Feminist views on the sex industry

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at the lowest price. It is common for indigenous women to be over-represented in prostitution when compared with their total population. This is as a result of the combined forces of colonialism, physical displacement from ancestral lands, destruction of indigenous social and cultural order, misogyny, globalization/neoliberalism, race discrimination, and extremely high levels of violence perpetrated against them. The Aboriginal Women's Action Network, an abolitionist organization in Canada, has specifically noted that because the prostitution of Aboriginal women results from and reinforces such extreme hatred of Aboriginal women, no regime of legalization (which will expand the industry and entrap more women) can be safer for Aboriginal women. Prostitution can only further harm Aboriginal women.

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argument concludes that the stigmatization of sex markets only directly negatively impacts sex workers without addressing the underlying social oppression towards women. There is disagreement between liberal feminists as to whether or not sex work is degrading to women, but it is generally agreed upon that legalizing the sex market would be positive, as it would grant women who work within the sex market greater protections under the legal system. This would come in the form of granting women safer spaces to work, and allow the government to limit and regulate unsafe, exploitative practices against sex workers. The legalization of sex work also grants sex workers the autonomy to decide what they wish to do with their bodies, which is a tenant of liberal feminism.

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are sex objects which exist for men's enjoyment, which can be "bought" and which can be "used" solely for men's sexual gratification. Anti-prostitution feminists argue that when a society accepts prostitution it sends the message that it is irrelevant how the woman feels during sex or what the consequences of sex will be for her, and that it is acceptable for a man to engage in sexual activity with a woman who does not enjoy it and who could be mentally and emotionally forcing herself to be able to cope; the normalization of such one sided sexual encounters might negatively affect the way men relate to women in general and might increase sexual violence against women.

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is flawed, and that while prostitution, as it currently exists in our society, can be misogynist or degrading in some manifestations, there is a grave danger in attributing these conditions to prostitution itself. They argue that targeting prostitution as a whole unduly focuses attention on this single institution in our society, rather than looking at society at large and the social institutions, laws and practices that lead to the subordination and oppression of women. There has been much debate over the last few decades amongst feminists about how laws relating to prostitution should be reformed. Most liberal feminists who look at prostitution from a

2727:, and vehemently condemn the common pro-legalization argument that "prostitution has always existed, and will never go away", arguing that other violent acts such as murder, rape, and child sexual abuse have also always existed, and will never be eradicated either, and that is not a reason to legalize them. These feminists argue that the idea of legalizing prostitution to control it and "make it a little better", and reduce harm, is no different from the idea of legalizing domestic violence to control it and "make it a little better", and reduce harm. 2796:

the object through which men can barter and legislate over. Due to the nature of the sex market as primarily selling female produced content or female bodies, which are often sold to men as clients through male brokers, prostitution and pornography are the highest forms of women's exploitation. Dominance feminists might also view prostitution as inherently negative due to the belief that women's self-expression through sexuality cannot ever be sold without the patron's perception of the commodity as being discriminatory against female autonomy.

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Interfering in this sale of goods could not only be interfering with the rights of the buyer, but also of the seller. Women who have chosen to enter the field should not be looked down upon and should not have their choice considered to be lesser than another type of socially accepted employment. Liberal feminists argue that while prostitution and sex work may not be the ideal job for many women, it can provide a way of life and prosperity that would be otherwise unattainable. Sex work can be seen as a better alternative to working for

2694:(in 2009). In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted, in a non-binding resolution (adopted by 343 votes to 139; with 105 abstentions), in favor of the "Swedish Model" of criminalizing the buying, but not the selling, of sex. In 2014, the Council of Europe has made a similar recommendation, stating that "While each system presents advantages and disadvantages, policies prohibiting the purchase of sexual services are those that are more likely to have a positive impact on reducing trafficking in human beings". 2422:: "If prostitution is a free choice, why are the women with the fewest choices the ones most often found doing it?". A large percentage of prostitutes polled in one study of 475 people involved in prostitution reported that they were in a difficult period of their lives and most wanted to leave the occupation. MacKinnon argues that "in prostitution, women have sex with men they would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not as a measure of consent. It acts like physical force does in 28: 2376: 56: 3065:, the language used is in reference to women who are prostitutes, as she writes "Not only is prostitution overwhelmingly done to women by men, but every aspect of the condition has defined gender female as such and as inferior for centuries". Foundational feminist texts covering prostitution also cite prostitution as being created on the basis of the exploitation of women, for example being described as "at its core a manifestation of male violence against women". 3069:

workers are women, and all male sex workers are assumed to be cisgender". As a whole, abolitionists feminists who are against prostitution do not comment on sex workers who are not cisgender women, while those who are in favor of the legalization of sex work also rarely address transgender sex workers and see those who are transgender and gender non-binary as a "special interest" group rather than part of the discourse surrounding prostitution.

2124:. With the distinctions between feminist perspectives, there are many documented instances from feminist authors of both explicit and implied feminist standpoints that provide coverage on the sex market in regards to both "autonomous" and "non-autonomous" sex trades. The quotations are added since some feminist ideologies believe the commodification of women's bodies is never autonomous and therefore subversive or misleading by terminology. 3200: 2546:

legal brothels and is ranked 4th out of the 50 U.S. states for sexual assault crimes, saying, "Nevada's rape rate is higher than the U.S. average and way higher than the rape rate in California, New York and New Jersey. Why is this? Legal prostitution creates an atmosphere in this state in which women are not humans equal to them, are disrespected by men, and which then sets the stage of increased violence against women."

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to be reformed to improve the living and working conditions of sex workers. They argue that decriminalization is better for the workers than legalization and that both criminalization and heavily regulated legalization infringe on the workers' safety and human rights. Many feminists who support sex workers favor decriminalization because it allows prostitutes to go into business for themselves and

2810: 2158: 2609:, threats, intimidation, verbal and sexual abuse, attitudes of ownership, and extreme physical violence. Some prostitutes argue prostitution has similarities to rape because it is a form of sexuality that is entirely controlled by the client, as rape is a form of sexuality in which the rapist controls the interaction, disregarding the desires, physical well-being or emotional pain of the victim. 2064: 2194: 3001:

into prostitution. For the purposes of decriminalization, Feminists for Free Expression defines the word "prostitution" to mean any consensual sexual activity between adults where compensation is involved; nonconsensual sex acts or sex acts perpetrated against minors are not prostitution, in their view. Instead they prefer the term "criminal sexual acts".

2668:, and other prostitution businesses are often located in poor and racialized neighbourhoods, encouraging clients to troll those neighbourhoods for women, making all women in those neighbourhoods vulnerable to prostitution-related harassment and women in those neighbourhoods more likely to accept their use in prostitution as normal. 2652:

job type, sexual harassment in the workplace, and an undue burden of caring for children, the elderly and the ill, women are at a significant economic disadvantage in the current economic structure. Poverty is the single greatest "push" factor making women vulnerable to accepting prostitution as a means of subsistence.

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containing a 'moral' economy, in which the economically permitted actions embodies societal beliefs about individual autonomy. Within the framework of moral appeals, the sex market meets its unambiguous and nondiscretionary fulfillment of its obligations to consumers at the expense of female sexual autonomy.

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man's sexual demands and to do what he tells her, that sex should be controlled by the man and that the woman's response and satisfaction are irrelevant. These feminists argue that sexual liberation for women cannot be achieved as long as unequal sexual practices where a man dominates a woman are normalized.

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responsibilities, as any other self-employed person. Whether they support decriminalization or some form of legalization, pro-sex work feminists believe that the current laws that exist surrounding prostitution in many countries need to be changed and are harmful to the people who work in the industry.

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and regulation of the sex market, the Dutch government has been capable of cutting back on organized crime within the red-light district without encroaching on the rights of sex workers, who are still protected by the law. Although the intentions are politically well meaning, most projections for the

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Some pro-sex-worker feminists support decriminalization and some support legalization, for different reasons. Proponents of decriminalization believe that all people, including sex workers, are entitled to the same rights regarding safety, health and human rights, and that outdated criminal laws need

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is the removal of all penalties for prostitution itself and for all the activities necessary for prostitutes to do their work, such as advertising, communicating with clients, etc. It does not mean the reversal of all laws relating to prostitution, for example, laws that exist against forcing someone

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argues, the reason that sex markets see such high instances of undermined female autonomy and sexual wellness is due to the social stigmatization which is rooted in the fear of female sexual expression, and that the services of the sex market should be respected as any other form of labor. Nussbaum's

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The act of prostitution by definition joins together two forms of social power (sex and money) in one interaction. In both realms (sexuality and economics), men hold substantial and systematic power over women. In prostitution, these power disparities merge in an act which both assigns and re-affirms

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and other unbalanced power relations. The institution of prostitution itself is seen by abolitionists as resting on these conditions and therefore they believe legalization or decriminalization will only lead to the reinforcement of these conditions. Pro-sex-work feminists argue that this assumption

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proponents of female empowerment through sex work. Liberal feminists view prostitution as the sale of sex solely for economic gain, and thus it cannot be differentiated from any other sale of goods. The selling of sex ultimately consists of a buyer and a seller trying to negotiate for the best deal.

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To directly counteract the view of prostitution as the oppression of women, some scholars and feminists have voiced their opinion in support of prostitution and other forms of sex-work. Support is based on ideas of economic empowerment, independence and autonomy of choice, comparisons to sexual role

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holds, the sex market cannot be viewed as feminist on account of men's sexual domination over women being the main factor upon which the market functions. Prostitution and the sex market is viewed more broadly as a state which all women are involuntarily entered into due to a woman's sexuality being

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Indigenous women around the world are particularly targeted for prostitution. In Canada, New Zealand, Mexico, and Taiwan, studies have shown that indigenous women are at the bottom of the race and class hierarchy of prostitution, often subjected to the worst conditions, most violent demands and sold

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for the client. These feminists believe that many clients use the services of prostitutes because they enjoy the "power trip" they derive from the act and the control they have over the woman during the sexual activity. Catharine MacKinnon argues that prostitution "isn't sex only, it's you do what I

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and hence no official nationality, making them easier to transport across borders. It is also argued that the significant negative economic impact on Africa resulting from this trafficking combines with the continent's existing high levels of poverty and low educational attainment to further expand

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Dominance feminism views the political, social, and economic structure of the world are discriminatory against women on account of the concerted efforts of the patriarchy, and therefore the discrimination against women in the sex markets manifests as a byproduct of male domination. As the dominance

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Prostitution is seen by these feminists as the result of a patriarchal societal order which subordinates women to men and where the inequality between genders is present in all aspects of life. These feminists believe that prostitution is very harmful to society as it reinforces the idea that women

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viewpoints, and in some cases are critical of both. These feminist authors have criticized what they see as the unproductive and often bitter debate that characterizes the two-position analysis of prostitution. Such authors highlight that in allowing arguments about prostitution to be reduced to a

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sex industry. Legalization is often accompanied by strict criminal penalties for anyone who operates outside the legally defined framework. With legalization there may be rules about where prostitution can take place (for example only in state licensed brothels), what prostitutes can do, mandatory

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to be achieved. The sex market, which renders the woman's body a commodity, is therefore incompatible with radical feminism. Some radical feminists argue that the sex market, by breaking down the barrier between sexual activity against commercialization and production, degrades the sexual autonomy

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have exacerbated already unequal economic relations, including by cutting back social spending in Northern and formerly socialist countries, and increasing the demand for cheap labour, including in prostitution, in both Southern and Northern countries. Combined with sex discrimination in wages and

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is shameful for a woman, etc. – with another similarly oppressive and patriarchal view – acceptance of prostitution, a sexual practice which is based on a highly patriarchal construct of sexuality: that the sexual pleasure of a woman is irrelevant, that her only role during sex is to submit to the

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O'Connor, M and Healy, G "The Links Between Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: A Briefing Handbook" Prepared for the Joint Project Coordinated by the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women (CATW) and the European Women's Lobby (EWL) on Promoting Preventative Measures to Combat Trafficking in Human

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had an estimated two hundred thousand women and children that were involved in prostitution. An estimated 11 percent of the country's gross domestic income is from prostitution. This means that prostitution has become a necessary source of revenue. This contradiction in the country arises because

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There is not much research on non-cisgender women sex workers, and more recent gender scholars have theorized about transgender and non-binary individuals who have performed sex work/labor. These theorists have found that, in regards to gender diversity in feminist literature, that "all trans sex

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Some feminists, including many who identify as supporting the abolition of prostitution, see the selling of sex as a potential after effect of violence against women. Those who support this position cite studies of violence experienced by women in prostitution prior to entering prostitution. Most

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says: "In the academic literature on prostitution, there are very few authors who argue that valid consent to prostitution is possible. Most suggest that consent to prostitution is impossible, or at least unlikely." " most authors suggest that consent to prostitution is deeply problematic, if not

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often face, the social and economic power discrepancy between the consumers and providers of sexual services and content, and the perpetuation of the subordination of women through the sex market's high demand. This falls in line with the view radical feminists hold about capitalist societies as

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in sexual violence against women, by sending the message that it is acceptable for a man to treat a woman as a sexual instrument over which he has total control. Melissa Farley argues that Nevada's high rape rate is connected to legal prostitution because Nevada is the only US state which allows

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style" deregulation of laws surrounding prostitution, without considering the implications that this may have upon women involved in sex work, particularly given the nature of the sex trade, which is more likely to be plagued by exploitation and poor working conditions, concerns that must be of

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shapes women's entry into prostitution, both because it makes women more vulnerable to prostitution and because clients demand racialized women in prostitution. Racism in education, economic and political systems affect the choices of women of colour. Additionally, racist sexualization, through

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stated her opinions as: "Prostitution in and of itself is an abuse of a woman's body. Those of us who say this are accused of being simple-minded. But prostitution is very simple. In prostitution, no woman stays whole. It is impossible to use a human body in the way women's bodies are used in

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is a tenet of feminist politics. They believe decriminalization fosters responsibility, empowerment, self-esteem and self-care, all important feminist values. The goal in decriminalizing sex work is that anyone doing any type of sex work would be treated the same way, with the same rights and

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maintains that prostitution is a legitimate form of work for women faced with the option of other bad jobs, therefore women ought to have the right to work in the sex trade free of prosecution or the fear of it. It also argues that governments should eliminate laws that criminalize voluntary

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Prostitution abolitionists also object to the high rates of violence against women in the sex industry. Studies of women in prostitution show an extremely high level of violence is perpetrated against women in prostitution. Figures vary across studies. One representative study showed 82% of

2716:, a Canadian former prostitute, who now opposes the industry, and lobbies for the outlawing of buying sexual services, wrote: "Harm reduction? You can't make prostitution "safer"; prostitution is violence in itself. It is rape, the money only appeases men's guilt," "One of the most " 2417:

These feminists point out that women from the lowest socio-economic classes—impoverished women, women with a low level of education, and women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities—are over-represented in prostitution all over the world; as stated by

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has sex with a woman who does not enjoy it and who may be making a tremendous psychological effort to mentally dissociate herself from the client. They say that the act of prostitution is not a mutual and equal sex act as it puts the woman in a subordinate position,

3050:, for example, often view sex work as a profitable extension of their normal sex lives, sometimes using sex work to supplement their regular incomes. These sex workers argue that anti-sex work advocates harm them by passing anti-sex work laws and reducing state-run 3008:', on the other hand, is usually used in the context of prostitution to refer to the use of criminal laws to regulate prostitution by determining the legal conditions under which prostitutes can operate. Legalization can mean anything from rigid controls under a 2577:

since entering prostitution, 55% of those by clients. Additionally, 80% had been physically threatened while in prostitution, 83% of those with a weapon. 8% reported physical attacks by pimps and clients of a nature that resulted in serious injury, for example

5753:

MacDonald, Gayle (December 2003). "Loose Women and Lecherous Men: A Feminist Philosophy of Sex/Sex and Borders: Gender, National Identity, and Prostitution Policy in Thailand/Prostitution Policy: Revolutionizing Practice through a Gendered Perspective".

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A large number of women and children are trafficked from Africa to other parts of the world. Many of the women are trafficked to work as prostitutes. It has been suggested that the scale of the trafficking may be in part due to many Africans having no

2917:, founded in 1985, seek to educate the public, provide legal and medical assistance to sex workers, and help organize sex workers into groups to better protect themselves and to become advocates. Liberal feminists and groups such as The Red Thread, 2605:(by pimps, procurers, and traffickers as well as clients) that results in the control of the women in prostitution. Research conducted by Giobbe (1993) found similarities in the behaviour of pimps and batterers, in particular, through their use of 3168:

decriminalization projects of the region are projected to displace and therefore endanger sex workers, which seems to prove the point liberal feminists make about stigmatization on a governmental level as endangering to prostitutes.

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stale analysis and theoretical debate, feminists are themselves contributing to the marginalization of prostitutes, simplifying the nature of the work they carry out and the personal circumstances that involve each individual.

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Prostitution abolitionists often look at the factors of class and race when forming their arguments against prostitution to assess the power held by the client That is, they see prostitution as compelled by multiple forms of

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of prostitution argue that one of the significant flaws with the radical anti-prostitution feminist view is that a majority of its arguments are premised on the assumption that prostitution itself is inherently laced with

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Beyond the individual instances of violence or the history of violence suffered by most women in prostitution, prostitution abolitionists see prostitution itself as a form of male violence against women and children.

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perspectives on prostitution agree on three main points: "First, they condemn the current legal policy enforcing criminal sanctions against women who offer sex in exchange for money. Second, they agree that authentic

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Huda, S "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights aspects of the victims of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Sigma Huda" for the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, February

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societal order. These feminists argue that prostitution has a very negative effect, both on the prostitutes themselves and on society as a whole, as it reinforces stereotypical views about women, who are seen as

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views prostitution, and by extension the sex market, as the ideal demonstration of women being subordinated and subjected to violence through the patriarchy's market demands. The notable radical feminist

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as capable and inclined to enacting laws which protect individual rights as it pertains to gender discrimination, and this includes protecting women who work within sex markets. As the feminist author

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Pro-prostitution feminists hold that prostitution and other forms of sex work can be valid choices for women and men who choose to engage in it. In this view, prostitution must be differentiated from

2438:, this is because prostitution is always a coercive sexual practice. Others simply suggest that economic coercion makes the sexual consent of sex workers highly problematic, if not impossible...". 2481:, because prostitution is an exploitative practice, which involves a woman who has sex with customers to whom she is not attracted, and routinely exposes the women to psychological, physical and 5215:

Norma Jean Almodovar, 2002, "For Their Own Good: The Results of the Prostitution Laws as Enforced by Cops, Politicians, and Judges", in Liberty for Women, W. McElroy (ed.), Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.

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These feminists argue that, in most cases, prostitution is not a conscious and calculated choice. They say that most women who become prostitutes do so because they were forced or coerced by a

3089:

has also criticized the haphazard nature of feminist views on prostitution. Shrage claims that in a determination to undermine patriarchy, pro-sex feminists have advocated a reckless and "

2449:. Oppression cannot effectively be gauged according to the degree of 'consent', since even in slavery, there was some consent, if consent is defined as inability to see any alternative." 2441:

Finally, abolitionists believe no person can be said to truly consent to their own oppression, and no people should have the right to consent to the oppression of others. In the words of

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the dominant social status of men over the subordinated social status of women. The demand for commercial sex is often further grounded in social power disparities of race, nationality,

2120:, and the indirect sex market, which applies to sexual businesses which provide services such as lap dancing. The final component of the sex market lies in the production and selling of 2686:

In 1999, Sweden became the first country to make it illegal to pay for sex, but not to be a prostitute (the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute). Similar laws were passed in

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of women, that it can be empowering for women, etc. Some feminists who oppose prostitution agree that sexual liberation for women outside of prostitution is important in the fight for

2315:

prostitution, which would allow prostitution to be regulated by governments and business codes, protect sex trade workers, and improve their ability to prosecute people who hurt them.

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pornography in particular, of Black and Asian women as over-sexed and submissive or otherwise available for prostitution contributes to the demand for specifically racialized women.

2492:

prostitution and to have a whole human being at the end of it, or in the middle of it, or close to the beginning of it. It's impossible. And no woman gets whole again later, after."

2512:, but they say it is crucial that society does not replace one patriarchal view on female sexuality – e.g., that women should not have sex outside marriage/a relationship and that 168: 3914:

Arch Gen Psychiatry – Prevalence and Health Correlates of Prostitution Among Patients Entering Treatment for Substance Use Disorders, March 2008, Burnette et al. 65 (3): 337

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These laws are a natural extension of the views of the feminists who oppose prostitution. These feminists reject the idea that prostitution can be reformed, and oppose any

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Prostitution abolitionists also cite similarities between prostitution and violence against women. Farley, Lynne and Cotton (2005) argue the prostitution is most like

1593: 2135:. The discourse surrounding prostitution is often discussed assuming sex workers are women, but those in the field of sex work and prostitution are not always women. 4249: 2569:, most of them before the age of 15, and many young women and girls enter prostitution directly from state care, at least in England, Norway, Australia and Canada. 3950: 4349: 1424: 2457:

Anti-prostitution feminists argue that prostitution is a practice which leads to serious negative long-term effects for the prostitutes, such as trauma; stress;

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Sex work and prostitution have often been compared to a marriage in which the man is the breadwinner, while the woman stays at home and cares for the family.

2913:

To assist women not involved in traditional "woman's work", pro-sex work formed to create a helpful environment for sex workers. Social activist groups like

4586: 2586:. 68% reported having been raped since entering prostitution, 48% more than five times and 46% reporting rapes committed by clients. Finally, 49% reported 2720:" things you can do is make sure men cannot buy sex, because the buying of sex is violence against women and is a direct deterrent to women's equality." 2092: 3766: 2204: 4031: 4692: 2627: 268: 263: 4563: 2131:. Many of these positions can be loosely arranged into an overarching standpoint that is generally either critical or supportive of prostitution and 5451: 5342: 3897: 922: 280: 4713: 4651: 5773: 2262: 5371: 2701:

began discussing the possibility of banning the buying of sexual services. while during 2009, there was lobbying taking place for such a law in

2234: 1402: 95: 5835: 5816: 5729: 5579: 5103: 5063: 4971: 4939: 4161:; Kiremire, Merab; Baral, Isin; Sezgin, Ufuk (November 1998). "Prostitution in five countries: violence and post-traumatic stress disorder". 3515: 3482: 3273: 2041: 1887: 1089: 90: 2590:

was made of them while they were in prostitution and 32% had been upset by an attempt to make them do what clients had seen in pornography.

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of legitimate sex, whether in commercial or non-commercial form. Third, all feminists recognize that commercial sex workers are subject to

2010: 1940: 1250: 5712:

Deinema, Michaël; Aalbers, Manuel B. (2012-12-31), "15. A Global Red-Light City? Prostitution in Amsterdam as a Real-and-Imagined Place",

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they are stuck in between traditional and modern views because the amount of gross national income prostitution brings into the country.

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One view is that sex work not only empowers women, but it provides women with greater opportunities for financial advancement. There are

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Lenore. Prostitution Policy: Revolutionizing Practice Through a Gendered Perspective. New York: New York University Press, 2002. Print.

3862: 5914: 4609:"The EWL welcomes the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly's resolution on prostitution, trafficking and modern slavery in Europe" 4128: 3549: 258: 238: 2819: 5854: 4380: 4339: 4292:; Lynne, Jacqueline; Cotton, Ann J. (June 2005). "Prostitution in Vancouver: violence and the colonization of First Nations women". 4004: 3830: 3699: 3350: 3317: 2852: 2248: 2046: 1960: 1928: 743: 2025: 915: 3749: 3668: 3648: 3567: 2918: 1365: 932: 203: 5234:

Fechner, Holly B. (1 January 1994). "Three Stories of Prostitution in the West: Prostitutes' Groups, Law and Feminist 'Truth'".

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Kamala Kempadoo, and Doezema, J., (eds.), 1998, Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance, and Redefinition, New York: Routledge

4693:"Commentary: Why prostitution, the world's oldest oppression, must be stamped out | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada" 4629: 4218: 2914: 2219: 2085: 1877: 1532: 1498: 1407: 885: 198: 4492:

Beings for Sexual Exploitation: A Swedish and United States Governmental and Non-Governmental Organization Partnership 2006

3278: 3243: 2977: 2606: 1990: 1980: 1882: 1412: 1230: 228: 208: 3231: 1970: 1945: 1770: 1039: 994: 987: 273: 223: 218: 5343:"A Case for the Legalization of Prostitution: A Critical Analysis of Liberal versus Radical Feminist Views on Sex Work" 3190: 2176:

The disagreement between these two feminist stances has proven particularly contentious, and may be comparable to the

1975: 1965: 1935: 1817: 1802: 1792: 1380: 1245: 1240: 937: 515: 105: 3979: 4211: 2622:

social power, not just sexism against women. Some analysts on human rights issues surrounding prostitution, such as

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being applied. The sex market is defined as the system of supply and demand which is generated by the existence of

1918: 1505: 100: 3125: 2078: 1730: 1510: 952: 761: 3077:

There are many feminists whose views on prostitution do not fit in either the anti-prostitution feminist or the

2887: 2823: 2255: 5909: 4294: 4104:. Grant No. RO1-MH-32782-01. Washington D.C.: Delancey Street Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health. 2973: 2445:, consent is not a "good divining rod as to the existence of oppression, and consent to violation is a fact of 2005: 2000: 1995: 1952: 1832: 1628: 1390: 1044: 846: 722: 695: 608: 508: 4648: 4163: 2925:

seek to ensure that sex work is seen as a valid choice that women may make without overtly oppressive forces.

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as a commodity. The sex market can further be segregated into the direct sex market, which mainly applies to

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Ericsson, Lars O. (1 April 1980). "Charges Against Prostitution: An Attempt at a Philosophical Assessment".

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Nussbaum, Martha C. (2017-11-28), ""Whether from Reason or Prejudice": Taking Money for Bodily Services",

4172: 3283: 3268: 3248: 3062: 3009: 2967: 2724: 2526: 2375: 2341: 2170: 2151: 1985: 1645: 1552: 1375: 1225: 1215: 1191: 1169: 1159: 1134: 1124: 793: 549: 437: 361: 5479:"'It Ruined My Life: FOSTA, Male Escorts, and the Construction of Sexual Victimhood in American Politics" 5455: 5346: 3894: 3608: 4720: 3263: 3258: 3078: 2602: 2521: 2331:

views work in the sex trade as a "stepping stone to a better career or an expression of sexual freedom".

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The Challenges of Prostitution and Female Trafficking in Africa: an African Ethico-Feminist Perspective

5305:"Revisiting the Prostitution Debate: Uniting Liberal and Radical Feminism in Pursuit of Policy Reform" 2866:

in marriage, and challenging outdated societal notions of the proper expression of women's sexuality.

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When discussing prostitution and theorizing about prostitution, sex workers are often assumed to be

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Barry, K "The Prostitution of Sexuality: The Global Exploitation of Women" New York: NYU Press 1995

2792: 2555: 2419: 2361: 2166: 1675: 1665: 1635: 1623: 1618: 1520: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1114: 1049: 1029: 967: 910: 873: 851: 817: 751: 503: 408: 337: 187: 135: 125: 80: 2344:, which should not be tolerated by society. Feminists who hold such views on prostitution include 5661: 5535: 5278: 5198: 5155: 5109: 5069: 4904: 4896: 4850: 4777: 4425: 4319: 4266: 4190: 4079: 3455: 3405: 3160: 3109: 3022: 2903: 2562: 2411: 1862: 1852: 1842: 1827: 1822: 1807: 1760: 1740: 1715: 1680: 1670: 1650: 1547: 1429: 1419: 1074: 905: 776: 658: 371: 332: 4871:

Prasad, Monica (1999). "The Morality of Market Exchange: Love, Money, and Contractual Justice".

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Popa, Bogdan (2017-06-01), "Queer Practices, or How to Unmoor Feminism from Liberal Feminism",

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women socially hold. The lack of autonomy in the sex market stems from the inhumane treatment

2505: 2458: 2301: 2177: 1923: 1787: 1750: 1745: 1725: 1720: 1690: 1655: 1608: 1598: 1562: 1557: 1542: 1537: 1451: 1186: 1179: 1154: 1144: 1129: 999: 972: 863: 822: 803: 798: 707: 673: 653: 640: 601: 596: 591: 564: 464: 403: 305: 39: 17: 5586: 5478: 4608: 4126:(October 2008). "Young women, local authority care and selling sex: findings from research". 3498:

Alexander, Priscilla (1997). "Feminism, Sex Workers and Human Rights". In Nagle, Jill (ed.).

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GAUTHIER, JEFFREY (February 2011). "Prostitution, Sexual Autonomy, and Sex Discrimination".

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Many feminists are strongly opposed to prostitution, as they see the practice as a form of

55: 5879: 4636: 4549: 4356: 4225: 3901: 3753: 3672: 3655:" Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, 1993, Volume 1: 13–31. Retrieved 3 September 2009. 3652: 3571: 3090: 3058: 3051: 2883: 2875: 2778: 2749: 2598: 2509: 2482: 2470: 2466: 2399: 2357: 2068: 1476: 1285: 1273: 1079: 1024: 1004: 962: 827: 717: 663: 621: 559: 554: 520: 432: 386: 5508:"Where The Trans Men and Enbies At?: Cissexism, Sexual Threat, and the Study of Sex Work" 4008: 3507: 3500: 2947: 5641: 5304: 5127: 2643:

Abolitionists attribute prostitution to women's comparative lack of economic resources.

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Some anti-prostitution scholars hold that true consent in prostitution is not possible.

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and are often victims of violence, and that little is done to address these problems."

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impossible most authors have argued that consent to prostitution is impossible. For

2369: 1149: 1109: 1104: 1019: 766: 729: 354: 349: 4323: 5095: 4823:"Prostitution and Sexual Autonomy: Making Sense of the Prohibition of Prostitution" 4097: 4057: 3724: 3428:"Feminism and Sex Trafficking: Rethinking Some Aspects of Autonomy and Paternalism" 3047: 3005: 2943: 2834: 2717: 2501: 2389: 2353: 2320: 2297: 2117: 1370: 1300: 1164: 1099: 1094: 1054: 1009: 771: 690: 668: 569: 444: 317: 2157: 5649: 5003: 4639:. Nordic Prostitution Policy Reform (21 September 2011). Retrieved 25 June 2012. 4454: 4075: 3156: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2874:

Activists and scholars who are proponents of the pro-sex work position include:

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They go on to identify three main feminist views on the issue of prostitution:

2193: 2121: 783: 700: 574: 420: 5452:"Decriminalization of Prostitution to Reduce Sex Workers' Vulnerability to HIV" 4470: 4397: 2520:

Such feminists see prostitution as a form of male dominance over women, as the

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The Danish election: a new government – and towards a new prostitution regime?

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legalizing prostitution and a legal response to the demand for prostitution".

3951:"SEX: From human intimacy to "sexual labor" or Is prostitution a human right?" 3443: 3039: 2991: 2770: 2754: 2665: 2623: 2619: 2541:, and say that, far from decreasing rape rates, prostitution leads to a sharp 2513: 2446: 2146: 1330: 1315: 1014: 5692: 5657: 5531: 5194: 5151: 5011: 4963: 4892: 4846: 4773: 4478: 4421: 4307: 4186: 3451: 3401: 3360: 3327: 2402:, or, when it is an independent decision, generally is the result of extreme 4804: 4123: 4109: 3151: 3138: 3130: 2773: 2474: 1310: 1305: 393: 5247: 5029: 4315: 3376:"Mainstreaming the Sex Industry: Economic Inclusion and Social Ambivalence" 2994:

perspective support some form of either decriminalization or legalization.

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holds that governments should work towards the elimination of prostitution.

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of women and of male dominance over women, and the result of the existing

5828:

Prostitution and Pornography: Philosophical Debate About the Sex Industry

4398:"Decriminalization of Sex Work: Feminist Discourses in Light of Research" 3177: 2986: 2372:. Their arguments against prostitution are explained and detailed below. 2288: 2132: 2113: 2109: 1084: 957: 525: 47: 5507: 3042:

individuals also willingly engage in sex work for a variety of reasons.

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perspectives, wherein prostitution by choice is said to be part of the

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Statue to honor the sex workers of the world. Installed March 2007 in

5847:

Selling Sex: Experience, Advocacy, and Research on Sex Work in Canada

5628:

Aalbers, Manuel B.; Deinema, Michaël (2012). "Placing prostitution".

5046:"Chapter Two. Contemporary Obligation Theory: Renewed or Recycled?", 4822: 3427: 2982: 2922: 2687: 2656: 4884: 4337:

Giobbe, Evelina (June 2005). "A comparison of pimps and batterers".

3904:. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved 3 September 2009. 3756:. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved 3 September 2009. 3683: 3681: 3574:. Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved 3 September 2009. 2406:

and lack of opportunity, or of serious underlying problems, such as

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Dangerous sex, invisible labor : sex work and the law in India

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argues that the sexual subordination of women must be overcome for

2180:(acrimonious debates on sex issues) of the late twentieth century. 4797:

Against the male flood : censorship, pornography and equality

2636: 2374: 2156: 5327: 4455:"Prostitution, trafficking and feminism: An update on the debate" 3863:"Factors affecting prostitution – Damage and survival mechanisms" 5570:

Moral dilemmas of feminism: prostitution, adultery, and abortion

3715:

Melissa Farley; Isin Baral; Merab Kiremire; Ufuk Sezgin (1998).

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Not for sale: feminists resisting prostitution and pornography

3635:(10 September 2007). The Guardian. Retrieved 3 September 2009. 3194: 3043: 2803: 2187: 2173:

against abuses by both the sex industry and the legal system.

5420: 5418: 4060:; Pines, Ayala M. (June 1982). "Entrance into prostitution". 3310:

Travels in the skin trade : tourism and the sex industry

4543:

Fréttir / A new law makes purchase of sex illegal in Iceland

3163:, which is a commercial hub for the sex market. Through the 3145:, inscription says "Respect sex workers all over the world". 4213:

Aboriginal Women's Action Network Statement on Prostitution

5681:"Amsterdam Tries Upscale Fix for Red-Light District Crime" 5050:, Cornell University Press, 2019-12-31, pp. 77–125, 3769:. Connecticut Public Radio. 5 August 2009. Archived from 4587:"Prostitution, trafficking and modern slavery in Europe" 4533:. BBC News (1 January 2009). Retrieved 3 September 2009. 4375:. North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Spinifex Press. 3017:

registry/licensing and frequent mandatory health exams.

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because it similarly involves a pattern of coercive and

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Huberman, Stephanie M. (2019-08-23), "Stalking Laws",

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Anti-prostitution feminists are extremely critical of

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A consequence and correlate of violence against women

5876:"Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: Prostitution" 4153: 4151: 3916:. Archpsyc.ama-assn.org. Retrieved 3 September 2009. 2946:

or working in a field that that society decided is "

2527:

reducing her to a mere instrument of sexual pleasure

4986:Goodyear, Michael D E; Cusick, Linda (2007-01-11). 4658:. Carnal San Francisco. Retrieved 3 September 2009. 5567: 4371:Whisnant, Rebecca; Stark, Christine, eds. (2004). 3747:Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations 3565:Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3499: 4714:"Myths and Facts about Nevada Legal Prostitution" 4506:"Prostitution: Where Racism and Sexism Intersect" 4216:. Aboriginal Women's Action Network (AWAN). 2007. 3061:. In the writings of abolitionist feminists like 2379:Advertisements for prostitutes fill a phone booth 5716:, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 273–288, 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 3034:Pro-sex work advocates also point out that many 5486:Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law 5374:. Feminists for Free Expression. Archived from 5372:"The Free Speech Pamphlet Series: Prostitution" 5366: 5364: 4366: 4364: 3675:. Global Centurion. Retrieved 3 September 2009. 5845:van der Meulen, E.; et al., eds. (2013). 4754:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4750:"Sex, Work, and the Feminist Erasure of Class" 2723:These feminists see prostitution as a form of 2537:These feminists see prostitution as a form of 2141:feminists hold that prostitution is a form of 5090:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–2, 4235: 4233: 3030:Transgender, non-binary, and male sex workers 2697:During 2011, the newly elected government of 2086: 8: 5501: 5499: 4589:. Parliamentary Assembly (Council of Europe) 4005:"Sexual Assault Prevention Program at ISPAN" 2613:The raced and classed nature of prostitution 2220:introducing citations to additional sources 3586:"Prostitution and the Invisibility of Harm" 3477:. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 14–16. 3374:Brents, Barbara G.; Sanders, Teela (2010). 2919:The International Committee for Prostitutes 4670:""Sex worker" ? Never met one !" 3928:"Prostitution and Male Supremacy (1 of 2)" 3666:Addressing Demand: Examining New Practices 2833:. Please do not remove this message until 2093: 2079: 1906: 1278: 1208: 978:African-American women's suffrage movement 310: 68: 34: 5809:Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work 5612: 5398:"Prostitution Law Reform: Defining Terms" 5309:Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality 5019: 4500: 4498: 4176: 3391: 3345:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2853:Learn how and when to remove this message 2628:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 5774:"Prostitution Law Reform in New Zealand" 4932:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419826.003.0001 4284: 4282: 4280: 4102:Sexual assault of prostitutes: phase one 3588:. Prostitiution Research & Education 3124: 2829:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2414:), and other unfortunate circumstances. 2210:Relevant discussion may be found on the 923:Discrimination against transgender women 26: 5756:Canadian Journal of Women & the Law 5128:"Reflections on Sex Equality under Law" 4649:Hungary: Turning Clients Into Criminals 4611:. European Women's Lobby. 18 April 2014 4564:"Punish the client, not the prostitute" 4562:Maja Orel Schwartz (26 February 2014). 4206: 4204: 4100:; Pines, Ayala M.; Lynch, Teri (1980). 3819:De Mark Cowling; Paul Reynolds (2004). 3794:"Rethinking Prostitution and 'Consent'" 3300: 2033: 1909: 1346: 453: 370: 186: 149: 116: 46: 5126:MacKinnon, Catharine A. (March 1991). 4034:. Pahrump Valley Times. Archived from 3012:to merely defining the operation of a 2108:vary widely, depending on the type of 5599:Fayemi, Ademola K. (September 2009). 5041: 5039: 4866: 4864: 4816: 4814: 4743: 4741: 4032:"Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking" 3426:Meyers, Diana Tietjens (2013-11-12). 3274:A Vindication of the Rights of Whores 7: 4566:(Press release). European Parliament 3421: 3419: 3137:, in Amsterdam's red-light district 2453:Long-term effects on the prostitutes 2231:"Feminist views on the sex industry" 2106:Feminist perspectives on sex markets 5885:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5780:. New Zealand Parliament. July 2012 5088:The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime 4459:Women's Studies International Forum 4396:Comte, Jacqueline (31 March 2013). 3234:legalized sex work in New Zealand. 2676:Outlawing of buying sexual services 2161:The Red Light district in Amsterdam 5236:Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 4585:José Mendes Bota (20 March 2014). 4340:Michigan Journal of Gender and Law 4129:The British Journal of Social Work 3926:Andrea Dworkin (31 October 1992). 3133:, Oudekerksplein, in front of the 25: 5450:Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. 5328:"Feminist Issues In Prostitution" 4531:New Norway law bans buying of sex 4243:(January 2004). "Ten reasons for 3609:"Eradicate the oldest oppression" 3432:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 2962:Legalization or decriminalization 5303:Beran, Katie (3 February 2017). 5187:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2010.01126.x 4748:Beloso, Brooke Meredith (2012). 4007:. Inner-star.org. Archived from 3745:Farley, Melissa. (April/2/2000) 3717:"Prostitution in Five Countries" 3688:MacKinnon, Catharine A. (2007). 3607:Julie Bindel (18 January 2006). 3506:. New York: Routledge. pp. 3393:10.1111/j.1467-6478.2010.00494.x 3198: 2898:(also known as Scarlot Harlot), 2808: 2731:Feminist responses to sex market 2203:relies largely or entirely on a 2192: 2062: 1594:Democratic Republic of the Congo 933:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 54: 5811:. Greenwood. pp. 154–159. 5556:. Polity Press: Cambridge pg 23 5506:Jones, Angela (February 2020). 4958:, Routledge, pp. 451–482, 4668:Trisha Baptie (26 April 2009). 4030:MARK WAITE (7 September 2007). 3978:. 22 April 2009. Archived from 3949:Cecilia Hofmann (August 1997). 3644:Catharine A. MacKinnon (1993) " 3312:(2nd ed.). London: Pluto. 3232:Prostitution Reform Act of 2003 2169:, and feminists should support 31:Amsterdam's Red Light District 5679:Simons, Marlise (2008-02-24). 5605:Journal of Pan African Studies 5096:10.1002/9781118929803.ewac0480 4926:, Edinburgh University Press, 4453:Jeffreys, Sheila (July 2009). 3893:Parker, Joe. (August/04/1998) 3822:Making sense of sexual consent 2469:through alcohol and drug use; 2336:Arguments against prostitution 2154:to be used and abused by men. 2129:feminist views on prostitution 2026:Women's suffrage organizations 18:Feminist views on prostitution 1: 5830:. Stanford University Press. 4552:21 April 2009 Jafnréttisstofa 3646:Prostitution And Civil Rights 3542:Women Power and Public Policy 3279:Feminist views on pornography 3244:Decriminalization of sex work 2870:Proponents and support groups 2285:Women Power and Public Policy 5650:10.1080/13604813.2012.662370 5426:"Stella en action juridique" 4691:Trisha Baptie (2009-06-12). 3694:. Harvard University Press. 3341:Kotiswaran, Prabha. (2011). 3155:in Amsterdam is home to the 3149:The notable neighborhood of 3094:importance to any feminist. 2127:There exists a diversity of 2011:Suffragists and suffragettes 1941:American feminist literature 5004:10.1136/bmj.39087.642801.be 4988:"Protection of sex workers" 4821:Anderson, Scott A. (2002). 4076:10.1177/0044118X82013004005 3973:"It's wrong to pay for sex" 3767:"It's Wrong to Pay for Sex" 3544:. Oxford University Press. 3191:Prostitution in New Zealand 3098:Sex market across the world 2835:conditions to do so are met 2630:, also adopt this approach: 2563:sexually abused as children 1251:Views on transgender topics 1241:Views on sexual orientation 5936: 5714:Imagining Global Amsterdam 4471:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.07.002 4250:Journal of Trauma Practice 3502:Whores and Other Feminists 3380:Journal of Law and Society 3188: 2972:Feminists who support the 2965: 2679: 2553: 2387: 5915:Feminism and prostitution 5826:Spector, J., ed. (2006). 5722:10.1515/9789048515134-016 5554:Prostitution and Feminism 5056:10.7591/9781501725647-004 4873:Sociological Perspectives 4795:Dworkin, Andrea. (1985). 4414:10.1007/s12119-013-9174-5 4164:Feminism & Psychology 3723:: 405–426. Archived from 3721:Feminism & Psychology 3691:Women's Lives, Men's Laws 3540:Newman and White (2012). 3475:Prostitution and Feminism 3444:10.1007/s10677-013-9452-1 3308:Seabrook, Jeremy (2001). 2800:Pro-sex work perspectives 2607:enforced social isolation 2496:Male dominance over women 2473:; and a greater risk for 2042:Women's rights by country 953:Female genital mutilation 5849:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 4964:10.4324/9781351157728-20 4308:10.1177/1363461505052667 4295:Transcultural Psychiatry 4187:10.1177/0959353598084002 3671:20 December 2016 at the 3633:Ending a trade in misery 3584:Farley, Melissa (2003). 3473:O’Neill, Maggie (2001). 2312:The sex work perspective 2047:Feminists by nationality 2021:Women's studies journals 2016:Women's rights activists 744:Movements and ideologies 5803:Ditmore, M. H. (2006). 5607:(Thesis). Vol. 3. 5566:Shrage, Laurie (1994). 5552:O’Neill, Maggie (2001) 4402:Sexuality & Culture 3900:11 January 2012 at the 3010:state-controlled system 2410:, past trauma (such as 1435:International relations 306:Intersectional variants 5920:Feminism and sexuality 5248:10.7916/cjgl.v4i1.2373 3895:How Prostitution Works 3752:4 January 2010 at the 3570:4 January 2010 at the 3284:Individualist feminism 3249:Individualist feminism 3146: 3121:Netherlands: Amsterdam 2793:Catharine A. MacKinnon 2725:violence against women 2641: 2626:in her report for the 2380: 2342:violence against women 2329:The outlaw perspective 2162: 1961:Conservative feminisms 1216:Bicycling and feminism 1192:Women in the workforce 1160:Violence against women 1135:Sexual objectification 1095:Opposition to feminism 362:Vegetarian ecofeminism 32: 5048:Rethinking Obligation 4263:10.1300/J189v02n03_17 3264:Sex-positive feminism 3259:Revolting Prostitutes 3128: 3079:sex-positive feminist 2632: 2603:controlling behaviour 2573:respondents had been 2378: 2160: 1991:Feminist rhetoricians 1981:Feminist philosophers 1533:Revisionist mythology 1236:Views on prostitution 1221:Criticism of marriage 916:Children's literature 30: 5132:The Yale Law Journal 4635:3 April 2012 at the 4548:4 April 2011 at the 3800:on 14 September 2009 2929:Economic empowerment 2880:Norma Jean Almodovar 2575:physically assaulted 2384:Coercion and poverty 2283:Newman and White in 2216:improve this article 1971:Feminist art critics 1946:Feminist comic books 1903:Lists and categories 1582:By continent/country 1413:Pathways perspective 1296:Gender mainstreaming 1231:Views on pornography 1140:Substantive equality 1120:Reproductive justice 1070:Matriarchal religion 928:Diversity (politics) 869:Political lesbianism 179:Other women's rights 5642:2012City...16..129A 5378:on 26 December 2004 4512:on 11 February 2011 4350:Pdf of pages 33–58. 4142:10.1093/bjsw/bcm049 4063:Youth & Society 4038:on 17 December 2007 3953:. CATW-Asia Pacific 3792:SULLIVAN, Barbara. 3269:Sex workers' rights 3063:Catharine MacKinnon 2968:Sex workers' rights 2888:Laura María Agustín 2822:of this section is 2556:Forced prostitution 2420:Catherine MacKinnon 2362:Catharine MacKinnon 2171:sex worker activism 2167:forced prostitution 2069:Feminism portal 1976:Feminist economists 1966:Ecofeminist authors 1771:Trinidad and Tobago 1711:Republic of Ireland 1403:Composition studies 1170:Women's empowerment 1125:Sex workers' rights 1050:Feminist capitalism 1030:Internalized sexism 968:Feminism in culture 81:History of feminism 5685:The New York Times 5524:10.1111/soc4.12750 5458:on 18 October 2013 4355:2016-03-04 at the 4241:Raymond, Janice G. 4224:2013-05-22 at the 3664:Lederer, Laura J. 3651:2009-07-25 at the 3210:. You can help by 3161:red-light district 3147: 3110:birth registration 3073:Other perspectives 3023:self-determination 2786:Dominance feminism 2561:(60% to 70%) were 2412:child sexual abuse 2381: 2287:(2012) argue that 2184:Framing the debate 2163: 1381:Literary criticism 1246:Views on sexuality 938:Effects on society 906:Complementarianism 886:Women's liberation 641:Religious variants 615:trans-exclusionary 333:Radical lesbianism 33: 5837:978-0-8047-4937-4 5818:978-0-313-32968-5 5778:www.parliament.nz 5731:978-90-485-1513-4 5581:978-0-415-90551-0 5512:Sociology Compass 5326:Bromberg, Sarah. 5105:978-1-118-92980-3 5065:978-1-5017-2564-7 4973:978-1-351-15772-8 4956:Gender and Rights 4941:978-1-4744-1982-6 3930:. Nostatusquo.com 3517:978-0-415-91821-3 3484:978-0-7456-1204-1 3289:Transactional sex 3228: 3227: 3115:human traffickers 3085:Feminist scholar 2998:Decriminalization 2978:decriminalization 2863: 2862: 2855: 2690:(in 2009) and in 2506:sexual liberation 2436:radical feminists 2400:human trafficking 2302:economic coercion 2281: 2280: 2266: 2178:feminist sex wars 2139:Anti-prostitution 2103: 2102: 2054: 2053: 1573: 1572: 1563:womanist theology 1506:Political ecology 1337:Écriture féminine 1264: 1263: 1155:Triple oppression 1145:Toxic masculinity 1130:Sexual harassment 995:Feminist stripper 973:Feminist movement 534: 533: 465:Africana womanism 296: 295: 16:(Redirected from 5927: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5880:Zalta, Edward N. 5860: 5841: 5822: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5636:(1–2): 129–145. 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5596: 5590: 5585: 5573: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5483: 5477:Eichert, David. 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5454:. 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762:Anti-pornography 617: 616: 612: 328:Lesbian of color 311: 188:Women's suffrage 164:Muslim countries 159:Women's suffrage 76:Feminist history 69: 58: 35: 21: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5910:Feminist theory 5900: 5899: 5890: 5888: 5870: 5867: 5857: 5844: 5838: 5825: 5819: 5802: 5799: 5797:Further reading 5794: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5697: 5695: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5614:10.1.1.538.4881 5598: 5597: 5593: 5582: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5551: 5547: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5402:www.bayswan.org 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5341:Landau, Sarah. 5340: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5302: 5301: 5290: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5106: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5066: 5045: 5044: 5037: 4998:(7584): 52–53. 4985: 4984: 4980: 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Feminist views on the sex industry

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