428:
broadcast this information to the public in hopes of informing the public to be "armed with the facts -- instead of swayed by emotions or prejudices." Throughout the course of trying to give the public information, the FAS attempted to coordinate with PR agencies to better connect with the audience. Most of these plans fell through as the agencies typically did not see eye-to-eye with members of the FAS. Scientists realized the importance of getting their point across, but conveying that to someone who had little to no background knowledge on the subject of atomic energy proved to be a challenge, a challenge that would stick with the FAS for many years. Many scientists from more localized organizations had comments like "We have failed. The people have not understood us or our foreign policy would have changed."
463:
mission was established early on and was deemed necessary for the federation, as decisions made by the United States during the conception of the FAS were critical in terms of shaping international relations. The FAS wanted the public to become more critical and aware of the government, in order to monitor the decisions that were made to ensure that they matched what the public actually wanted. The FAS would act to inform the public about how destructive the improper use of atomic energy could be and emphasize the need to enforce international control of atomic weapons and energy.
420:, professional and private organizations, and influential persons. The explosion of postwar political activism demonstrated by the group became known as the "scientists' movement" with the basis of being unhappy with the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons. During this movement, the idea was also established that no defense against an atomic bomb was feasible in the near future. Using these two ideas, the FAS proposed the United States and other technologically advanced nations had to work in unison to create a solution that would not end in complete destruction.
408:. The group of scientists were opposed to the fact that, under the proposed May-Johnson Bill, the United States military would have the majority of control over the development and control of atomic weapons. Working with congressmen, they worked to create the bill that brought forth the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The Atomic Energy Commission oversaw the research into atomic energy and atomic weapons. On January 6, 1946, FAS changed its name to the Federation of American Scientists, but its purpose remained the same—to agitate for the international control of
1929:
327:, to develop the first atomic bombs. The Federation of American Scientists states that it aims to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons that are in use, and prevent nuclear and radiological terrorism. It says it aims to present high standards for nuclear energy's safety and security, illuminate government secrecy practices, as well as track and eliminate the global illicit trade of conventional, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.
40:
1910:
640:. The Federation of American Scientists also concentrates on researching and keeping the public informed on genetic engineering and genetic modification as a subset of their biosecurity program. One of their major concerns is resistance that species can develop to certain modifications from genetic resistance or from the use of antibiotics.
648:
policy tool, empowering partnerships among other professional biosecurity communities around the world, scheduled global conferences to raise awareness and develop plans for current and future biosecurity issues, as well as partnerships to tighten the gap between the scientific, public health, intelligence and law enforcement communities.
488:
and science policy adviser in the
Clinton administration, became the new president. He further pursued the goals of the program of bolstering science in policy and focusing on using that science to further benefit the public. During his eight-year tenure as president, FAS received significant funding
523:
The
Nuclear Information Project covers nuclear weapons and arms control and the nuclear fuel cycle. The project provides the general public and policy-makers with information and analysis on the status, number, and operation of nuclear weapons, the policies that guide their potential use and nuclear
496:
In a 2002 survey conducted within the FAS, it was found that nearly thirty percent of members were physicists. While the next largest fields represented were medicine, biology, engineering, and chemistry. With the latter four fields making up another sixty one percent of the total member population.
647:
The
Virtual Biosecurity Center provides and promotes biosecurity information, education, best practices and collaboration. Additionally, VBC offers significant news and events regarding biosecurity, a regularly updated education center and library, a global forum on Bio risks, an online informative
505:
Federation of
American Scientists was awarded $ 10,586,000 between 1984 and 2017, including 25 grants in International Peace & Security, MacArthur Award for Creative & Effective Institutions, and Nuclear Challenges. In 2004, the Federation of American Scientists received their largest grant
479:
In the mid-1980s, the FAS began relying more heavily on professional staff and analysts, and journalists rather than famous scientists as it did previously in its history. The organization shifted toward public information and transparency in the government and away from secrecy in covert projects
475:
was selected as president of the organization and was the only staff member for the next 5 years. Due to Stone being the president and only member of the organization he influenced the future and direction of the organization heavily. With an increased budget in the 1990s FAS was able to employ a
427:
to broadcast a list of facts regarding the state of the United
Nations atomic energy negotiations as well as the American proposal for atomic development. In a rare example of an effort to simply give listeners facts with little to no political or personal bias, the scientists at FAS were able to
1095:
While the bill, introduced to
Congress under the names of its sponsors as the May-Johnson Bill, seemed reasonable enough, the atomic scientist's discussion groups quickly became convinced that it would make it easy for the military to effectively control the outcome of the panel's deliberations,
462:
The mission of FAS is to promote a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology security policy problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting transparency through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. This
446:
In addition to influencing government policy, it undertook a program of public education on the nature and control of atomic energy through lectures, films, exhibits, and the distribution of literature, coordinating its own activities with that of member organizations through the issue of
535:’ "Nuclear Notebook" column. The Nuclear Notebook counts and analyzes international nuclear arsenals using open source research methodology. The estimates in the Nuclear Notebook often accurately count warhead inventories, down to the number, and, according to the
573:"From 1991 to 2021, the FAS Project on Government Secrecy worked to challenge excessive government secrecy and to promote public oversight in national security affairs"..."The Project was directed by Steven Aftergood with the support of grants from the
1828:
643:
The big concerns with biosecurity are accidental biological threats, intentional malicious biological threats, and natural biological threat occurrences. Because of these threats the
Virtual Biosecurity Center (VBC) was set up.
959:
559:" crowdsources "science-based policy innovations that can appeal to lawmakers on both sides of the aisle" ready for implementation on "day one" of the next U.S. presidential administration, a project begun in 2019.
400:. The group was frustrated with the control of the nation's nuclear arsenal and advocated for public control of the nuclear arsenal. A group of the early members of the Federation of American Scientists went to
1096:
putting the A-Bomb under de facto military control. The discussion groups began to communicate with each other, sharing information, and mobilizing in favor of civilian control and in opposition to May-Johnson.
542:
The
Nuclear Information Project conducts other open source investigations into nuclear weapons outside of the Nuclear Notebook. In addition to publishing on the Strategic Security blog, fellows also publish in
675:, a fully 3-D game in which high school students discover the inner workings of the body's circulatory and immune systems, as they pilot a tiny drone through the bloodstream to fight microscopic invaders.
300:
The
Federation of American Scientists (FAS), a policy research and advocacy organization, seeks to promote national and global security by advancing solutions to important science and technology security
1768:
1859:
1205:
755:
Alexa White — Co-founder of the AYA Research
Institute and recipient of the FAS' inaugural Policy Entrepreneurship Award, aimed at honoring an emerging leader in the world of science policy
1820:
412:
and its devotion to peaceful uses, public promotion of science and the freedom and integrity of scientists and scientific research. For this purpose, permanent headquarters were set up in
1881:
330:
With 100 sponsors, the Federation of American Scientists says that it promotes a safer and more secure world by developing and advancing solutions to important science and technology
1113:
Sethi, Megan Barnhart (February 1, 2012). "Information, Education, and Indoctrination: The Federation of American Scientists and Public Communication Strategies in the Atomic Age".
1986:
323:
with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure. FAS was founded in 1946 by scientists, including some who worked on the
1961:
1714:
713:
609:
policies. The project also published previously undisclosed or hard-to-find government documents of public policy interest, as well as resources on intelligence policy.
404:, and set up there sending letters to representatives in the House of Representatives and in the Senate to request support for their original goal to not support the
1976:
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2006:
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1991:
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1996:
1851:
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The Project worked to help create learning tools to bring about major gains in learning and training. The major project of the Program is
454:
Nearly ninety percent of Manhattan Project personnel were in approval of the FAS, with few comparing the group to a "scientists' lobby."
632:
or scientific progress. This includes preventing the misuse of research and promoting the public understanding of the real threats from
1243:
997:
497:
Members also received complementary copies of "Secrecy News", an electronic newsletter regarding government secrecy and intelligence.
346:. FAS has played a role in the control of atomic energy and weapons, as well as better international monitoring of atomic activities.
1821:"Federation of American Scientists (FAS) Announces Public Service Awards Recognizing Outstanding Work in Science Policy and Culture"
1764:
536:
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By 1948, the Federation had grown to twenty local associations, with 2,500 members, and had been instrumental in the passage of the
668:, design professionals, and community leaders to undertake innovative education initiatives at both the national and local level.
2001:
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1478:
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1882:"Establishing the AYA Research Institute: Increasing Data Capacity and Community Engagement for Environmental-Justice Tools"
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through research and analysis to maximize impact on policy. FAS projects are organized in three main programs:
925:
734:(2023) depicted the scientists who formed the FAS to communicate the dangers of nuclear weapons to the public
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concentrates on researching and advocating policies that balance science and security without compromising
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focused on ways to use innovative technologies to improve how people teach and learn. The LTP created
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986:
The New World 1939/1946. Volume I of a History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission VOLUME I
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In 1969, the FAS had a rough annual budget of $ 7,000 and relied on mostly volunteer staff. In 1970
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1852:"Christopher Nolan To Be Lauded For 'Oppenheimer' By The Federation of American Scientists"
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FAS was founded as the Federation of Atomic Scientists on November 30, 1945, by a group of
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The Nuclear Information Project publishes yearly counts of global nuclear forces in the
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The FAS Public Service Awards, established in 1971, recognize outstanding work in
988:. California Studies in the History of Science (Reissue of 1962 book ed.).
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information and to illuminate the apparatus of government secrecy, including
416:, and contacts were established with the several branches of government, the
396:, politicians, and policy-makers, and promote international transparency and
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games and learning tools and assembled collaborative projects consisting of
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493:, including a $ 2.5 million grant for Creative and Effective Institutions.
39:
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834:"FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS - Form 990 for period ending June 2017"
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staff of about a dozen people and expand membership of the organization.
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with regard to international control of atomic energy and disarmament.
1232:
A Peril and a Hope : The Scientists' Movement in America, 1945-47
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597:
The Project on Government Secrecy worked to promote public access to
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1651:"Congressional Research Service Reports - General National Security"
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556:
334:
problems by educating the public and policy makers, and promoting
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1281:
1279:
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362:, within the Associations of Manhattan Project scientists,
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1287:"Federation of American Scientists - MacArthur Foundation"
451:, policy statements, information sheets, and newsletters.
373:
Founding members -- not an exhaustive list -- included:
918:"Federation of American Scientists - Board of Trustees"
1077:. Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement.
1043:. Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement.
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
510:
of $ 2,400,000 in support of everything that they do.
1922:
1797:. Federation of American Scientists. May 18, 2015.
1192:. Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics.
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1037:"Narrative - 6. Federation of American Scientists"
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439:, and had influenced the American position in the
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616:reports, are archived on the Secrecy News blog.
1531:"FAS Project on Government Secrecy (1991-2021)"
795:"Federation of American Scientists - About FAS"
948:"LinkedIn: Federation of American Scientists"
766:British American Security Information Council
491:John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
8:
1987:Scientific organizations established in 1945
1791:"About Us | Virtual Biosecurity Center"
1108:
1106:
1104:
32:
1962:Science and technology in the United States
984:; Anderson, Oscar E. (December 18, 1990) .
924:. Federation of American Scientists. 2019.
801:. Federation of American Scientists. 2019.
551:Day One Project and Policy Entrepreneurship
1927:
1850:D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 10, 2023).
1116:Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences
38:
31:
708:, whose recognized for her leadership in
1621:"Congressional Research Service Reports"
1713:Michael, Stebbins (February 28, 2008).
781:
706:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1661:from the original on February 27, 2023
1601:from the original on February 27, 2023
1541:from the original on February 27, 2023
1511:from the original on December 26, 1996
1361:from the original on February 10, 2023
962:from the original on February 25, 2024
1977:Think tanks based in Washington, D.C.
1862:from the original on October 16, 2023
1831:from the original on October 19, 2023
1691:from the original on November 5, 2022
1571:from the original on December 6, 2015
1451:from the original on December 8, 2019
1421:from the original on November 8, 2020
1391:from the original on October 31, 2020
1331:from the original on November 1, 2020
851:from the original on December 8, 2019
501:Funding from the MacArthur Foundation
388:Its early mission was to support the
7:
2007:Open government in the United States
1631:from the original on August 29, 2021
805:from the original on October 1, 2019
722:— British-American filmmaker, whose
524:arms control. The project is run by
1992:Charities based in Washington, D.C.
1771:from the original on April 17, 2019
1681:"Federation Of American Scientists"
1301:from the original on April 16, 2019
1208:from the original on April 15, 2019
1186:"Federation of American Scientists"
928:from the original on March 30, 2019
712:regulation and advancing equity in
658:Learning Technologies Program (LTP)
612:Declassified documents, as well as
484:, a former senior scientist in the
1982:Science and technology think tanks
1801:from the original on July 28, 2019
1591:"Declassification Advisory Panels"
1481:from the original on April 9, 2022
1081:from the original on April 3, 2014
1047:from the original on April 4, 2014
881:from the original on July 13, 2021
25:
1915:Federation of American Scientists
1825:Federation of American Scientists
1765:Director of National Intelligence
1685:Federation Of American Scientists
1565:Federation Of American Scientists
1415:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1385:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1355:Federation of American Scientists
1325:Federation of American Scientists
875:Federation of American Scientists
537:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
533:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
423:In 1946, the FAS worked with the
309:Federation of American Scientists
33:Federation of American Scientists
18:Federation Of American Scientists
1967:United States government secrecy
1908:
704:— Former acting director of the
603:national security classification
486:Office of Technology Assessment
58:Federation of Atomic Scientists
1997:Science advocacy organizations
1125:University of California Press
990:University of California Press
614:Congressional Research Service
1:
1957:Anti–nuclear weapons movement
1743:National Institutes of Health
771:Union of Concerned Scientists
666:non-governmental organization
652:Learning Technologies Program
568:Project on Government Secrecy
392:of 1946, educate the public,
1795:virtualbiosecuritycenter.org
1757:"Virtual Biosecurity Center"
1071:"Narrative - 5. May-Johnson"
563:Legacy programs and projects
1381:"Nuclear Notebook Archives"
519:Nuclear Information Project
437:National Science Foundation
2023:
589:, the HKH Foundation, the
583:Stewart R. Mott Foundation
342:, government secrecy, and
1501:"Rockefeller Family Fund"
679:FAS Public Service Awards
299:
37:
1133:10.1525/hsns.2012.42.1.1
575:Open Society Foundations
2002:501(c)(3) organizations
1716:FAS Biosecurity Project
1091:Oregon State University
1057:Oregon State University
591:Rockefeller Family Fund
177:Board of directors
1767:. September 15, 2011.
1230:(February 15, 1971) .
746:United States senators
595:
480:and finances. In 2000
370:science communities.
85:501(c)(3) organization
68:; 78 years ago
750:CHIPS and Science Act
571:
514:Programs and projects
187:Sylvester James Gates
1917:at Wikimedia Commons
1733:on December 10, 2019
1561:"Government Secrecy"
1295:MacArthur Foundation
1234:(Revised ed.).
1228:Smith, Alice Kimball
1196:. November 4, 2019.
508:MacArthur Foundation
66:January 6, 1946
982:Hewlett, Richard G.
847:. January 5, 2018.
626:Biosecurity Program
620:Biosecurity Program
577:, the CS Fund, the
398:nuclear disarmament
224:Frank N. von Hippel
203:Catherine Lotrionte
165:Secretary/Treasurer
34:
27:American think tank
1411:"Nuclear Notebook"
748:who sponsored the
526:Hans M. Kristensen
210:Daniel M. Gerstein
158:Rosina M. Bierbaum
1913:Media related to
1441:"Hans Kristensen"
1351:"Hans Kristensen"
1321:"Nuclear Weapons"
877:. July 13, 2021.
720:Christopher Nolan
630:national security
587:Knight Foundation
579:Bauman Foundation
325:Manhattan Project
315:) is an American
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383:Robert R. Wilson
366:scientists, and
340:nuclear security
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