20:
120:
159:(also Szirmay) was placed in charge of the Mother and Child Protection Committee, which provided legal counseling, job placement services, stipends for day care, housing for refugees, and foster care placements. The organization founded two journals to educate women on issues and discuss feminist developments:
133:
GlĂĽcklich was the acting managing director and practical adviser of the association, while
Schwimmer, chaired the Political Committee and served as editor of the association journals. The goals of the organization were to address the socio-economic and political inequalities which affected women.
154:
was one issue that the group strove to address, they were also concerned with equal pay, equal access to education, and civil and legal reforms to improve women's lives. FE also fought against the moral decay of society and child labor, providing lectures through a counseling program, "Select a
88:. These prominent feminists urged establishment of a Hungarian women's organization which would bring the varied interests of other women's organizations into a united focus. Jacobs, in particular, urged Schwimmer to create an organization which would be admitted to the
67:
Both Vilma GlĂĽcklich and Rosika
Schwimmer came from backgrounds of organizing and protecting women laborers and moved into the sphere of women's issues more generally. Developing contacts with the international women's movement, Schwimmer corresponded with women like
202:
who had become responsible for being family wager earners. When GlĂĽcklich died in 1927, Szirmai took over her position as co-leader of FE, but had to withdraw due to a family situation, leaving sole leadership of FE under the direction of Meller.
155:
Profession", which offered career guidance to young women. The program also provided educational materials to teach parenting skills which included lectures on sex education, children's health and education. In 1907,
226:
detention center. The association reorganized in 1946, with
Szirmai as chair. She led the organization's memorial service held for Schwimmer in 1948, but FE was dissolved by the government again in 1949. In 1958,
191:
93:
190:
Meller drafted the FE's analyses of the marriage regulation reform for the 1913 Hungarian Civil Code, calling for gender equality and equal treatment. She was also one of the lead organizers of the
218:
In addition to their work in
Budapest, the FE carried out organizational work throughout the country holding lectures and establishing branch associations. The organization was banned for
540:
605:
100:. GlĂĽcklich and Schwimmer both decided to go to the conference and were exposed to the support network and common issues international women shared. They returned to
600:
595:
187:, one of the founding members, who substituted for Schwimmer when she was abroad, eventually replaced Schwimmer on the Political Committee in 1914.
59:, they drafted replies to modification of the marriage statutes and urged government response to address employment and training for women workers.
610:
590:
194:
held in
Budapest and the 1916 Feminist Conference, which officials banned because the women were urging pacifism. That same year, FE urged the
450:
421:
113:
222:
activities in 1942, though secretly continued activities until May, 1944, when Meller was arrested and a few months later was sent to the
139:
556:
31:, unknown. Back row l to r: Nora Kunfi, unknown, Gizella Fekete, Klara Kozma-Glücklich, Mrs. Fekee?, Laura Polányi-Stricker, unknown
439:
Biographical dictionary of women's movements and feminisms in
Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th centuries
239:
89:
23:
Part of the
Feministák Egyesülete membership 1924: left to right: Melanie Vámbéry, Flóra Irma Havas, Irma Szirmai, unknown,
207:
served as the secretary of the organization from around 1913 until she removed to the countryside in 1938 to hide from the
243:
198:
to address the issue of women's employment and training, as there were so many widows and wives of those injured in the
195:
55:. The organization pushed for women's equality in Hungary in all spheres of women's life. In addition to pressing for
184:
28:
528:
246:
the following year. A portion of the organization's papers are located within the Rosika
Schwimmer Papers at the
563:(in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár (Hungarian National Archives). 1959. Archived from
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19:
442:
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56:
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40:
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24:
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417:
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48:
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233:
238:, the last secretary of the organization, donated the records in her possession to the
584:
81:
73:
456:
156:
504:
199:
85:
470:
112:) shortly after their return. Almost immediately, the organization joined the
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513:
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242:. As they were unable to preserve them, the library in turn sent them to the
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296:
294:
292:
290:
288:
286:
284:
282:
219:
101:
77:
437:. In de Haan, Francisca; Daskalova, Krassimira; Loutfi, Anna (eds.).
97:
508:(in Hungarian) (32). Budapest, Hungary: EszmĂ©let SajtĂł AlapĂtvány.
208:
118:
18:
441:. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. pp.
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348:
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They had strong ties and a friendly working relationship with
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413:
International Woman
Suffrage: November 1914-September 1916
148:
Magyarországi Nőtisztviselők Országos Egyesületének (NOE)
269:
267:
464:Schwimmer, Franciska; Wynner, Edith (30 May 1958).
541:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
434:"Meller, Mrs Artur, Eugénia Miskolczy (1872–1944)"
432:
559:[P 999 Feminist Association, 1904-1959].
16:Hungarian women's rights organization (1904–1942)
529:"Memorial Meeting in Honor of Rosika Schwimmer"
393:
140:Hungarian National Association of Women Workers
366:
354:
327:
312:
126:holding the journal of Feministák Egyesülete,
8:
378:
502:[How did they become feminists?].
273:
431:Papp, Claudia; Zimmermann, Susan (2006).
416:. London, England: Taylor & Francis.
557:"P 999 Feministák Egyesülete, 1904-1959"
339:
92:(ICW). She also urged her to attend the
606:Voter rights and suffrage organizations
263:
104:and founded the Feminist Association (
114:International Woman Suffrage Alliance
7:
116:(IWSA) as the Hungarian affiliate.
250:where she deposited them in 1920.
14:
601:Feminist organisations in Hungary
596:1942 disestablishments in Hungary
539:(5). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
498:Zimmermann, Susan (Winter 1996).
301:Hungarian National Archives 1959
591:1904 establishments in Hungary
474:. Vol. 1144. London, UK:
90:International Council of Women
1:
244:National Archives of Hungary
47:, 1904–1942) was created by
611:Women's suffrage in Hungary
500:"Hogyan lettek feministák?"
394:Schwimmer & Wynner 1958
627:
367:Papp & Zimmermann 2006
355:Papp & Zimmermann 2006
328:Papp & Zimmermann 2006
313:Papp & Zimmermann 2006
240:National Széchényi Library
110:Feministák Egyesülete (FE)
45:Feministák Egyesülete (FE)
410:Oldfield, Sybil (2003).
185:Eugénia Miskolczy Meller
181:A Nő—Feminista Folyóirat
173:Woman—A feminist journal
128:A Nő—Feminista Folyóirat
29:Eugénia Miskolczy Meller
248:New York Public Library
180:
168:
147:
130:
109:
96:to be held in 1904 in
44:
32:
215:during World War II.
122:
22:
466:"Hungarian Pacifist"
192:1913 ISWA conference
169:A Nő és a Társadalom
37:Feminist Association
543:: 2. November 1948
476:Peace Pledge Union
213:concentration camp
171:) (1907-1913) and
131:
33:
561:lnyr.eleveltar.hu
452:978-9-637-32639-4
423:978-0-415-25738-1
161:Women and Society
138:, who headed the
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211:; she died in a
152:Women's Suffrage
57:women's suffrage
49:Rosika Schwimmer
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326:
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311:
307:
299:
280:
274:Zimmermann 1996
272:
265:
261:
256:
231:
205:Melanie Vámbéry
183:) (1914-1927).
124:Vilma GlĂĽcklich
65:
53:Vilma GlĂĽcklich
25:Vilma GlĂĽcklich
17:
12:
11:
5:
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567:on 26 May 2018
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371:
369:, p. 334.
359:
357:, p. 333.
344:
342:, p. 163.
332:
330:, p. 332.
317:
315:, p. 331.
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278:
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136:Mariska Gárdos
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35:The Hungarian
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478:. p. 5.
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340:Oldfield 2003
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82:Aletta Jacobs
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74:Adelheid Popp
71:
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50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
569:. Retrieved
565:the original
560:
545:. Retrieved
536:
532:
517:. Retrieved
503:
487:. Retrieved
469:
457:Project MUSE
455:– via
438:
412:
403:Bibliography
396:, p. 5.
389:
384:, p. 2.
379:
374:
362:
335:
308:
217:
189:
172:
160:
157:Irma Szirmai
132:
127:
66:
36:
34:
533:Four Lights
380:Four Lights
232: [
229:Noémi Kóbor
86:Netherlands
585:Categories
471:Peace News
254:References
196:Parliament
70:Marie Lang
514:0865-2139
484:298560607
259:Citations
224:Kistarcsa
177:Hungarian
165:Hungarian
144:Hungarian
106:Hungarian
41:Hungarian
547:14 March
505:Eszmélet
489:14 March
220:pacifist
150:) While
102:Budapest
94:Congress
443:331-335
84:of the
78:Austria
63:History
512:
482:
449:
420:
98:Berlin
571:3 May
519:3 May
236:]
209:Nazis
573:2017
549:2023
521:2017
510:ISSN
491:2023
480:OCLC
447:ISBN
418:ISBN
382:1948
80:and
72:and
51:and
200:war
76:of
587::
535:.
531:.
468:.
445:.
347:^
320:^
281:^
266:^
234:hu
179::
167::
146::
108::
43::
27:,
575:.
551:.
537:8
523:.
493:.
459:.
426:.
303:.
276:.
175:(
163:(
142:(
39:(
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