127:, or acetabulum, a poorly positioned femoral-acetabular junction, or any or all of the foregoing. The cause of FAI is currently unknown, but both congenital and acquired etiologies have been put forth. Studies have shown an increased incidence in siblings, suggesting a genetic component. At least one study has also shown a predilection in the white population. It has also been reported to be more common in males. However, there is no concrete evidence to suggest a genetic trait and instead, the most favored theory currently supports that FAI (the cam type in particular) is due to repetitive movements involving the hip (
310:
278:
260:
acetabulum has been related with pincer type impingement. In radiography the presence of a "crossover sign" is produced when the posterior wall of the acetabulum crosses the anterior wall before reaching the acetabular roof. It is a sign of acetabular retroversion and it has been linked with overcoverage and pincer impingement. Nevertheless, this sign has been described in 6% of the normal population. Therefore, more important than its presence is the percentage of crossing.
186:
139:, which the shape of the femoral head and neck resembles). The second is due to an excess of growth of the upper lip of the acetabular cup and is known as a 'pincer' deformity. The third is a combination of the two, generally referred to as 'mixed.' The most common type seen, approximately 70% of the time, is the mixed type. A complicating issue is that some of the radiographic findings of FAI have also been described in asymptomatic subjects.
107:
reported to present in both an acute and more gradual manner. The pain is often significant enough to cause a decrease in activity level and movement. Some will also describe decreased range of motion of the affected hip. Another symptom is groin pain associated with activity and no prior history of trauma. Inability to perform activities such as high hip flexion or prolong sitting can also be seen in individuals with FAI.
347:
224:
373:
254:
178:
555:
approximately three to six months post-operative hip arthroscopy is when pain reduction and activities of daily life are improved. For sport function this timeline is about six months to a year. Failure of hip arthroscopy is more likely to fail in older patients, females, or those who have experienced the symptoms of FAI for a long period of time.
155:
extremity. The pelvic bone, also known as the innominate bone, is formed by three bones fused together: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The musculature of the hip is divided into anterior hip muscles and posterior hip muscles. The major nerve supply that runs through the hip joint is the femoral nerve and the sciatic nerve.
539:
Physical therapy is implemented for the purpose of improving joint mobility, strengthening muscles surrounding the joint, correcting posture, and treating any other muscle or joint deficits that may be exacerbating the condition. A movement analysis may also be performed to identify specific movement
506:
Prevention is currently being investigated. The goal of prevention would be to avoid joint damage and premature hip osteoarthritis. Studies are examining the effectiveness of screening adolescents in school and targeting at-risk individuals for education, physical therapy and decreasing participation
168:
test, should also be performed. It is positive when it causes pain. The FABER test should also be performed, this test involves flexing, abducting, and externally rotating the hip. The FABER test is useful when diagnosing concurrently with a labral pathology and is considered positive if the position
543:
Operative treatment is generally recommended to those who continue to have symptoms. It involves the surgical correction of any bony abnormalities causing the impingement and correction of any soft tissue lesions, such as labral tears. The primary aim of surgery is to correct the fit of the femoral
154:
The hip joint is classified as a ball and socket joint. This type of synovial joint allows for multidirectional movement and rotation. There are two bones that make up the hip joint and create an articulation between the femur and pelvis. This articulation connects the axial skeleton with the lower
106:
Pain is the most common complaint in those with FAI. It is experienced in a number of areas, making the diagnosis challenging, but commonly occurs in the groin, upper buttock/lower back, the buttock or beneath the buttock, side of the affected hip and posterior upper leg. Onset of symptoms has been
589:
While the true diagnosis of FAI can be considered a relatively recent discovery, reports of damage to the femoroaceatabular region date back over a century ago in the orthopedic realm of medicine. It was not until the development of an open surgical dislocation procedure was developed that FAI was
573:
There has been limited research on the prevalence of FAI among a general population according to a literature review by
Algarni. On the other hand, there are many sources that discuss the prevalence of athletes with the condition especially those that are younger and white. Hockey, tennis, soccer,
163:
Clinical evaluation is the first step in diagnosis, but will rarely lead to the diagnosis on its own, due to inconsistent and vague nature of the pain. Childhood and current activity should be inquired about. Physical exam should also involve assessing passive internal rotation of the hip during
554:
Outcomes of arthroscopic surgery are currently being studied, but have generally been positive. According to a 2019 meta-analysis, the risk of having surgery fail or need to be re-operated on is about 5.5% whereas the complication rate is 1.7%. Additionally, patient reported outcomes show that
286:
Degree of bulging of the femoral head-neck junction: In normal conditions there is a symmetric concave contour at the junction of the femoral head and neck. Loss of this concavity or bone bulging may lead to cam type impingement. The degree of this deformity can be measured by the alpha angle.
131:
squatting) in young athletes. Aggravating activities that are commonly reported include repetitive or prolonged squatting, twisting movements of the hip, like pivoting during athletics, getting in and out of cars, and even sitting for prolonged periods. A combination of these factors may also
259:
Percentage of acetabular walls crossing. Normal acetabulum is oriented in anteversion. Its value ranges from 15 to 20° in the equatorial plane of the acetabulum and decreases gradually towards the acetabular roof, where normal values range from 0 to 5°. Retroversion of the upper part of the
2015:
Casartelli, Nicola C.; Bizzini, Mario; Kemp, Joanne; Naal, Florian D.; Leunig, Michael; Maffiuletti, Nicola A. (May 2018). "What treatment options exist for patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome but without surgical indication?".
2162:
Bhatia, Sanjeev; Lee, Simon; Shewman, Elizabeth; Mather, Richard C.; Salata, Michael J.; Bush-Joseph, Charles A.; Nho, Shane J. (September 2015). "Effects of acetabular rim trimming on hip joint contact pressures: how much is too much?".
415:
is not usually used due to radiation exposure and no benefit above MRI. It is possible to perform dynamic simulation of hip motion with CT or MRI assisting to establish whether, where, and to what extent, impingement is occurring.
1322:
Chakraverty JK, Sullivan C, Gan C, Narayanaswamy S, Kamath S (February 2013). "Cam and pincer femoroacetabular impingement: CT findings of features resembling femoroacetabular impingement in a young population without symptoms".
590:
discovered as an anatomical difference and cause of osteoarthritis. Orthopedic surgeon Dr. Reinhold Ganz can be credited with this discovery in his 2003 publication that discussed the findings and relation to hip osteoarthritis.
515:
Treatment of FAI can be divided into those that are non-operative (conservative) and operative. Conservative treatment is often prescribed for those who have not yet received any therapy. Conservative treatment includes
98:(soft tissue, ring-shaped bumper of the socket), or both. The condition may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. It may cause osteoarthritis of the hip. Treatment options range from conservative management to surgery.
585:
FAI is a relatively recent discovery. Its original description is credited to orthopedic surgeon Dr. Reinhold Ganz, who first proposed the condition as a cause for hip osteoarthritis in a publication in 2003.
551:
method had surgical outcomes equal to or better than other methods with a lower rate of major complications when performed by experienced surgeons; consequently, the surgery is now rarely done open.
558:
When performed on elite athletes, most are able to return their previous level of competition. These athletes also have a higher rate of return to sport than recreational and collegiate athletes.
42:
544:
head and acetabulum to create a hip socket that reduces contact between the two, allowing a greater range of movement. This includes femoral head sculpting and/or trimming of the acetabular rim.
2313:
Minkara, Anas A.; Westermann, Robert W.; Rosneck, James; Lynch, T. Sean (February 2019). "Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of
Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy in Femoroacetabular Impingement".
574:
and equestrian are all sports where the prevalence of a femoral neck abnormalities are higher due to the nature of the sport to force athletes into forced, loaded flexion and internal rotation.
411:
had been used in the past, as it was more sensitive for picking up soft tissue lesions; however, due to improvement in technology, MRI is now considered comparable for picking up such lesions.
132:
predispose to a form of FAI; predominantly, a marginal developmental hip abnormality together with environmental factors such as recurrent motion of the legs within a supraphysiologic range.
2366:"Pain, activities of daily living and sport function at different time points after hip arthroscopy in patients with femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review with meta-analysis"
2255:"Pain, activities of daily living and sport function at different time points after hip arthroscopy in patients with femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review with meta-analysis"
1645:
Ruiz
Santiago, Fernando; Santiago Chinchilla, Alicia; Ansari, Afshin; Guzmán Álvarez, Luis; Castellano García, Maria del Mar; Martínez Martínez, Alberto; Tercedor Sánchez, Juan (2016).
403:
imaging may follow, particularly if there is no specific evidence on radiographs, producing a three-dimensional reconstruction of the joint for better definition, to evaluate the hip
378:
Superior to the Tönnis angle in cases without joint space narrowing or subluxation. The medial point of the sourcil is at the same height as the most superior point of caput femoris.
2421:
Casartelli, Nicola C; Leunig, Michael; Maffiuletti, Nicola A; Bizzini, Mario (June 2015). "Return to sport after hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review".
196:("X-ray")is often considered first line for FAI. Anterior-posterior pelvis and a lateral image of the hip in question should be attained. A 45-degree Dunn view is also recommended.
169:
elicits pain. Additional non-invasive ways to observe possible FAI is changes in gait that include a lower peak hip extension and internal rotation to compensate for bony growth.
1911:
Bedi, Asheesh; Chen, Neal; Robertson, William; Kelly, Bryan T. (2008). "The
Management of Labral Tears and Femoroacetabular Impingement of the Hip in the Young, Active Patient".
135:
Three types of FAI are recognized (see title image). The first involves an excess of bone along the upper surface of the femoral head, known as a cam deformity (abbreviation for
47:
46:
43:
287:
Although it can be measured in the cross-lateral view, the 45° Dunn view is considered more sensitive and the frog leg view more specific in determining pathologic values.
48:
164:
flexion, as range of motion is reduced in proportion to the size of a cam lesion. Flexing the hip to 90 degrees, adducting, and internally rotating the hip, known as the
1521:
547:
Surgery may be arthroscopic or open. A 2011 study analyzing current surgical methods for management of symptomatic femoral acetabular impingement, suggested that the
1856:
Tannast M, Kubiak-Langer M, Langlotz F, Puls M, Murphy SB, Siebenrock KA (January 2007). "Noninvasive three-dimensional assessment of femoroacetabular impingement".
1525:
1517:
1467:
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patterns that may be causing injury. Studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of physical therapy are currently underway, with no conclusive results to date.
45:
1283:"Hip morphology influences the pattern of damage to the acetabular cartilage: femoroacetabular impingement as a cause of early osteoarthritis of the hip"
2253:
Kierkegaard, Signe; Langeskov-Christensen, Martin; Lund, Bent; Naal, Florian D.; Mechlenburg, Inger; Dalgas, Ulrik; Casartelli, Nicola C. (April 2017).
2364:
Kierkegaard, Signe; Langeskov-Christensen, Martin; Lund, Bent; Naal, Florian D; Mechlenburg, Inger; Dalgas, Ulrik; Casartelli, Nicola C (April 2017).
2844:
577:
Cam lesions are more common in males, where pincer lesions are more common in females due to differences in anatomical development of the pelvis.
2067:
Loudon, Janice K.; Reiman, Michael P. (May 2014). "Conservative management of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in the long distance runner".
1493:
1443:
2811:
521:
2949:
IMPAKT-HiP (Investigations of
Mobility, Physical Activity, and Knowledge in Hip Pain) Study by the Arthritis Research Centre of Canada
1951:
Cakic, J.; Patricios, J. (July 2014). "Femoroacetabular impingement: prevention or intervention? The sports physician's quandary".
44:
91:
abnormally or does not permit a normal range of motion in the acetabular socket. Damage can occur to the articular cartilage, or
2741:
2948:
2216:"Comparative systematic review of the open dislocation, mini-open, and arthroscopic surgeries for femoroacetabular impingement"
309:
2759:
2825:
1596:
Clohisy JC, Carlisle JC, Beaulé PE, Kim YJ, Trousdale RT, Sierra RJ, Leunig M, Schoenecker PL, Millis MB (November 2008).
484:
2575:"Short-Term Outcomes of Conservative Treatment for Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2963:
1711:"Superiority of the modified Tönnis angle over the Tönnis angle in the radiographic diagnosis of acetabular dysplasia"
562:
440:
2688:
Ganz, Reinhold; Parvizi, Javad; Beck, Martin; Leunig, Michael; Nötzli, Hubert; Siebenrock, Klaus A. (December 2003).
1159:
Egger, Anthony C.; Frangiamore, Salvatore; Rosneck, James (December 2016). "Femoroacetabular
Impingement: A Review".
56:
The three recognized types of femoroacetabular impingement. Click image to see video illustration of the three types.
277:
1003:
Chakraverty, J.K.; Snelling, N.J. (2012). "Anterior hip pain – Have you considered femoroacetabular impingement?".
656:
2877:
903:
Egger, Anthony C.; Frangiamore, Salvatore; Rosneck, James (2016). "Wolters Kluwer Health - Article
Landing Page".
83:. It is a common cause of hip pain and discomfort in young and middle-aged adults. It occurs when the ball shaped
407:, or measure hip socket angles (e.g. the alpha-angle as described by Nötzli in 2-D and by Siebenrock in 3-D). MR
632:
193:
2845:"Medical opinion: Andy Murray may have degenerative arthritis, leaving hip replacement as the likely optionÂ"
1205:
Kuhlman GS, Domb BG (December 2009). "Hip impingement: identifying and treating a common cause of hip pain".
1809:"The cam-type deformity of the proximal femur arises in childhood in response to vigorous sporting activity"
1767:
1033:
Ghaffari A, Davis I, Storey T, Moser M (November 2018). "Current
Concepts of Femoroacetabular Impingement".
2215:
488:
1541:"Lower limb biomechanics in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
2968:
1371:"The Prevalence of Cam and Pincer Morphology and Its Association With Development of Hip Osteoarthritis"
146:. Thus far, no correlation has been seen between the pincer type and development of hip osteoarthritis.
80:
142:
Current literature suggests that the cam type of impingement is associated with the development of hip
480:
1539:
King, Matthew G; Lawrenson, Peter R; Semciw, Adam I; Middleton, Kane J; Crossley, Kay M (May 2018).
1768:"The contour of the femoral head-neck junction as a predictor for the risk of anterior impingement"
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This can also be used in children. At between 5 and 10 years, the minimum normal value is 15°.
451:
223:
185:
92:
61:
79:) is a condition involving one or more anatomical abnormalities of the hip joint, which is a
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2537:
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1968:
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733:
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517:
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Menge TJ, Truex NW (May 2018). "Femoroacetabular impingement: a common cause of hip pain".
253:
614:
533:
525:
469:
460:
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Mallets, Emma; Turner, Ann; Durbin, Jeremy; Bader, Alexander; Murray, Leigh (July 2019).
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456:
143:
2785:
2957:
1807:
Siebenrock KA, Ferner F, Noble PC, Santore RF, Werlen S, Mamisch TC (November 2011).
1234:"The concept of femoroacetabular impingement: current status and future perspectives"
608:
2727:
2674:
2559:
2407:
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2296:
1885:
1352:
1062:
986:
889:
2942:
2489:
2458:
2200:
2053:
1998:
1598:"A systematic approach to the plain radiographic evaluation of the young adult hip"
1582:
1420:
620:
464:
372:
84:
2472:
Wall PD, Brown JS, Parsons N, Buchbinder R, Costa ML, Griffin D (September 2014).
1436:
Principles of athletic training : a guide to evidence-based clinical practice
970:
318:
Offset of the femoral head with regard to most prominent aspect of the femora neck
2650:
2434:
2382:
2365:
2271:
2254:
2231:
2029:
1964:
1924:
1784:
1557:
1540:
1299:
1282:
1172:
916:
873:
507:
in possibly harmful activities/sports as referenced in the epidemiology section.
1369:
van Klij, Pim; Heerey, Joshua; Waarsing, Jan H.; Agricola, Rintje (April 2018).
1016:
644:
638:
602:
548:
2130:
2080:
605:(born 1993), American NFL football offensive tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers
565:
evaluating the efficacy of conservative and operative treatments are underway.
2526:"Femoroacetabular impingement in athletes: A review of the current literature"
2214:
Matsuda DK, Carlisle JC, Arthurs SC, Wierks CH, Philippon MJ (February 2011).
1824:
1249:
1096:
1046:
824:
763:"Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: Nonarthritic hip pain in young adults"
408:
352:
Slope of the sourcil (the sclerotic weight-bearing portion of the acetabulum)
165:
124:
120:
88:
2856:
2711:
2658:
2598:
2551:
2542:
2525:
2442:
2391:
2334:
2326:
2280:
2184:
2176:
2088:
2037:
1982:
1766:
Nötzli HP, Wyss TF, Stoecklin CH, Schmid MR, Treiber K, Hodler J (May 2002).
1734:
1672:
1647:"Imaging of Hip Pain: From Radiography to Cross-Sectional Imaging Techniques"
1566:
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1404:
1180:
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Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is the one marked in header.
1726:
177:
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136:
1336:
857:
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2637:
Hessel, Joy A. (May 2014). "Femoroacetabular impingement in athletes".
1396:
412:
1973:
1869:
729:
123:(hip socket). In most cases, patients present with a deformity in the
2690:"Femoroacetabular impingement: a cause for osteoarthritis of the hip"
2474:"Surgery for treating hip impingement (femoroacetabular impingement)"
1081:"Femoroacetabular impingement: a review of diagnosis and management"
809:"Femoroacetabular impingement: a review of diagnosis and management"
1898:
116:
1370:
2812:"Reds catcher Devin Mesoraco holding off on hip surgery for now"
419:
The diagnosis is often made in conjunction with a labral tear.
1913:
Arthroscopy: The
Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery
400:
115:
FAI is characterized by abnormal contact between the proximal
2786:"Hip issue lands struggling Cardinals reliever Holland on DL"
308:
276:
222:
1079:
Banerjee, Purnajyoti; Mclean, Christopher R. (March 2011).
329:
Femoral head-neck offset related to femoral head diameter
520:, avoidance of those activities that produce pain, and
1602:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1375:
The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
2760:"Hiljemark måste opereras - blir borta i tre månader"
1772:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
1287:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
536:, particularly for those who wish to avoid surgery.
2878:"Isaiah Thomas Ruled Out for Remainder of Playoffs"
231:The superior-lateral coverage of the femoral head.
60:
28:
23:
1488:. Brown, Sara D. (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia.
295:Borderline: 69° to 82° in men, 51° to 56° in women
1486:Examination of orthopedic & athletic injuries
2579:International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
1709:Fa, Liangguo; Wang, Qing; Ma, Xiangxing (2014).
1281:Beck M, Kalhor M, Leunig M, Ganz R (July 2005).
1074:
1072:
335:less indicates high risk of cam type impingement
387:<-6° is a risk factor for pincer impingement
1901:Dynamic motion simulation for hip impingement.
598:Notable persons who have had hip impingement:
497:Loose body in the joint (intra-articular body)
361:<0° is a risk factor for pincer impingement
1704:
1702:
1700:
1005:International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
8:
2742:"Surgery now, flexibility later for Banner"
2478:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1520:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1085:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
813:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
298:Pathological: ≥83° in men and ≥57° in women
2694:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1813:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1524:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1516:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1434:Prentice, William E. (November 21, 2016).
1238:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1232:Leunig M, Beaulé PE, Ganz R (March 2009).
40:
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832:
778:
737:
684:
682:
2524:Algarni, Abdulrahman D. (July 1, 2013).
712:Pun S, Kumar D, Lane NE (January 2015).
384:>12° is a risk factor for instability
358:>10° is a risk factor for instability
198:
189:Radiograph of a pincer type impingement.
184:
176:
2315:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2165:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
858:"What is femoroacetabular impingement?"
856:Agricola R, Weinans H (February 2016).
701:
669:
2901:Lewis CL, Sahrmann SA (January 2006).
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2630:
2628:
2626:
2519:
2517:
2308:
2306:
1509:
1479:
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1325:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
1161:Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review
1154:
1152:
905:Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review
200:Measurements of impingement on X-ray.
2113:Nasser, Rima; Domb, Benjamin (2018).
2108:
2106:
2010:
2008:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1715:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
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996:
181:Radiograph of a cam type impingement.
7:
1438:(Sixteenth ed.). New York, NY.
1028:
1026:
952:
950:
948:
946:
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942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
807:Banerjee P, McLean CR (March 2011).
802:
800:
798:
707:
705:
522:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2843:Marston, Robert (January 2, 2018).
1035:Radiologic Clinics of North America
2943:Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)
2703:10.1097/01.blo.0000096804.78689.c2
2423:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2370:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2259:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2018:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1953:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1545:British Journal of Sports Medicine
862:British Journal of Sports Medicine
292:Normal: ≤68° in men, ≤50° in women
14:
2530:Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine
959:The Physician and Sportsmedicine
371:
345:
315:Measured in cross-lateral view.
252:
1899:http://www.clinicalgraphics.com
1858:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
1651:Radiology Research and Practice
2490:10.1002/14651858.CD010796.pub2
714:"Femoroacetabular impingement"
266:Higher is significant crossing
242:>40° indicates overcoverage
1:
1484:Starkey, Chad, 1959- (2015).
971:10.1080/00913847.2018.1436844
485:anterior inferior iliac spine
2651:10.1097/NOR.0000000000000045
2645:(3): 137–139, quiz 140–141.
2435:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094414
2383:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096618
2272:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096618
2232:10.1016/j.arthro.2010.09.011
2030:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098059
1965:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093792
1925:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.06.001
1785:10.1302/0301-620X.84B4.12014
1558:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097839
1300:10.1302/0301-620X.87B7.15203
1173:10.1097/JSA.0000000000000126
917:10.1097/jsa.0000000000000126
874:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094766
718:Arthritis & Rheumatology
659:, American basketball player
563:randomized controlled trials
219:Center-edge angle of Wiberg
73:Femoroacetabular impingement
24:Femoroacetabular impingement
1017:10.1016/j.ijosm.2011.09.003
283:Measured in 45° Dunn view.
2985:
2131:10.1302/2058-5241.3.170041
2081:10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.02.004
761:Dooley PJ (January 2008).
653:, American baseball player
635:, American baseball player
629:, American baseball player
623:, American baseball player
475:Femoral head osteonecrosis
239:<24° (>55 years old)
236:>20° (<55 years old)
2903:"Acetabular labral tears"
2069:Physical Therapy in Sport
1825:10.1007/s11999-011-1945-4
1250:10.1007/s11999-008-0646-0
1207:American Family Physician
1097:10.1007/s12178-011-9073-z
1047:10.1016/j.rcl.2018.06.009
825:10.1007/s12178-011-9073-z
767:Canadian Family Physician
307:
305:Femoral head-neck offset
55:
39:
2543:10.4103/1319-6308.123370
2327:10.1177/0363546517749475
2177:10.1177/0363546515590400
611:, American figure skater
194:Projectional radiography
33:Hip impingement syndrome
1388:10.2519/jospt.2018.7816
641:, British tennis player
437:Labral tear without FAI
2591:10.26603/ijspt20190514
524:. It may also include
423:Differential Diagnosis
313:
281:
227:
190:
182:
1727:10.3892/etm.2014.2009
312:
280:
226:
188:
180:
81:ball and socket joint
2920:10.1093/ptj/86.1.110
1664:10.1155/2016/6369237
1614:10.2106/JBJS.H.00756
617:, Swedish footballer
368:Caput-sourcil angle
1337:10.2214/AJR.12.8546
647:, Australian golfer
432:Piriformis syndrome
201:
2964:Skeletal disorders
2639:Orthopedic Nursing
2119:EFORT Open Reviews
2115:"Bone & Joint"
1608:(Suppl 4): 47–66.
326:Offset percentage
314:
282:
228:
199:
191:
183:
102:Signs and symptoms
1959:(14): 1073–1074.
1919:(10): 1135–1145.
1870:10.1002/jor.20309
1495:978-0-8036-3918-8
1445:978-1-259-82400-5
730:10.1002/art.38887
452:Athletic pubalgia
393:
392:
70:
69:
49:
18:Medical condition
2976:
2932:
2922:
2907:Physical Therapy
2888:
2887:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2705:
2696:(417): 112–120.
2685:
2679:
2678:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2545:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2385:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2274:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2171:(9): 2138–2145.
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1976:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1721:(6): 1934–1938.
1706:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1666:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1560:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1507:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1390:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1156:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1000:
991:
990:
954:
929:
928:
900:
894:
893:
853:
847:
846:
836:
804:
793:
792:
782:
758:
752:
751:
741:
709:
689:
686:
677:
674:
526:joint injections
518:physical therapy
396:Other modalities
375:
349:
256:
202:
51:
50:
21:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2954:
2953:
2939:
2900:
2897:
2895:Further reading
2892:
2891:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2764:fotbollskanalen
2758:
2757:
2753:
2746:USCFootball.com
2740:
2739:
2735:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2484:(9): CD010796.
2471:
2470:
2466:
2429:(12): 819–824.
2420:
2419:
2415:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1819:(11): 3229–40.
1806:
1805:
1801:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1508:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1458:
1446:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1213:(12): 1429–34.
1204:
1203:
1196:
1158:
1157:
1130:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1002:
1001:
994:
956:
955:
932:
902:
901:
897:
855:
854:
850:
806:
805:
796:
760:
759:
755:
711:
710:
703:
698:
693:
692:
687:
680:
675:
671:
666:
615:Oscar Hiljemark
596:
583:
571:
534:hyaluronic acid
513:
504:
470:Stress fracture
425:
398:
249:Crossing ratio
175:
161:
152:
119:and rim of the
113:
104:
41:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2937:External links
2935:
2934:
2933:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2869:
2835:
2817:
2814:. May 5, 2015.
2803:
2792:. May 26, 2018
2777:
2751:
2733:
2680:
2622:
2585:(4): 514–524.
2565:
2513:
2464:
2413:
2376:(7): 572–579.
2356:
2321:(2): 488–500.
2302:
2265:(7): 572–579.
2245:
2206:
2154:
2125:(4): 121–129.
2102:
2059:
2024:(9): 552–553.
2004:
1938:
1903:
1891:
1848:
1799:
1758:
1696:
1637:
1588:
1551:(9): 566–580.
1531:
1494:
1473:
1444:
1426:
1381:(4): 230–238.
1358:
1314:
1273:
1224:
1194:
1167:(4): e53–e58.
1128:
1068:
1041:(6): 965–982.
1022:
992:
965:(2): 139–144.
930:
911:(4): e53–e58.
895:
848:
794:
753:
700:
699:
697:
694:
691:
690:
678:
668:
667:
665:
662:
661:
660:
654:
651:Alex Rodriguez
648:
642:
636:
633:Charlie Morton
630:
627:Devin Mesoraco
624:
618:
612:
606:
595:
592:
582:
579:
570:
567:
512:
509:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
477:
472:
467:
463:or illiopsoas
457:Gluteus medius
454:
449:
444:
438:
435:
424:
421:
397:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
385:
379:
376:
369:
365:
364:
363:
362:
359:
353:
350:
343:
339:
338:
337:
336:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
316:
306:
302:
301:
300:
299:
296:
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284:
274:
270:
269:
268:
267:
261:
257:
250:
246:
245:
244:
243:
240:
237:
232:
229:
220:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
174:
171:
160:
157:
151:
148:
144:osteoarthritis
112:
109:
103:
100:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
37:
36:
30:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2981:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2913:(1): 110–21.
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:The Telegraph
2846:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:(2): 252–69.
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:(1): 122–31.
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1778:(4): 556–60.
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:(2): 389–95.
1330:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1293:(7): 1012–8.
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:(3): 616–22.
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
844:
840:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
803:
801:
799:
795:
790:
786:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
754:
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
706:
702:
695:
685:
683:
679:
673:
670:
663:
658:
657:Isaiah Thomas
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:Michelle Kwan
607:
604:
601:
600:
599:
593:
591:
587:
580:
578:
575:
568:
566:
564:
559:
556:
552:
550:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
510:
508:
501:
496:
494:
490:
489:ischiofemoral
486:
482:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:muscle strain
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
428:
422:
420:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
395:
386:
383:
382:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
366:
360:
357:
356:
354:
351:
348:
344:
342:Tönnis angle
341:
340:
334:
333:
331:
328:
325:
324:
320:
317:
311:
304:
303:
297:
294:
291:
290:
289:
285:
279:
275:
272:
271:
265:
264:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
247:
241:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
225:
221:
218:
217:
214:Normal value
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
197:
195:
187:
179:
172:
170:
167:
158:
156:
149:
147:
145:
140:
138:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
108:
101:
99:
97:
94:
90:
87:contacts the
86:
82:
78:
74:
65:
63:
59:
54:
38:
34:
31:
27:
22:
16:
2969:Rheumatology
2945:on OrthoInfo
2910:
2906:
2881:
2872:
2860:. Retrieved
2848:
2838:
2830:TribLIVE.com
2829:
2820:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2789:
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2766:(in Swedish)
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2693:
2683:
2642:
2638:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2533:
2529:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2318:
2314:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2122:
2118:
2075:(2): 82–90.
2072:
2068:
2062:
2021:
2017:
1956:
1952:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1894:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1816:
1812:
1802:
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1008:
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621:Greg Holland
597:
588:
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572:
569:Epidemiology
560:
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549:arthroscopic
546:
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465:tendinopathy
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2796:January 19,
2770:October 28,
2220:Arthroscopy
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645:Greg Norman
639:Andy Murray
603:Zach Banner
561:Long term,
205:Measurement
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409:arthrogram
381:−6 to 12°
321:>10 mm
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1983:1473-0480
1735:1792-0981
1673:2090-1941
1567:0306-3674
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1462:cite book
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1181:1538-1951
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1933:19028166
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1843:21761254
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2798:2019
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