138:, or acetabulum, a poorly positioned femoral-acetabular junction, or any or all of the foregoing. The cause of FAI is currently unknown, but both congenital and acquired etiologies have been put forth. Studies have shown an increased incidence in siblings, suggesting a genetic component. At least one study has also shown a predilection in the white population. It has also been reported to be more common in males. However, there is no concrete evidence to suggest a genetic trait and instead, the most favored theory currently supports that FAI (the cam type in particular) is due to repetitive movements involving the hip (
321:
289:
271:
acetabulum has been related with pincer type impingement. In radiography the presence of a "crossover sign" is produced when the posterior wall of the acetabulum crosses the anterior wall before reaching the acetabular roof. It is a sign of acetabular retroversion and it has been linked with overcoverage and pincer impingement. Nevertheless, this sign has been described in 6% of the normal population. Therefore, more important than its presence is the percentage of crossing.
197:
150:, which the shape of the femoral head and neck resembles). The second is due to an excess of growth of the upper lip of the acetabular cup and is known as a 'pincer' deformity. The third is a combination of the two, generally referred to as 'mixed.' The most common type seen, approximately 70% of the time, is the mixed type. A complicating issue is that some of the radiographic findings of FAI have also been described in asymptomatic subjects.
118:
reported to present in both an acute and more gradual manner. The pain is often significant enough to cause a decrease in activity level and movement. Some will also describe decreased range of motion of the affected hip. Another symptom is groin pain associated with activity and no prior history of trauma. Inability to perform activities such as high hip flexion or prolong sitting can also be seen in individuals with FAI.
358:
235:
384:
265:
189:
566:
approximately three to six months post-operative hip arthroscopy is when pain reduction and activities of daily life are improved. For sport function this timeline is about six months to a year. Failure of hip arthroscopy is more likely to fail in older patients, females, or those who have experienced the symptoms of FAI for a long period of time.
166:
extremity. The pelvic bone, also known as the innominate bone, is formed by three bones fused together: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The musculature of the hip is divided into anterior hip muscles and posterior hip muscles. The major nerve supply that runs through the hip joint is the femoral nerve and the sciatic nerve.
550:
Physical therapy is implemented for the purpose of improving joint mobility, strengthening muscles surrounding the joint, correcting posture, and treating any other muscle or joint deficits that may be exacerbating the condition. A movement analysis may also be performed to identify specific movement
517:
Prevention is currently being investigated. The goal of prevention would be to avoid joint damage and premature hip osteoarthritis. Studies are examining the effectiveness of screening adolescents in school and targeting at-risk individuals for education, physical therapy and decreasing participation
179:
test, should also be performed. It is positive when it causes pain. The FABER test should also be performed, this test involves flexing, abducting, and externally rotating the hip. The FABER test is useful when diagnosing concurrently with a labral pathology and is considered positive if the position
554:
Operative treatment is generally recommended to those who continue to have symptoms. It involves the surgical correction of any bony abnormalities causing the impingement and correction of any soft tissue lesions, such as labral tears. The primary aim of surgery is to correct the fit of the femoral
165:
The hip joint is classified as a ball and socket joint. This type of synovial joint allows for multidirectional movement and rotation. There are two bones that make up the hip joint and create an articulation between the femur and pelvis. This articulation connects the axial skeleton with the lower
117:
Pain is the most common complaint in those with FAI. It is experienced in a number of areas, making the diagnosis challenging, but commonly occurs in the groin, upper buttock/lower back, the buttock or beneath the buttock, side of the affected hip and posterior upper leg. Onset of symptoms has been
600:
While the true diagnosis of FAI can be considered a relatively recent discovery, reports of damage to the femoroaceatabular region date back over a century ago in the orthopedic realm of medicine. It was not until the development of an open surgical dislocation procedure was developed that FAI was
584:
There has been limited research on the prevalence of FAI among a general population according to a literature review by
Algarni. On the other hand, there are many sources that discuss the prevalence of athletes with the condition especially those that are younger and white. Hockey, tennis, soccer,
174:
Clinical evaluation is the first step in diagnosis, but will rarely lead to the diagnosis on its own, due to inconsistent and vague nature of the pain. Childhood and current activity should be inquired about. Physical exam should also involve assessing passive internal rotation of the hip during
565:
Outcomes of arthroscopic surgery are currently being studied, but have generally been positive. According to a 2019 meta-analysis, the risk of having surgery fail or need to be re-operated on is about 5.5% whereas the complication rate is 1.7%. Additionally, patient reported outcomes show that
297:
Degree of bulging of the femoral head-neck junction: In normal conditions there is a symmetric concave contour at the junction of the femoral head and neck. Loss of this concavity or bone bulging may lead to cam type impingement. The degree of this deformity can be measured by the alpha angle.
142:
squatting) in young athletes. Aggravating activities that are commonly reported include repetitive or prolonged squatting, twisting movements of the hip, like pivoting during athletics, getting in and out of cars, and even sitting for prolonged periods. A combination of these factors may also
270:
Percentage of acetabular walls crossing. Normal acetabulum is oriented in anteversion. Its value ranges from 15 to 20° in the equatorial plane of the acetabulum and decreases gradually towards the acetabular roof, where normal values range from 0 to 5°. Retroversion of the upper part of the
2026:
Casartelli, Nicola C.; Bizzini, Mario; Kemp, Joanne; Naal, Florian D.; Leunig, Michael; Maffiuletti, Nicola A. (May 2018). "What treatment options exist for patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome but without surgical indication?".
2173:
Bhatia, Sanjeev; Lee, Simon; Shewman, Elizabeth; Mather, Richard C.; Salata, Michael J.; Bush-Joseph, Charles A.; Nho, Shane J. (September 2015). "Effects of acetabular rim trimming on hip joint contact pressures: how much is too much?".
426:
is not usually used due to radiation exposure and no benefit above MRI. It is possible to perform dynamic simulation of hip motion with CT or MRI assisting to establish whether, where, and to what extent, impingement is occurring.
1333:
Chakraverty JK, Sullivan C, Gan C, Narayanaswamy S, Kamath S (February 2013). "Cam and pincer femoroacetabular impingement: CT findings of features resembling femoroacetabular impingement in a young population without symptoms".
601:
discovered as an anatomical difference and cause of osteoarthritis. Orthopedic surgeon Dr. Reinhold Ganz can be credited with this discovery in his 2003 publication that discussed the findings and relation to hip osteoarthritis.
526:
Treatment of FAI can be divided into those that are non-operative (conservative) and operative. Conservative treatment is often prescribed for those who have not yet received any therapy. Conservative treatment includes
109:(soft tissue, ring-shaped bumper of the socket), or both. The condition may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. It may cause osteoarthritis of the hip. Treatment options range from conservative management to surgery.
596:
FAI is a relatively recent discovery. Its original description is credited to orthopedic surgeon Dr. Reinhold Ganz, who first proposed the condition as a cause for hip osteoarthritis in a publication in 2003.
562:
method had surgical outcomes equal to or better than other methods with a lower rate of major complications when performed by experienced surgeons; consequently, the surgery is now rarely done open.
569:
When performed on elite athletes, most are able to return their previous level of competition. These athletes also have a higher rate of return to sport than recreational and collegiate athletes.
53:
555:
head and acetabulum to create a hip socket that reduces contact between the two, allowing a greater range of movement. This includes femoral head sculpting and/or trimming of the acetabular rim.
2324:
Minkara, Anas A.; Westermann, Robert W.; Rosneck, James; Lynch, T. Sean (February 2019). "Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of
Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy in Femoroacetabular Impingement".
585:
and equestrian are all sports where the prevalence of a femoral neck abnormalities are higher due to the nature of the sport to force athletes into forced, loaded flexion and internal rotation.
422:
had been used in the past, as it was more sensitive for picking up soft tissue lesions; however, due to improvement in technology, MRI is now considered comparable for picking up such lesions.
143:
predispose to a form of FAI; predominantly, a marginal developmental hip abnormality together with environmental factors such as recurrent motion of the legs within a supraphysiologic range.
2377:"Pain, activities of daily living and sport function at different time points after hip arthroscopy in patients with femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review with meta-analysis"
2266:"Pain, activities of daily living and sport function at different time points after hip arthroscopy in patients with femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review with meta-analysis"
1656:
Ruiz
Santiago, Fernando; Santiago Chinchilla, Alicia; Ansari, Afshin; Guzmán Álvarez, Luis; Castellano García, Maria del Mar; Martínez Martínez, Alberto; Tercedor Sánchez, Juan (2016).
414:
imaging may follow, particularly if there is no specific evidence on radiographs, producing a three-dimensional reconstruction of the joint for better definition, to evaluate the hip
389:
Superior to the Tönnis angle in cases without joint space narrowing or subluxation. The medial point of the sourcil is at the same height as the most superior point of caput femoris.
2432:
Casartelli, Nicola C; Leunig, Michael; Maffiuletti, Nicola A; Bizzini, Mario (June 2015). "Return to sport after hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review".
207:("X-ray")is often considered first line for FAI. Anterior-posterior pelvis and a lateral image of the hip in question should be attained. A 45-degree Dunn view is also recommended.
180:
elicits pain. Additional non-invasive ways to observe possible FAI is changes in gait that include a lower peak hip extension and internal rotation to compensate for bony growth.
1922:
Bedi, Asheesh; Chen, Neal; Robertson, William; Kelly, Bryan T. (2008). "The
Management of Labral Tears and Femoroacetabular Impingement of the Hip in the Young, Active Patient".
146:
Three types of FAI are recognized (see title image). The first involves an excess of bone along the upper surface of the femoral head, known as a cam deformity (abbreviation for
58:
57:
54:
298:
Although it can be measured in the cross-lateral view, the 45° Dunn view is considered more sensitive and the frog leg view more specific in determining pathologic values.
59:
175:
flexion, as range of motion is reduced in proportion to the size of a cam lesion. Flexing the hip to 90 degrees, adducting, and internally rotating the hip, known as the
1532:
558:
Surgery may be arthroscopic or open. A 2011 study analyzing current surgical methods for management of symptomatic femoral acetabular impingement, suggested that the
1867:
Tannast M, Kubiak-Langer M, Langlotz F, Puls M, Murphy SB, Siebenrock KA (January 2007). "Noninvasive three-dimensional assessment of femoroacetabular impingement".
1536:
1528:
1478:
551:
patterns that may be causing injury. Studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of physical therapy are currently underway, with no conclusive results to date.
56:
1294:"Hip morphology influences the pattern of damage to the acetabular cartilage: femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of early osteoarthritis of the hip"
2264:
Kierkegaard, Signe; Langeskov-Christensen, Martin; Lund, Bent; Naal, Florian D.; Mechlenburg, Inger; Dalgas, Ulrik; Casartelli, Nicola C. (April 2017).
2375:
Kierkegaard, Signe; Langeskov-Christensen, Martin; Lund, Bent; Naal, Florian D; Mechlenburg, Inger; Dalgas, Ulrik; Casartelli, Nicola C (April 2017).
2855:
588:
Cam lesions are more common in males, where pincer lesions are more common in females due to differences in anatomical development of the pelvis.
2078:
Loudon, Janice K.; Reiman, Michael P. (May 2014). "Conservative management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in the long distance runner".
1504:
1454:
2822:
532:
2960:
IMPAKT-HiP (Investigations of
Mobility, Physical Activity, and Knowledge in Hip Pain) Study by the Arthritis Research Centre of Canada
1962:
Cakic, J.; Patricios, J. (July 2014). "Femoroacetabular impingement: prevention or intervention? The sports physician's quandary".
55:
102:
abnormally or does not permit a normal range of motion in the acetabular socket. Damage can occur to the articular cartilage, or
2752:
2959:
2227:"Comparative systematic review of the open dislocation, mini-open, and arthroscopic surgeries for femoroacetabular impingement"
320:
2770:
2836:
1607:
Clohisy JC, Carlisle JC, Beaulé PE, Kim YJ, Trousdale RT, Sierra RJ, Leunig M, Schoenecker PL, Millis MB (November 2008).
495:
2586:"Short-Term Outcomes of Conservative Treatment for Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2974:
1722:"Superiority of the modified Tönnis angle over the Tönnis angle in the radiographic diagnosis of acetabular dysplasia"
573:
451:
2699:
Ganz, Reinhold; Parvizi, Javad; Beck, Martin; Leunig, Michael; Nötzli, Hubert; Siebenrock, Klaus A. (December 2003).
1170:
Egger, Anthony C.; Frangiamore, Salvatore; Rosneck, James (December 2016). "Femoroacetabular
Impingement: A Review".
67:
The three recognized types of femoroacetabular impingement. Click image to see video illustration of the three types.
288:
1014:
Chakraverty, J.K.; Snelling, N.J. (2012). "Anterior hip pain – Have you considered femoroacetabular impingement?".
667:
2888:
914:
Egger, Anthony C.; Frangiamore, Salvatore; Rosneck, James (2016). "Wolters Kluwer Health - Article
Landing Page".
94:. It is a common cause of hip pain and discomfort in young and middle-aged adults. It occurs when the ball shaped
418:, or measure hip socket angles (e.g. the alpha-angle as described by Nötzli in 2-D and by Siebenrock in 3-D). MR
643:
204:
2856:"Medical opinion: Andy Murray may have degenerative arthritis, leaving hip replacement as the likely optionÂ"
1216:
Kuhlman GS, Domb BG (December 2009). "Hip impingement: identifying and treating a common cause of hip pain".
1820:"The cam-type deformity of the proximal femur arises in childhood in response to vigorous sporting activity"
1778:
1044:
Ghaffari A, Davis I, Storey T, Moser M (November 2018). "Current
Concepts of Femoroacetabular Impingement".
2226:
499:
1552:"Lower limb biomechanics in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2979:
1382:"The Prevalence of Cam and Pincer Morphology and Its Association With Development of Hip Osteoarthritis"
157:. Thus far, no correlation has been seen between the pincer type and development of hip osteoarthritis.
91:
153:
Current literature suggests that the cam type of impingement is associated with the development of hip
491:
1550:
King, Matthew G; Lawrenson, Peter R; Semciw, Adam I; Middleton, Kane J; Crossley, Kay M (May 2018).
1779:"The contour of the femoral head-neck junction as a predictor for the risk of anterior impingement"
442:
2734:
2681:
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2060:
2005:
1892:
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1427:
1359:
1069:
993:
896:
485:
357:
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2863:
2726:
2718:
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2623:
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2199:
2191:
2155:
2103:
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2044:
1997:
1989:
1939:
1884:
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1225:
1195:
1187:
1129:
1111:
1061:
985:
931:
888:
849:
795:
754:
699:
This can also be used in children. At between 5 and 10 years, the minimum normal value is 15°.
462:
234:
196:
103:
72:
17:
90:) is a condition involving one or more anatomical abnormalities of the hip joint, which is a
2925:
2708:
2657:
2613:
2597:
2548:
2504:
2496:
2441:
2388:
2333:
2277:
2238:
2183:
2145:
2137:
2087:
2036:
1979:
1971:
1931:
1876:
1839:
1831:
1790:
1749:
1733:
1687:
1669:
1628:
1620:
1563:
1403:
1393:
1343:
1305:
1264:
1256:
1179:
1119:
1103:
1053:
1023:
977:
923:
880:
839:
831:
785:
744:
736:
528:
968:
Menge TJ, Truex NW (May 2018). "Femoroacetabular impingement: a common cause of hip pain".
264:
625:
544:
536:
480:
471:
2584:
Mallets, Emma; Turner, Ann; Durbin, Jeremy; Bader, Alexander; Murray, Leigh (July 2019).
2509:
2484:
2713:
2700:
2618:
2585:
2150:
2125:
1844:
1819:
1754:
1721:
1692:
1657:
1633:
1608:
1269:
1244:
1124:
1091:
844:
819:
790:
773:
749:
724:
661:
637:
467:
154:
2796:
2968:
1818:
Siebenrock KA, Ferner F, Noble PC, Santore RF, Werlen S, Mamisch TC (November 2011).
1245:"The concept of femoroacetabular impingement: current status and future perspectives"
619:
2738:
2685:
2570:
2418:
2361:
2307:
1896:
1363:
1073:
997:
900:
2953:
2500:
2469:
2211:
2064:
2009:
1609:"A systematic approach to the plain radiographic evaluation of the young adult hip"
1593:
1431:
631:
475:
383:
95:
2483:
Wall PD, Brown JS, Parsons N, Buchbinder R, Costa ML, Griffin D (September 2014).
1447:
Principles of athletic training : a guide to evidence-based clinical practice
981:
329:
Offset of the femoral head with regard to most prominent aspect of the femora neck
2661:
2445:
2393:
2376:
2282:
2265:
2242:
2040:
1975:
1935:
1795:
1568:
1551:
1310:
1293:
1183:
927:
884:
518:
in possibly harmful activities/sports as referenced in the epidemiology section.
1380:
van Klij, Pim; Heerey, Joshua; Waarsing, Jan H.; Agricola, Rintje (April 2018).
1027:
655:
649:
613:
559:
2141:
2091:
616:(born 1993), American NFL football offensive tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers
576:
evaluating the efficacy of conservative and operative treatments are underway.
2537:"Femoroacetabular impingement in athletes: A review of the current literature"
2225:
Matsuda DK, Carlisle JC, Arthurs SC, Wierks CH, Philippon MJ (February 2011).
1835:
1260:
1107:
1057:
835:
774:"Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: Nonarthritic hip pain in young adults"
419:
363:
Slope of the sourcil (the sclerotic weight-bearing portion of the acetabulum)
176:
135:
131:
99:
2867:
2722:
2669:
2609:
2562:
2553:
2536:
2453:
2402:
2345:
2337:
2291:
2195:
2187:
2099:
2048:
1993:
1777:
Nötzli HP, Wyss TF, Stoecklin CH, Schmid MR, Treiber K, Hodler J (May 2002).
1745:
1683:
1658:"Imaging of Hip Pain: From Radiography to Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques"
1577:
1514:
1464:
1415:
1191:
1115:
1398:
540:
503:
415:
106:
2939:
2930:
2913:
2730:
2677:
2627:
2601:
2518:
2461:
2410:
2353:
2299:
2250:
2203:
2159:
2107:
2056:
2001:
1943:
1888:
1853:
1804:
1763:
1701:
1674:
1642:
1585:
1423:
1355:
1319:
1278:
1229:
1199:
1133:
1065:
989:
935:
892:
853:
799:
758:
687:
Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is the one marked in header.
1737:
188:
1624:
457:
147:
1347:
868:
2893:
2648:
Hessel, Joy A. (May 2014). "Femoroacetabular impingement in athletes".
1407:
423:
1984:
1880:
740:
134:(hip socket). In most cases, patients present with a deformity in the
2701:"Femoroacetabular impingement: a cause for osteoarthritis of the hip"
2485:"Surgery for treating hip impingement (femoroacetabular impingement)"
1092:"Femoroacetabular impingement: a review of diagnosis and management"
820:"Femoroacetabular impingement: a review of diagnosis and management"
1909:
127:
1381:
2823:"Reds catcher Devin Mesoraco holding off on hip surgery for now"
430:
The diagnosis is often made in conjunction with a labral tear.
1924:
Arthroscopy: The
Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery
411:
126:
FAI is characterized by abnormal contact between the proximal
2797:"Hip issue lands struggling Cardinals reliever Holland on DL"
319:
287:
233:
1090:
Banerjee, Purnajyoti; Mclean, Christopher R. (March 2011).
340:
Femoral head-neck offset related to femoral head diameter
531:, avoidance of those activities that produce pain, and
1613:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1386:
The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
2771:"Hiljemark måste opereras - blir borta i tre månader"
1783:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
1298:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
547:, particularly for those who wish to avoid surgery.
2889:"Isaiah Thomas Ruled Out for Remainder of Playoffs"
242:The superior-lateral coverage of the femoral head.
71:
39:
34:
1499:. Brown, Sara D. (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia.
306:Borderline: 69° to 82° in men, 51° to 56° in women
1497:Examination of orthopedic & athletic injuries
2590:International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
1720:Fa, Liangguo; Wang, Qing; Ma, Xiangxing (2014).
1292:Beck M, Kalhor M, Leunig M, Ganz R (July 2005).
1085:
1083:
346:less indicates high risk of cam type impingement
398:<-6° is a risk factor for pincer impingement
1912:Dynamic motion simulation for hip impingement.
609:Notable persons who have had hip impingement:
508:Loose body in the joint (intra-articular body)
372:<0° is a risk factor for pincer impingement
1715:
1713:
1711:
1016:International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
8:
2753:"Surgery now, flexibility later for Banner"
2489:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1531:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1096:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
824:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
309:Pathological: ≥83° in men and ≥57° in women
2705:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1824:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1535:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1527:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1477:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1445:Prentice, William E. (November 21, 2016).
1249:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1243:Leunig M, Beaulé PE, Ganz R (March 2009).
51:
31:
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2508:
2392:
2281:
2149:
1983:
1843:
1794:
1753:
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1673:
1632:
1567:
1397:
1309:
1268:
1123:
843:
789:
748:
695:
693:
2535:Algarni, Abdulrahman D. (July 1, 2013).
723:Pun S, Kumar D, Lane NE (January 2015).
395:>12° is a risk factor for instability
369:>10° is a risk factor for instability
209:
200:Radiograph of a pincer type impingement.
195:
187:
2326:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2176:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
869:"What is femoroacetabular impingement?"
867:Agricola R, Weinans H (February 2016).
712:
680:
2912:Lewis CL, Sahrmann SA (January 2006).
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2530:
2528:
2319:
2317:
1520:
1490:
1488:
1470:
1336:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
1172:Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review
1165:
1163:
916:Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review
211:Measurements of impingement on X-ray.
2124:Nasser, Rima; Domb, Benjamin (2018).
2119:
2117:
2021:
2019:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1726:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
1375:
1373:
1211:
1209:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1009:
1007:
192:Radiograph of a cam type impingement.
7:
1449:(Sixteenth ed.). New York, NY.
1039:
1037:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
818:Banerjee P, McLean CR (March 2011).
813:
811:
809:
718:
716:
533:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2854:Marston, Robert (January 2, 2018).
1046:Radiologic Clinics of North America
2954:Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)
2714:10.1097/01.blo.0000096804.78689.c2
2434:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2381:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2270:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2029:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1964:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1556:British Journal of Sports Medicine
873:British Journal of Sports Medicine
303:Normal: ≤68° in men, ≤50° in women
25:
2541:Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine
970:The Physician and Sportsmedicine
382:
356:
326:Measured in cross-lateral view.
263:
1910:http://www.clinicalgraphics.com
1869:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
1662:Radiology Research and Practice
2501:10.1002/14651858.CD010796.pub2
725:"Femoroacetabular impingement"
277:Higher is significant crossing
253:>40° indicates overcoverage
18:Femoral acetabular impingement
1:
1495:Starkey, Chad, 1959- (2015).
982:10.1080/00913847.2018.1436844
496:anterior inferior iliac spine
2662:10.1097/NOR.0000000000000045
2656:(3): 137–139, quiz 140–141.
2446:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094414
2394:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096618
2283:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096618
2243:10.1016/j.arthro.2010.09.011
2041:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098059
1976:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093792
1936:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.06.001
1796:10.1302/0301-620X.84B4.12014
1569:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097839
1311:10.1302/0301-620X.87B7.15203
1184:10.1097/JSA.0000000000000126
928:10.1097/jsa.0000000000000126
885:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094766
729:Arthritis & Rheumatology
670:, American basketball player
574:randomized controlled trials
230:Center-edge angle of Wiberg
84:Femoroacetabular impingement
35:Femoroacetabular impingement
1028:10.1016/j.ijosm.2011.09.003
294:Measured in 45° Dunn view.
2996:
2142:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170041
2092:10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.02.004
772:Dooley PJ (January 2008).
664:, American baseball player
646:, American baseball player
640:, American baseball player
634:, American baseball player
486:Femoral head osteonecrosis
250:<24° (>55 years old)
247:>20° (<55 years old)
2914:"Acetabular labral tears"
2080:Physical Therapy in Sport
1836:10.1007/s11999-011-1945-4
1261:10.1007/s11999-008-0646-0
1218:American Family Physician
1108:10.1007/s12178-011-9073-z
1058:10.1016/j.rcl.2018.06.009
836:10.1007/s12178-011-9073-z
778:Canadian Family Physician
318:
316:Femoral head-neck offset
66:
50:
2554:10.4103/1319-6308.123370
2338:10.1177/0363546517749475
2188:10.1177/0363546515590400
622:, American figure skater
205:Projectional radiography
44:Hip impingement syndrome
1399:10.2519/jospt.2018.7816
652:, British tennis player
448:Labral tear without FAI
2602:10.26603/ijspt20190514
535:. It may also include
434:Differential Diagnosis
324:
292:
238:
201:
193:
1738:10.3892/etm.2014.2009
323:
291:
237:
199:
191:
92:ball and socket joint
2931:10.1093/ptj/86.1.110
1675:10.1155/2016/6369237
1625:10.2106/JBJS.H.00756
628:, Swedish footballer
379:Caput-sourcil angle
1348:10.2214/AJR.12.8546
658:, Australian golfer
443:Piriformis syndrome
212:
2975:Skeletal disorders
2650:Orthopedic Nursing
2130:EFORT Open Reviews
2126:"Bone & Joint"
1619:(Suppl 4): 47–66.
337:Offset percentage
325:
293:
239:
210:
202:
194:
113:Signs and symptoms
1970:(14): 1073–1074.
1930:(10): 1135–1145.
1881:10.1002/jor.20309
1506:978-0-8036-3918-8
1456:978-1-259-82400-5
741:10.1002/art.38887
463:Athletic pubalgia
404:
403:
81:
80:
60:
29:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2987:
2943:
2933:
2918:Physical Therapy
2899:
2898:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2716:
2707:(417): 112–120.
2696:
2690:
2689:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2396:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2285:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2182:(9): 2138–2145.
2170:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2023:
2014:
2013:
1987:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1732:(6): 1934–1938.
1717:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1677:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1571:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1526:
1518:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1401:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1167:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1011:
1002:
1001:
965:
940:
939:
911:
905:
904:
864:
858:
857:
847:
815:
804:
803:
793:
769:
763:
762:
752:
720:
700:
697:
688:
685:
537:joint injections
529:physical therapy
407:Other modalities
386:
360:
267:
213:
62:
61:
32:
21:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2965:
2964:
2950:
2911:
2908:
2906:Further reading
2903:
2902:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2775:fotbollskanalen
2769:
2768:
2764:
2757:USCFootball.com
2751:
2750:
2746:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2647:
2646:
2635:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2495:(9): CD010796.
2482:
2481:
2477:
2440:(12): 819–824.
2431:
2430:
2426:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2025:
2024:
2017:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1830:(11): 3229–40.
1817:
1816:
1812:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1519:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1469:
1457:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1224:(12): 1429–34.
1215:
1214:
1207:
1169:
1168:
1141:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1013:
1012:
1005:
967:
966:
943:
913:
912:
908:
866:
865:
861:
817:
816:
807:
771:
770:
766:
722:
721:
714:
709:
704:
703:
698:
691:
686:
682:
677:
626:Oscar Hiljemark
607:
594:
582:
545:hyaluronic acid
524:
515:
481:Stress fracture
436:
409:
260:Crossing ratio
186:
172:
163:
130:and rim of the
124:
115:
52:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2948:External links
2946:
2945:
2944:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2880:
2846:
2828:
2825:. May 5, 2015.
2814:
2803:. May 26, 2018
2788:
2762:
2744:
2691:
2633:
2596:(4): 514–524.
2576:
2524:
2475:
2424:
2387:(7): 572–579.
2367:
2332:(2): 488–500.
2313:
2276:(7): 572–579.
2256:
2217:
2165:
2136:(4): 121–129.
2113:
2070:
2035:(9): 552–553.
2015:
1949:
1914:
1902:
1859:
1810:
1769:
1707:
1648:
1599:
1562:(9): 566–580.
1542:
1505:
1484:
1455:
1437:
1392:(4): 230–238.
1369:
1325:
1284:
1235:
1205:
1178:(4): e53–e58.
1139:
1079:
1052:(6): 965–982.
1033:
1003:
976:(2): 139–144.
941:
922:(4): e53–e58.
906:
859:
805:
764:
711:
710:
708:
705:
702:
701:
689:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
665:
662:Alex Rodriguez
659:
653:
647:
644:Charlie Morton
641:
638:Devin Mesoraco
635:
629:
623:
617:
606:
603:
593:
590:
581:
578:
523:
520:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
488:
483:
478:
474:or illiopsoas
468:Gluteus medius
465:
460:
455:
449:
446:
435:
432:
408:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
396:
390:
387:
380:
376:
375:
374:
373:
370:
364:
361:
354:
350:
349:
348:
347:
341:
338:
334:
333:
330:
327:
317:
313:
312:
311:
310:
307:
304:
299:
295:
285:
281:
280:
279:
278:
272:
268:
261:
257:
256:
255:
254:
251:
248:
243:
240:
231:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
185:
182:
171:
168:
162:
159:
155:osteoarthritis
123:
120:
114:
111:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
48:
47:
41:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2992:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2924:(1): 110–21.
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:The Telegraph
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:(2): 252–69.
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:(1): 122–31.
1874:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1789:(4): 556–60.
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:(2): 389–95.
1341:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1304:(7): 1012–8.
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:(3): 616–22.
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
863:
860:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
810:
806:
801:
797:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
768:
765:
760:
756:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
717:
713:
706:
696:
694:
690:
684:
681:
674:
669:
668:Isaiah Thomas
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:Michelle Kwan
618:
615:
612:
611:
610:
604:
602:
598:
591:
589:
586:
579:
577:
575:
570:
567:
563:
561:
556:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
521:
519:
512:
507:
505:
501:
500:ischiofemoral
497:
493:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:muscle strain
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
439:
433:
431:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
406:
397:
394:
393:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
377:
371:
368:
367:
365:
362:
359:
355:
353:Tönnis angle
352:
351:
345:
344:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
322:
315:
314:
308:
305:
302:
301:
300:
296:
290:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
258:
252:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
236:
232:
229:
228:
225:Normal value
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
208:
206:
198:
190:
183:
181:
178:
169:
167:
160:
158:
156:
151:
149:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
119:
112:
110:
108:
105:
101:
98:contacts the
97:
93:
89:
85:
76:
74:
70:
65:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2980:Rheumatology
2956:on OrthoInfo
2921:
2917:
2892:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2859:
2849:
2841:TribLIVE.com
2840:
2831:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2777:(in Swedish)
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2704:
2694:
2653:
2649:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2544:
2540:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2329:
2325:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2133:
2129:
2086:(2): 82–90.
2083:
2079:
2073:
2032:
2028:
1967:
1963:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1729:
1725:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1496:
1446:
1440:
1389:
1385:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1175:
1171:
1102:(1): 23–32.
1099:
1095:
1049:
1045:
1019:
1015:
973:
969:
919:
915:
909:
879:(4): 196–7.
876:
872:
862:
830:(1): 23–32.
827:
823:
781:
777:
767:
735:(1): 17–27.
732:
728:
683:
632:Greg Holland
608:
599:
595:
587:
583:
580:Epidemiology
571:
568:
564:
560:arthroscopic
557:
553:
549:
525:
516:
494:, including
492:impingements
476:tendinopathy
437:
429:
410:
284:Alpha angle
203:
173:
164:
152:
145:
139:
136:femoral head
125:
116:
96:femoral head
87:
83:
82:
43:
26:
2873:January 19,
2807:January 19,
2781:October 28,
2231:Arthroscopy
1408:1765/105591
784:(1): 42–7.
656:Greg Norman
650:Andy Murray
614:Zach Banner
572:Long term,
216:Measurement
40:Other names
2969:Categories
1985:2263/42041
707:References
513:Prevention
420:arthrogram
392:−6 to 12°
332:>10 mm
132:acetabulum
100:acetabulum
77:Orthopedic
2868:0307-1235
2723:0009-921X
2670:1542-538X
2610:2159-2896
2563:1319-6308
2547:(2): 63.
2454:0306-3674
2403:0306-3674
2346:0363-5465
2292:1473-0480
2196:1552-3365
2100:1873-1600
2049:1473-0480
1994:1473-0480
1746:1792-0981
1684:2090-1941
1578:0306-3674
1523:cite book
1515:893974504
1473:cite book
1465:953984958
1416:1938-1344
1192:1538-1951
1116:1935-973X
1022:: 22–27.
541:cortisone
522:Treatment
504:iliopsoas
445:or strain
416:cartilage
366:0 to 10°
343:>0.18
170:Diagnosis
107:cartilage
73:Specialty
2940:16386066
2837:"/ccpa/"
2739:37330685
2731:14646708
2686:22837401
2678:24845836
2628:31440404
2571:72759055
2519:25198064
2510:11166468
2462:25841163
2419:11254041
2411:27845683
2362:25695274
2354:29373805
2308:11254041
2300:27845683
2251:21266276
2204:26180260
2160:29780619
2108:24629576
2057:28935688
2002:24858362
1944:19028166
1897:26697099
1889:17054112
1854:21761254
1805:12043778
1764:25371759
1702:26885391
1668:: 1–15.
1643:18984718
1586:29439949
1424:29548271
1364:35426349
1356:23345362
1320:15972923
1279:19082681
1230:20000305
1200:27811519
1134:21475562
1074:53191134
1066:30322493
998:46857494
990:29406812
936:27811519
901:12149232
893:26130699
854:21475562
800:18208954
759:25308887
458:Sciatica
452:Adductor
438:Source:
274:<20%
148:camshaft
2894:NBA.com
2801:AP NEWS
2619:6670054
2470:5811818
2212:1172435
2151:5941972
2065:4817032
2010:7104674
1845:3183218
1755:4218684
1693:4738697
1634:2682767
1594:4859307
1432:4528621
1270:2635437
1125:3070009
845:3070009
791:2293316
750:4280287
605:Society
592:History
472:minimus
161:Anatomy
2938:
2866:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2684:
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2668:
2626:
2616:
2608:
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2561:
2517:
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2460:
2452:
2417:
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2306:
2298:
2290:
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2210:
2202:
2194:
2158:
2148:
2106:
2098:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1942:
1895:
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1354:
1318:
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1190:
1132:
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1072:
1064:
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934:
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852:
842:
798:
788:
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490:Other
222:Target
177:FADDIR
104:labral
2735:S2CID
2682:S2CID
2567:S2CID
2466:S2CID
2415:S2CID
2358:S2CID
2304:S2CID
2208:S2CID
2061:S2CID
2006:S2CID
1893:S2CID
1590:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1360:S2CID
1070:S2CID
994:S2CID
897:S2CID
675:Notes
539:with
219:Image
184:X-ray
128:femur
122:Cause
2936:PMID
2875:2019
2864:ISSN
2809:2019
2783:2019
2727:PMID
2719:ISSN
2674:PMID
2666:ISSN
2624:PMID
2606:ISSN
2559:ISSN
2515:PMID
2458:PMID
2450:ISSN
2407:PMID
2399:ISSN
2350:PMID
2342:ISSN
2296:PMID
2288:ISSN
2247:PMID
2200:PMID
2192:ISSN
2156:PMID
2104:PMID
2096:ISSN
2053:PMID
2045:ISSN
1998:PMID
1990:ISSN
1940:PMID
1885:PMID
1850:PMID
1801:PMID
1760:PMID
1742:ISSN
1698:PMID
1680:ISSN
1666:2016
1639:PMID
1582:PMID
1574:ISSN
1537:link
1533:link
1529:link
1511:OCLC
1501:ISBN
1479:link
1461:OCLC
1451:ISBN
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1352:PMID
1316:PMID
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1226:PMID
1196:PMID
1188:ISSN
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1062:PMID
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2926:doi
2709:doi
2658:doi
2614:PMC
2598:doi
2549:doi
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2389:doi
2334:doi
2278:doi
2239:doi
2184:doi
2146:PMC
2138:doi
2088:doi
2037:doi
1980:hdl
1972:doi
1932:doi
1877:doi
1840:PMC
1832:doi
1828:469
1791:doi
1750:PMC
1734:doi
1688:PMC
1670:doi
1629:PMC
1621:doi
1564:doi
1404:hdl
1394:doi
1344:doi
1340:200
1306:doi
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1257:doi
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1180:doi
1120:PMC
1104:doi
1054:doi
1024:doi
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