2149:
rewritten to cater to a post-apartheid, democratic society. During this phase of reconstruction, women unified and lobbied for a more equitable positioning of women within the constitutional framework. Women benefited from the democratization of South Africa as women were the ones most significantly impacted and oppressed by the male dominated, state repression. It was the initial unification and women's rights movement during the negotiations of the constitution that spurred other activism related to women's rights and social circumstances. These progressive women led movements were later labeled one of the first examples of modern South
African feminism. The 1990s South African feminist movement was also propelled forward by the momentum of other noteworthy women's rights movements in neighboring African countries. Countries such as Zimbabwe and Mozambique served as inspiration as women in both countries successfully organized themselves and lobbied to make the needs of women a concern of the state.
2153:
Contemporary South
African feminism continues to engage with questions of the role of feminism within broader national and international struggles for class and racial equality. South African feminism aligns with the agenda of global feminism as a continuous project designed to deconstruct and challenge the dualities and binaries between men and women in the eyes of society and the state. Feminism in South Africa is rooted in distinctly different epistemologies and beliefs of women and women's work than the beliefs that ground other modern inequitable social structures, such as worker's compensation. International feminist theory asserts that exclusive dualities between men and women serve as the groundings on which discriminatory laws and practices lie. Modern South African feminists aim to deconstruct these dualities by politicizing the lives of women and demanding gender equality laws.
2223:
truly democratic nation. The statement also recognized that there was a striking imbalance of women in government positions, and that is detrimental as women's perspectives and issues are often overlooked. The document initially received high praise from feminists in the South Africa, but in later years women criticized the congress for not taking action to rectify the issues outlined in the statement. However, since 1990 women have gained more positions of power within government as today South Africa is ranked among the top five
African countries that have high representation of women in the national legislature. This improvement is largely due to mandatory quotas now required by political parties in South Africa to ensure minimum female representation in government positions.
2284:
committee who refused the draft, which stated marital rape as a crime. The bill was revised to make marital rape an aggravating circumstance of conviction for assault. This newly drafted bill was accepted by parliament and passed in 1989 becoming part of South
African law. The reason parliament did not want to initially criminalized marital rape is because it would potentially increase the already high divorce rates in South Africa at the time. It was viewed by South African law that marital rape was not as serious as “ordinary” rape, therefore should not have as harsh consequences.
2345:
to face three separate forms of oppression and discrimination. Additionally women of color were the primary demographic involved in agriculture and service work, two sections of labor that were not covered by protective labor legislation until 1994. For several decades, anti-apartheid causes and protests took precedence over gender equality initiatives. Following the abolition of apartheid in 1991 and a transition to democracy in 1994, more attention was devoted to women's rights.
39:
2145:
discrimination. One example was the inability for all women to vote until 1983 and cultural sexism manifesting through severe violence against women. South Africa has high rates of rape and domestic violence which frequently goes unreported. Nearly one third of adolescent girls report being sexually coerced by men by the time they turn 16. This statistic lead to matriculating into high rates of sexual harassment, and assault experienced by women.
2521:
2089:
2236:
although not reality. Women in high-earning fields on average work less hours than their male counterparts due to the long standing burden of carrying the majority of responsibility for children and familial responsibilities. This pay gap is the legacy of generations of gender disparities, and women are making advancements steadily, dominating certain STEM fields such as
Biology, Botany & Statistics for decades.
5240:
5228:
2535:
2047:
5250:
2169:. The first general election at which women could vote was the 1933 election. Due to the patriarchal structure embedded in South Africa's cultural norms and governing bodies, women have faced adversity in the fight for equality, particularly women of color who, because of the unique racial history of the country, have faced even greater disadvantages due to
2299:
Marital rape in South Africa has been often seen as a legacy of
Apartheid. There was a culture of dominance, power, and aggression which led to more frequent raping. Scholars view rape as intertwined with racial injustice within the Apartheid system. Historians found that when researching the culture
2267:
The
Matrimonial Property Act 88 was passed November 1, 1984, and overruled the economic, social, legal and property and subordination of White, Indian and colored married women to their male spouses. Prior to this act women were seen as legal minors in the eyes of the law once married, which stripped
2235:
Although it is illegal in South Africa to pay either gender more or less for the same work per hour or per annum, women are choosing career fields that are devalued in compensation, leaving a general pay gap between men and women. Equal pay in South Africa has already, by law, been realized in theory
2352:
Broadly, feminism in South Africa has been met with varying responses. Some support the effort and see the advancement of women as a parallel issue to the advancement and liberation of the nation. Others reject the feminist movement because it is perceived to threaten customary patriarchal practices
2222:
On May 2, 1990, the
African National Congress released a statement titled "The Statement of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress on the Emancipation of Women in South Africa", which was the first national acknowledgment of the need for gender equity in order to advance a
2344:
tied to discrimination against non-whites in addition to the being subject to the inequalities assumed by all women. The oppression these women of color faced also impacted their socioeconomic standing, with the working class consisting almost entirely of women of color, thus forcing women of color
2231:
Due to a pay structure based on nuclear family ideals based in society, men were previously assumed to be the primary income for a home and all wages women made were supplementary to the family's income. The nuclear family structure is becoming less common among South
African families as more women
2295:
The
Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998 was purposed to protect victims from domestic abuse. This is the state of South Africa announcing, and committing to stand against domestic violence. The act requires police to report any domestic violence act, and give them the ability to arrest any potential
2348:
Some have argued that feminism in South Africa was often associated with white, middle-class women. For black South Africans, feminism may often be a highly charged position to take up; it has been seen as a colonial importation, white and middle-class. There are contemporary black African woman
2283:
Traditionally in South Africa, it was allowed for one to have non-consensual intercourse with one's wife, and not be constituted as rape. The Law commission proposed a law in 1987, which would criminalize marital rape in South Africa. The Minister of Justice introduced the bill to a preliminary
2365:
for women in South Africa, what passes for the women's movement is a collection of disparate NGOs such as People Opposing Women Abuse, Sonke Gender Justice and Progressive Women's Movement of South Africa. Women's organizations in South Africa fight not only for women's liberation but national
2287:
In 1993, South Africa passed the Prevention of Family Violence act. This act criminalized marital rape, and other domestic violence. Marital rape has now been classified and incorporated into the offense of rape. This act also abolished the “cautionary rule”, which allows a judge to decide the
2152:
Through the country's transition to multi-racial democracy in the mid-1990s, South African feminism contributed to the process of reconstruction, striving for a non-racist, non-sexist society. However, feminist activism and radical transformational politics were largely diluted in the process.
2291:
South Africa is considered one of the most progressive states in Africa in relation to rights for women. However, there is a lot more that must be done in South Africa in regard to marital rape. Marital rape is deeply embedded into culture, especially in rural areas of South Africa. Laws have
2148:
As a response to these issues, and out of desperation for change in a politically unstable time in the 1980s, feminism in South Africa began to gain traction as women became more politically active. Specifically, feminism in South Africa gained new life in 1994 when the constitution was being
2144:
Feminism in South Africa has been shaped by struggles for political and racial equality, as well as by national and transnational struggles for gender equality. Woman in South Africa have historically faced a myriad of state-facilitated and socially-practiced discrimination including pay
2340:, which discriminated against non-whites, and secondly, the issue of laws and institutions that discriminated against women. During the time of apartheid, women of color experienced significant inequity as they were a part of both repressed groups. Women of color suffered from the
2131:, South African feminism is a contribution associated with the liberation and democratization of the country, however, the movement still struggles with the embedded conservative and patriarchal views within some segments of South African society.
2275:. The 1994 Constitution also established the first Commission on Gender Equality to make sure that the rights and protections outlined in the new constitution were respected, followed and adapted to suit the evolving needs of South African women.
2300:
of rape in South Africa during this time, it was so common that communities just accepted it as a part of everyday life. Many women were embarrassed to admit to marital rape because the government and society was run by patriarchal power.
2268:
them of any legal protections or individual social liberties and outlined that all economic or property assets be passed through male lineage. On December 2, 1988, the Act was amended to also protect African women in civil unions.
234:
2239:
In 2017, the World Economic Forum estimated that the estimated earned income (Purchasing Power Parity) in South Africa for women was US$ 9,938 while for men it was US$ 16,635. In South Africa, the proportion of
3639:
146:
2199:
but eventually shortened by the press as the Black Sash due to the women's habit of wearing black sashes at their protest meetings. In this period, Black Sash members campaigned against the removal of
2219:
and the introduction of other apartheid legislation. It would later open Advice Offices to provide information concerning their legal rights to non-white South African's affected by that legislation.
229:
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161:
2119:
on the other. Early feminist efforts concerned the suffrage of White women, allowing them to vote in elections beginning from 1930s, and significant activism in the 1950s to demand
5401:
3671:
151:
2162:
5838:
3681:
268:
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1576:
5631:
2447:) – a feminist nongovernmental organisation based in the Western Cape Province which advocates for gender equality and the freedom from gender-based violence.
4543:
1407:
5286:
3034:
4255:
3676:
960:
5971:
5747:
2390:
5416:
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2075:
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offender. It states that any complaint can be filed as a protection order for court. The act also states how the court system must handle such orders.
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3654:
251:
246:
5878:
5525:
4200:
3666:
3355:
Graybill, Lyn (January 2001). "The contribution of the truth and reconciliation commission toward the promotion of women's rights in south africa".
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78:
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73:
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5515:
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5147:
1993:
1923:
1233:
3160:
Webb, Nigel L (2011-04-29). "When is enough, enough? Advocacy, evidence and criticism in the field of urban agriculture in South Africa".
2565:
2166:
216:
2271:
After the country's first democratic elections in 1994, many discriminatory statutes in South Africa were scrapped and replaced with the
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5152:
4902:
4740:
4313:
2123:
of men and women. The 1980s were a major turning point in the advancement of South African women, and in 1994, following the end of the
2003:
1998:
1693:
1417:
1018:
5679:
3914:
3649:
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3766:
3714:
3009:
2916:
2740:
2637:
2417:
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2309:
2272:
2029:
1943:
1911:
726:
4193:
2008:
898:
5956:
5766:
5684:
5437:
5432:
5396:
4632:
4210:
3619:
3551:
3443:
Driver, Dorothy (1996). "Transformation through art: writing, representation, and subjectivity in recent South African fiction".
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liberation from the racial history of the country, as one liberation cannot fully exist without the other being reached as well.
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915:
186:
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5606:
5520:
5500:
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3614:
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2253:
196:
141:
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Kaganas, Felicity; Murray, Christina (1991). "Law Reform and the Family: The New South African Rape-in-Marriage Legislation".
2775:
Jewkes, Rachel; Abrahams, Naeema (October 2002). "The epidemiology of rape and sexual coercion in South Africa: an overview".
2398:) – initially established in 1948 and re-established in the 1990s, aimed at organising women politically and within the
2369:
Other organisations that have played a historical role in promoting the rights and privileges of South African women include:
5863:
5535:
5473:
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868:
181:
3024:
Bauer, Gretchen, and Hannah Evelyn Britton, eds. Women in African parliaments. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
2260:. The march was organised under the banner of the Federation of South African Women (FSAW). This day later became known as
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5873:
5823:
5694:
5505:
5331:
5324:
5142:
5132:
5074:
4652:
3634:
3624:
2414:) – established in the early 1990s, with the aim of bringing the issue of gender equality into the public discourse.
2406:
2321:
2208:
2116:
1973:
1963:
1865:
1395:
1213:
211:
191:
6190:
5988:
5936:
5906:
5737:
5596:
5566:
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5182:
5107:
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1953:
1928:
1753:
1022:
977:
970:
256:
206:
201:
6175:
5833:
5813:
5664:
5172:
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5112:
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4610:
4215:
1958:
1948:
1918:
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1785:
1775:
1363:
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1223:
920:
498:
88:
3686:
3042:
6075:
5888:
5808:
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1901:
1488:
83:
5828:
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5530:
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encouraged social change, but there needs to be more transformations within institutions throughout the country.
2061:
1713:
1493:
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1988:
1983:
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1422:
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system began to reach into every aspect of South African life, Black Sash members demonstrated against the
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2484:, feminist writer and activist, born and raised in South Africa and currently living in the United States.
2362:
2336:, initially, the struggle of women in South Africa was seen as a two-pronged issue: firstly, the issue of
1968:
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2422:(FSAW) - umbrella organization established in 1954 for all women oriented organizations in South Africa.
1718:
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2662:. "Voices, hierarchies and spaces: reconfiguring the women's movement in democratic South Africa."
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in particular. Today, the ANCWL has been criticised as being more of a recruitment arm for the ANC.
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In South Africa, the struggle for women's suffrage started in 1889 and was mainly driven by the
1303:
68:
2244:, also known as parental or adult responsibilities per day is 56.1 for women and 25.9 for men.
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2691:
Kadalie, Rhoda (1995). "Constitutional Equality: The Implications for Women in South Africa".
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22:
2478:, 19th century women's rights activist, particularly active in the women's suffrage movement.
5064:
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4782:
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4138:
4118:
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604:
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369:
3408:
van der Merwe, Anita S. (December 1999). "The power of women as nurses in South Africa".
3234:
Armstrong, Sue (1994). "Rape in South Africa: An Invisible Part of Apartheid's Legacy".
2127:, the status of women was bolstered by changes to the country's constitution. Since the
6087:
5386:
5200:
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4342:
4162:
4113:
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2232:& men opt out of marriage and divorce rates rise, leaving single income homes.
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1283:
1147:
1082:
1077:
1037:
992:
754:
673:
651:
552:
427:
300:
2875:
Frenkel, Ronit (April 2008). "Feminism and Contemporary Culture in South Africa".
3173:
3125:
Kaganas, Felicity (1986). "Rape in Marriage: Developments in South African Law".
2906:
2627:
6092:
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6006:
5722:
5366:
5346:
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3884:
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2505:
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683:
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403:
2099:
concerns the organised efforts to improve the rights of the girls and women of
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3138:
2888:
2516:
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2192:
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4523:
4128:
2383:
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2212:
2177:
in 1983, more than five decades after suffrage was granted to white women .
2170:
2124:
2120:
1293:
1288:
376:
3429:
3376:
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4235:
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3513:
2733:
The Challenge Of Local Feminisms: Women's Movements In Global Perspective
2704:
2629:
Women's Organizations and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority
2200:
2104:
1067:
940:
508:
30:
5264:
3464:
6048:
3746:
3263:
3111:
739:
3318:
3286:
3456:
2975:
The Spirit of Freedom: South African Leaders on Religion and Politics
3095:
3069:"South Africa needs a strong feminist movement to fight patriarchy"
2087:
2760:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies
5268:
3486:
3477:
Also referred to as African National Congress Women's Section.
3287:"The Sex Right: A Legal History of the Marital Rape Exemption"
2382:) – a women's group active in protesting discriminatory
2936:
Feminism and antiracism: International struggles for justice.
2460:, media personality, feminist author, animal rights activist.
3342:
Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa
3001:
Women, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Politics of Transition
2195:
organisation was founded in the 1950s, initially titled the
3482:
2092:
South Africa celebrates National Women's Day on August 9th.
2115:
and the political freedoms of African and other non-White
2664:
Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 32
2188:, was elected as the first female Member of Parliament.
2437:) – a national women's movement founded in 2006.
2256:
at the Union Buildings in Pretoria to protest against
3596:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
2934:
Blee, Kathleen M., and France Winddance Twine, eds.
5987:
5897:
5765:
5651:
5553:
5450:
5425:
5306:
5160:
5099:
5092:
4773:
4480:
4174:
4107:
4004:
3724:
3713:
3605:
3572:
3529:
3520:
2735:. New York: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group.
2466:, activist, author and former Member of Parliament.
2426:Other national and regional organisations include:
2203:or mixed race voters from the voters' roll in the
2173:. Asian and women of color in South Africa gained
2165:. White women were given the right to vote by the
2908:Peacebuilding: Women in International Perspective
2386:aimed at restricting movement of coloured women.
2163:Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union
2103:. These efforts are largely linked to issues of
2496:recognised as one of the first feminist novels.
5280:
3498:
2156:
2069:
8:
2758:Buiten, Denise. "Feminism in South Africa."
2431:Progressive Women's Movement of South Africa
2332:According to research on the history of the
3127:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
5771:
5657:
5559:
5456:
5312:
5287:
5273:
5265:
5096:
4256:African-American women's suffrage movement
3721:
3526:
3505:
3491:
3483:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2197:Women’s Defence of the Constitution League
2076:
2062:
1889:
1261:
1191:
961:African-American women's suffrage movement
293:
51:
17:
3063:
3061:
3059:
2998:Miller, Robert E.; Wilford, Rick (2004).
4201:Discrimination against transgender women
2754:
2752:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2391:African National Congress Women's League
906:Discrimination against transgender women
2930:
2928:
2583:
2016:
1892:
1329:
436:
353:
169:
132:
99:
29:
2951:. Cederberg Publishers. Archived from
2316:for treason, alongside members of the
4544:Post-structuralist discourse analysis
3821:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary
2900:
2898:
2603:"Women's struggle timeline 1905-2006"
2308:During the 1950s, activists from the
2252:On August 9, 1956, 20,000 women held
2157:Women's suffrage and civic engagement
7:
5997:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
3395:Women and resistance in South Africa
2862:Women and Resistance in South Africa
2855:
2853:
2851:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2770:
2768:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2353:and male authority in South Africa.
2349:feminists, such as Thuli Madonsela.
3357:Women's Studies International Forum
3204:"Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998"
2830:Women's Studies International Forum
3303:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb00697.x
2977:. University of California Press.
14:
2566:Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930
2502:, Muslim women's rights activist.
2419:Federation of South African Woman
2375:Federation of South African Women
2334:Federation of South African Women
2310:Federation of South African Women
2167:Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930
6186:Social movements in South Africa
5248:
5239:
5238:
5226:
4788:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4211:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
3422:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01226.x
2973:Villa-Vicencio, Charles (1996).
2905:Porter, Elisabeth (2007-09-18).
2864:. New Africa Books. p. 309.
2828:(January 1998). "A new agenda".
2561:Women's suffrage in South Africa
2533:
2519:
2508:, early suffragist and feminist.
2288:credibility of a rape survivor.
2045:
1577:Democratic Republic of the Congo
916:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
37:
2554:Sexual violence in South Africa
6181:Social history of South Africa
2472:, writer and feminist scholar.
2009:Women's suffrage organizations
1:
3369:10.1016/S0277-5395(00)00160-6
3039:Global Gender Gap Report 2017
2842:10.1016/S0277-5395(97)00086-1
2789:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00242-8
2777:Social Science & Medicine
2322:South African Communist Party
2273:Domestic Violence Act of 1998
5148:Suffragists and suffragettes
3174:10.1080/0376835x.2011.570067
2493:The Story of an African Farm
1994:Suffragists and suffragettes
1924:American feminist literature
3410:Journal of Advanced Nursing
3162:Development Southern Africa
2632:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
2117:South African ethnic groups
1234:Views on transgender topics
1224:Views on sexual orientation
6207:
3084:Journal of Law and Society
2407:Women's National Coalition
6122:
5774:
5660:
5562:
5459:
5315:
5220:
4231:Female genital mutilation
3640:Majority-Muslim countries
3285:Ryan, Rebecca M. (1995).
3248:10.1080/09682869308520009
2889:10.1080/00020180801943065
2400:African National Congress
2324:and other organisations.
2318:African National Congress
2025:Women's rights by country
936:Female genital mutilation
6171:Feminism in South Africa
5195:Women's studies journals
5153:Women's rights activists
3716:Movements and ideologies
3291:Law & Social Inquiry
2860:Walker, Cherryl (1991).
2666:, no. 2 (2005): 175-193.
2304:Persecution of activists
2248:Anti-discrimination laws
2097:Feminism in South Africa
2030:Feminists by nationality
2004:Women's studies journals
1999:Women's rights activists
727:Movements and ideologies
5718:State-owned enterprises
5417:Democratic South Africa
4741:International relations
3139:10.1093/iclqaj/35.2.456
2476:Elizabeth Maria Molteno
1418:International relations
289:Intersectional variants
5168:Conservative feminisms
4470:Women in the workforce
4438:Violence against women
4413:Sexual objectification
4373:Opposition to feminism
3580:Bicycling and feminism
3445:World Literature Today
2363:peak body organisation
2093:
1944:Conservative feminisms
1199:Bicycling and feminism
1175:Women in the workforce
1143:Violence against women
1118:Sexual objectification
1078:Opposition to feminism
345:Vegetarian ecofeminism
5337:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
5208:Women in peacekeeping
4751:Revisionist mythology
4194:Children's literature
2731:Basu, Amrita (2018).
2549:Women in South Africa
2091:
1974:Feminist rhetoricians
1964:Feminist philosophers
1516:Revisionist mythology
1219:Views on prostitution
1204:Criticism of marriage
899:Children's literature
5972:World Heritage Sites
5748:Water and sanitation
5357:Mthethwa Paramountcy
4653:Pathways perspective
4499:Gender mainstreaming
4418:Substantive equality
4398:Reproductive justice
4348:Matriarchal religion
4206:Diversity (politics)
2262:National Women's Day
1954:Feminist art critics
1929:Feminist comic books
1886:Lists and categories
1565:By continent/country
1396:Pathways perspective
1279:Gender mainstreaming
1214:Views on pornography
1123:Substantive equality
1103:Reproductive justice
1053:Matriarchal religion
911:Diversity (politics)
852:Political lesbianism
162:Other women's rights
6191:Feminism by country
5233:Feminism portal
5113:Ecofeminist authors
4963:Trinidad and Tobago
4903:Republic of Ireland
4766:Composition studies
4448:Women's empowerment
4403:Sex workers' rights
4328:Feminist capitalism
4308:Internalized sexism
4246:Feminism in culture
4129:Kurdish (Jineology)
3397:. New Africa Books.
3071:. The Conversation.
2605:. sahistory.org.za.
2527:South Africa portal
2482:Diana E. H. Russell
2342:structural violence
2211:government. As the
2052:Feminism portal
1959:Feminist economists
1949:Ecofeminist authors
1754:Trinidad and Tobago
1694:Republic of Ireland
1386:Composition studies
1153:Women's empowerment
1108:Sex workers' rights
1033:Feminist capitalism
1013:Internalized sexism
951:Feminism in culture
64:History of feminism
6176:Feminism in Africa
5382:Transvaal Republic
4611:Literary criticism
4489:Complementarianism
4216:Effects on society
4184:Complementarianism
3996:Women's liberation
2705:10.1093/sp/2.2.208
2361:While there is no
2094:
1364:Literary criticism
1229:Views on sexuality
921:Effects on society
889:Complementarianism
869:Women's liberation
624:Religious variants
598:trans-exclusionary
316:Radical lesbianism
6158:
6157:
6118:
6117:
5761:
5760:
5753:Wealth inequality
5700:Income inequality
5647:
5646:
5622:Political parties
5587:Foreign relations
5549:
5548:
5446:
5445:
5377:Orange Free State
5352:Dutch Cape Colony
5342:Kingdom of Mutapa
5262:
5261:
5216:
5215:
4628:Political ecology
4534:Écriture féminine
4433:Triple oppression
4423:Toxic masculinity
4408:Sexual harassment
4273:Feminist stripper
4251:Feminist movement
4170:
4169:
4108:Ethnic and racial
3709:
3708:
3339:Shimoni, Gideon.
2264:in South Africa.
2111:on one hand, and
2086:
2085:
2037:
2036:
1556:
1555:
1546:womanist theology
1489:Political ecology
1320:Écriture féminine
1247:
1246:
1138:Triple oppression
1128:Toxic masculinity
1113:Sexual harassment
978:Feminist stripper
956:Feminist movement
517:
516:
448:Africana womanism
279:
278:
6198:
6138:
6131:
5957:National symbols
5879:Social movements
5772:
5713:
5685:Economic history
5658:
5560:
5526:Populated places
5457:
5397:Great Depression
5313:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5266:
5252:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5097:
5080:History of women
4559:Political theory
4460:
4453:Women-only space
4338:Likeability trap
4226:Female education
3722:
3717:
3677:African-American
3607:Women's suffrage
3598:
3585:Feminist history
3527:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3457:10.2307/40151851
3440:
3434:
3433:
3416:(6): 1272–1279.
3405:
3399:
3398:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3352:
3346:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3215:
3209:. Archived from
3208:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3041:. Archived from
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2945:
2939:
2938:NYU Press, 2001.
2932:
2923:
2922:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2846:
2845:
2822:
2809:
2808:
2783:(7): 1231–1244.
2772:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2728:
2717:
2716:
2688:
2667:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2573:African feminism
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2279:Marital rape law
2258:passes for women
2129:end of apartheid
2125:apartheid regime
2078:
2071:
2064:
2050:
2049:
2048:
1989:Feminist parties
1984:Muslim feminists
1979:Jewish feminists
1890:
1871:History of women
1494:Political theory
1262:
1192:
1165:
1158:Women-only space
1043:Likeability trap
931:Female education
745:Anti-pornography
600:
599:
595:
311:Lesbian of color
294:
171:Women's suffrage
147:Muslim countries
142:Women's suffrage
59:Feminist history
52:
41:
18:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6114:
5983:
5962:Public holidays
5893:
5859:Sexual violence
5839:Life expectancy
5757:
5711:
5705:Mining industry
5643:
5607:Law enforcement
5545:
5511:Mountain ranges
5442:
5421:
5392:Second Boer War
5302:
5293:
5263:
5258:
5249:
5227:
5225:
5212:
5156:
5088:
5087:
5086:
4995:Northern Cyprus
4769:
4761:Science fiction
4554:Oedipus complex
4514:Women's studies
4476:
4475:
4474:
4458:
4368:Oedipus complex
4358:Men in feminism
4323:Language reform
4303:Ideal womanhood
4283:Gender equality
4278:Formal equality
4241:Feminationalism
4166:
4134:Native American
4103:
4102:
4101:
4000:
3910:Post-structural
3715:
3705:
3601:
3594:
3590:Women's history
3568:
3516:
3511:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3391:Walker, Cherryl
3389:
3388:
3384:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3338:
3334:
3297:(4): 941–1001.
3284:
3283:
3279:
3236:Focus on Gender
3233:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3096:10.2307/1410196
3081:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3035:"Data Explorer"
3033:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3012:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2877:African Studies
2874:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2824:
2823:
2812:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2693:Social Politics
2690:
2689:
2670:
2660:Hassim, Shireen
2658:
2647:
2640:
2624:Hassim, Shireen
2622:
2621:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2585:
2581:
2541:Feminism portal
2539:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2488:Olive Schreiner
2470:Anne McClintock
2454:
2359:
2330:
2314:placed on trial
2306:
2281:
2254:a protest march
2250:
2229:
2159:
2142:
2137:
2113:racial equality
2109:gender equality
2082:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:
1940:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1786:Northern Cyprus
1566:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1374:Science fiction
1325:
1304:Women's studies
1269:Feminist method
1259:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1073:Oedipus complex
1063:Men in feminism
1028:Language reform
1008:Ideal womanhood
988:Gender equality
983:Formal equality
946:Feminationalism
883:
875:
874:
873:
830:Post-structural
729:
719:
718:
717:
626:
616:
615:
614:
597:
594:Gender-critical
593:
592:
543:Femonationalism
527:
519:
518:
513:
492:Native American
432:
387:Critical theory
349:
291:
281:
280:
275:
230:Second Republic
158:
128:
95:
69:Women's history
49:
12:
11:
5:
6204:
6202:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6163:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6140:
6139:
6132:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6088:Cape Coloureds
6080:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5977:heritage sites
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5864:Slum clearance
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
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5796:
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5769:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5758:
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5750:
5745:
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5735:
5730:
5725:
5723:Stock exchange
5720:
5715:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5680:Communications
5677:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5639:State security
5636:
5635:
5634:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5521:National parks
5518:
5516:Municipalities
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5474:Climate change
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:First Boer War
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5246:
5236:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5201:SCUM Manifesto
5197:
5192:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5150:
5145:
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5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5070:United Kingdom
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4920:
4915:
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4900:
4895:
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4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Existentialism
4743:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4702:Existentialism
4699:
4698:
4697:
4695:Justice ethics
4687:
4682:
4677:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:Gender studies
4491:
4486:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4465:Women's rights
4462:
4459:Women's health
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4343:Male privilege
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4312:International
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3655:United Kingdom
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3435:
3400:
3382:
3347:
3332:
3277:
3226:
3195:
3168:(2): 195–208.
3152:
3133:(2): 456–461.
3117:
3074:
3055:
3026:
3017:
3010:
2990:
2984:978-0520200456
2983:
2965:
2940:
2924:
2917:
2894:
2867:
2847:
2826:Steyn, Melissa
2810:
2764:
2748:
2741:
2718:
2699:(2): 208–224.
2668:
2645:
2638:
2626:(2006-06-26).
2608:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2530:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2500:Shamima Shaikh
2497:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2464:Pregs Govender
2461:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2403:
2387:
2358:
2355:
2329:
2326:
2305:
2302:
2280:
2277:
2249:
2246:
2228:
2225:
2209:National Party
2158:
2155:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Feminist poets
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1936:Feminist songs
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1912:by nationality
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1861:United Kingdom
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:Existentialism
1469:
1468:
1467:
1465:Justice ethics
1457:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:Constructivism
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:Areas of study
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:Gender studies
1271:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1239:SCUM Manifesto
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1170:Women's rights
1167:
1164:Women's health
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1048:Male privilege
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1017:International
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
902:
901:
891:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
872:
871:
866:
864:Technofeminism
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
839:
838:
837:
827:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
808:
803:
793:
792:
791:
790:
789:
774:
769:
764:
763:
762:
757:
747:
742:
737:
731:
730:
725:
724:
721:
720:
716:
715:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
639:
634:
628:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
613:
612:
607:
602:
589:
588:
587:
582:
577:
567:
562:
561:
560:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
528:
526:Other variants
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
495:
494:
484:
483:
482:
472:
471:
470:
465:
460:
450:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
431:
430:
425:
424:
423:
418:
408:
407:
406:
396:
395:
394:
389:
379:
374:
373:
372:
361:
358:
357:
351:
350:
348:
347:
342:
341:
340:
330:
325:
324:
323:
318:
313:
303:
297:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
276:
274:
273:
272:
271:
261:
260:
259:
254:
252:Cayman Islands
247:United Kingdom
244:
239:
238:
237:
232:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
178:
175:
174:
167:
166:
165:
164:
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
91:
86:
81:
76:
66:
61:
55:
50:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6203:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:Social issues
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5824:Land invasion
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:Foreign trade
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:Early history
5330:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5278:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5255:
5247:
5245:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5075:United States
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4923:Latin America
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4756:Technoscience
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Art criticism
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Men's studies
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:Transmisogyny
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Purplewashing
4386:
4384:
4383:Protofeminism
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Honor killing
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4081:
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3990:
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3974:Transnational
3972:
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3957:
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3844:
3843:Individualist
3841:
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3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Anti-abortion
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
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3669:
3668:
3667:United States
3665:
3661:
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3648:
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3643:
3641:
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3578:
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3548:
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3528:
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3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
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3462:
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3450:
3446:
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3427:
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3415:
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3404:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3345:. UPNE, 2003.
3344:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
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3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3216:on 2019-11-05
3212:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
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3175:
3171:
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3121:
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3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3045:on 2017-12-16
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3011:9781134695492
3007:
3004:. Routledge.
3003:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2955:on 2017-09-04
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2918:9781134151738
2914:
2911:. Routledge.
2910:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2890:
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2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
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2749:
2744:
2742:9780429961472
2738:
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2639:9780299213831
2635:
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2357:Organizations
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2205:Cape Province
2202:
2198:
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2189:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2150:
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2015:
2010:
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1997:
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1866:United States
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1714:Latin America
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1536:Technoscience
1534:
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1359:Art criticism
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1337:
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1309:Men's studies
1307:
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1232:
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1212:
1210:
1209:Views on BDSM
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
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1144:
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1133:Transmisogyny
1131:
1129:
1126:
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1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:Purplewashing
1091:
1089:
1088:Protofeminism
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
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1034:
1031:
1029:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
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1004:
1003:Honor killing
1001:
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994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
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972:
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967:
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807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
788:
785:
784:
783:
780:
779:
778:
777:Individualist
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:Cyberfeminism
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
728:
723:
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714:
711:
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635:
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629:
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608:
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603:
601:
590:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
566:
563:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
533:Anti-abortion
531:
530:
523:
522:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
443:
442:
439:
438:Multicultural
435:
429:
426:
422:
421:Transnational
419:
417:
414:
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412:
409:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
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375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
362:
360:
359:
356:
352:
346:
343:
339:
338:Postgenderism
336:
335:
334:
333:Transfeminism
331:
329:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
296:
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285:
284:
270:
267:
266:
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264:United States
262:
258:
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253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:Liechtenstein
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
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153:
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131:
125:
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120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
98:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
54:
53:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
5989:Demographics
5937:Homelessness
5907:Architecture
5798:
5738:Trade unions
5597:Human rights
5567:Constitution
5464:Biodiversity
5402:World War II
5372:Zulu Kingdom
5296:South Africa
5224:
5199:
5143:Rhetoricians
5133:Philosophers
5025:Saudi Arabia
4822:South Africa
4685:Epistemology
4638:Anthropology
4633:Architecture
4596:Legal theory
4504:Gynocentrism
4443:War on women
4378:Pro-feminism
4333:Gender-blind
4288:Gender quota
4261:Art movement
4058:Dianic Wicca
3937:Sex-positive
3900:Postcolonial
3767:Conservative
3747:Anti-fascist
3473:
3451:(1): 45–52.
3448:
3444:
3438:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3341:
3335:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3242:(2): 35–39.
3239:
3235:
3229:
3218:. Retrieved
3211:the original
3198:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:the original
3038:
3029:
3020:
3000:
2993:
2974:
2968:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2943:
2935:
2907:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2861:
2836:(1): 41–52.
2833:
2829:
2780:
2776:
2759:
2732:
2696:
2692:
2663:
2628:
2491:
2490:, author of
2444:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2331:
2312:(FSAW) were
2307:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2270:
2266:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2196:
2190:
2186:Deneys Reitz
2182:Leila Wright
2179:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2101:South Africa
2096:
2095:
1816:Saudi Arabia
1612:South Africa
1611:
1455:Epistemology
1430:Legal theory
1349:Architecture
1339:Anthropology
1318:
1284:Gynocentrism
1148:War on women
1083:Pro-feminism
1038:Gender-blind
993:Gender quota
966:Art movement
740:Anti-fascist
674:Dianic Wicca
553:Postfeminism
428:Xenofeminism
411:Postcolonial
328:Sex-positive
15:
6093:Cape Malays
5814:Immigration
5665:Agriculture
5486:Earthquakes
5367:Cape Colony
5347:Kaditshwene
5183:Comic books
5108:Art critics
5030:South Korea
5010:Philippines
4990:New Zealand
4985:Netherlands
4719:Pornography
4707:Metaphysics
4648:Criminology
4643:Archaeology
4616:Film theory
4318:Women's Day
4068:Ecofeminist
3927:Reactionary
3875:Materialist
3650:Switzerland
3645:New Zealand
3564:Fourth-wave
3547:Second-wave
3363:(1): 1–10.
2883:(1): 1–10.
2506:Julia Solly
2441:Rape Crisis
2320:(ANC), the
2242:unpaid work
1821:South Korea
1801:Philippines
1781:New Zealand
1776:Netherlands
1499:Pornography
1477:Metaphysics
1391:Criminology
1369:Film theory
1344:Archaeology
1023:Women's Day
825:Libertarian
767:Ecofeminism
684:Ecofeminist
565:Reactionary
558:Neofeminism
499:Multiracial
404:Ecofeminist
399:Materialist
242:Switzerland
222:New Zealand
6165:Categories
6071:Afrikaners
6059:San people
5942:Literature
5889:Xenophobia
5809:Healthcare
5789:Disability
5712:(currency)
5617:Parliament
5592:Government
5577:Corruption
5412:Border War
5173:Literature
5118:Economists
4838:Bangladesh
4774:By country
4724:Psychology
4680:Empiricism
4675:Aesthetics
4670:Philosophy
4529:Patriarchy
4509:Matriarchy
4314:Girl's Day
4293:Girl power
4266:In hip hop
4189:Literature
4124:Indigenous
4063:Reclaiming
3959:Standpoint
3932:Separatism
3905:Postmodern
3799:Vegetarian
3789:Difference
3732:Analytical
3559:Third-wave
3542:First-wave
3220:2019-12-05
3090:(3): 287.
3049:2018-08-05
2959:2016-09-05
2949:"Commando"
2579:References
2458:Jani Allan
2328:Challenges
2193:Black Sash
2184:, wife of
2017:Categories
1919:Literature
1629:Bangladesh
1504:Psychology
1450:Empiricism
1445:Aesthetics
1440:Philosophy
1314:Patriarchy
1299:Matriarchy
1019:Girl's Day
998:Girl power
971:In hip hop
894:Literature
857:Separatist
835:Postmodern
801:Difference
735:Analytical
679:Reclaiming
487:Indigenous
392:Standpoint
321:Separatist
173:by country
6083:Coloureds
5829:Languages
5794:Education
5743:Transport
5675:Companies
5627:President
5582:Elections
5531:Provinces
5491:Estuaries
5481:Districts
5452:Geography
5407:Apartheid
4928:Argentina
4888:Indonesia
4878:Hong Kong
4833:Australia
4736:Seriality
4660:Geography
4586:Sociology
4539:Economics
4524:Kyriarchy
4026:Christian
4006:Religious
3947:Socialist
3737:Anarchist
3682:States of
3620:Australia
3327:144216952
3311:0897-6546
3256:0968-2864
3190:153942400
3182:0376-835X
3147:0020-5893
3104:0263-323X
2797:0277-9536
2713:1072-4745
2384:pass laws
2338:apartheid
2227:Equal pay
2217:Pass Laws
2213:apartheid
2180:In 1933,
2171:apartheid
2121:equal pay
1907:Feminists
1719:Argentina
1679:Indonesia
1669:Hong Kong
1624:Australia
1531:Sociology
1413:Geography
1403:Economics
1294:Male gaze
1289:Kyriarchy
760:Networked
642:Christian
377:Jineology
365:Anarchist
355:Socialist
235:Francoist
187:Australia
133:Timelines
6145:Category
6054:Khoekhoe
5932:HIV/AIDS
5854:Religion
5819:Intersex
5799:Feminism
5779:Cannabis
5728:Taxation
5632:timeline
5612:Military
5555:Politics
5541:Wildlife
5438:Military
5426:By topic
5362:Ndwandwe
5320:Timeline
5300:articles
5244:Category
5178:American
5050:Thailand
5005:Pakistan
4975:Malaysia
4958:Paraguay
4948:Honduras
4798:Ethiopia
4665:Pedagogy
4591:Rhetoric
4581:Sexology
4574:Womanist
4569:Thealogy
4564:Theology
4363:Misogyny
4236:Femicide
4221:Equality
4175:Concepts
4090:Orthodox
4053:Neopagan
4041:Womanist
4021:Buddhist
3989:Africana
3984:Womanism
3880:Maternal
3870:Lipstick
3836:Activism
3806:Equality
3772:Cultural
3757:Carceral
3692:Virginia
3672:Timeline
3615:Timeline
3552:timeline
3537:Timeline
3514:Feminism
3465:40151851
3430:10583636
3393:(1991).
3377:17615659
3272:12345530
2805:12365533
2513:See also
2201:Coloured
2175:suffrage
2140:Overview
2105:feminism
1902:Articles
1841:Thailand
1796:Pakistan
1766:Malaysia
1749:Paraguay
1739:Honduras
1587:Ethiopia
1541:Theology
1526:Sexology
1521:Sex wars
1435:Pedagogy
1188:Outlooks
1068:Misogyny
941:Femicide
926:Equality
882:Concepts
847:Cultural
806:Equality
787:Stiletto
782:Lipstick
706:Orthodox
669:Neopagan
657:Womanist
637:Buddhist
585:Embedded
580:Imperial
575:Carceral
548:Maternal
509:Womanism
197:Colombia
84:Canadian
74:American
31:Feminism
23:a series
21:Part of
6129:Outline
6110:Chinese
6105:Indians
6098:Griquas
6076:British
6049:Khoisan
6002:Ndebele
5922:Cuisine
5899:Culture
5869:Smoking
5844:Poverty
5767:Society
5733:Tourism
5670:Banking
5653:Economy
5501:Islands
5496:Forests
5469:Climate
5433:Economy
5308:History
5190:Parties
5065:Ukraine
5060:Vietnam
4970:Lebanon
4868:Germany
4858:Finland
4853:Denmark
4828:Albania
4818:Senegal
4813:Nigeria
4729:Therapy
4712:Science
4623:Biology
4151:Mizrahi
4119:Chicana
4080:Islamic
4016:Atheist
3952:Marxist
3922:Radical
3858:Liberal
3853:Lesbian
3831:Hip hop
3811:Eugenic
3752:Atheist
3725:General
3697:Wyoming
3530:General
3522:History
3264:4030224
3112:1410196
2207:by the
2135:History
1856:Ukraine
1851:Vietnam
1761:Lebanon
1659:Germany
1649:Finland
1644:Denmark
1619:Albania
1607:Senegal
1602:Nigeria
1509:Therapy
1482:science
1381:Biology
842:Radical
796:Liberal
772:Eugenic
696:Islamic
632:Atheist
480:Lesbian
475:Chicana
468:Ratchet
463:Lesbian
458:Hip hop
382:Marxist
306:Lesbian
182:Austria
79:British
48:History
6150:Portal
6066:Whites
6027:Tswana
6022:Tsonga
5967:Sports
5917:Cinema
5849:Racism
5804:Health
5690:Energy
5572:Courts
5536:Rivers
5298:
5204:(1967)
5128:Muslim
5123:Jewish
5101:People
5055:Turkey
5045:Taiwan
5035:Sweden
5020:Russia
5015:Poland
5000:Norway
4953:Mexico
4933:Brazil
4908:Israel
4873:Greece
4863:France
4843:Canada
4783:Africa
4690:Ethics
4549:Method
4482:Theory
4393:Racism
4158:Romani
4146:Jewish
4085:Jewish
4031:Mormon
3979:Victim
3942:Social
3915:French
3863:Equity
3826:Global
3762:Choice
3635:Kuwait
3625:Canada
3573:Social
3463:
3428:
3375:
3325:
3319:828736
3317:
3309:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3188:
3180:
3145:
3110:
3102:
3008:
2981:
2915:
2803:
2795:
2739:
2711:
2636:
2452:People
1846:Turkey
1836:Taiwan
1826:Sweden
1811:Russia
1806:Poland
1791:Norway
1744:Mexico
1724:Brazil
1699:Israel
1664:Greece
1654:France
1634:Canada
1572:Africa
1460:Ethics
1257:Theory
1098:Racism
811:Social
701:Jewish
647:Mormon
605:Victim
538:Equity
504:Romani
416:Global
269:states
226:Spain
212:Kuwait
192:Canada
124:Fourth
114:Second
89:German
6136:Index
6037:Xhosa
6032:Venda
6017:Swazi
6012:Sotho
5952:Music
5947:Media
5884:Women
5784:Crime
5710:Rand
5506:Lakes
5325:Years
5254:Index
5161:Other
5138:Poets
5093:Lists
5040:Syria
4980:Nepal
4943:Haiti
4938:Chile
4918:Japan
4913:Italy
4883:India
4848:China
4803:Ghana
4793:Egypt
4353:Media
4163:White
4114:Black
4075:Hindu
4046:Asian
3969:Trans
3964:State
3895:Post-
3848:Labor
3777:Cyber
3660:Wales
3630:Japan
3461:JSTOR
3323:S2CID
3315:JSTOR
3260:JSTOR
3214:(PDF)
3207:(PDF)
3186:S2CID
3108:JSTOR
2435:PWMSA
2396:ANCWL
1893:Lists
1831:Syria
1771:Nepal
1734:Haiti
1729:Chile
1709:Japan
1704:Italy
1674:India
1639:China
1592:Ghana
1582:Egypt
1058:Media
816:Labor
691:Hindu
662:Asian
610:White
570:State
453:Black
370:Queer
257:Wales
207:Japan
202:India
119:Third
109:First
100:Waves
6042:Zulu
6007:Pedi
5926:wine
5834:LGBT
4898:Iraq
4893:Iran
4808:Mali
4316:and
4139:Sámi
4097:Sikh
3885:Neo-
3687:Utah
3426:PMID
3373:PMID
3307:ISSN
3268:PMID
3252:ISSN
3178:ISSN
3143:ISSN
3100:ISSN
3006:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2801:PMID
2793:ISSN
2737:ISBN
2709:ISSN
2634:ISBN
2380:FSAW
2191:The
2107:and
1689:Iraq
1684:Iran
1597:Mali
1408:FDPA
1021:and
713:Sikh
5912:Art
5602:Law
4601:Art
4036:New
3890:New
3816:Fat
3794:Eco
3782:HCI
3453:doi
3418:doi
3365:doi
3299:doi
3244:doi
3170:doi
3135:doi
3092:doi
2885:doi
2838:doi
2785:doi
2701:doi
2412:WNC
1354:Art
755:HCI
652:New
596:or
301:Fat
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