3279:, pp. 383–385. "assive broad-faced proto-Europoid type is a trait of post-Mariupol’ cultures, Sredniy Stog, as well as the Pit-grave culture of the Dnieper's left bank, the Donets, and Don... During the period of the Timber-grave culture the population of the Ukraine was represented by the medium type between the dolichocephalous narrow-faced population of the Multi-roller Ware culture (Babino) and the more massive broad-faced population of the Timber-grave culture of the Volga region... The anthropological data confirm the existence of an impetus from the Volga region to the Ukraine in the formation of the Timber-grave culture. During the Belozerka stage the dolichocranial narrow-faced type became the prevalent one. A close affinity among the skulls of the Timber-grave, Belozerka, and Scythian cultures of the Pontic steppes, on the one hand, and of the same cultures of the forest-steppe region, on the other, has been shown... This proves the genetical continuity between the Iranian-speeking Scythian population and the previous Timber-grave culture population in the Ukraine... The heir of the Neolithic Dnieper-Donets and Sredniy Stog cultures was the Pit-grave culture. Its population possessed distinct Europoid features, was tall, with massive skulls... The tribes of the Abashevo culture appear in the forest-steppe zone, almost simultaneously with the Poltavka culture. The Abashevans are marked by dolichocephaly and narrow faces. This population had its roots in the Balanovo and Fatyanovo cultures on the Middle Volga, and in Central Europe... he early Timber-grave culture (the Potapovka) population was the result of the mixing of different components. One type was massive, and its predecessor was the Pit-grave-Poltavka type. The second type was a dolichocephalous Europoid type genetically related to the Sintashta population... One more participant of the ethno-cultural processes in the steppes was that of the tribes of the Pokrovskiy type. They were dolichocephalous narrow-faced Europoids akin to the Abashevans and different from the Potapovkans... The majority of Timber-grave culture skulls are dolichocranic with middle-broad faces. They evidence the significant role of Pit-grave and Poltavka components in the Timber-grave culture population... One may assume a genetic connection between the populations of the Timber-grave culture of the Urals region and the Alakul’ culture of the Urals and West Kazakhstan belonging to a dolichocephalous narrow-face type with the population of the Sintashta culture... he western part of the Andronovo culture population belongs to the dolichocranic type akin to that of the Timber-grave culture.
3330:, pp. 8. "The Fatyanovo Culture people were the first farmers in the area and the arrival of the culture has been associated with migration... This is supported by our results as the Stone Age HG and the Bronze Age Fatyanovo individuals are genetically clearly distinguishable... he Fatyanovo Culture individuals (similarly to other CWC people) have mostly Steppe ancestry, but also some EF ancestry which was not present in the area before and thus excludes the northward migration of Yamnaya Culture people with only Steppe ancestry as the source of Fatyanovo Culture population. The strongest connections for Fatyanovo Culture in archaeological material can be seen with the Middle Dnieper Culture... These findings suggest present-day Ukraine as the possible origin of the migration leading to the formation of the Fatyanovo Culture and of the Corded Ware cultures in general... t has been suggested that the Fatyanovo Culture people admixed with the local Volosovo Culture HG after their arrival in European Russia. Our results do not support this as they do not reveal more HG ancestry in the Fatyanovo people compared to other CWC groups or any visible change in ancestry proportions during the period covered by our samples."
3351:, p. 3. "e turned to the Bronze Age Fatyanovo Culture individuals and determined that their maternal (subclades of mtDNA hg U5, U4, U2e, H, T, W, J, K, I and N1a) and paternal (chrY hg R1a-M417) lineages... were ones characteristic of CWC individuals elsewhere in Europe... Interestingly, in all individuals for which the chrY hg could be determined with more depth (n=6), it was R1a2-Z93... a lineage now spread in Central and South Asia, rather than the R1a1-Z283 lineage that is common in Europe... On the PCA, the Fatyanovo individuals (and the Estonian CWC individual) group together with many European Late Neolithic/Bronze Age (LNBA) and Steppe Middle/Late Bronze Age (MLBA) individuals on top of modern Northern and Eastern Europeans.. Fatyanovo individuals are most similar to LNBA Steppe ancestry populations from Central Europe, Scandinavia and the Eastern Baltic."
2201:
2140:
2014:
38:
128:
2251:
3291:, Supplementary Information, p. 4. "In the anthropological sense, the Fatyanovo culture people can be seen as a relatively homogeneous group with the greatest similarities, mostly in cranial features, to other Corded Ware cultures... Craniometric studies of skulls from the Upper Volga region reveal that the people of Fatyanovo culture are characterized by dolichocranic skulls..."
2270:
oriented towards the southwest, and females resting on their left side with their heads oriented towards the northeast. Grave goods included ornaments of animal teeth, pottery, polished stone battle-axes, and on some occasions stone mace-heads. Fatyanovo burials have been found to include bear claws and pendants of bear teeth. Similar founds have been made in the earlier
2269:
Some three hundred cemeteries have been uncovered from the
Fatyanovo culture. The largest of these contain more than a hundred burials. Some shaft graves are more than 2 m deep. The interments are otherwise in accord with Corded Ware practices, with males resting on their right side with their heads
2567:
58% of the samples had an intermediate skintone and 80% of the samples had dark hair and brown eyes, with only 4% having blonde hair and 21% having blue eyes. Lactase persistence was only 17% in the
Fatyanovo samples. The genetics of the people of the Fatyanovo culture was found to be substantially
2111:
where metal resources (local copper sandstone deposits) of the region were exploited. The metallurgy-based
Fatyanovo settlements in this area gave rise to the Balanovo culture around 2300 BC. Although being part of the Fatyanovo horizon, the Balanovo culture is quite distinct from it. Ceramic finds
2183:
Hundreds of sites, including both settlements and cemeteries, have been found from the
Balanovo culture. In Balanovo settlements, rectangular semi-subterranean houses are known. The absence of settlements are typical of the Corded Ware horizon, and are indicative of the mobile economy of the
1989:. From 2300 BC they established settlements engaged in Bronze metallurgy, giving rise to the Balanovo culture. Although belonging to the southeastern part of the Fatyanovo horizon, the Balanovo culture is quite distinct from the rest. The Balanovo culture contributed to the formation of the
2193:
2572:, suggesting that the Fatyanovo people did not directly descend from the Yamnaya. The authors of the study suggested that the Fatyanovo culture emerged through a rapid migration towards the north-east from the Middle Dnieper culture of modern-day Ukraine and
3522:
2322:
Numerous skeletons from
Fatyanovo-Balanovo cemeteries show evidence of injury, including broken bones and smashed skulls. They were certainly a warlike people. It appears that they at one point were in serious conflict with people of the
2036:
The
Fatyanovo culture has been described as a "genuine folk movement" from Central Europe in the Russian forests. Unlike other cultures of the Corded Ware horizon, the Fatyanovo culture is found beyond to borders of the earlier
2339:
provenance type were present in the
Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture. That these metal objects were produced locally suggests the presence of skilled craftsmen. Copper ornaments and tools have been found in Balanovo burials
2084:
of indigenous forest foragers was different from the
Fatyanovo culture in its ceramics, economy, and mortuary practices. It disappeared when the Fatyanovo people pushed into the Upper and Middle Volga basin.
3169:, p. 302. "he Abashevo culture belonged to the forest, not to the steppe cultural region. It was genetically related to the Fatyanovo culture and belonged to the Corded ware horizon of Northern Europe."
2293:
and placed into wooden burial chambers in subterranean rectangular pits. Burial goods depended on sex, age, and social position. Copper axes primarily accompanied persons of high social position, stone
2112:
indicate
Balanovo coexisted with the Volosovo people (mixed Balanovo-Volosovo sites), and also displaced them. The Balanovo culture became the metallurgical heartland of the wider Fatyanovo horizon.
2029:
between 2900 BC and 2,800 BC, and was probably derived from an early variant of this culture. It has been described as the chronologically latest and most northeastern culture of the wider
3526:
3181:, p. 384. "The Abashevans are marked by dolichocephaly and narrow faces. This population had its roots in the Balanovo and Fatyanovo cultures on the Middle Volga..."
1913:
1877:
1075:
3726:
2215:
are found, which suggests something other than a mobile society. The
Fatyanovo culture is viewed as introducing an economy based on domestic livestock (
2568:
different from preceding Volosovo culture, with whom they do not appear to have mixed. Their EEF admixture has not been detected in the earlier
2176:. The villages were usually situated on the high hills of the riverbanks, consisting of several above-ground houses built from wooden logs with
3540:
3438:
1884:
1856:
2955:
2347:
Spearheads of the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture are similar to those of the later Sintashta culture, although the Sintashta ones were larger.
2278:
and Catacomb culture. Some have interpreted this as a sign that the bear had a ritual-symbolic function in the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture.
1841:
3572:
1906:
1863:
794:
3614:
Nordqvist, Kerkko; Heyd, Volker (2020). "The Forgotten Child of the Wider Corded Ware Family: Russian Fatyanovo Culture in Context".
3661:
3604:
2060:
people of this area from contacts with Corded Ware agriculturists in the West. Others have noted similarities between Fatyanovo and
127:
1870:
634:
2564:. Both the paternal and maternal lineages of the examined Fatyanovo individuals were characteristic of the Corded Ware culture.
145:
905:
3736:
3494:
3466:
2887:
1726:
1501:
1899:
1471:
740:
677:
478:
364:
2041:. The theory of the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture being an intrusive one is based upon the physical type of the population (
3741:
1159:
735:
662:
473:
468:
463:
358:
1476:
971:
672:
551:
537:
518:
814:
3532:
3514:
3458:
3430:
2205:
772:
372:
3731:
2879:
1516:
1481:
1154:
458:
800:
2948:
2832:
2651:
2412:
2157:
1666:
1486:
1017:
849:
696:
498:
453:
448:
368:
2200:
3653:
2404:
1940:
1671:
1398:
508:
503:
493:
137:
3426:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
2139:
3550:
2640:
2363:
skulls. They were powerfully built. Fatyanovo–Balanovo skulls are very similar to those of the succeeding
2026:
1970:
1661:
1633:
1417:
1319:
1085:
931:
555:
393:
285:
224:
179:
119:
111:
85:
3374:
3372:
2913:
2477:
2258:
As is usual with ancient cultures, our main knowledge of the Fayanovo-Balanovo culture comes from their
2057:
2042:
1808:
1637:
545:
541:
526:
522:
2820:
1032:
2431:
and the upper Volga. Thus, the migrations of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo people might have established pre-
2974:
2688:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2038:
1754:
1719:
900:
715:
667:
604:
574:
532:
512:
376:
230:
3596:
2941:
2852:
2808:
2796:
2788:
2757:
2628:
2624:
2452:
2448:
2271:
2030:
2018:
1974:
1959:
1027:
1022:
918:
842:
807:
730:
720:
579:
280:
275:
244:
81:
59:
2017:
According to Allentoft (2015), the Sintashta culture probably derived at least partially from the
3631:
2969:
2909:
2891:
2856:
2761:
2400:
1733:
1684:
1618:
1602:
1227:
880:
619:
305:
210:
205:
2480:(EEF) admixture. They were most closely related to Late Neolithic and Bronze Age populations of
2013:
3704:
3657:
3600:
3568:
3536:
3490:
3462:
3434:
2994:
2860:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2816:
2780:
2772:
2753:
2749:
2636:
2605:
2460:
2456:
2376:
2368:
2128:
1994:
1747:
1713:
1705:
1649:
1643:
1625:
1596:
1575:
1561:
1553:
1323:
1184:
1124:
1106:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1004:
999:
828:
691:
340:
333:
326:
312:
298:
258:
237:
174:
166:
99:
63:
3694:
3684:
3623:
3586:
3564:
3476:
3420:
3393:, p. 7. "round a third of the Fatyanovo individuals had blue eyes and/or blond hair..."
2989:
2917:
2905:
2883:
2871:
2828:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2745:
2741:
2684:
2672:
2464:
2416:
2372:
2364:
2324:
2192:
2124:
2081:
2061:
1990:
1982:
1931:
1741:
1691:
1508:
1314:
1202:
1142:
1119:
1062:
1057:
994:
981:
976:
966:
639:
252:
200:
192:
185:
95:
37:
3448:
3504:
2984:
2848:
2824:
2704:
2700:
2668:
2569:
2493:
2473:
2424:
2380:
2355:
Physical remains of people of the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture have revealed that they were
2275:
2123:
On its southeastern fringes, the Balanovo culture had contributed to the formation of the
1822:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1762:
1698:
1677:
1655:
1240:
1129:
1052:
961:
894:
835:
701:
433:
418:
408:
403:
319:
291:
2680:
3451:(2004). "Corded Ware From East To West". In Bogucki, Peter I.; Crabtree, Pam J. (eds.).
2439:
probably developed among those peoples of the Middle-Dnieper culture who stayed behind.
3699:
3673:"Genetic ancestry changes in Stone to Bronze Age transition in the East European plain"
3672:
2979:
2708:
2644:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2481:
2360:
2336:
2235:
2120:
The end of the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture is estimated at between 2050 BC and 1900 BC.
2093:
1978:
1567:
1434:
1309:
867:
821:
789:
725:
216:
2250:
3720:
3635:
3582:
3554:
2716:
2692:
2620:
2408:
2173:
2105:
1827:
1291:
1207:
924:
782:
398:
3643:
2724:
2696:
2595:
2509:
2396:
2392:
2344:). The Fatyanovo-Balanovo people exploited metal resources from the western Urals.
2341:
2101:
1951:
1776:
1446:
1284:
758:
629:
428:
423:
413:
3359:
3357:
3647:
3590:
3558:
3508:
3480:
3452:
3424:
2172:
Settlements of the Fatyanovo culture are scant, and bear evidence of a degree of
17:
2712:
2485:
2311:
2263:
2259:
2177:
2050:
1422:
1408:
1372:
1080:
2720:
2587:
2513:
2489:
2383:
and their direct descendants on the southern steppe are less dolichocephalic.
2295:
2290:
2286:
2211:
The economy seems to be quite mobile, but then we are cautioned that domestic
2108:
2097:
2073:
1955:
1385:
1299:
1177:
942:
3482:
The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus
2281:
Balanovo burials (like the Middle Dnieper culture) were both of the flat and
2428:
2356:
2299:
1588:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1329:
1197:
644:
614:
3708:
3689:
2080:
in the east, with its northern reach in the valley of the upper Volga. The
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2931:
2676:
2420:
2153:
1531:
1522:
1413:
1214:
1189:
1093:
584:
160:
2391:
Many scholars have associated the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture with a pre-
3627:
3486:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
2921:
2573:
2161:
2046:
1581:
1545:
1538:
1336:
956:
609:
589:
2472:
examined 24 individuals of the Fatyanovo culture. They were mostly of
2088:
Spreading eastward down the Volga the Fatyanovo people discovered the
2648:
2517:
2307:
2303:
2282:
2220:
2089:
1963:
1304:
1258:
777:
594:
49:
2127:. This culture would play an important role in the emergence of the
3216:
3214:
2056:
Some have argued that this culture represents the acculturation of
3649:
The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
2521:
2436:
2432:
2249:
2239:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2199:
2191:
2138:
2077:
2012:
1986:
1403:
1277:
1271:
1253:
624:
599:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2632:
2524:
extracted belonged to various subclades of maternal haplogroups
1969:
The Fatyanovo culture developed on the northeastern edge of the
1795:
2228:
2025:
The Fatyanovo culture emerged at the northeastern edge of the
1985:, the Fatyanovo people developed copper mines in the western
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
2033:
horizon. It traces its origins from the west and southwest.
1973:
around 2900 BC, probably as a result of a mass migration of
3402:
3390:
3378:
3363:
3348:
3327:
3288:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3022:
2469:
2314:
were a recognizable component of the Abashevo burial rite.
3528:
The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages
3189:
3187:
3035:
3033:
3031:
2164:
looked somewhat like Fatyanovo-Balanovo Corded Ware.
1945:
3457:. Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. Vol. 1.
2000:
The Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture ended about 2050 BC.
1993:, which in turn contributed to the formation of the
3323:
3321:
91:
77:
69:
55:
44:
3249:
3220:
3142:
2419:, Fatyanovo migrations correspond to regions with
2143:Fatyanovo–Balanovo artefacts including bronze axes
2500:. All 14 male samples belonged to subclades of
2310:are unlike Fatyanovo flat cemeteries, although
2289:. The deceased were wrapped in animal skins or
2435:populations in the upper Volga basin. The pre-
2266:were evident, which might be lined with wood.
3300:
2949:
2504:. Six of these could be further specified to
2306:are frequently found in the graves. Abashevo
2100:region. They occupied the region of the Kama–
2096:, and started long term settlements in lower
1907:
8:
3312:
3205:
3154:
3105:
2508:. Haplogroup R1a2-Z93 is today prevalent in
1981:. Expanding eastwards at the expense of the
30:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3272:
3270:
27:Archaeological culture in modern-day Russia
3237:
3078:
2956:
2942:
2583:
2427:dialect mapped by linguists as far as the
2411:links the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture with
1914:
1900:
1878:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
106:
36:
3698:
3688:
2021:. Nordqvist and Heyd (2020) confirm this.
2492:, and also grouped together with modern
3276:
3261:
3193:
3178:
3166:
3117:
3066:
3039:
3006:
2586:
118:
3616:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
29:
3592:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
2285:type, containing individual and also
1885:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
1857:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
7:
3454:Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.- A.D. 1000
2453:Corded Ware culture § Genetics
2449:Sredny Stog culture § Genetics
2204:The Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture had
2160:traits. The later Abashevo culture
1962:which flourished in the forests of
1842:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
3381:, Supplementary Data 2, Rows 5-49.
2231:) into the forest zone of Russia.
1864:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
25:
3727:Archaeological cultures of Europe
3671:Saag, Lehti; et al. (2021).
2461:Andronovo culture § Genetics
2457:Sintashta culture § Genetics
2196:Illustration of a Fatyanovo wagon
3523:Koryakova, Ludmila Vladimirovich
2465:Srubnaya culture § Genetics
2072:The Fatyanovo culture runs from
1871:Journal of Indo-European Studies
635:Bible translations into Armenian
126:
3560:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
3531:. Cambridge World Archaeology.
3510:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
2180:, and also joined by passages.
146:List of Indo-European languages
3250:Koryakova & Epimakhov 2007
3221:Koryakova & Epimakhov 2007
3143:Koryakova & Epimakhov 2007
2403:) stage in the history of the
1:
2610:
1472:Proto-Indo-European mythology
741:Paleolithic continuity theory
3525:; Epimakhov, Andrej (2007).
1160:Northern Black Polished Ware
359:Proto-Indo-European language
3477:Dolukhanov, Pavel Markovich
2184:Fatyanovo-Balanovo people.
1946:
1477:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
3758:
3533:Cambridge University Press
3431:Princeton University Press
2446:
2076:in the west to the middle
1928:Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture
773:Domestication of the horse
31:Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture
3301:Nordqvist & Heyd 2020
2880:Indus Valley Civilisation
2335:Local metal objects of a
1966:from c. 2900 to 2050 BC.
1958:culture within the wider
1935:
1482:Historical Vedic religion
759:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
35:
3313:Mallory & Adams 1997
3206:Mallory & Adams 1997
3155:Mallory & Adams 1997
3106:Mallory & Adams 1997
2833:Proto-Villanovan culture
2652:Late Bronze Age collapse
2413:Indo-European migrations
1487:Ancient Iranian religion
850:Novotitarovskaya culture
697:Indo-European migrations
3654:Oxford University Press
2405:Indo-European languages
2302:to children and women.
2238:cattle and two wheeled
2234:The Balanovo also used
2156:show mixed Corded Ware/
2045:), flexed burial under
988:Northern/Eastern Steppe
3690:10.1126/sciadv.abd6535
2888:Ochre Coloured Pottery
2255:
2208:
2197:
2144:
2027:Middle Dnieper culture
2022:
1971:Middle Dnieper culture
1947:Fatyanovskaya kul'tura
1459:Religion and mythology
1418:Medieval Scandinavians
709:Alternative and fringe
86:Middle Dnieper culture
3737:Archaeology of Russia
3405:, p. 8, Table 2.
3366:, p. 4, Table 1.
2502:Y-haplogroup R1a-M417
2478:Early European Farmer
2253:
2203:
2195:
2142:
2058:Pit-Comb Ware culture
2043:physical anthropology
2016:
1936:Фатьяновская культура
1809:Indo-European studies
1172:Peoples and societies
3597:Taylor & Francis
3461:. pp. 431–435.
2975:Single Grave culture
2735:Eurasia and Siberia
2520:. The 24 samples of
2357:Caucasoids/Europoids
2092:ores of the western
2039:Funnelbeaker culture
716:Anatolian hypothesis
668:Proto-Indo-Europeans
575:Hittite inscriptions
120:Indo-European topics
3742:Corded Ware culture
3264:, p. 395, 397.
3145:, pp. 100–102.
3108:, pp. 196–197.
3069:, pp. 380–383.
2872:Indian subcontinent
2853:Atlantic Bronze Age
2809:Bell Beaker culture
2758:Mezhovskaya culture
2506:haplogroup R1a2-Z93
2298:were given to men,
2272:Sredny Stog culture
2206:domesticated horses
2064:stone battle-axes.
2019:Corded Ware culture
1960:Corded Ware complex
972:Multi-cordoned ware
843:Mikhaylovka culture
731:Indigenous Aryanism
721:Armenian hypothesis
580:Hieroglyphic Luwian
82:Corded Ware culture
32:
3628:10.1017/ppr.2020.9
3449:Czebreszuk, Janusz
2970:Battle Axe culture
2857:Bronze Age Britain
2762:Cherkaskul culture
2470:Saag et al. (2021)
2256:
2209:
2198:
2145:
2049:, the presence of
2023:
552:Proto-Indo-Iranian
538:Proto-Balto-Slavic
519:Proto-Italo-Celtic
45:Geographical range
3587:Adams, Douglas Q.
3551:Kuzmina, Elena E.
3542:978-0-511-26996-7
3440:978-1-4008-3110-4
3421:Anthony, David W.
2995:Nordic Bronze Age
2966:
2965:
2875:(c. 3300–1200 BC)
2861:Nordic Bronze Age
2845:Golasecca culture
2841:Canegrate culture
2837:Hallstatt culture
2817:Terramare culture
2754:Andronovo culture
2750:Sintashta culture
2498:Eastern Europeans
2377:Andronovo culture
2369:Sintashta culture
2158:Globular Amphorae
2129:Sintashta culture
1995:Sintashta culture
1944:
1924:
1923:
1185:Anatolian peoples
1155:Painted Grey Ware
1043:Nordic Bronze Age
692:Kurgan hypothesis
645:Old Irish glosses
610:Gaulish epigraphy
105:
104:
100:Sintashta culture
18:Fatyanova culture
16:(Redirected from
3749:
3732:Stone Age Europe
3712:
3702:
3692:
3677:Science Advances
3667:
3639:
3610:
3578:
3546:
3518:
3505:Gimbutas, Marija
3500:
3472:
3444:
3406:
3403:Saag et al. 2021
3400:
3394:
3391:Saag et al. 2021
3388:
3382:
3379:Saag et al. 2021
3376:
3367:
3364:Saag et al. 2021
3361:
3352:
3349:Saag et al. 2021
3346:
3331:
3328:Saag et al. 2021
3325:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3289:Saag et al. 2021
3286:
3280:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3043:
3037:
3026:
3023:Saag et al. 2021
3020:
2990:Catacomb culture
2958:
2951:
2944:
2906:Arsenical bronze
2884:Bronze Age India
2876:
2829:Urnfield culture
2813:Apennine culture
2805:Srubnaya culture
2801:Catacomb culture
2777:
2776:(c. 3200–900 BC)
2746:Abashevo culture
2742:Poltavka culture
2738:
2737:(c. 2700–700 BC)
2665:
2664:(c. 3100–300 BC)
2617:
2615:
2612:
2584:
2488:and the eastern
2417:David W. Anthony
2379:. Skulls of the
2373:Srubnaya culture
2365:Abashevo culture
2337:Central European
2325:Abashevo culture
2254:Fatyanovo burial
2125:Abashevo culture
2082:Volosovo culture
2062:Catacomb culture
1991:Abashevo culture
1983:Volosovo culture
1949:
1939:
1937:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1757:
1750:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1605:
1591:
1584:
1570:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1315:Germanic peoples
1305:Hellenic peoples
1294:
1287:
1280:
1203:Mycenaean Greeks
1192:
1120:Thraco-Cimmerian
1018:Globular Amphora
995:Abashevo culture
934:
927:
897:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
640:Tocharian script
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
261:
247:
240:
233:
219:
195:
188:
169:
130:
107:
96:Abashevo culture
40:
33:
21:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3670:
3664:
3642:
3613:
3607:
3581:
3575:
3549:
3543:
3521:
3503:
3497:
3475:
3469:
3447:
3441:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3334:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3238:Dolukhanov 1996
3236:
3227:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3085:
3079:Czebreszuk 2004
3077:
3073:
3065:
3046:
3038:
3029:
3021:
3008:
3003:
2985:Unetice culture
2962:
2925:
2924:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2877:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2849:Argaric culture
2825:Tumulus culture
2821:Únětice culture
2778:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2739:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2666:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2582:
2570:Yamnaya culture
2516:rather than in
2474:steppe ancestry
2467:
2445:
2425:Baltic language
2415:. According to
2389:
2381:Yamnaya culture
2361:dolichocephalic
2353:
2333:
2320:
2276:Yamnaya culture
2248:
2190:
2170:
2150:
2137:
2135:Characteristics
2118:
2070:
2011:
2006:
1920:
1891:
1890:
1823:Marija Gimbutas
1811:
1801:
1800:
1792:Winter solstice
1782:Horse sacrifice
1753:
1746:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1629:
1614:
1601:
1587:
1580:
1566:
1557:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1491:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1394:
1381:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1249:
1236:
1223:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1138:
1115:
1102:
1090:
1071:
1013:
990:
952:
945:
939:
930:
923:
914:
912:Northern Europe
893:
889:
876:
863:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
795:Steppe cultures
768:
761:
754:
746:
745:
736:Baltic homeland
710:
706:
702:Eurasian nomads
686:
682:
658:
650:
649:
620:Runic epigraphy
615:Latin epigraphy
570:
562:
561:
499:Proto-Anatolian
483:
438:
434:Thraco-Illyrian
419:Graeco-Phrygian
409:Graeco-Armenian
404:Graeco-Albanian
383:
361:
348:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
257:
243:
236:
229:
215:
191:
184:
165:
150:
142:
140:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3668:
3662:
3640:
3611:
3605:
3583:Mallory, J. P.
3579:
3574:978-9004160545
3573:
3555:Mallory, J. P.
3547:
3541:
3519:
3501:
3495:
3473:
3467:
3445:
3439:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3368:
3353:
3332:
3317:
3315:, p. 430.
3305:
3293:
3281:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3225:
3210:
3198:
3196:, p. 221.
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3122:
3110:
3083:
3081:, p. 472.
3071:
3044:
3027:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Beaker culture
2977:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2619:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2581:
2578:
2482:Central Europe
2476:with moderate
2444:
2441:
2388:
2385:
2352:
2349:
2332:
2329:
2319:
2316:
2247:
2244:
2189:
2186:
2169:
2166:
2149:
2146:
2136:
2133:
2117:
2114:
2094:Ural foothills
2069:
2066:
2053:and ceramics.
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1979:Central Europe
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Fire sacrifice
1773:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:Zoroastrianism
1550:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1435:Medieval India
1426:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1312:
1310:Italic peoples
1307:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1086:Gandhara grave
1083:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
947:
946:
938:
937:
936:
935:
932:Middle Dnieper
928:
909:
908:
903:
898:
887:Eastern Europe
884:
883:
871:
870:
858:
857:
856:
855:
854:
853:
846:
832:
825:
818:
815:Dnieper–Donets
811:
804:
792:
790:Kurgan culture
787:
786:
785:
775:
763:
762:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
726:Beech argument
723:
718:
712:
711:
705:
704:
699:
694:
688:
687:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
549:
535:
530:
516:
509:Proto-Germanic
506:
504:Proto-Armenian
501:
496:
494:Proto-Albanian
490:
489:
482:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
445:
444:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
390:
389:
382:
381:
380:
379:
355:
354:
347:
346:
345:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
283:
278:
272:
271:
265:
264:
263:
262:
250:
249:
248:
241:
234:
222:
221:
220:
208:
203:
198:
197:
196:
189:
177:
172:
171:
170:
157:
156:
149:
148:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
123:
122:
116:
115:
103:
102:
93:
89:
88:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
57:
53:
52:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3754:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3663:9780190226916
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3644:Parpola, Asko
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3606:9781884964985
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3303:, p. 82.
3302:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3252:, p. 66.
3251:
3246:
3243:
3240:, p. 89.
3239:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:, p. 63.
3222:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3208:, p. 56.
3207:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3120:, p. 20.
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3042:, p. 55.
3041:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:Shang dynasty
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:J. P. Mallory
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:Physical type
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:fortification
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:peoples from
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:J. P. Mallory
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:Reconstructed
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1292:Insular Celts
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:Indo-Iranians
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
989:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
951:
950:Pontic Steppe
944:
941:
940:
933:
929:
926:
922:
921:
920:
917:
916:
915:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
896:
892:
891:
890:
888:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
869:
866:
865:
864:
862:
851:
847:
844:
840:
839:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:
797:
796:
793:
791:
788:
784:
783:Kurgan stelae
781:
780:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
767:
766:Pontic Steppe
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
708:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
684:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
566:
565:
557:
556:Proto-Iranian
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:
514:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
439:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Daco-Thracian
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
384:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:Reconstructed
350:
349:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
288:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
266:
260:
256:
255:
254:
251:
246:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
227:
226:
223:
218:
214:
213:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
194:
190:
187:
183:
182:
181:
178:
176:
173:
168:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
143:
139:
134:
133:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3680:
3676:
3648:
3619:
3615:
3591:
3559:
3527:
3509:
3481:
3453:
3425:
3398:
3386:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3277:Kuzmina 2007
3262:Anthony 2010
3257:
3245:
3201:
3194:Kuzmina 2007
3179:Kuzmina 2007
3174:
3167:Kuzmina 2007
3162:
3157:, p. 2.
3150:
3118:Kuzmina 2007
3113:
3074:
3067:Anthony 2010
3040:Parpola 2015
3025:, p. 1.
2725:Zhou dynasty
2596:Chalcolithic
2566:
2510:Central Asia
2468:
2397:Balto-Slavic
2393:Balto-Slavic
2390:
2354:
2346:
2342:Chalcolithic
2334:
2321:
2280:
2268:
2264:Shaft graves
2257:
2233:
2210:
2182:
2178:saddle roofs
2171:
2151:
2122:
2119:
2087:
2071:
2068:Distribution
2055:
2035:
2024:
1999:
1968:
1952:Chalcolithic
1927:
1925:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1849:Publications
1848:
1834:
1815:
1769:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:Paleo-Balkan
1624:
1623:
1611:
1610:
1552:
1551:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1464:
1447:Greater Iran
1440:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1377:
1320:Paleo-Balkan
1285:Celtiberians
1264:
1263:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1232:
1220:
1219:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1134:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1098:
1068:
1067:
1010:
1009:
987:
986:
949:
948:
911:
910:
886:
885:
873:
872:
860:
859:
801:Bug–Dniester
765:
764:
630:Gothic Bible
546:Proto-Baltic
542:Proto-Slavic
527:Proto-Italic
523:Proto-Celtic
486:
441:
429:Italo-Celtic
424:Indo-Hittite
414:Graeco-Aryan
387:Hypothetical
386:
351:
286:Paleo-Balkan
268:
225:Indo-Iranian
180:Balto-Slavic
153:
73:2900–2050 BC
2713:Xia dynasty
2641:Mesopotamia
2614: 3300
2486:Scandinavia
2312:flat graves
2296:axe-hammers
2287:mass graves
2260:inhumations
2168:Settlements
2109:interfluves
2051:battle-axes
2031:Corded Ware
1975:Corded Ware
1727:Continental
1720:Anglo-Saxon
1423:Middle Ages
1373:Middle Ages
1228:Indo-Aryans
1221:Indo-Aryans
1028:Bell Beaker
1023:Corded ware
919:Corded ware
808:Sredny Stog
753:Archaeology
533:Proto-Greek
513:Proto-Norse
92:Followed by
78:Preceded by
3721:Categories
3496:0582236185
3468:068480669X
3001:References
2914:literature
2892:Cemetery H
2721:Sanxingdui
2662:East Asia
2588:Bronze Age
2514:South Asia
2447:See also:
2300:flint axes
2291:birch bark
2152:Fatyanovo
2098:Kama river
2074:Lake Pskov
1956:Bronze Age
1954:and early
1835:Institutes
1755:Lithuanian
1509:Indo-Aryan
1495:Historical
1429:Indo-Aryan
1386:Tocharians
1300:Cimmerians
1178:Bronze Age
1069:South Asia
943:Bronze Age
881:Afanasievo
685:Mainstream
449:Vocabulary
369:Sound laws
231:Indo-Aryan
64:Bronze Age
62:and early
60:Copper Age
3636:228923806
3622:: 65–93.
2793:Mycenaean
2616:–1200 BC)
2606:Near East
2429:Oka river
2421:hydronyms
2331:Metalwork
1941:romanized
1770:Practices
1589:Yarsanism
1399:Albanians
1379:East Asia
1366:Scythians
1358:Phrygians
1351:Paeonians
1344:Illyrians
1330:Thracians
1247:East Asia
1198:Armenians
1125:Hallstatt
1107:Chernoles
1048:Terramare
1038:Trzciniec
1005:Sintashta
1000:Andronovo
901:Cernavodă
874:East Asia
829:Khvalynsk
569:Philology
479:Particles
365:Phonology
306:Liburnian
281:Tocharian
276:Anatolian
245:Nuristani
138:Languages
3709:33523926
3646:(2015).
3589:(1997).
3553:(2007).
3507:(1963).
3479:(1996).
3459:Scribner
3423:(2010).
2932:Iron Age
2797:Caucasus
2785:Cycladic
2685:Majiayao
2677:Gojoseon
2673:Erligang
2629:Caucasus
2625:Anatolia
2604:Africa,
2580:See also
2494:Northern
2443:Genetics
2401:Germanic
2395:(or pre-
2387:Language
2154:ceramics
2148:Ceramics
1950:) was a
1816:Scholars
1714:Germanic
1685:Scottish
1650:Thracian
1644:Illyrian
1638:Albanian
1626:European
1619:Armenian
1603:Ossetian
1597:Scythian
1582:Yazidism
1532:Buddhism
1523:Hinduism
1414:Norsemen
1324:Anatolia
1241:Iranians
1234:Iranians
1215:Iron Age
1190:Hittites
1143:Colchian
1136:Caucasus
1094:Iron Age
1063:Lusatian
1058:Urnfield
982:Srubnaya
977:Poltavka
967:Catacomb
906:Cucuteni
861:Caucasus
678:Religion
663:Homeland
605:Behistun
585:Linear B
474:Numerals
469:Pronouns
394:Balkanic
341:Thracian
334:Phrygian
327:Paeonian
313:Messapic
299:Illyrian
211:Hellenic
206:Germanic
175:Armenian
167:Albanian
161:Albanoid
112:a series
110:Part of
48:Western
3700:7817100
3557:(ed.).
3515:Praeger
3487:Longman
3413:Sources
2922:Chariot
2910:writing
2705:Xindian
2701:Wucheng
2669:Erlitou
2574:Belarus
2318:Warfare
2308:kurgans
2304:Amulets
2246:Burials
2236:draught
2188:Economy
2162:pottery
2106:Vetluga
2047:barrows
2009:Origins
2004:History
1943::
1932:Russian
1748:Latvian
1706:Cornish
1576:Kurdish
1562:Persian
1554:Iranian
1546:Sikhism
1539:Jainism
1502:Hittite
1441:Iranian
1337:Dacians
1130:Jastorf
1053:Tumulus
1033:Únětice
962:Yamnaya
957:Chariot
895:Usatovo
836:Yamnaya
673:Society
657:Origins
590:Rigveda
442:Grammar
269:Extinct
259:Romance
238:Iranian
3707:
3697:
3660:
3634:
3603:
3571:
3539:
3493:
3465:
3437:
2902:Topics
2789:Minoan
2781:Aegean
2773:Europe
2709:Yueshi
2649:Canaan
2645:Sistan
2637:Levant
2518:Europe
2490:Baltic
2463:, and
2433:Baltic
2283:kurgan
2240:wagons
2227:&
2221:cattle
2102:Vyatka
2090:copper
1964:Russia
1763:Slavic
1742:Baltic
1692:Breton
1672:Celtic
1656:Dacian
1612:Others
1392:Europe
1265:Europe
1259:Yuezhi
1113:Europe
1100:Steppe
1011:Europe
868:Maykop
822:Samara
778:Kurgan
595:Avesta
377:Ablaut
373:Accent
320:Mysian
292:Dacian
253:Italic
201:Celtic
193:Slavic
186:Baltic
154:Extant
56:Period
50:Russia
3683:(4).
3632:S2CID
3565:BRILL
2918:Sword
2693:Qijia
2689:Mumun
2681:Jomon
2621:Egypt
2522:mtDNA
2437:Slavs
2423:of a
2359:with
2225:horse
2217:sheep
2213:swine
2078:Volga
1987:Urals
1734:Norse
1699:Welsh
1678:Irish
1667:Roman
1662:Greek
1517:Vedic
1409:Slavs
1404:Balts
1278:Gauls
1272:Celts
1254:Wusun
1149:India
925:Baden
625:Ogham
600:Homer
487:Other
464:Nouns
459:Verbs
217:Greek
70:Dates
3705:PMID
3658:ISBN
3601:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3537:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3463:ISBN
3435:ISBN
2697:Siwa
2633:Elam
2560:and
2512:and
2496:and
2375:and
1926:The
1796:Yule
1787:Sati
1076:BMAC
454:Root
3695:PMC
3685:doi
3624:doi
2795:),
2562:N1a
2534:U2e
2229:dog
2116:End
1081:Yaz
3723::
3703:.
3693:.
3679:.
3675:.
3656:.
3652:.
3630:.
3620:86
3618:.
3599:.
3595:.
3585:;
3567:.
3563:.
3535:.
3513:.
3489:.
3485:.
3433:.
3429:.
3371:^
3356:^
3335:^
3320:^
3269:^
3228:^
3213:^
3186:^
3125:^
3086:^
3047:^
3030:^
3009:^
2930:↓
2920:,
2916:,
2912:,
2908:,
2890:,
2886:,
2882:,
2859:,
2855:,
2851:,
2847:,
2843:,
2839:,
2835:,
2831:,
2827:,
2823:,
2819:,
2815:,
2811:,
2807:,
2803:,
2799:,
2791:,
2787:,
2760:,
2756:,
2752:,
2748:,
2744:,
2723:,
2719:,
2715:,
2711:,
2707:,
2703:,
2699:,
2695:,
2691:,
2687:,
2683:,
2679:,
2675:,
2671:,
2647:,
2643:,
2639:,
2635:,
2631:,
2627:,
2623:,
2611:c.
2594:↑
2576:.
2556:,
2552:,
2548:,
2544:,
2540:,
2536:,
2532:,
2530:U4
2528:,
2526:U5
2484:,
2459:,
2455:,
2451:,
2407:.
2371:,
2367:,
2327:.
2274:,
2262:.
2242:.
2223:,
2219:,
2131:.
1997:.
1938:,
1934::
1193:)
544:·
525:·
375:,
371:,
367::
114:on
98:,
84:,
3711:.
3687::
3681:7
3666:.
3638:.
3626::
3609:.
3577:.
3545:.
3517:.
3499:.
3471:.
3443:.
2957:e
2950:t
2943:v
2783:(
2609:(
2558:I
2554:K
2550:J
2546:W
2542:T
2538:H
2399:–
2340:(
2104:–
1930:(
1915:e
1908:t
1901:v
1794:/
1658:)
1653:·
1647:·
1641:·
1636:(
1416:/
1322:/
1187:(
558:)
554:(
548:)
540:(
529:)
521:(
515:)
511:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
