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Fermi–Walker transport

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1236: 963: 561: 299: 1484: 1231:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\mathcal {D}}X}{ds}}={\frac {DX}{ds}}+\left(X,{\frac {DV}{ds}}\right){\frac {V}{(V,V)}}-{\frac {(X,V)}{(V,V)}}{\frac {DV}{ds}}-\left(V,{\frac {DV}{ds}}\right){\frac {(X,V)}{(V,V)^{2}}}V,} 1558: 714: 438: 1583: 1568: 49:
in the frame is due to the presence of mass/energy density and not due to arbitrary spin or rotation of the frame. It was discovered by Fermi in 1921 and rediscovered by Walker in 1932.
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unit vector field in the frame field, are used to define non-inertial and non-rotating frames, by stipulating that the Fermi–Walker derivatives should vanish. In the special case of
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as defining an axis in the co-moving coordinate system, then any system transforming with proper time is said to be undergoing Fermi–Walker transport.
429: 806: 2054: 1489: 1849: 1807: 1781: 1749: 1699:; Michel, L.; Telegdi, V. L. (1959). "Precession of the Polarization of Particles Moving in a Homogeneous Electromagnetic Field". 647: 2002: 556:{\displaystyle {\frac {D_{F}a^{\tau }}{ds}}=2\mu (F^{\tau \lambda }-u^{\tau }u_{\sigma }F^{\sigma \lambda })a_{\lambda },} 1842: 2139: 1795: 1970: 1943: 1605:"Circular Holonomy, Clock Effects and Gravitoelectromagnetism: Still Going Around in Circles After All These Years" 1741: 62: 2076: 354: 294:{\displaystyle {\frac {D_{F}X}{ds}}={\frac {DX}{ds}}-\left(X,{\frac {DV}{ds}}\right)V+(X,V){\frac {DV}{ds}},} 2160: 2022: 1578: 790: 719: 1604: 2165: 2134: 1997: 1918: 762: 2124: 1948: 1908: 1708: 319: 2099: 1958: 1953: 1938: 1913: 1890: 1866: 418: 58: 2155: 2032: 2027: 1980: 1818: 1771: 1696: 1672: 1616: 869: 42: 34: 931: 432:
for spin precession of electron in an external electromagnetic field can be written as follows:
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A coordinate system co-moving with a particle can be defined. If we take the unit vector
1712: 2059: 2014: 1992: 1880: 1479:{\displaystyle \left(V,{\frac {DV}{ds}}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {d}{ds}}(V,V)=0\ ,} 911: 849: 74: 1273:
is not constant, it can be derived by taking the previous equation, and dividing each
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Except for the last term, which is new, and basically caused by the possibility that
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is Fermi–Walker transported along the curve. Vectors perpendicular to the space of
2114: 2104: 1763: 1729: 1720: 1965: 1834: 905: 46: 1823: 1677: 1621: 421:, e.g., polarization vectors, under Fermi–Walker transport experience 2069: 1553:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\mathcal {D}}X}{ds}}={\frac {D_{F}X}{ds}}.} 77:, the Fermi–Walker derivatives reduce to covariant derivatives. 1838: 807:
Proper reference frame (flat spacetime) § Comoving tetrads
1740:. Course of Theoretical Physics. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). 1498: 972: 1817:
Kocharyan, A. A. (2004). "Geometry of Dynamical Systems".
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Kocharyan, A. A. (2004). "Geometry of Dynamical Systems".
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vector fields in a frame field, taken with respect to the
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Transition from Newtonian mechanics to general relativity
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Basic introduction to the mathematics of curved spacetime
709:{\displaystyle a^{\tau }a_{\tau }=-u^{\tau }u_{\tau }=-1} 65:. In general relativity, Fermi–Walker derivatives of the 1376:, then we recover the Fermi–Walker differentiation: 61:, Fermi–Walker differentiation is a generalization of 1647: 1492: 1384: 1341: 1306: 1279: 1247: 966: 934: 914: 872: 852: 846:
Fermi–Walker differentiation can be extended for any
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sign convention, this is defined for a vector field
2148: 2085: 2013: 1929: 1901: 1873: 1658: 1552: 1478: 1368: 1324: 1292: 1265: 1230: 949: 920: 896: 858: 830: 781: 751: 708: 636: 605: 585: 555: 396: 340: 293: 140: 107: 1850: 8: 1635: 908:vector). This is defined for a vector field 27:Mathematical technique in general relativity 2197:Mathematical methods in general relativity 1857: 1843: 1835: 1822: 1676: 1620: 1603:Bini, Donato; Jantzen, Robert T. (2002). 1527: 1520: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1434: 1424: 1396: 1383: 1340: 1305: 1284: 1278: 1246: 1213: 1177: 1152: 1118: 1080: 1053: 1028: 994: 971: 970: 967: 965: 933: 913: 871: 851: 822: 816: 770: 764: 737: 727: 721: 691: 681: 665: 655: 649: 628: 622: 598: 577: 571: 544: 528: 518: 508: 492: 459: 449: 442: 440: 365: 358: 356: 321: 268: 222: 188: 165: 158: 156: 124: 85: 842:Generalised Fermi–Walker differentiation 1800:The Large Scale Structure of Space-time 1595: 397:{\displaystyle {\frac {D_{F}X}{ds}}=0,} 2055:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics 791:electromagnetic field strength tensor 7: 752:{\displaystyle u^{\tau }a_{\tau }=0} 1648:Bargmann, Michel & Telegdi 1959 25: 1659:Misner, Thorne & Wheeler 1973 613:are polarization four-vector and 316:is the covariant derivative, and 782:{\displaystyle F^{\tau \sigma }} 430:Bargmann–Michel–Telegdi equation 428:Using the Fermi derivative, the 2176:Timeline of physics discoveries 341:{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )} 1802:. Cambridge University Press. 1738:The Classical Theory of Fields 1461: 1449: 1354: 1342: 1319: 1307: 1260: 1248: 1210: 1197: 1192: 1180: 1112: 1100: 1095: 1083: 1071: 1059: 944: 938: 885: 873: 644:is four-velocity of electron, 537: 485: 335: 323: 265: 253: 135: 129: 102: 87: 1: 801:Co-moving coordinate systems 53:Fermi–Walker differentiation 18:Fermi–Walker differentiation 2140:Quantum information science 1742:Butterworth–Heinemann 897:{\displaystyle (V,V)\neq 0} 793:. The right side describes 2213: 1971:Classical electromagnetism 950:{\displaystyle \gamma (s)} 804: 348:is the scalar product. If 141:{\displaystyle \gamma (s)} 1721:10.1103/PhysRevLett.2.435 637:{\displaystyle u^{\tau }} 586:{\displaystyle a^{\tau }} 63:covariant differentiation 2077:Condensed matter physics 1636:Hawking & Ellis 1973 1369:{\displaystyle (V,V)=-1} 831:{\displaystyle v^{\mu }} 1701:Physical Review Letters 2161:Nobel Prize in Physics 2023:Relativistic mechanics 1579:Arthur Geoffrey Walker 1554: 1480: 1370: 1326: 1294: 1267: 1232: 951: 922: 898: 860: 832: 783: 753: 710: 638: 607: 587: 557: 407:then the vector field 398: 342: 295: 142: 109: 108:{\displaystyle (-+++)} 31:Fermi–Walker transport 2166:Philosophy of physics 1555: 1481: 1371: 1327: 1325:{\displaystyle (V,V)} 1295: 1293:{\displaystyle V^{2}} 1268: 1266:{\displaystyle (V,V)} 1233: 952: 923: 899: 861: 833: 784: 754: 711: 639: 608: 588: 558: 399: 343: 296: 143: 110: 2125:Mathematical physics 1490: 1382: 1339: 1304: 1277: 1245: 964: 932: 912: 870: 850: 815: 763: 720: 648: 621: 606:{\displaystyle \mu } 597: 570: 439: 355: 320: 155: 123: 84: 59:Lorentzian manifolds 2100:Atmospheric physics 1939:Classical mechanics 1867:branches of physics 1792:Hawking, Stephen W. 1713:1959PhRvL...2..435B 419:Minkowski spacetime 2156:History of physics 1796:Ellis, George F.R. 1760:Misner, Charles W. 1615:(9–11): 983–1008. 1550: 1476: 1366: 1322: 1290: 1263: 1228: 947: 918: 894: 856: 828: 779: 749: 706: 634: 603: 583: 553: 394: 338: 310:is four-velocity, 291: 138: 105: 35:general relativity 2184: 2183: 2171:Physics education 2120:Materials science 2087:Interdisciplinary 2045:Quantum mechanics 1776:. W. H. Freeman. 1545: 1515: 1472: 1447: 1432: 1414: 1220: 1170: 1136: 1116: 1075: 1046: 1012: 989: 921:{\displaystyle X} 859:{\displaystyle V} 795:Larmor precession 474: 423:Thomas precession 383: 286: 240: 206: 183: 57:In the theory of 39:coordinate system 37:used to define a 16:(Redirected from 2204: 2110:Chemical physics 2050:Particle physics 1976:Classical optics 1859: 1852: 1845: 1836: 1828: 1826: 1824:astro-ph/0411595 1813: 1787: 1768:Wheeler, John A. 1755: 1724: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1678:astro-ph/0411595 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1600: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1448: 1446: 1435: 1433: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1397: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1195: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1161: 1153: 1137: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1117: 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1925: 1897: 1869: 1863: 1832: 1816: 1810: 1790: 1784: 1758: 1752: 1728: 1695: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1609:Nuovo Cimento B 1602: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1565: 1537: 1523: 1522: 1507: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1439: 1406: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1337: 1336: 1302: 1301: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1243: 1242: 1209: 1196: 1179: 1162: 1154: 1145: 1141: 1128: 1120: 1099: 1082: 1058: 1038: 1030: 1021: 1017: 1004: 996: 981: 969: 962: 961: 930: 929: 910: 909: 868: 867: 848: 847: 844: 818: 813: 812: 809: 803: 766: 761: 760: 733: 723: 718: 717: 687: 677: 661: 651: 646: 645: 624: 619: 618: 615:magnetic moment 595: 594: 573: 568: 567: 540: 524: 514: 504: 488: 466: 455: 445: 444: 437: 436: 415:four-velocities 408: 375: 361: 360: 353: 352: 318: 317: 311: 305: 278: 270: 232: 224: 215: 211: 198: 190: 175: 161: 160: 153: 152: 121: 120: 82: 81: 75:inertial frames 55: 43:reference frame 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2210: 2208: 2200: 2199: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 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230: 227: 221: 218: 214: 210: 204: 201: 196: 193: 187: 181: 178: 173: 168: 164: 137: 134: 131: 128: 119:along a curve 104: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 54: 51: 45:such that all 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2209: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2135:Ocean physics 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2070:Modern optics 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1919:Computational 1917: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1809:0-521-09906-4 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1783:0-7167-0344-0 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1751:0-7506-2768-9 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1661:, p. 170 1660: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1622:gr-qc/0202085 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1596: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1333: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1285: 1281: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1225: 1222: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1173: 1166: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1077: 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1631: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1574:Enrico Fermi 1378: 1334: 1240: 845: 810: 565: 427: 409: 406: 312: 306: 303: 116: 79: 56: 30: 29: 1998:Statistical 1914:Theoretical 1891:Engineering 1773:Gravitation 1707:(10): 435. 2115:Geophysics 2105:Biophysics 1949:Analytical 1902:Approaches 1690:References 906:light-like 2065:Molecular 1966:Acoustics 1959:Continuum 1954:Celestial 1944:Newtonian 1931:Classical 1874:Divisions 1736:(2002) . 1361:− 1139:− 1078:− 936:γ 889:≠ 824:μ 775:σ 772:τ 739:τ 729:τ 701:− 693:τ 683:τ 675:− 667:τ 657:τ 630:τ 601:μ 579:τ 546:λ 533:λ 530:σ 520:σ 510:τ 502:− 497:λ 494:τ 483:μ 461:τ 333:⋅ 327:⋅ 209:− 127:γ 91:− 67:spacelike 47:curvature 2191:Category 1798:(1973). 1770:(1973). 1563:See also 71:timelike 2149:Related 2033:General 2028:Special 1886:Applied 1709:Bibcode 789:is the 80:With a 2060:Atomic 2015:Modern 1865:Major 1806:  1780:  1748:  1471:  866:where 759:, and 566:where 304:where 1819:arXiv 1673:arXiv 1617:arXiv 1590:Notes 1986:Wave 1881:Pure 1804:ISBN 1778:ISBN 1746:ISBN 1486:and 1332:. 593:and 1981:Ray 1717:doi 1613:117 1335:If 1300:by 417:in 41:or 2193:: 1794:; 1766:; 1762:; 1744:. 1732:; 1715:. 1703:. 1611:. 1607:. 957:: 797:. 716:, 617:, 425:. 148:: 1858:e 1851:t 1844:v 1827:. 1821:: 1812:. 1786:. 1754:. 1725:. 1723:. 1719:: 1711:: 1705:2 1681:. 1675:: 1625:. 1619:: 1548:. 1542:s 1539:d 1534:X 1529:F 1525:D 1518:= 1512:s 1509:d 1504:X 1499:D 1474:, 1468:0 1465:= 1462:) 1459:V 1456:, 1453:V 1450:( 1444:s 1441:d 1437:d 1430:2 1427:1 1422:= 1418:) 1411:s 1408:d 1403:V 1400:D 1394:, 1391:V 1387:( 1364:1 1358:= 1355:) 1352:V 1349:, 1346:V 1343:( 1320:) 1317:V 1314:, 1311:V 1308:( 1286:2 1282:V 1261:) 1258:V 1255:, 1252:V 1249:( 1226:, 1223:V 1215:2 1211:) 1207:V 1204:, 1201:V 1198:( 1193:) 1190:V 1187:, 1184:X 1181:( 1174:) 1167:s 1164:d 1159:V 1156:D 1150:, 1147:V 1143:( 1133:s 1130:d 1125:V 1122:D 1113:) 1110:V 1107:, 1104:V 1101:( 1096:) 1093:V 1090:, 1087:X 1084:( 1072:) 1069:V 1066:, 1063:V 1060:( 1056:V 1050:) 1043:s 1040:d 1035:V 1032:D 1026:, 1023:X 1019:( 1015:+ 1009:s 1006:d 1001:X 998:D 992:= 986:s 983:d 978:X 973:D 945:) 942:s 939:( 916:X 892:0 886:) 883:V 880:, 877:V 874:( 854:V 820:v 768:F 747:0 744:= 735:a 725:u 704:1 698:= 689:u 679:u 672:= 663:a 653:a 626:u 575:a 551:, 542:a 538:) 526:F 516:u 506:u 490:F 486:( 480:2 477:= 471:s 468:d 457:a 451:F 447:D 410:X 392:, 389:0 386:= 380:s 377:d 372:X 367:F 363:D 336:) 330:, 324:( 313:D 307:V 289:, 283:s 280:d 275:V 272:D 266:) 263:V 260:, 257:X 254:( 251:+ 248:V 244:) 237:s 234:d 229:V 226:D 220:, 217:X 213:( 203:s 200:d 195:X 192:D 186:= 180:s 177:d 172:X 167:F 163:D 136:) 133:s 130:( 117:X 103:) 100:+ 97:+ 94:+ 88:( 20:)

Index

Fermi–Walker differentiation
general relativity
coordinate system
reference frame
curvature
Lorentzian manifolds
covariant differentiation
spacelike
timelike
inertial frames
four-velocities
Minkowski spacetime
Thomas precession
Bargmann–Michel–Telegdi equation
magnetic moment
electromagnetic field strength tensor
Larmor precession
Proper reference frame (flat spacetime) § Comoving tetrads
light-like
Basic introduction to the mathematics of curved spacetime
Enrico Fermi
Arthur Geoffrey Walker
Transition from Newtonian mechanics to general relativity
"Circular Holonomy, Clock Effects and Gravitoelectromagnetism: Still Going Around in Circles After All These Years"
arXiv
gr-qc/0202085
Hawking & Ellis 1973
Bargmann, Michel & Telegdi 1959
Misner, Thorne & Wheeler 1973
arXiv

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