302:
246:
39:
646:
422:. In many settlements, temples were dedicated to local manifestations of the god and associated divinities. The priests of Sobek were key players in social and economic life; for example by organizing religious festivals or by purchasing goods from local producers. The development of temples dedicated to the Sobek cult can be studied particularly well in Bakchias,
1074:
137:
454:
449:
Egyptian temples have been operating at the edges of the Fayyum at least until the early third century and in some cases in the fourth century. The institutionalized Sobek cults existed alongside early
Christian communities, which settled in the region from the third century onwards and built their
214:
used the natural lake of Faiyum as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry periods. The immense waterworks undertaken by the ancient
Egyptian pharaohs of the twelfth dynasty to transform the lake into a vast water reservoir gave the impression that the lake was an artificial
31:
369:
ensured a supply of water, which enabled 20,000 acres (80 km) of land, previously unirrigated and untaxed, to be brought under cultivation in the years 1903–1905. Three crops were obtained in twenty months. The province was noted for its
206:. This canal fed into the lake. This was meant to serve three purposes: control the flooding of the Nile, regulate the water level of the Nile during dry seasons, and serve the surrounding area with irrigation. There is evidence the
269:
not only embalmed their dead but also placed a portrait of the deceased over the face of the mummy wrappings, shroud or case. The
Egyptians continued their practice of burying their dead, despite the Roman preference for
347:"Colonial-type" village names (villages named after towns elsewhere in Egypt and places outside Egypt) show that much land was brought into cultivation in the Faiyum in the Greek and Roman periods.
73:, Egypt. The extent of the basin area is estimated at between 1,270 km (490 mi) and 1,700 km (656 mi). The basin floor comprises fields watered by a channel of the Nile, the
336:
Periods, though recent redevelopment has greatly reduced the archaeological features. In addition to the mummy portraits, the villages of the Faiyum have also proven to be a source of
714:
El
Mahmoudi, A.; Gabr, A. (2008). "Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt".
301:
183:
Eventually, the Nile valley bed silted up high enough to let the Nile periodically overflow into the Faiyum Hollow, forming a lake. The lake is first recorded from about
215:
excavation, as classic geographers and travellers reported. The lake was eventually abandoned due to the nearest branch of the Nile dwindling in size from 230 BC.
576:
407:
666:
351:
278:
make up the richest body of portraiture to have survived from antiquity. They provide a window into a society of peoples of mixed origins—Egyptians,
845:
Der Herr der Seen, Sümpfe und Flußläufe. Untersuchungen zum Gott Sobek und den ägyptischen
Krokodilgötter-Kulten von den Anfängen bis zur Römerzeit
253:
This region has the earliest evidence for farming in Egypt, and was a center of royal pyramid and tomb-building in the
Twelfth Dynasty during the
320:, the arable area shrank. Settlements around the edge of the basin were abandoned. These sites include some of the best-preserved from the late
406:
mark the site of
Crocodilopolis/Arsinoe. Archaeological remains across the region extend from the prehistoric period to modern times, e.g. the
490:, of which considerable quantities are sent to Cairo. In ancient times this lake was much larger, and the ancient Greeks and Romans called it
1000:
949:
902:
877:
852:
941:
1121:
698:
661:
112:, whose fertility depends on water obtained from springs, the cultivated land in the Faiyum is formed of Nile mud brought by the
615:
202:
In 2300 BC, the waterway from the Nile River to the natural lake was widened and deepened to make a canal now known as the
1095:
801:
1116:
787:, so spellings vary as to use of vowels for names in Egyptian culture. Hieroglyphic pronunciation was indicated by
533:
290:
and others—that flourished 2000 years ago in the Faiyum. The Faiyum portraits were painted on wood in a pigmented
993:
149:
305:
211:
1126:
254:
239:
97:; it then branches out, providing agricultural land in the Faiyum basin, draining into the large saltwater
101:(Birket Qarun). In prehistory it was a freshwater lake, but is today a saltwater lake. It is a source for
870:
Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das
Alltags – und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum
1090:
566:
528:
275:
402:
In the vicinity of the lake are many ruins of ancient villages and cities. Mounds north of the city of
245:
986:
62:
581:
357:, in 1910 over 1,000 km (400 mile) of the Faiyum Oasis was cultivated, the chief crops being
38:
912:
739:
556:
295:
234:("Northern Sycamore"). Its capital was Sh-d-y-t (usually written "Shedyt"), called by the Greeks
690:
536:
in the world. It also appears as one of the main regions in the
Assassin's Creed: Origins game.
898:
873:
848:
731:
694:
258:
219:
145:
124:, several canals branch off to irrigate the Faiyum Governorate. The drainage water flows into
723:
651:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
427:
390:(rose oil) of Egypt was manufactured in the province. Faiyum also raised its own variety of
329:
180:. Over geological time that sea arm gradually filled with silt and became the Nile Valley.
30:
924:
472:
51:
34:
Site of Faiyum Oasis (directly southwest of Cairo, listed as Al-Fayyum) on a map of Egypt
506:, which is also the capital of the Faiyum Governorate. Other towns include Sinnuris and
1043:
1018:
683:
317:
191:(Narmer). However, for the most part, it would only be filled with high flood waters.
1110:
788:
743:
657:
652:
507:
366:
169:
1053:
1048:
1033:
1028:
1023:
523:
487:
423:
321:
262:
223:
592:
571:
545:
491:
466:
266:
227:
203:
125:
116:
canal, 24 km (15 miles) in length. Between the beginning of Bahr Yussef at
113:
98:
78:
74:
17:
1085:
1063:
1058:
780:
757:
727:
964:
951:
735:
805:
443:
271:
192:
265:. For the first three centuries AD, the people of Faiyum and elsewhere in
439:
431:
387:
117:
86:
670:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 219.
176:, the Nile canyon became an arm of the sea reaching inland further than
586:
561:
435:
418:
In antiquity, the Fajyum was a center of the cult of the crocodile god
337:
325:
287:
283:
207:
184:
173:
153:
102:
82:
1073:
819:
551:
511:
503:
403:
362:
358:
279:
196:
161:
121:
94:
482:), is located in the Faiyum Oasis and has an abundant population of
81:. The Bahr Yussef veers west through a narrow neck of land north of
195:
784:
478:
452:
419:
391:
379:
375:
371:
341:
244:
188:
177:
165:
136:
135:
109:
90:
70:
37:
29:
978:
483:
453:
450:
first churches in the Fayyum settlements by the fourth century.
383:
333:
199:) grew up on the south where the higher ground created a ridge.
157:
66:
982:
291:
897:. Oxford, New York: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 474–489.
589:(an extinct relative of the elephant, named after Faiyum)
446:) on the daily life of the priests are available there.
164:(which was 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep or more where
77:, as it drains into a desert hollow to the west of the
140:
Survey of the Moeris Basin from the late 19th century
942:
The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction
847:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 19–63, 375–421.
514:, and Sanhur and Ibsheway on the road to the lake.
27:
Desert basin west of the Nile south of Cairo, Egypt
682:
685:Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons
340:fragments containing literature and documents in
274:. Preserved by the dry desert environment, these
522:The oasis is the setting for about a quarter of
893:Choat, Malcolm (2012). Riggs, Christina (ed.).
791:which showed what sort of meaning the word had.
434:, and Theadelphia, since many written sources (
261:. Faiyum became one of the breadbaskets of the
65:or basin in the desert immediately west of the
994:
8:
577:Monastery of the Archangel Gabriel at Naqlun
408:Monastery of the Archangel Gabriel at Naqlun
1001:
987:
979:
148:was a hot, dry hollow near the end of the
639:
637:
635:
300:
604:
920:
910:
872:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
85:, between the archaeological sites of
386:trees were numerous, and most of the
7:
610:
608:
257:, and again during the rule of the
156:, Faiyum was a dry hollow, and the
105:and other fish for the local area.
55:
160:flowed past it at the bottom of a
25:
1072:
644:
344:, Greek, and Egyptian scripts.
758:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Egypt"
716:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
1:
689:. Berlin: Springer. p.
172:reflooded at the end of the
843:Kockelmann, Holger (2017).
1143:
1122:Geography of ancient Egypt
802:"History of Encaustic Art"
464:
120:to its end at the city of
1081:
1070:
1014:
868:Sippel, Benjamin (2020).
728:10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9
310:View of Medinet El-Fayoum
150:Messinian Salinity Crisis
69:river, 62 miles south of
365:. The completion of the
218:Faiyum was known to the
212:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
42:Map showing Faiyum Oasis
667:Encyclopædia Britannica
353:Encyclopædia Britannica
240:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
108:Differing from typical
457:
313:
250:
141:
43:
35:
965:29.45361°N 30.58083°E
783:writing did not have
681:Warren, John (2006).
567:Fayum mummy portraits
456:
304:
276:Fayum mummy portraits
248:
187:, around the time of
168:is today). After the
139:
41:
33:
1096:Ancient Egypt topics
824:www.trismegistos.org
532:, one of the top 20
502:The largest city is
222:as the twenty-first
961: /
582:Pedestals of Biahmu
249:Faiyum Oasis (2008)
238:, and refounded by
1117:Faiyum Governorate
970:29.45361; 30.58083
557:Faiyum Governorate
534:best-selling books
518:In popular culture
458:
314:
296:encaustic painting
251:
142:
44:
36:
1104:
1103:
904:978-0-19-957145-1
879:978-3-447-11485-1
854:978-3-447-10810-2
762:www.newadvent.org
461:Birket Qarun lake
414:The cult of Sobek
350:According to the
294:technique called
259:Ptolemaic Kingdom
220:ancient Egyptians
146:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
1134:
1076:
1003:
996:
989:
980:
976:
975:
973:
972:
971:
966:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
929:
928:
922:
918:
916:
908:
890:
884:
883:
865:
859:
858:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
816:
810:
809:
804:. Archived from
798:
792:
778:
772:
771:
769:
768:
754:
748:
747:
711:
705:
704:
688:
678:
672:
671:
650:
648:
647:
641:
630:
629:
627:
626:
612:
510:to the north of
498:Cities and towns
428:Soknopaiou Nesos
355:Eleventh Edition
306:Jean-Léon Gérôme
57:
21:
18:Fayum Depression
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1077:
1068:
1010:
1007:
969:
967:
963:
960:
955:
952:
950:
948:
947:
938:
933:
932:
919:
909:
905:
892:
891:
887:
880:
867:
866:
862:
855:
842:
841:
837:
828:
826:
820:"Fayum Project"
818:
817:
813:
800:
799:
795:
779:
775:
766:
764:
756:
755:
751:
713:
712:
708:
701:
680:
679:
675:
660:, ed. (1911). "
656:
645:
643:
642:
633:
624:
622:
614:
613:
606:
601:
542:
520:
500:
469:
463:
416:
400:
328:, and from the
134:
59:Waḥet El Fayyum
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1127:Oases of Egypt
1124:
1119:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:Egyptian oases
1008:
1006:
1005:
998:
991:
983:
945:
944:
937:
934:
931:
930:
903:
885:
878:
860:
853:
835:
811:
808:on 2012-12-23.
793:
789:determinatives
773:
749:
706:
699:
673:
658:Chisholm, Hugh
631:
603:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
590:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
541:
538:
519:
516:
499:
496:
471:Birket Qarun (
465:Main article:
462:
459:
415:
412:
399:
396:
388:attar of roses
318:1st millennium
312:, c. 1868–1870
255:Middle Kingdom
236:Crocodilopolis
133:
130:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1139:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:Egyptologists
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
990:
985:
984:
981:
977:
974:
943:
940:
939:
935:
926:
914:
906:
900:
896:
889:
886:
881:
875:
871:
864:
861:
856:
850:
846:
839:
836:
825:
821:
815:
812:
807:
803:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
774:
763:
759:
753:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
700:3-540-26011-0
696:
692:
687:
686:
677:
674:
669:
668:
663:
659:
654:
653:public domain
640:
638:
636:
632:
621:
620:www.brown.edu
617:
616:"Lake Moeris"
611:
609:
605:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:
539:
537:
535:
531:
530:
529:The Alchemist
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
474:
468:
460:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
411:
409:
405:
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
367:Aswan Low Dam
364:
360:
356:
354:
348:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
307:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
170:Mediterranean
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
138:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
49:
40:
32:
19:
1038:
946:
895:Christianity
894:
888:
869:
863:
844:
838:
827:. Retrieved
823:
814:
806:the original
796:
781:Hieroglyphic
776:
765:. Retrieved
761:
752:
722:(1): 53–67.
719:
715:
709:
684:
676:
665:
623:. Retrieved
619:
527:
524:Paolo Coelho
521:
501:
476:
470:
448:
444:inscriptions
417:
401:
352:
349:
346:
322:Roman Empire
316:In the late
315:
309:
252:
242:as Arsinoe.
235:
231:
217:
201:
182:
152:in the late
143:
107:
58:
48:Faiyum Oasis
47:
45:
968: /
921:|work=
593:Roman Egypt
572:Lake Moeris
546:Bahr Yussef
492:Lake Moeris
467:Lake Moeris
398:Archaeology
267:Roman Egypt
263:Roman world
228:Upper Egypt
204:Bahr Yussef
126:Lake Moeris
114:Bahr Yussef
99:Lake Moeris
79:Nile Valley
75:Bahr Yussef
56:واحة الفيوم
1111:Categories
1086:Egyptology
956:30°34′51″E
953:29°27′13″N
936:References
829:2023-04-30
767:2023-04-30
625:2018-08-14
486:, notably
424:Narmouthis
332:and early
324:, notably
282:, Romans,
63:depression
923:ignored (
913:cite book
744:128432827
736:1866-7511
330:Byzantine
272:cremation
232:Atef-Pehu
193:Neolithic
144:When the
1019:Bahariya
540:See also
477:Lake of
432:Tebtunis
208:pharaohs
118:El Lahun
87:El Lahun
1044:Farafra
655::
587:Phiomia
562:Farafra
440:ostraka
359:cereals
338:papyrus
326:Karanis
288:Libyans
284:Syrians
210:of the
185:3000 BC
174:Miocene
154:Miocene
132:History
103:tilapia
83:Ihnasya
61:) is a
1054:Moghra
1049:Kharga
1039:Faiyum
1034:Dunqul
1029:Dakhla
901:
876:
851:
785:vowels
742:
734:
697:
649:
552:Faiyum
512:Faiyum
508:Tamiya
504:Faiyum
473:Arabic
436:papyri
404:Faiyum
380:olives
378:, and
376:grapes
363:cotton
280:Greeks
197:Faiyum
162:canyon
122:Faiyum
95:Hawara
52:Arabic
1024:Baris
740:S2CID
662:Fayum
599:Notes
548:canal
488:bulti
479:Qarun
420:Sobek
392:sheep
342:Latin
189:Menes
178:Aswan
166:Cairo
110:oases
93:near
91:Gurob
71:Cairo
1064:Siwa
1059:Qara
925:help
899:ISBN
874:ISBN
849:ISBN
732:ISSN
695:ISBN
484:fish
475:for
384:Rose
372:figs
361:and
334:Arab
224:nome
158:Nile
89:and
67:Nile
46:The
724:doi
691:352
664:".
526:'s
292:wax
226:of
1113::
917::
915:}}
911:{{
822:.
760:.
738:.
730:.
718:.
693:.
634:^
618:.
607:^
494:.
442:,
438:,
430:,
426:,
410:.
394:.
382:.
374:,
308:,
286:,
230:,
128:.
54::
1002:e
995:t
988:v
927:)
907:.
882:.
857:.
832:.
770:.
746:.
726::
720:2
703:.
628:.
298:.
50:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
