1487:
1684:
2217:
2203:
51:
679:
1660:
1647:
1672:
1514:, as well as in modern birds and mammals, being associated with the loss of the primitive sprawling gait. The lesser trochanter is a unique development of mammals, which lack both the internal and fourth trochanters. The adductor crest is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to a series of creases along the surface of the bone. Structures analogous to the
2191:
988:
1000:
750:
742:
476:
1575:
A recent study revealed that bone is a much richer source of persistent DNA viruses than earlier perceived. Besides
Parvovirus 19 and hepatitis B virus, ten additional ones were discovered, namely several members of the herpes- and polyomavirus families, as well as human papillomavirus 31 and torque
788:
is the longer and, when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane. The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the
659:
located. The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercle, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a small anatomical study it was shown that the
690:
is large, thick and almost cylindrical in form. It is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the
726:
is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity. When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge. A structure of minor importance in humans, the incidence of the third
636:
is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on the medial surface of the greater trochanter. The lesser trochanter is a cone-shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck. The two trochanters are joined by the
1696:
1602:. The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy; the term "femur" simply has been adopted by analogy and refers, where applicable, to the most proximal of (usually) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the
63:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1703:
1486:
569:. The neck is 4â5 cm. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle. The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. In the
1700:
2133:
Toppinen, Mari; Pratas, Diogo; Väisänen, Elina; SÜderlund-Venermo, Maria; Hedman, Klaus; Perdomo, Maria F.; Sajantila, Antti (2020). "The landscape of persistent human DNA viruses in femoral bone".
776:
Anteriorly, the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface. Posteriorly, they project considerably and a deep notch, the
769:
is the shortest femoral extremity. It is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). It consists of two oblong eminences known as the
648:
A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the
812:
The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior, inferior, and posterior surfaces of the condyles. Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the
789:
long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medialward. Their opposed surfaces are small, rough, and concave, and form the walls of the
1510:. The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms, reflecting a simple attachment to the acetabulum. The greater trochanter was present in the extinct
1543:, an extinct family of whales with well-defined femurs, lower legs and feet. Occasionally, the genes that code for longer extremities cause a modern whale to develop miniature legs (
1537:, a vestigial pelvis and femur remnant which is not connected to the rest of the skeleton, plays a role in mating. This role in mating is hypothesized to have possibly occurred in
426:
The femur is the largest and thickest bone in the human body. By some tested measures, it is also the strongest bone in the human body, whereas other strength tests show the
1851:
2090:
Bejder, Lars; Hall, Brian K. (2002). "Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss".
1816:
Feldesman, M.R., J.G. Kleckner, and J.K. Lundy. (November 1990). "The femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid-and late-Pleistocene fossil hominids".
2251:
1699:
225:
920:
As the femur is the only bone in the thigh, it serves as an attachment point for all the muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints. Some
1683:
972:
2033:
2008:
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201:
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and adjacent structures. The upper extremity is the thinnest femoral extremity, the lower extremity is the thickest femoral extremity.
628:
prominent of the femur. The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the
2244:
695:
which diverges proximally and distal as the medial and lateral ridge. Proximally the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the
430:
to be the strongest bone. The femur length on average is 26.74% of a person's height, a ratio found in both men and women and most
2756:
2417:
1392:
1359:
844:
2422:
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trochanter varies from 17â72% between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males.
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220:
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muscles â also originate from the femur. In all, 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur.
2051:"The Bones, Articulations, and Muscles of the Rudimentary Hind-Limb of the Greenland Right-Whale (Balaena mysticetus)"
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798:
123:
1952:"The occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation to certain anthropometric parameters of the human femur"
2402:
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and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the medial.
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fits into a socket in the pelvis called the hip joint, and the bottom of the femur connects to the shinbone (
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Bolanowski, Wojciech; Ĺmiszkiewicz-Skwarska, Alicja; Polguj, MichaĹ; JÄdrzejewski, Kazimierz S (2005).
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are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The
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1591:
1379:
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About the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the
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is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The
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943:, each containing muscles. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and are separated by tough
901:
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The transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the
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because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject's height from an incomplete
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362:) to form the knee. In humans the femur is the largest and thickest bone in the body.
107:
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joint is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the
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the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is
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In primitive tetrapods, the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the
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797:, and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface. The
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and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head of the
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reduced to 120 degrees on average. An abnormal increase in the angle is known as
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1506:, and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as the
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1464:. Femur fractures can be managed in a pre-hospital setting with the use of a
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390:. The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the
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which is smaller and less prominent than the medial, gives attachment to the
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1908:"Third trochanter incidence and metric trait covariation in the human femur"
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laterally rotated, the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance
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624:, are found. The greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the most
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987:
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461:(extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee.
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159:
1995:
Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001).
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Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001).
238:
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Lozanoff, Scott; Sciulli, Paul W; Schneider, Kim N (December 1985).
2028:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 204â205.
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62:
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881:; formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development.
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707:. These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces: One
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328:
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155:
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to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall.
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802:
585:. Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the
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336:
149:
2233:
1456:
immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a
1491:
935:
In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate
332:
308:
271:
265:
134:
1550:
One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the
765:(or distal extremity) is the thickest femoral extremity, the
703:. Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes; a
816:; it presents a median groove which extends downward to the
311:
302:
1984:
Gilbert, Scott F. "Developmental
Biology". 9th ed., 2010
1983:
835:
of the knee-joint is attached. At its upper part is the
1374:
Lower 1/4 of anterior femur deep to vastus intermedius
398:, causing their femora to converge more than in males.
2003:] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 364â367.
1795:] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 239â241.
1606:. The two basal segments preceding the femur are the
483:
of right femur viewed from behind and above, showing
415:. In the general population of people without either
299:
262:
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2024:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
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129:
99:
77:
72:
43:
423:, the femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees.
1945:
1943:
1518:are present in mammals, including some primates.
745:Lower extremity of right femur viewed from below.
632:. The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The
434:with only restricted variation, and is useful in
1478:Evolution of cetaceans § Skeletal evolution
823:Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation, the
1533:femurs. In some snakes the protruding end of a
664:passes directly through the quadrate tubercle.
793:. This fossa is limited above by a ridge, the
711:, one medial and one lateral. Due to the vast
2245:
8:
1850:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
884:By the sixth week of development, the first
557:. The head of the femur is connected to the
331:â the region of the lower limb between the
2611:
2465:
2277:
2252:
2238:
2230:
1012:
959:supply, and contains a different group of
951:). Each of these compartments has its own
61:
49:
2154:
2066:
1923:
1882:
1818:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1529:, and other non-walking vertebrates have
2135:Forensic Science International: Genetics
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
998:
986:
873:as a result of interactions between the
831:is a large convex eminence to which the
757:from behind, showing interior ligaments.
699:while the medial ridge continues as the
474:
370:The femur is the only bone in the upper
1720:
1641:
1843:
236:
40:
1634:, connects the trochanter and femur.
1614:. This convention is not followed in
7:
1867:"The Quadrate Tubercle of the Femur"
581:and an abnormal reduction is called
506:or proximal extremity (close to the
2001:Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus
1793:Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus
1308:Front and lateral surface of femur
963:. These compartments are named the
924:â which cross two joints, like the
343:the femur is the upper bone of the
280:
1460:, especially when associated with
25:
2055:Journal of Anatomy and Physiology
382:, where they articulate with the
2215:
2201:
2189:
2104:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2002.02033.x
2049:Struthers, John (January 1881).
1694:
1689:Distribution forces of the femur
1682:
1677:Muscles of thigh. Cross section.
1670:
1658:
1644:
888:model of the femur is formed by
292:
255:
55:Position of femur (shown in red)
1665:Muscles of thigh. Lateral view.
780:, is present between them. The
573:it is about 150 degrees and in
1734:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
982:
973:posterior fascial compartments
445:The femur is categorised as a
1:
2220:The dictionary definition of
2206:The dictionary definition of
1865:Sunderland S (January 1938).
394:. Human females have thicker
2147:10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102353
869:The femur develops from the
778:Intercondylar fossa of femur
763:lower extremity of the femur
688:body of the femur (or shaft)
641:on the back side and by the
593:. In skinny people with the
545:. It has a small groove, or
541:, comprises two-thirds of a
2092:Evolution & Development
849:fibular collateral ligament
799:posterior cruciate ligament
67:Left femur seen from behind
2778:
1583:
1475:
1429:
862:
833:tibial collateral ligament
807:anterior cruciate ligament
734:
671:
468:
374:. The two femurs converge
178:os femoris, os longissimum
29:
1754:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1301:Vastus intermedius muscle
1200:Obturator externus muscle
1148:Obturator internus muscle
912:development by 1â2 days.
896:begins by the end of the
894:Endochondral ossification
705:lateral and medial border
231:
60:
48:
1997:BevĂŚgeapparatets anatomi
1789:BevĂŚgeapparatets anatomi
1185:Quadratus femoris muscle
1164:Gemellus inferior muscle
1127:Gemellus superior muscle
908:development lags behind
737:Lower extremity of femur
713:musculature of the thigh
589:and can not be directly
549:, connected through the
471:Upper extremity of femur
233:Anatomical terms of bone
30:Not to be confused with
2757:Bones of the lower limb
2329:intertrochanteric crest
1830:10.1002/ajpa.1330830309
1472:Diversity among animals
1367:Articularis genu muscle
1282:Vastus lateralis muscle
1193:Intertrochanteric crest
639:intertrochanteric crest
2361:intertrochanteric line
2324:intertrochanteric line
1495:
1323:intertrochanteric line
1314:Vastus medialis muscle
1262:Adductor magnus muscle
1246:Adductor brevis muscle
1230:Adductor longus muscle
1175:'s tendon (indirectly
1138:'s tendon (indirectly
1095:Gluteus minimus muscle
1064:Gluteus maximus muscle
1006:
994:
758:
746:
683:
643:intertrochanteric line
499:
1630:another segment, the
1489:
1421:Clinical significance
1292:and lateral ridge of
1118:Superior boundary of
1079:Gluteus medius muscle
1002:
993:(seen from the front)
990:
752:
744:
715:the shaft can not be
681:
478:
120:lateral rotator group
36:FEMA (disambiguation)
32:Fima (disambiguation)
2545:Posterior colliculus
2198:at Wikimedia Commons
1592:invertebrate zoology
1380:Gastrocnemius muscle
1325:and medial ridge of
1005:(seen from the back)
937:fascial compartments
902:ossification centers
818:intercondyloid fossa
791:intercondyloid fossa
652:(or quadrate line).
553:to the sides of the
392:femoral-tibial angle
124:adductors of the hip
2540:Anterior colliculus
2447:intercondylar fossa
2026:The Vertebrate Body
1500:internal trochanter
1086:Lateral surface of
1003:Muscle attachments
991:Muscle attachments
922:biarticular muscles
877:and the underlying
795:intercondyloid line
341:four-legged animals
2634:calcaneal tubercle
2629:sustentaculum tali
2498:intercondylar area
2379:gluteal tuberosity
2366:upper intermediate
2307:greater trochanter
1737:. Merriam-Webster.
1618:but it applies in
1571:Viral metagenomics
1496:
1454:shaft of the femur
1444:that involves the
1393:lateral epicondyle
1360:lateral epicondyle
1290:Greater trochanter
1208:Trochanteric fossa
1177:greater trochanter
1173:obturator internus
1157:greater trochanter
1155:Medial surface of
1140:greater trochanter
1136:obturator internus
1120:greater trochanter
1104:greater trochanter
1088:greater trochanter
1072:Gluteal tuberosity
1049:Psoas major muscle
1007:
995:
979:Muscle attachments
845:lateral epicondyle
759:
747:
697:gluteal tuberosity
684:
634:trochanteric fossa
500:
94:vastus intermedius
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2574:lateral malleolus
2560:
2559:
2455:
2454:
2403:adductor tubercle
2334:quadrate tubercle
2319:lesser trochanter
2194:Media related to
2035:978-0-03-910284-5
2010:978-87-628-0307-7
1802:978-87-628-0307-7
1704:
1418:
1417:
1389:adductor tubercle
1342:Lateral ridge of
1275:adductor tubercle
1111:Piriformis muscle
1057:Lesser trochanter
1042:Lesser trochanter
1011:
1010:
945:connective tissue
886:hyaline cartilage
837:adductor tubercle
829:medial epicondyle
682:The femur details
657:quadrate tubercle
622:lesser trochanter
610:hip joint capsule
527:head of the femur
497:lesser trochanter
401:In the condition
247:
246:
242:
16:(Redirected from
2769:
2612:
2535:medial malleolus
2476:Gerdy's tubercle
2466:
2408:patellar surface
2383:third trochanter
2278:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2219:
2205:
2193:
2177:
2176:
2158:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2061:(Pt 2): i1â176.
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2021:
2015:
2014:
1992:
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1877:(Pt 2): 309â12.
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1638:Additional media
1561:lobe-finned fish
1521:Some species of
1516:third trochanter
1504:third trochanter
1442:femoral fracture
1436:femoral fracture
1404:Plantaris muscle
1397:popliteal facies
1351:Popliteus muscle
1269:Medial ridge of
1253:Medial ridge of
1237:Medial ridge of
1215:Pectineus muscle
1013:
983:
898:embryonic period
865:Limb development
724:third trochanter
555:acetabular notch
449:and comprises a
413:(bow-leggedness)
352:top of the femur
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239:edit on Wikidata
86:vastus lateralis
65:
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2528:lower extremity
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2469:upper extremity
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2395:lower extremity
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2282:upper extremity
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1321:Distal part of
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1540:Basilosauridae
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735:Main article:
732:
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701:pectineal line
672:Main article:
669:
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650:linea quadrata
645:on the front.
603:femoral artery
551:round ligament
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1586:Arthropod leg
1580:Invertebrates
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82:Gastrocnemius
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2666:intermediate
2480:
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2357:upper medial
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2352:linea aspera
2272:
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2156:10138/332288
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2019:
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1821:
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1595:
1589:
1576:teno virus.
1574:
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1499:
1497:
1462:osteoporosis
1458:hip fracture
1450:femoral neck
1446:femoral head
1439:
1432:Hip fracture
1396:
1344:linea aspera
1327:linea aspera
1294:linea aspera
1271:linea aspera
1255:linea aspera
1239:linea aspera
1026:
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1016:
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890:chondrocytes
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436:anthropology
425:
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406:(knock knee)
403:
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396:pelvic bones
386:ends of the
369:
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202:A02.5.04.001
177:
148:
133:
18:Femoral bone
2683:Metatarsals
2519:soleal line
2413:epicondyles
1918:: 149â159.
1620:arachnology
1616:carcinology
1598:appears in
1558:prehistoric
1535:pelvic spur
1391:, over the
1387:Behind the
939:divided by
859:Development
614:trochanters
539:pelvic bone
531:articulates
520:trochanters
417:genu valgum
404:genu valgum
378:toward the
167:Identifiers
2762:Long bones
2746:Categories
2514:tuberosity
2141:: 102353.
1715:References
1624:entomology
1612:trochanter
1604:arthropoda
1512:archosaurs
1490:Femora of
1476:See also:
1358:Under the
1027:Attachment
853:knee-joint
825:epicondyle
755:knee joint
731:Lower part
579:coxa valga
535:acetabulum
518:, the two
491:, and the
465:Upper part
457:) and two
453:(shaft or
421:genu varum
411:genu varum
339:. In many
321:thigh bone
162:inferiorly
146:superiorly
140:acetabulum
100:Insertions
27:Thigh bone
2727:Phalanges
2656:cuneiform
2646:navicular
2624:calcaneus
2265:human leg
2223:thighbone
2173:220582800
1594:the name
1563:from the
1531:vestigial
1426:Fractures
1411:Over the
1266:Insertion
1250:Insertion
1234:Insertion
1219:Insertion
1204:Insertion
1189:Insertion
1168:Insertion
1152:Insertion
1131:Insertion
1115:Insertion
1099:Insertion
1083:Insertion
1068:Insertion
1053:Insertion
1038:Insertion
1022:Direction
930:plantaris
871:limb buds
630:hip joint
583:coxa vara
533:with the
459:epiphyses
451:diaphysis
447:long bone
366:Structure
154:with the
116:iliopsoas
2481:condyles
2430:condyles
2381: /
2165:32668397
2112:12492145
2077:17231384
1971:16228951
1893:17104699
1749:"femora"
1729:"femora"
1653:3D image
1632:prefemur
1567:period.
1395:and the
1273:and the
965:anterior
916:Function
910:forelimb
906:hindlimb
879:mesoderm
875:ectoderm
771:condyles
717:palpated
709:anterior
599:profound
591:palpated
529:, which
440:skeleton
384:proximal
376:medially
335:and the
2671:lateral
2590:patella
2486:lateral
2435:lateral
2418:lateral
2263:of the
2120:8448387
2068:1310010
1934:3870721
1925:1166433
1884:1252427
1871:J. Anat
1838:2252082
1545:atavism
1494:chicks.
1452:or the
961:muscles
851:of the
814:patella
801:of the
626:lateral
618:greater
575:old age
537:of the
493:greater
360:patella
345:hindleg
327:in the
190:D005269
160:patella
78:Origins
73:Details
2661:medial
2651:cuboid
2616:Tarsus
2566:Fibula
2491:medial
2440:medial
2423:medial
2171:
2163:
2118:
2110:
2075:
2065:
2032:
2007:
1969:
1932:
1922:
1912:J Anat
1891:
1881:
1836:
1799:
1527:snakes
1523:whales
1480:, and
1408:Origin
1384:Origin
1371:Origin
1355:Origin
1339:Origin
1318:Origin
1305:Origin
1286:Origin
1017:Muscle
969:medial
941:fascia
843:. The
827:. The
571:infant
567:collum
543:sphere
388:tibiae
319:), or
289:femora
285:femurs
144:pelvis
2752:Femur
2720:Other
2641:talus
2583:Other
2507:shaft
2461:Tibia
2344:shaft
2312:fossa
2295:fovea
2273:Femur
2261:Bones
2209:Femur
2196:Femur
2169:S2CID
2116:S2CID
1999:[
1955:(PDF)
1791:[
1626:. In
1596:femur
957:nerve
953:blood
949:septa
753:Left
595:thigh
559:shaft
547:fovea
508:torso
504:upper
380:knees
356:tibia
329:thigh
251:femur
237:[
173:Latin
156:tibia
44:Femur
2607:Foot
2595:apex
2302:neck
2290:head
2161:PMID
2108:PMID
2073:PMID
2030:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1967:PMID
1930:PMID
1889:PMID
1852:link
1834:PMID
1797:ISBN
1622:and
1610:and
1608:coxa
1556:, a
1502:and
1434:and
971:and
955:and
928:and
803:knee
761:The
722:The
686:The
668:Body
620:and
563:neck
525:The
516:neck
512:head
502:The
495:and
489:neck
485:head
479:The
455:body
350:The
337:knee
325:bone
249:The
226:9611
214:1360
197:TA98
185:MeSH
158:and
150:knee
92:and
2711:5th
2706:4th
2701:3rd
2696:2nd
2691:1st
2151:hdl
2143:doi
2100:doi
2063:PMC
1920:PMC
1916:143
1879:PMC
1826:doi
1590:In
1547:).
1492:Moa
565:or
419:or
372:leg
333:hip
287:or
281:pl.
221:FMA
209:TA2
142:of
135:Hip
34:or
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