibrahim al-Habashi was sent west but wintered at
1320:
was helped by the uprising of the Aghlabid army under Mudlij ibn Zakariyya in March 906. This military mutiny clearly showed that the Aghlabid state was disintegrating, and Abu Abdallah pressed his advantage. In the spring of 907, the Kutama sacked
1391:
and a centre of the trans-Sahara trade. Already before the conquest of the Aghabid emirate was complete, Abu Abdallah sent a troop of Kutama to escort his master to Ifriqiya, but they were waylaid by the Ibadi emir of Tahert and had to turn back.
1311:
renegade Kutama chieftains. Tubna was placed under siege for almost a year, before it capitulated on terms in October 906: the garrison was spared, but the renegade Kutama chieftain Fath ibn Yahya al-Masaliti was executed.
1173:
result of political rivalries: as some leaders of clans or tribes associated themselves with Abu Abdallah, their enemies came to oppose him. As a result, he soon had to move his base of operations from Ikjan to
1113:
who were on the Hajj, to whom he presented himself as a native of Sana'a. According to later sources, after engaging them in discussion, he found out about the situation in their homeland, the feebleness of the
1429:) of God. Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad, who had escaped from prison and emerged from hiding after his brother's victory, began to spread the Isma'ili doctrine, holding disputations with the local Sunni jurists in the
1448:
As soon as his rule was stable enough, on 6 June 909, Abu Aballah set out from Raqqada at the head of a large army, to find his master and hand over power to him. In his stead at Raqqada, he left
2306:
Affirming the Imamate: Early Fatimid Teachings in the Islamic West. An Arabic critical edition and English translation of works attributed to Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shīʿī and his brother Abu’l-ʿAbbās
3438:
2499:
1403:) to the citizens of Kairouan and all former servants of the Aghlabid regime, took stock of the contents of the palaces, installed governors, and ordered changes to the coinage,
1336:
The last remaining stronghold between the Kutama and Kairouan/Raqqada was now al-Urbus, where the last Aghlabid armies were assembled. Abu Abdallah spent 908 further south, at
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1325:, a town that controlled the route from Tubna to Kairouan; unlike Tubna, its garrison was not spared. The Kutama then defeated an Aghlabid expedition sent against them from
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1244:'s own integrity—he never used it and entrusted its management to his officers—as well as a test of loyalty for his officers—those who embezzled it were rapidly purged.
1096:, Abdallah ibn Abi'l-Malahif, but the latter was replaced by Ibrahim ibn Ishaq al-Zabidi. Ibrahim became Abu Abdallah's lieutenant, becoming known as "the lesser lord" (
1090:
After less than a year, Ibn Hawshab sent Abu Abdallah again to Mecca, thence to go on to the Maghreb. Following usual practice, he was to be accompanied by another
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quickly subdued by loyalist Kutama, and Abu Abdallah managed to defeat the Zenata near Tubna, relieving Tahert and even reaching the Mediterranean coast at
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1162:. Abu Abdallah secured the protection of the Saktan clan and immediately began his missionary work, establishing a base in the scarcely populated area of
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With his master was still in faraway Sijilmasa, it was up to Abu Abdallah to establish the new Shi'a regime in Ifriqiya. He issued a letter of pardon (
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1140:; living on the margins of the settled Muslim society of Ifriqiya, they may have been only superficially Islamicized, retaining many pagan practices.
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619:
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1073:, and joined the Yemeni pilgrims on their return to their homeland. He arrived there in April 892, and stayed and learned with the chief Isma'ili
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1499:. He then campaigned against the Zenata and Sadina tribes in modern central Algeria, before returning to Raqqada in the winter of 910/11.
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and the sermon, and official seals to reflect the new regime. The new ruler was not yet named in public; instead, the new formulas used
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As long as they were confined to the mountains of Lesser Kabylia, Abu Abdallah's activities were ignored by the Aghlabid government at
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The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE
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and his followers. The capture of Mila forced the Aghlabids to react, sending an army west to recover the city, under the prince
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999:. However, Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah quickly fell out with Abu Abdallah and had Abu Abdallah executed on 28 February 911.
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s were entrusted with the governance of the districts under their control. In accordance with Shi'a practice, a fifth (
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As a veritable prophet in the midst of an ignorant people, Abu Abdallah modelled his activities on the example of
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1264:. This complacency came to an end in late 902, Abu Abdallah attacked and captured the fortified town of
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opened their gates, giving Abu Abdallah control of the passage from the central Maghreb to Tunisia.
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1362:, had left Salamiya to avoid Abbasid persecution. With a small entourage he made his way to
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In the meantime, the hidden Isma'ili imam and Abu Abdallah's true master, the future caliph
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adherent before being proselytized along with his brother, Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad, in 891 to
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2174:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i was born al-Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Zakariyya in
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was attacked by Berber tribes, which left Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad wounded. At
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Map of the fall of the Aghlabid Emirate to the Kutama led by Abu Abdallah
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disputes: in July 903, Emir Abdallah II was murdered by his son,
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1415:, the fulfillment of God's promise, the victory of God's truth (
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989:
213:
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Abu Abdallah accompanied the Kutama back to their homeland in
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1282:. As most of the regular troops had followed the former emir
2216:
Messianism and Puritanical Reform: Mahdīs of the Muslim West
2155:. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden: Brill.
1053:) themselves, inducted by Firuz, the representative of the
928:
Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Zakariyya
2219:. Translated by Martin Beagles. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
2198:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1477:), an elite distinct from the mass of ordinary Muslims.
1083:, in preparation for going on to lead a mission to the
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in 909. At Mecca, Abu Abdallah came across a party of
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1294:In 904, Abu Abdallah captured another major town,
1230:) of all booty was set aside for the messiah, the
984:. This ultimately led to the establishment of the
2304:Madelung, Wilferd; Walker, Paul E., eds. (2021).
2243:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
1184:: Ikjan and Tazrut became an 'abode of refuge' (
2239:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden
1035:), Abu Ali, or, according to other sources, by
3439:10th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
976:Berber tribe, leading them on the conquest of
2338:
908:
8:
2195:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
1441:(judge), in the person of the local Shi'ite
1192:), his followers were termed the 'friends' (
980:from 902 to 909 and the overthrowing of the
1118:government outside the core territories of
3216:
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2652:
2345:
2331:
2323:
915:
901:
29:
2912:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
1371:, Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad was sent ahead to
3434:People executed by the Fatimid Caliphate
1306:(Byzantine Laribus), barring the way to
1251:
2245:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
1919:
1871:
1511:
1411:verses or paraphrases that exalted the
32:
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1433:. Abu Abdallah also chose a new chief
27:10th-century Iraqi Isma'ili missionary
3345:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
2117:
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1216:) over each, while newly designated
1485:The prophetic traditions about the
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800:ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh
1354:Regency and the rescue of al-Mahdi
25:
3419:10th-century people from Ifriqiya
3459:9th-century people from Ifriqiya
3374:
2268:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2213:García-Arenal, Mercedes (2006).
2133:
1443:Muhammad ibn Umar al-Marwarrudhi
884:
776:ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh
55:
3172:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1027:Shi'ism by a local missionary (
717:Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir
3162:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
3157:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
2282:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_SIM_0282
2276:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1210:), and appointed a commander (
795:Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh
786:Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh
1:
3314:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
2566:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
2526:Qarmatian invasions (971–974)
2459:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
712:Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak
3127:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
2631:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
771:Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh
761:Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh
746:ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh
18:Fatimid conquest of Ifriqiya
3117:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
2626:Crusader invasions of Egypt
2401:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
1487:
1473:
1467:
1460:Berbers, and overthrew the
1450:Abu Zaki Tammam ibn Mu'arik
1435:
1423:
1417:
1397:
1383:, an oasis town in eastern
1346:
1316:
1270:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1168:
1154:
1124:
1098:
1092:
1075:
1049:
1041:
1029:
950:
781:Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh
3485:
3295:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
3142:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
2917:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
2692:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
1065:. Abu Abdallah joined the
790:Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh
494:Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam
3372:
3335:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi
2707:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
2553:Bedouin alliance uprising
524:Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai
3414:10th-century Arab people
2262:"Abū ʿAbdallāh al-Shīʿī"
2260:Walker, Paul E. (2008).
2141:Fatimid Caliphate portal
1862:, pp. 73–76, 86–88.
1456:, leader of the nomadic
1431:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1329:, whereupon Baghaya and
1144:Mission among the Kutama
997:Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah
951:Abū ʿAbd Allāh ash-Shīʿī
3464:10th-century executions
3404:9th-century Arab people
3328:Literature and learning
3319:Shrine of Husayn's Head
3238:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
3177:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
3152:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2506:Conquest of Egypt (969)
2308:. London: I.B. Tauris.
2170:Brett, Michael (2017).
2149:Brett, Michael (2001).
1471:) or 'friends of God' (
766:Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,
419:ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
3307:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
3039:Branches and offshoots
2752:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
2697:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
2431:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
2416:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
2386:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
2274:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1257:
1061:, and Abu Abdallah to
988:in Ifriqiya under the
3454:10th-century Ismailis
3285:Fatimid Great Palaces
3122:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
2937:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
2747:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
2742:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
2571:Mustansirite Hardship
2510:Expansion into Syria
2481:2nd invasion of Egypt
2475:1st invasion of Egypt
2426:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
2421:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
2396:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2376:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
1421:), and of the proof (
1276:Abu Abdallah al-Ahwal
1255:
932:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
804:Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib
479:Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi
414:ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab
3449:9th-century Ismailis
2737:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
2636:Battle of the Blacks
2436:al-Adid li-Din Allah
1985:, pp. 122, 124.
1874:, pp. 123, 125.
1248:Conquest of Ifriqiya
740:(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)
600:Palace of Queen Arwa
434:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
429:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
397:Nizari Ismaili state
3355:al-Azhar University
2717:al-Afdal Shahanshah
2548:Muffarij b. Daghfal
2500:Conquest of Morocco
2487:2nd Sicilian revolt
2469:1st Sicilian revolt
2406:al-Mustansir Billah
2120:, pp. 108–110.
2072:, pp. 154–156.
2060:, pp. 153–154.
2048:, pp. 152–153.
2021:, pp. 148–150.
2009:, pp. 125–132.
1997:, pp. 124–125.
1946:, pp. 117–119.
1934:, pp. 115–117.
1850:, pp. 113–114.
1809:, pp. 111–112.
1669:, pp. 89, 105.
1454:Muhammad ibn Khazar
1314:The triumph of the
1099:al-sayyid al-saghir
940:ابو عبد الله الشيعي
499:Rashid ad-Din Sinan
424:ibn Mansur al-Yaman
3429:Iraqi Shia Muslims
3409:9th-century births
3360:House of Knowledge
2727:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
2411:al-Musta'li Billah
2264:. In Fleet, Kate;
2172:The Fatimid Empire
1705:, pp. 92, 94.
1481:Downfall and death
1413:Family of Muhammad
1258:
930:, better known as
861:Mufaddal Saifuddin
732:(al-Taqī Muhammad)
656:House of Knowledge
546:Nizārī strongholds
277:Atba-i-Malak Bohra
3386:
3385:
3368:
3367:
3340:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3208:
3207:
3200:Baghdad Manifesto
3147:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3132:Abu Hatim al-Razi
2988:
2987:
2827:Sharifs of Medina
2762:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
2757:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
2672:Ya'qub ibn Killis
2607:and accession of
2354:Fatimid Caliphate
2315:978-0-7556-3732-4
2226:978-90-04-15051-5
2205:978-0-521-61636-2
2181:978-0-7486-4076-8
1898:, pp. 90–91.
1886:, pp. 89–90.
1768:, pp. 96–97.
1732:, pp. 94–95.
1693:, pp. 90–91.
1681:, pp. 89–90.
1616:, pp. 87–88.
1589:, pp. 86–87.
1289:Ziyadat Allah III
1198:) or 'faithful' (
1129:followers of the
986:Fatimid Caliphate
948:
925:
924:
852:Haatim Zakiyuddin
816:Incumbent leaders
651:Baghdad Manifesto
605:Queen Arwa Mosque
372:Fatimid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
3476:
3444:People from Kufa
3378:
3217:
2999:
2822:Sharifs of Mecca
2791:Vassal dynasties
2732:Bahram al-Armani
2653:
2599:Siege of Ascalon
2381:al-Mansur Billah
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2319:
2293:
2256:
2230:
2209:
2185:
2166:
2143:
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2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
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2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
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1875:
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1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1525:
1519:
1490:
1476:
1470:
1440:
1428:
1420:
1402:
1389:Midrarid dynasty
1349:
1319:
1278:, a son of Emir
1273:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1171:
1157:
1127:
1101:
1095:
1078:
1052:
1046:
1034:
982:Aghlabid dynasty
953:
943:
941:
917:
910:
903:
891:Islam portal
889:
888:
887:
870:Taher Fakhruddin
835:Musta'li Ismaili
484:Dhu'ayb ibn Musa
392:Hamdanid dynasty
382:Sulayhid dynasty
59:
50:
44:
43:
30:
21:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3364:
3323:
3300:Portable mihrab
3260:Al-Hakim Mosque
3204:
3187:
3181:
3100:and theologians
3099:
3091:
3034:
2984:
2951:
2901:
2889:
2786:
2659:
2648:
2642:
2447:
2371:al-Mahdi Billah
2357:
2351:
2316:
2303:
2300:
2298:Further reading
2270:Rowson, Everett
2259:
2253:
2233:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2190:Daftary, Farhad
2188:
2182:
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2017:
2013:
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2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
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1950:
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1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1528:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1483:
1405:calls to prayer
1387:, ruled by the
1360:al-Mahdi Billah
1356:
1250:
1146:
1005:
921:
885:
883:
878:
877:
876:
842:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs
823:Nizārī Ismā'īlī
817:
809:
808:
724:(al-Wāfī Ahmad)
707:Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq
677:
666:
665:
588:Qalaat al-Madiq
519:Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs
387:Zurayid dynasty
354:
298:Sulaymani Bohra
233:
219:
218:
184:
174:
173:
67:
46:
45:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3469:Berber history
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3373:
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3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3290:Juyushi Mosque
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3229:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2867:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2805:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Badr al-Jamali
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:Struggle with
2527:
2517:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:al-Aziz Billah
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2266:Krämer, Gudrun
2257:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2167:
2161:
2145:
2144:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2110:
2108:, p. 110.
2098:
2096:, p. 156.
2086:
2084:, p. 109.
2074:
2062:
2050:
2035:
2033:, p. 108.
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1973:, p. 122.
1960:
1958:, p. 120.
1948:
1936:
1924:
1922:, p. 127.
1912:
1910:, p. 121.
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1823:
1821:, p. 113.
1811:
1799:
1787:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1591:
1579:
1526:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1482:
1479:
1355:
1352:
1249:
1246:
1150:Lesser Kabylia
1145:
1142:
1004:
1001:
923:
922:
920:
919:
912:
905:
897:
894:
893:
880:
879:
875:
874:
873:
872:
863:
854:
832:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
797:
792:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
735:
727:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
678:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
653:
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568:
563:
558:
553:
543:
538:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
489:Hasan-i Sabbah
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
323:
322:
321:
312:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
294:
293:
286:
274:
272:Hebtiahs Bohra
269:
268:
267:
238:
236:Branches/sects
234:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
185:
180:
179:
176:
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156:
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146:
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136:
135:
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109:
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94:
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84:
79:
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68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3481:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Ismaili da'is
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
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3201:
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3184:
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3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Hamdan Qarmat
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:Hamza ibn Ali
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2947:Qadi al-Fadil
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
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2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2875:
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2865:
2861:
2857:
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2847:
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2833:
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2825:
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2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
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2789:
2783:
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2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
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2675:
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2654:
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2627:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:First Crusade
2592:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:Uprisings of
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:Rebellion of
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Establishment
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
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2419:
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2414:
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2407:
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2402:
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2379:
2377:
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2369:
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2355:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2252:3-406-35497-1
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2162:90-04-11741-5
2158:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1838:, p. 34.
1837:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1797:, p. 98.
1796:
1791:
1788:
1785:, p. 97.
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1756:, p. 96.
1755:
1750:
1747:
1744:, p. 95.
1743:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1720:, p. 94.
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1657:, p. 89.
1656:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:, p. 85.
1639:
1634:
1631:
1628:, p. 88.
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1604:, p. 87.
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:, p. 86.
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
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1432:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1393:
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1386:
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1378:
1374:
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1361:
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1309:
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1254:
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1060:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:Hamdan Qarmat
1033:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1021:Twelver Shi'a
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
995:
991:
987:
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906:
904:
899:
898:
896:
895:
892:
882:
881:
871:
867:
864:
862:
858:
857:Dawoodi Bohra
855:
853:
849:
846:
845:
843:
840:
836:
833:
831:
827:
824:
821:
820:
813:
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805:
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676:
670:
669:
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659:
657:
654:
652:
648:
645:
641:
638:
636:
635:Jama'at Khana
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
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595:
589:
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582:
579:
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572:
569:
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564:
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557:
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531:
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522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
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505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Nasir Khusraw
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Hamdan Qarmat
407:
406:
405:
404:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
349:
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336:
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328:
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309:
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301:
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292:
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287:
285:
284:
280:
279:
278:
275:
273:
270:
266:
265:
261:
260:
259:
258:Dawoodi Bohra
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
247:
246:
245:
244:
240:
239:
237:
232:
228:
223:
222:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:Seven Pillars
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
164:Reincarnation
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
49:
42:
38:
31:
19:
3350:al-Musabbihi
3270:Bab al-Futuh
3265:Aqmar Mosque
3225:architecture
3186:Anti-Fatimid
3121:
3097:Missionaries
2980:Fatimid navy
2963:Fatimid army
2687:Sitt al-Mulk
2649:and military
2514:Alexandretta
2440:
2363:Imam-Caliphs
2305:
2273:
2242:
2238:
2215:
2194:
2171:
2151:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1920:Daftary 2007
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1872:Daftary 2007
1867:
1855:
1843:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1582:
1501:
1493:
1484:
1447:
1394:
1357:
1335:
1313:
1293:
1259:
1188:dar al-hijra
1179:
1147:
1089:
1079:, in Yemen,
1006:
970:North Africa
964:) active in
959:
958:missionary (
931:
927:
926:
739:
731:
723:
722:ʿAbad Allāh
615:Constitution
593:
592:
529:
528:
504:Pir Sadardin
464:al-Naysaburi
449:al-Sijistani
402:
401:
356:
355:
325:
315:
314:
288:
281:
262:
249:
248:
241:
235:
3280:Bab Zuweila
3275:Bab al-Nasr
3243:Skifa Kahla
3195:Akhu Muhsin
3112:Ibn Hawshab
3019:Esotericism
2942:al-Basasiri
2660:and regents
2235:Halm, Heinz
1575:Walker 2008
1300:Constantine
1280:Abdallah II
1136:imamate of
1081:Ibn Hawshab
1069:caravan to
1055:hidden imam
866:Qutbi Bohra
848:Alavi Bohra
830:Aga Khan IV
308:Qutbi Bohra
303:Alavi Bohra
264:Progressive
3399:911 deaths
3393:Categories
3137:Abu Tammam
3046:Qarmatians
2994:Isma'ilism
2932:Manjutakin
2647:Government
2603:Regime of
2575:Revolt of
2559:Revolt of
2118:Brett 2001
2106:Brett 2001
2082:Brett 2001
2031:Brett 2001
1836:Brett 2017
1795:Brett 2001
1783:Brett 2001
1766:Brett 2001
1754:Brett 2001
1742:Brett 2001
1730:Brett 2001
1718:Brett 2001
1703:Brett 2001
1691:Brett 2001
1679:Brett 2001
1667:Brett 2001
1655:Brett 2001
1638:Brett 2001
1626:Brett 2001
1614:Brett 2001
1602:Brett 2001
1587:Brett 2001
1522:Brett 2001
1507:References
1284:Ibrahim II
1003:Early life
954:), was an
620:Delegation
576:Maymun-Diz
459:al-Shirazi
454:al-Kirmani
439:Qadi Numan
338:Qarmatians
227:Musta'lism
214:Pilgrimage
154:Numerology
48:Isma'ilism
3250:Mansuriya
3068:Assassins
3002:Doctrines
2899:governors
2895:Officials
2870:Banu Kanz
2856:Hamdanids
2852:Sulayhids
2842:Mirdasids
2836:Palestine
2832:Jarrahids
2812:Hammadids
2677:Ibn Ammar
2561:Abu Rakwa
2533:(974–978)
2502:(958–960)
2496:(943–947)
2494:Abu Yazid
2489:(937–941)
2483:(919–921)
2477:(914–915)
2471:(913–917)
2290:1873-9830
2094:Halm 1991
2070:Halm 1991
2058:Halm 1991
2046:Halm 1991
2019:Halm 1991
2007:Halm 1991
1995:Halm 1991
1983:Halm 1991
1971:Halm 1991
1956:Halm 1991
1944:Halm 1991
1932:Halm 1991
1908:Halm 1991
1896:Halm 1991
1884:Halm 1991
1860:Halm 1991
1848:Halm 1991
1819:Halm 1991
1807:Halm 1991
1381:Sijilmasa
1338:Kasserine
1134:Kharijite
945:romanized
756:al-Manṣūr
697:al-Sajjad
630:Holy Du'a
509:Aga Khans
444:al-Nasafi
365:state of
363:Qarmatian
343:Assassins
77:Batiniyya
3188:movement
3167:Abdallah
3075:Musta'li
2956:Military
2904:generals
2860:Zurayids
2816:Ifriqiya
2722:Kutayfat
2682:Barjawan
2609:al-Hafiz
2605:Kutayfat
2582:Musta'li
2531:Alptakin
2272:(eds.).
2237:(1991).
2192:(2007).
1468:mu'minun
1462:Rustamid
1377:al-Qa'im
1373:Kairouan
1340:and the
1323:Billizma
1308:Kairouan
1304:al-Urbus
1213:muqaddam
1201:mu'minun
1182:Muhammad
1160:Salamiya
1120:Ifriqiya
1116:Aghlabid
1104:Ifriqiya
1025:Isma'ili
978:Ifriqiya
956:Isma'ili
751:al-Qāʾim
702:al-Baqir
556:Atashgah
348:Satpanth
333:Seveners
243:Musta'li
231:Nizarism
159:Theology
66:Concepts
37:a series
35:Part of
3233:Mahdiya
3213:Culture
3080:Tayyibi
3009:Imamate
2973:Ghilman
2798:Kalbids
2782:Saladin
2777:Shirkuh
2772:Dirgham
2667:Jawdhar
2657:Viziers
2618:Tayyibi
2452:History
2442:Dynasty
2127:Sources
1409:Quranic
1385:Morocco
1369:Tripoli
1327:Baghaya
1262:Raqqada
1111:Berbers
1085:Maghreb
947::
839:Taiyabi
738:Ḥusayn
675:leaders
647:Abbasid
581:Rudkhan
566:Lambsar
561:Gerdkuh
551:Alamut
541:Anjudan
530:Centers
474:Pamiris
367:Bahrayn
251:Tayyibi
209:Fasting
204:Charity
189:Walayah
87:Imamate
3085:Hafizi
3063:Nizari
2968:Kutama
2927:Bakjur
2922:Jawhar
2884:Multan
2858:, and
2846:Aleppo
2808:Zirids
2802:Sicily
2767:Shawar
2620:schism
2614:Hafizi
2588:schism
2586:Nizari
2542:Apamea
2537:Aleppo
2356:topics
2312:
2288:
2249:
2223:
2202:
2178:
2159:
1474:awliya
1458:Zenata
1342:Djerid
1195:awliya
1175:Tazrut
1166:. The
1138:Tahert
1108:Kutama
994:caliph
974:Kutama
936:Arabic
730:Ahmad
692:Husayn
673:Early
640:Qiyama
625:Ginans
610:Nizārī
571:Masyaf
514:Khojas
403:People
377:Multan
357:States
327:Nizari
317:Hafizi
199:Prayer
194:Purity
169:Titles
144:Taqiya
82:Ta'wil
3380:Media
3255:Cairo
3051:Druze
3028:Zahir
3024:Batin
3014:Hujja
2874:Nubia
2864:Yemen
2702:Rasad
2577:Nizar
2516:(971)
2241:[
1497:Ténès
1488:mahdi
1425:hujja
1364:Ramla
1331:Tijis
1296:Setif
1234:mahdi
1226:khums
1207:asba'
1164:Ikjan
1155:da'wa
1131:Ibadi
1125:da'wa
1071:Mecca
1063:Yemen
1059:Egypt
1050:da'wa
1043:da'wa
966:Yemen
687:Hasan
661:Women
594:Other
536:Cairo
290:Vakil
283:Badar
132:Hujja
117:Daʿwa
97:Bātin
92:Ẓāhir
72:Quran
41:Islam
3223:and
3026:and
2902:and
2880:Lodi
2810:and
2522:and
2310:ISBN
2286:ISSN
2247:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2157:ISBN
1437:qadi
1418:haqq
1399:aman
1347:da'i
1317:da'i
1271:da'i
1266:Mila
1241:da'i
1219:da'i
1169:da'i
1093:da'i
1076:da'i
1067:Hajj
1031:da'i
1017:Sufi
1013:Iraq
1009:Kufa
990:Imam
968:and
961:dāʿī
826:Imām
229:and
139:Satr
122:Dāʿī
112:ʿIlm
107:'Aql
3221:Art
2524:2nd
2520:1st
2278:doi
1158:in
1019:or
1011:in
682:Ali
149:Pīr
127:Bāb
102:Nūr
39:on
3395::
2897:,
2854:,
2284:.
2038:^
1963:^
1826:^
1773:^
1710:^
1645:^
1594:^
1529:^
1514:^
1445:.
1177:.
1087:.
942:,
938::
868::
859::
850::
844::
828::
802:/
788:/
2886:)
2882:(
2876:)
2872:(
2866:)
2862:(
2848:)
2844:(
2838:)
2834:(
2818:)
2814:(
2804:)
2800:(
2616:–
2584:–
2346:e
2339:t
2332:v
2318:.
2292:.
2280::
2255:.
2229:.
2208:.
2184:.
2165:.
1577:.
992:–
934:(
916:e
909:t
902:v
837:-
649:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
