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community. They also aim to have more people in office, to network better with the broader Latin people. They have set goals to advocate for LGBT rights in the political world, from organizations and political groups to acknowledge their rights, and encourage other countries to protect feminists and other members of the LGBT community in Latin
America. Leaders such as Rafael de la Dehesa have contributed to describing early LGBT relations in parts of Latin America through his writings and advocacy. De la Dehesa, a Harvard alumnus, has published books such as, âQueering the Public Sphere in Mexico and Brazil: Sexual Rights Movements in Emerging Democraciesâ that advocate for a shift in popular culture that accepts queer Latinos. His work, "Global Communities and Hybrid Cultures: Early Gay and Lesbian Electoral Activism in Brazil and Mexico" explains the gay communities and puts them in context to coincide with the history of those countries. Rafael has also introduced the idea of normalizing LGBT issues in patriarchal conservative societies such as Mexico and Brazil to suggest that being gay should no longer be considered taboo in the early 2000s.
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businesses that lead into a vast network of powerful prominent people including bankers and financial institutions. When funding was needed to defend the
Mexican American defendants during the Sleepy Lagoon trial Josefina Fierro de Bright would use her various connections to obtain the funds. Josefina Fierro de Bright was also an activist for labor rights and for was a secretary for National Congress of Spanish Speaking Peoples. The committee examined minority labor groups that endured unfair conditions and were prohibited from joining labor unions during the Great depression. She was the executive secretary for
472:(EZLN) became âa catalyst for indigenous women's organization in Mexicoâ and created âThe Women's Revolutionary Law." Their example of indigenous feminism led the way for other indigenous tribes, such as the Mayans, Quechuas, and Quiches. Zapatista women were made public in 1994. They are used as inspiration and symbolic tools to feminists throughout the world, and are often referred to in scholarly essays and articles. In 1993, many feminists tried to bring together these autonomous organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean, which led to the Beijing Global Conference on Women of 1995.
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inequality, many Latin
American feminists tie authoritarian governments with fewer rights for women. Slogans, such as âWomen give life, the dictatorships exterminates it,â âIn the Day of the National Protest: Letâs make love not the beds,â and âFeminism is Liberty, Socialism, and Much More,â portrayed the demands of many Latin American feminists. Latin American feminist theorist Nelly Richard of Chile explored how feminism and gay culture broke down rigid structures of life in Chile and was essential to the liberation of women in her novel
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314:, who in 1945 won the Nobel prize in literature and became a voice for women in Latin America. She upheld conservative gender norms, even at one point saying, âperfect patriotism in women is perfect motherhoodâ, and that as a teacher she was âmarriedâ to the state. However, feminist theorists contend that her personal experiences contradict her language, because she never married, she had a âmannishâ appearance, and her close personal relationships with women suggest that she might have been a closet lesbian.
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the 1960s focused on social justice rather than suffrage. They emphasized âreproductive rights, equal pay in the job market, and equality of legal rights.â This type of Latin
American feminism was a result of the activism of Latina women against their position of subordinance, not a reaction to women gaining more legal rights in the United States and Europe. As Gloria AnzaldĂșa said, we must put history âthrough a sieve, winnow out the lies, look at the forces that we as a race, as women, have been part of.â
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480:'s government, Ecuador's Constitution of 1998 saw many new legal rights for women. MUDE, or Women for Democracy, have stated that âwhat is not good for democracy is not good for women." However, this is not always the case. Peru had an authoritarian regime, but they had a quota for at least thirty percent of candidates in a race to be women. It is important to note though, that the advance of Latin American women's legal equality does not get rid of the social and economic inequality present.
169:. There is a controversy known as âepistemic privilegeâ (epistemic privilege is known as the privilege a person knows or has first-hand experience on a particular subject. For example, a woman would know what issues impact them more than a man would), regarding how most Latina feminist philosophers enjoy a cultural and economic privilege that distances them from the living conditions of the majority of Latin American women. Feminist philosopher
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widows). In order to understand the change in the language of feminist movements, it is necessary to bear in mind two things: the first is that it was women that headed revelations and subsequent struggle for the punishment of those who were responsible for the state terrorism, and the second is the policy-especially of the United States- to prioritize human rights in the international agenda.
547:. This movement allowed Indigenous working-class women to become members of parliament as well as serve in other branches of the government. Though this important transition of power was more peaceful and much more inclusive than in any other country in Latin America, in other countries, obstacles still remain for indigenous women to have any representation or political identity. The
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Nancy Fraser, referring to violence against women, questioned the established limits of discussion and politicized problems which before had not ever been politicized, expanded their audiences, created new spaces and institutions in which the opposing interpretations could be developed and from where they could reach wider audiences.
270:, the wife of Tupac Amaru, was given the title of commander of the army for a stint of time where she led in a rebellion against the Spanish. Her contributions in battle and ultimate martyrdom broke the stereotype that women were to weak to go into battle, laying the foundation for continued women empowerment.
132:. Prior to these movements, women had close to no rights after colonialism. However, women who belonged to wealthier, European families had more opportunities in education. Then in the 1920s, feminism was reignited and moved towards political and educational changes for women's rights. In the 1930-50s a
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Today there is a weak relationship between lesbianism and feminism in Latin
America. Since the 1960s, lesbians have become a viable group in Latin America. They have established groups to fight misogynist oppression against lesbians, fight AIDS in the LGBT community, and support one another. However,
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Most feminisms in Latin
America arose out of the context of military dictatorships and masculine domination. However, a lot of marginalized women began questioning hegemonic feminism in the 1970s. These women, whether they were Afro-descendant, lesbians, Indigenous, transgender, sex workers, domestic
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At the end of the 1960s, many Latin
American women started forming groups of reflection and activism for defending women's rights. Initially, those women were from the middle class and a significant part came from the various left groups. Unlike their predecessors however, Latin American feminists of
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The neoliberal policies that began in the late 1980s and reached their peak in the continent during the decade of the 1990s, made the feminist movement fragmented and privatized. Many women began to work in multilateral organizations, finance agencies etc. and became bridges between financing bodies
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Feminist meetings continued to occur, initially every two years; later every three years. Topics discussed included recent accomplishments, strategies, possible future conflicts, ways to enhance their strategies and how to establish through such ways varied, rich and immense coordination between the
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Feminists were able to achieve goals because of political parties, international organizations and local labour groups. Latin
American feminist movements had two forms: as centers of feminist work, and as part of the broad, informal, mobilized, volunteer, street feminist movement. At the IV meeting
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was a âprecursor to feminism and womenâs emancipation. History has both vilified and glorified
Manuela SĂĄenz - for her affair with Simon Bolivar, and for accusations that say she only âmanipulated gender norms to advance her person and political interests.â As an early supporter of the independence
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was a social activist that fought for equality for women. She was from
Guatemala and was previously known as Blanca Rosa Rodriguez Lopez, however, to disguise her wealthy upbringing she changed her name when she immigrated to the United States. Luisa Moreno first began her activism in America as a
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Both of these women's feminist ideologies were born out of the need for equality they saw was either not being met or being disregarded after their countriesâ successful or attempted revolutions. This feminism born out of the fight against oppressive regimes has given way to a new look of feminism
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With the rise of globalization and international policies, many feminist political and academic organizations have been institutionalized. The more professional tactics of NGOs and political lobbying have given Latina feminists more influence on public policy, but at the cost of giving up âbolder,
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as an accomplished union organizer where her leadership helped network a national assembly. Luisa Moreno was additionally recognized for her advocacy of education across class. She felt education was the way to emancipate women form ignorance and feminism would aid women in being mindful of their
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Today, there are also feminist groups that have spread to the United States. For example, The Latina Feminist Group formed in the 1990s is composed of women from all places in Latin America. Although groups like these are local, they are all-inclusive groups that accept members from all parts of
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The feminist movement returned to be an important protagonist in the early 1980s after the fall of dictatorships and the establishment of new democratic regimes throughout the region, with the dictatorship managing to interrupt the continuity with the previous stage. Feminists of the 1980s, e.g.
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Most women advocating for equal rights had to cling to femininity to gain respect, but feminist theorist Julia de Burgos used her writings to âopenly contest the prevailing notion that womanhood and motherhood are synonymous.â Additionally, Dr. Leila Gonzalez was involved in the âBrazilian Black
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In the 2000s, Latin American feminist groups have set goals for their communities. Such goals call for the consolidation of a more organized LGBT community across Latin America. Other goals overall look to change smaller domestic policies that in any way discriminate against members of the LGBT
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in the region. When dictatorial regimes settled over the majority of the continent, these prevented the development of feminist movements. This was due not only to the establishment of a reactionary ideology based on the defense of tradition and family, but also to the political persecution and
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Post-suffrage feminism in Latin America covers mainly three big streams: the feminist stream, the stream in political parties and the stream of women from political parties. Some issues of great concern include: voluntary maternity/responsible paternity, divorce law reform, equal pay, personal
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Feminist mobilization or gathering can be seen in Shaye's research of Chilean women and their nation's government-organized mothersâ center. She witnessed that the gathering of these women and the sharing of their stories of oppression and domestic violence led the way to âStrategic (feminist)
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because of many military coups and dictatorships in Latin America, feminist lesbian groups have had to break up, reinvent, and reconstruct their work. Dictatorships in the 1970s and 1980s in Chile and Argentina were examples of the resistance to these feminist lesbians groups in Latin America.
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During the repressive period and particularly during the early years of democracy, human rights groups played a major role in the continent. These movements organized to denounce the torture, disappearances, and crimes of the dictatorship, were headed mainly by women (mothers, grandmothers and
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Defense committee. The committee was formed after the murder at Sleepy Lagoon with the intention that the Mexican American defendants on trial would receive justice under the Constitutions and without Josefina Fierro de Bright it would not have been possible. She owned and invested in several
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The emergence of economic neoliberal models at the beginning of the 21st century led to a revival of the movement in the world, which was accompanied by an attempt at feminist dialogue with other social movements. A new feature is the feminist participation in global mobilization at different
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For those reasons, Latin American feminist theorist Ros Tobar says that Chilean feminism is closely tied to socialism. Authoritarian regimes reinforced âthe traditional family, and the dependent role of women, which is reduced to that of mother.â Because dictatorships institutionalized social
200:, and âinterlinking registers of address.â Many Latina feminists borrow concepts that Lugones introduced, such as âthe role of language, bodies, objects, and places.â Graciela Hierro, born in 1928 in Mexico addressed âfeminist ethics and the roles of feminism in public and academic spaces.
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with its consequences such as torture, forced exile, imprisonment, disappearances and murders of political, social and trade union activists. While the right wing of politicians considered feminists to be subversive and rebellious, the left, in contrast, named them the «small bourgeois».
590:. Figueroa also described an experience of women essentially carrying a revolution on their backs, but being undermined in the role they played in the revolution or not being to progress past the machismo and sexism, both of which were still rampant after their respective revolutions.
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in Mexico in 1987 there was signed a document on the myths of the feminist movement impeding its development. This document has a great impact; it states that feminism has a long way to go because, it is a radical transformation of society, politics and culture. The myths listed are:
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workers, etc., began to look at different, interlocking types of oppression. Gloria AnzaldĂșa, of Indigenous descent, described her experience with intersectionality as a âracial, ideological, cultural, and biological crosspollinationâ and called it a ânew mestiza consciousness.â
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There is a fairly solid consensus among academics and activists that women's participation in leftist movements has been one of the central reasons for the development of Latin American feminism. However, some Latin American countries were able to attain legal rights for women in
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feminist frameworks, promoted literature and art by women of color, and establish their own social groups. They have also sought to challenge traditional nationalists who oppress women and use their political influence to subjugate non-heterosexuals, women, and people of color.
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The 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s were full of Latina feminists that pioneered the current Latin American Feminist movement. It was the beginning of the suffragist movement for many Latin American women. The first elected woman mayor of any major capital city in the Americas,
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Indigenous Latin American feminists face a myriad of struggles, including little to no political representation across all of Latin America. It was not until the 2000s that indigenous feminist leaders were able to gain any political power. In 2006, Bolivia elected
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mobilizationâ. These gatherings were not only unique to Chile, but were found throughout Latin America - Bogota, Colombia (1981), Lima, PerĂș (1983), Bertioga, Brazil (1985), Taxco, Mexico (1987), and San Bernardo, Argentina (1990) - through the 1980s known as
583:, and she knew from direct experience how necessary women are to any revolution, though she also believed their role is often forgotten. Mendez explained that women were one of the sole reasons the left had support and were able to move through El Salvador.
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constructed a common space, the people there made sure it was a place of political dialogue, not of a sisterhood. One of the few points of unity found during these Encuentros was the effect colonialism and globalization had on their respective countries.
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autonomy, challenging the consistently negative and sexist portrayal of women in the media, access to formal political representation. Women of the popular classes tend to focus their agendas on issues of economic survival and racial and ethnic justice.
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trade union organizer. She was able to obtain contract coverings for 13,000 cigar workers. This ability aided Luisa Moreno's journey to being the first female vice presidents of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (
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Latin American feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and achieving equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for Latin American women. This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for
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men who fought for basic human rights and âopenly challenged machismo, sexism, and patriarchy.â Bianca Canales, Luisa Capetillo, Connie Cruz, and Denise Oliver became leaders in the Young Lords, and facilitated a âTen-Point Health Program."
720:). Luisa Moreno was able to advocate for feminism in the workplace which led to maternity leave, child care and equal pay. Luisa Moreno was the first person to initiate the first U.S. pan-Latino civil rights conference and was pivotal in
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The consensus is democracy. This is important because each country in Latin America was able to push feminism in different ways â for example, through democracy, socialism, and even under authoritarian regimes (although this was less
96:, the transportation and subjugation of slaves from Africa, and the mistreatment of native people. The origins of modern Latin American feminism can be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s social movements, where it encompasses the
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for a short period of time and was known for the protests that she held for discrimination. These protests help develop awareness of the multiple types of discrimination that Latina women were experiencing within the labor
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Scholars argue that there is a strong correlation between the improvement of legal rights for Latin American women and the country's struggle for democracy. For example, because of women's active protests against President
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Since feminist theory often relies on Western literary works rather than personal experiences, Latin American feminist theory is a construct that has appeared only recently in order to give Latina women legitimacy in
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women that live in Guatemala and parts of southern Mexico, for example, have struggled to gain any political mobility over the last few years due to immigration crises, and economic and educational disadvantages.
296:, protective labour laws, and access to education. In 1910, Argentina held the first meeting of the organization of International Feminist Congresses (topic of equality). The second meeting was in 1916 in Mexico.
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in Argentina (a 1969 civil uprising), student mobilizations in Mexico and others. These facts could be regarded as the sharpest experience and numerous movements of urban and rural guerrilla came to the scene.
276:, an Argentinian journalist and writer born in 1818, advocated greater rights for women and wrote literary works with women protagonists that were both âromantic and politicalâ. Similar to SĂĄenz, Gorriti held
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The emergence of the Latin American feminism movement is contributed to five key factors. It has been said that the beginning of the revolution for Latin American feminism started in the 1800s with two women,
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Such female groups arose amid the sharp radicalization of class struggles in the continent, which resulted in labor and mass rising. The most evident manifestations of these were the Chilean industrial belts
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Various critiques of âinternal colonialism of Latin American states toward their own indigenous populationsâ and âEurocentrism in the social sciencesâ emerged, giving rise to Latin American Feminist Theory.
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Montenegro, Marisela; Capdevila, Rose; Sarriera, Heidi Figueroa (2012). "Editorial introduction: Towards a transnational feminism: Dialogues on feminisms and psychologies in a Latin American context".
508:(CFSS ) of Brazil currently âprovides health education for women and professionals,â where they encourage self-help and focus on âwomen's mental health, violence against women, and child mortality.â
284:, a novelist sympathetic towards Indians and critical of the priesthood in Peru. Gorriti also worked with Teresa GonzĂĄlez, an avid writer who ran a girlsâ school and advocated education for women.
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152:. The 1990s made strides towards the legal equality of women. In today's society, Latin American feminism has been broken down into multiple subcategories by either ethnicity or topic awareness.
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Because Latin America is a vast area, the diversity of this feminist theory can make it difficult to characterize. However, several notable Latin feminist theorists include Marcela Rios Tobar,
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and female movements. It was around this time that many feminists, feeling discomfort with the current hegemonic feminism, began to create their own, autonomous organizations. In 1994, the
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contexts. Latin American feminist theorists are known to not only get their sources from Western countries, but also from Latin American history, personal accounts, and research in the
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Aguiar, José Carlos G. (2012). "Reviewed work: The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America. A Reader on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights, Javier Corrales, Mario Pecheny".
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such as working as sewists in factories. Then in the 1960s, the movement changed to advocate for bodily and economic rights of women. The 1970s had a downfall in the movement due to a
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would not be used to describe women's rights advocates until the 1890s, many women of the nineteenth century, mostly elite or middle class, tried to challenge dominant gender norms.
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Latin America. Members of the organizations are predominantly from European â Native American backgrounds with some members being completely descendants of Native American people.
530:. This is a social movement that emerged as a response to violence against women in Latin America. It has evolved to encompass and incorporate the fight for other rights as well.
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In addition to SĂĄenz, there were several other women who actively participated on the frontline of war efforts in support of Latin American independence and women empowerment.
307:, born in 1889, was a notable man in a peasant army and the Confederation of Veterans of the Revolution who by modern United States standards would be considered a trans man.
602:. These biannual meetings brought together grassroot and professional feminists and allowed these women to discuss their experiences and the progression of their countries.
327:, was âan active participant in Puerto Rico's women's suffrage movementâ that was won in 1932, and her child care programs âinspired the United States' Head Start program."
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was an activist in the Latin American Community. In 1972 she was a vital part of the Citizens Committee for the defense of Mexican American Youth which later was known as
148:. After the fall of neoliberalism, the 1980s brought a resurgence of the feminist movement towards political rights. The 1980s also began to shed light on the topic of
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As Shayne was researching this phenomenon in El Salvador during the 1980s, she came across Lety Mendez, a former member and head of the women's secretariat of the
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has argued that âfeminist philosophy requires a home in a broader Latin American Feminist theory and not in the discipline of philosophy in Latin America.â
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In the late 1990s, Shayne traveled to Cuba and interviewed Maria Antonia Figuero: she and her mother had worked alongside Castro during the dictatorship of
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Shayne, Julie D. The Revolution Question: Feminisms in El Salvador, Chile, and Cuba. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press, 2004.
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Men and Women both participated in revolutions that presented Revolutionary Feminism. These soldiers are fighting in the civil war in El Salvador.
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It also was during this time that leftist feminist organizations gained attention for their efforts. This is most prominently seen in the â
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group of women founded what is now considered the current movement for Latin American women. Some of these movements included founding the
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Two major areas of focus for the modern feminist movement in Latin America are legalizing abortion, and stopping violence against women.
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Some experts, such as Julie Shayne, believe that in Latin America the phenomenon of female, feminism movements should be called
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653: with: examples and additional citations of latina suffragists specific to Latin American countries. You can help by
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and employment. People who practice feminism by advocating or supporting the rights and equality of women are feminists.
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Bastian Duarte, Ăngela Ixkic (2012). "From the Margins of Latin American Feminism: Indigenous and Lesbian Feminisms".
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Duarte, ngela Ixkic Bastian (2012). "From the Margins of Latin American Feminism: Indigenous and Lesbian Feminisms".
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Ingen, L.V. (February 2004). "The Limits of State Suffrage for California Women Candidates in the Progressive Era".
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Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe / European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
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Roelofs, Monique (2016). "Navigating Frames of Address: MarĂa Lugones on Language, Bodies, Things, and Places".
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Miñoso, Yuderkys Espinosa; Flores, Joan (2010). "The Feminism-Lesbianism Relationship in Latin America".
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government meetings and in multinational organizations where there is a discussion of humanity's future.
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experience in revolutionary movements showed challenge to the status-quo perception of gender behaviour
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RUIZ, VICKI L. 2016. âAHA Presidential Address Class Acts: Latina Feminist Traditions, 1900-1930.â
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varies across different groups where there has been cultural, political, and social involvement.
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These myths were commonly disputed at Latin American and Caribbean meetings in the 1980s called
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The Feminist Movement in Latin America: Between Hope and Disenchantment. Development and Change
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Schutte, Ofelia (2011). "Engaging Latin American Feminisms Today: Methods, Theory, Practice".
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Protest on International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 2019 in Mexico City
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Alvarez, Sonia (Winter 1992). "Feminisms in Latin America: From Bogota to San Bernardo".
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Feminism in Latin America runs through Central America, South America, and the Caribbean
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was president of this league when women won the right to vote in California in 1911.
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Larralde, Carlos. 2010. âJosefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942-1945.â
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1373:. Latin American Studies Program Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Archived from
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1581:
686:
678:
2111:
1663:
1510:
1189:
985:
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368:
However, the mid-70s saw the decline of such movements due to the policy of
349:
259:
cause, she spied on Spanish royalty and held intellectual gatherings called
129:
105:
2775:
1181:
1073:
Mother's Making Latin America: Genders, Households, and Politics since 1825
1273:
1256:
3002:
2206:
331:
movementâ and helped develop âthe practice of Black Feminism in Brazil.â
293:
210:
109:
1636:
1929:
1885:
1231:"Los cordones industriales, la revoluciĂłn chilena y el frentepopulismo"
977:
717:
121:
2054:, ABC-CLIO, 2023, latinoamerican2.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/2301798.
1168:
Tobar, Ros (2003). "Feminism is Socialism, Liberty, and Much More".
1009:
Feminist Activism in Latin America, in The Encyclopedia of Sociology
1921:
1819:
1475:
1309:
1031:
Barrig, Maruja; Beckman, Ericka (2001). "Latin American Feminism".
1843:
The Revolution Question: Feminisms in El Salvador, Chile, and Cuba
1602:. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. pp. 4â12.
559:
543:
for president, who spearheaded a new Bolivian movement called the
487:
75:
2070:
Womenâs Labor in the Global Economy: Speaking in Multiple Voices
1218:. Vol. 1 (Fourth ed.). San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.
2779:
2210:
614:
In recent years, Latin American feminists have also challenged
935:
637:
92:
Latin American feminism exists in the context of centuries of
17:
1652:"'Not My Fault': Women in Mexico Fight Back Against Violence"
813:
Globalization and Feminist Activism. Rowman & Littlefield
934:
Gracia, Jorge; Vargas, Manuel (2013). Zalta, Edward (ed.).
310:
A prominent international figure born during this time was
1107:"Latina Feminism: National and Transnational Perspectives"
912:
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-latin-america/
873:. Cambridge University Press. 2000-05-18. pp. 32â51.
1366:
Castillo, Debra; Dudley, Mary Jo; Mendoza, Breny (eds.).
437:
The women's spaces ensure for themselves a positive space
428:
There is a natural unity for the mere fact of being women
1718:"Explained: Abortion Rights in Mexico and Latin America"
681:. Ortero-Warren was a prominent local organizer for the
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
654:
501:
more innovative proposals from community initiatives."
431:
Feminism exists only as a policy of women towards women
41:
1011:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. Vol no. 4: 1685â1689.
238:
History and the evolution of feminism in Latin America
1566:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 401â405.
1443:
Friedman, Elisabeth. "Feminism Under Construction".
1066:
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1062:
3010:
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2614:
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2447:
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2052:
The American Mosaic: The Latino American Experience
1650:Villegas, Paulina; Malkin, Elisabeth (2019-12-26).
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
2046:
2044:
2042:
627:Latina suffragists refer to suffrage activists of
577:Frente Farabundo Marti para la Liberacion Nacional
736:, President of the College Equal Suffrage League.
1971:. Durham: Duke University Press. 2001. pp.
1537:. Durham: Duke University Press. 2001. pp.
1257:"Masculine/Feminine: Practices of Difference(s)"
1209:
1207:
385:â of Puerto Rico. The Young Lords were at first
1808:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
1464:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
1298:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
846:Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics
673:One of the most notable Latina suffragists is
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2222:
2072:(New Brunswick, NJ, 2007), 28â45, here 29â34.
1163:
1161:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
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8:
3125:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1968:Telling to Live: Latina Feminist Testimonios
1899:
1897:
1895:
1534:Telling To Live: Latina Feminist Testimonios
692:Other prominent Latina Suffragists include:
594:that can be found throughout Latin America.
280:for literary men and women, one of whom was
230:unmet basic needs by revolutionary movements
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
359:Masculine/Feminine: Practices of Difference
2798:
2784:
2776:
2702:
2559:
2503:
2444:
2420:
2251:
2229:
2215:
2207:
2064:
2062:
2060:
1845:. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
1778:"Women Strike in Latin America and Beyond"
1564:The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America
1272:
1216:Borderlands/La frontera: La nueva mestiza
156:Latin American and Latino feminist theory
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
2001:New Mexico Office of the State Historian
1392:"Movimiento feminista en América latina"
422:Feminists do politics in a different way
2149:"Woman's who's who of America, 1914-15"
2080:
2078:
940:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
803:
1368:"Rethinking Feminisms in the Americas"
683:Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage
254:Born in Quito (now Ecuador), in 1797,
3205:Hispanic and Latino American feminism
2036:92 (2): 117â60. doi:10.2307/41172517.
1758:from the original on 30 November 2019
506:Colectivo Feminista Sexualidade Saude
419:Feminists are not interested in power
7:
2191:from the original on 9 December 2018
2155:from the original on 9 December 2018
2007:from the original on 9 December 2018
534:Indigenous feminism in Latin America
1261:RILCE. Revista de Filologa Hispnica
871:The Women of Colonial Latin America
734:Maria Guadalupe Evangelina de Lopez
556:Revolutionary/feminist mobilization
440:Personal is automatically political
365:national and transnational levels.
233:a collective feminist consciousness
470:Zapatista National Liberation Army
299:The 1910s saw many women, such as
14:
3001:
2968:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1398:from the original on 26 May 2015
1345:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01200.x
833:. New York: Sage. pp. 3â11.
641:
22:
1997:"Womens Suffrage Movement-1915"
1788:from the original on 2021-12-26
1746:Mellen, Ruby (4 October 2019).
1728:from the original on 2022-09-06
1699:from the original on 2022-12-08
1670:from the original on 2023-04-07
1609:from the original on 2017-01-14
1425:from the original on 2015-05-26
1237:from the original on 2015-09-24
1147:from the original on 2019-04-09
946:from the original on 2020-01-26
792:Feminism in Trinidad and Tobago
2133:Leonard, John William (1914).
1045:10.1080/10714839.2001.11724593
184:. Latina feminist philosopher
1:
2034:Southern California Quarterly
1135:Cochrane, Kira (2013-05-07).
1105:Charleswell, Cherise (2014).
869:"Conquest and Colonization".
434:The movement is a small group
2523:Central banks and currencies
1445:NACLA Report on the Americas
1033:NACLA Report on the Americas
879:10.1017/cbo9780511840074.004
2480:Liberalism and conservatism
936:"Latin American Philosophy"
729:Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton
98:women's liberation movement
3226:
2475:International peacekeeping
2282:Latin American integration
2086:American Historical Review
1904:Sternbach, Nancy Saporta;
1255:Swarthout, Kelley (2009).
1170:Journal of Women's History
811:Hawkesworth, M.E. (2006).
425:All feminists are the same
3195:Feminism in South America
3143:
3110:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2999:
2755:
2705:
2562:
2506:
2423:
2100:Pacific Historical Review
1906:Navarro-Aranguren, Marysa
1499:Feminism & Psychology
1417:Espinosa DamiĂĄn, Gisela.
1214:AnzaldĂșa, Gloria (1999).
1137:"Women 1963: 50 years on"
697:Josefina Fierro de Bright
631:origin who advocated for
3130:Turks and Caicos Islands
2806:Feminism in the Americas
2120:10.1525/phr.2004.73.1.21
2112:10.1525/phr.2004.73.1.21
1511:10.1177/0959353511415830
325:Felisa Rincon de Gautier
282:Clorinda Matto de Turner
142:laissez-faire liberalism
36:may need to be rewritten
2710:Countries by population
2267:Portuguese colonization
1075:. US: Wiley-Blackwell.
1071:O'Conner, Erin (2014).
3200:Women in Latin America
3045:British Virgin Islands
2584:Latin American studies
2135:"Who's Who of America"
1182:10.1353/jowh.2003.0085
1007:Shayne, Julie (2007).
570:revolutionary feminism
565:
545:Movement for Socialism
493:
387:, Boricuan, Afro-Taino
215:revolutionary feminism
146:free market capitalism
81:
2958:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1724:. 29 September 2019.
1274:10.15581/008.25.26469
1111:The Hampton Institute
757:Feminism in Argentina
633:women's right to vote
563:
491:
274:Juana Manuela Gorriti
126:Juana Manuela Gorriti
79:
2538:Water and sanitation
2262:Spanish colonization
1394:. 6 September 2005.
844:Hooks, Bell (2000).
787:Feminism in Paraguay
777:Feminism in Honduras
675:Adelina Otero-Warren
581:Salvadoran Civil War
383:Women of Young Lords
224:logistical trainings
108:, the definition of
3135:U.S. Virgin Islands
2978:Trinidad and Tobago
2823:Antigua and Barbuda
2272:French colonization
2050:"Latina Feminism."
1955:. pp. 195â204.
745:Maria G.E. de Lopez
741:Maria G.E. de Lopez
227:a political opening
3210:Feminism by region
2888:Dominican Republic
2606:Race and ethnicity
2572:Illegal drug trade
1951:Vargas, V (1992).
1841:Shayne J. (2004).
1722:NBC10 Philadelphia
1656:The New York Times
1595:Corrales, Javier.
1229:Miranda, NicolĂĄs.
978:10.1111/hypa.12233
917:2019-08-04 at the
906:2019-08-04 at the
782:Feminism in Mexico
762:Feminism in Brazil
677:from the state of
623:Latina suffragists
566:
494:
247:Although the term
87:women in education
82:
3182:
3181:
2773:
2772:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2551:
2550:
2543:Wealth inequality
2493:
2492:
2465:Drug legalization
2460:Conservative wave
2436:
2435:
2412:
2411:
2389:League of Nations
2357:Foreign relations
888:978-0-521-47052-0
831:What is Feminism?
815:. pp. 25â27.
772:Feminism in Haiti
767:Feminism in Chile
671:
670:
588:Fulgencio Batista
504:In addition, the
346:CordĂłn Industrial
268:Michaela Bastidas
150:domestic violence
74:
73:
66:
46:lead layout guide
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3100:Saint Barthélemy
3060:Falkland Islands
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1113:. Archived from
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312:Gabriela Mistral
198:multiculturalism
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42:improve the lead
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1631:(93): 144â145.
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908:Wayback Machine
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848:. Pluto Press.
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1982:978-0822327653
1981:
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1922:10.1086/494735
1916:(2): 393â434.
1891:
1880:(2): 393â434.
1864:
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1820:10.1086/665946
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1695:. 2019-11-25.
1680:
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1582:j.ctt5vkfk6.37
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1548:978-0822327653
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1489:
1476:10.1086/648538
1470:(3): 539â545.
1454:
1435:
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1380:on 2012-06-15.
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1339:(4): 783â803.
1323:
1310:10.1086/665946
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1267:(2): 442â444.
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194:bilingualism
190:ethnocentric
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134:Puerto Rican
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54:January 2019
51:
40:Please help
35:
33:lead section
15:
3090:Puerto Rico
3017:territories
2963:Saint Lucia
2898:El Salvador
2688:Video games
2516:Agroecology
2511:Agriculture
2394:South Korea
2297:Debt crisis
2088:121 (1): 1.
1814:: 153â178.
1304:: 153â178.
722:El Congreso
706:El Congreso
616:Eurocentric
541:Evo Morales
335:1960sâ1970s
318:1930sâ1950s
288:1900sâ1920s
163:Eurocentric
94:colonialism
3189:Categories
3085:Montserrat
3080:Martinique
3075:Guadeloupe
2873:Costa Rica
2681:Telenovela
2671:Television
2651:Literature
2448:Governance
2333:Literature
2195:8 December
2159:8 December
2011:8 December
1792:2023-03-06
1732:2023-02-17
1703:2023-02-17
1693:Latino USA
1674:2023-02-17
1613:2017-04-20
1429:2015-05-26
1241:2015-05-26
1151:2016-12-11
1121:2016-10-11
950:2016-10-11
798:References
687:Alice Paul
679:New Mexico
662:March 2019
600:Encuentros
456:Encuentros
451:Encuentros
188:addressed
3158:Caribbean
3070:Greenland
2993:Venezuela
2938:Nicaragua
2908:Guatemala
2828:Argentina
2813:Sovereign
2676:Companies
2591:Etiquette
2579:Education
2485:Pink tide
2470:Falangism
2455:Democracy
2417:Geography
2328:Libraries
2255:By period
2182:Survey LA
1938:143308679
1828:225088482
1762:2 January
1664:0362-4331
1519:143454107
1484:225089179
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1283:252986375
1198:144225258
1190:1042-7961
1053:157954944
1039:(5): 21.
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986:0887-5367
350:Cordobazo
278:tertulias
261:tertulias
130:Argentina
106:Caribbean
3025:Anguilla
2973:Suriname
2948:Paraguay
2923:Honduras
2883:Dominica
2868:Colombia
2838:Barbados
2760:Category
2666:Religion
2601:HIV/AIDS
2596:Feminism
2441:Politics
2343:BrujerĂa
2338:Military
2313:Catholic
2306:By topic
2186:Archived
2153:Archived
2005:Archived
1786:Archived
1756:Archived
1726:Archived
1697:Archived
1668:Archived
1637:23294485
1604:Archived
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1145:Archived
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915:Archived
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751:See also
444:common).
294:suffrage
249:feminist
211:rightist
192:racism,
110:feminism
104:and the
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2988:Uruguay
2928:Jamaica
2903:Grenada
2893:Ecuador
2848:Bolivia
2833:Bahamas
2641:Cuisine
2616:Culture
2556:Society
2533:Tourism
2499:Economy
2428:Regions
2348:Slavery
2247:History
1930:3174469
1886:3174469
1333:Hypatia
966:Hypatia
718:UCAPAWA
122:Ecuador
2943:Panama
2933:Mexico
2913:Guyana
2858:Canada
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204:Causes
180:, and
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2918:Haiti
2863:Chile
2661:Music
2656:Media
2646:Dance
2634:Films
2567:Crime
2384:Japan
2379:Italy
2374:India
2369:China
2189:(PDF)
2178:(PDF)
2116:JSTOR
1934:S2CID
1926:JSTOR
1910:Signs
1882:JSTOR
1874:Signs
1824:S2CID
1782:NACLA
1633:JSTOR
1607:(PDF)
1600:(PDF)
1578:JSTOR
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1480:S2CID
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1314:S2CID
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463:1990s
402:1980s
243:1800s
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3015:and
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2878:Cuba
2737:List
2197:2018
2161:2018
2013:2018
1977:ISBN
1764:2020
1660:ISSN
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