Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

1354: 967: 1123: 40: 1060:, in April 2012. Orbital predictions several days earlier indicated that the two satellites were expected to occupy the same point in space within 30 milliseconds of each other. On 3 April, telescope operators decided to stow the satellite's high-gain parabolic antenna, rotate the solar panels out of the way and to fire Fermi's rocket thrusters for one second to move it out of the way. Even though the thrusters had been idle since the telescope had been placed in orbit nearly five years earlier, they worked correctly and potential disaster was thus avoided. 955: 1378: 439: 100: 547: 628:, associate administrator for Science at NASA Headquarters, launched a public competition 7 February 2008, closing 31 March 2008, to rename GLAST in a way that would "capture the excitement of GLAST's mission and call attention to gamma-ray and high-energy astronomy ... something memorable to commemorate this spectacular new astronomy mission ... a name that is catchy, easy to say and will help make the satellite and its mission a topic of dinner table and classroom discussion". 1268: 1097:. This improved understanding led to two major improvements: gamma-rays that had been missed by previous analysis were detected and the direction they arrived from was determined with greater accuracy. The impact of the latter is to sharpen Fermi LAT's vision as illustrated in the figure on the right. Pass 8 also delivers better energy measurements and a significantly increased effective area. The entire mission dataset was reprocessed. 668: 1406:

fluctuation or an Earth albedo transient on a 1-second timescale. A rebuttal of this follow-up analysis, however, pointed out that the independent group misrepresented the analysis of the original Fermi GBM Team paper and therefore misconstrued the results of the original analysis. The rebuttal reaffirmed that the false coincidence probability is calculated empirically and is not refuted by the independent analysis.

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failed to move as instructed in one direction. On 27 March, the satellite was placed at a fixed angle relative to its orbit to maximize solar power. The next day the GBM instrument was turned back on. On 2 April, operators turned LAT on and it resumed operations on 8 April. Alternative observation strategies are being developed due to power and thermal requirements.

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telescope's all-sky SPI-ACS instrument indicated that any energy emission in gamma-rays and hard X-rays from the event was less than one millionth of the energy emitted as gravitational waves, concluding that "this limit excludes the possibility that the event is associated with substantial gamma-ray

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On 16 March 2018 one of Fermi's solar arrays quit rotating, prompting a transition to "safe hold" mode and instrument power off. This was the first mechanical failure in nearly 10 years. Fermi's solar arrays rotate to maximize the exposure of the arrays to the Sun. The motor that drives that rotation

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are responsible for gamma-ray background radiation. The potential for a tremendous discovery awaits if ordinary sources are determined to be irresponsible, in which case the cause may be anything from self-annihilating dark matter to entirely new chain reactions among interstellar particles that have

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For almost all event classes, Version P8R2 had a residual background that was not fully isotropic. This anisotropy was traced to cosmic-ray electrons leaking through the ribbons of the Anti-Coincidence Detector and a set of cuts allowed rejection of these events while minimally impacting acceptance.

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Both science instruments underwent environmental testing, including vibration, vacuum, and high and low temperatures to ensure that they can withstand the stresses of launch and continue to operate in space. They were integrated with the spacecraft at the General Dynamics ASCENT facility in Gilbert,

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has theorised that if a massive star is rapidly rotating, the centrifugal force produced during its collapse will lead to the formation of a rotating bar that breaks into two dense clumps of matter with a dumbbell configuration that becomes a black hole binary, and at the end of the star's collapse

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These improvements have the greatest impact on both the low and high ends of the range of energy Fermi LAT can detect - in effect expanding the energy range within which LAT can make useful observations. The improvement in the performance of Fermi LAT due to Pass 8 is so dramatic that this software

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are not responsible for most gamma-ray background radiation. Though active galactic nuclei do produce some of the gamma-ray radiation detected here on Earth, less than 30% originates from these sources. The search now is to locate the sources for the remaining 70% or so of all gamma-rays detected.

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Comparison of two Fermi LAT views of the same region in the constellation Carina. The first comes from an older analysis, termed Pass 7, while the second shows the improvements with Pass 8. Both images contain the same number of gamma rays. In the foreground plot, the tall spikes represent greater

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Computers operating both the LAT and GBM and most of the LAT's components were turned on 24 June 2008. The LAT high voltage was turned on 25 June, and it began detecting high-energy particles from space, but minor adjustments were still needed to calibrate the instrument. The GBM high voltage was

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Study better than ever before how concentrations of visible and ultraviolet light change over time. The mission should easily detect regions of spacetime where gamma-rays interacted with visible or UV light to make matter. This can be seen as an example of E=mc working in reverse, where energy is

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space telescope also did not detect a gamma-ray counterpart of the event. A follow-up analysis of the Fermi report by an independent group, released in June 2016, purported to identify statistical flaws in the initial analysis, concluding that the observation was consistent with a statistical

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that carries the instruments. It travels in a low, circular orbit with a period of about 95 minutes. Its normal mode of operation maintains its orientation so that the instruments will look away from the Earth, with a "rocking" motion to equalize the coverage of the sky. The view of the

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On 17 August 2017, Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor software detected, classified, and localized a gamma-ray burst which was later designated as GRB 170817A. Six minutes later, a single detector at Hanford LIGO registered a gravitational-wave candidate which was consistent with a binary

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update is sometimes called the cheapest satellite upgrade in history. Among numerous advances, it allowed for a better search for Galactic spectral lines from dark matter interactions, analysis of extended supernova remnants, and to search for extended sources in the Galactic plane.

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In June 2015, the Fermi LAT Collaboration released "Pass 8 LAT data". Iterations of the analysis framework used by LAT are called "passes" and at launch Fermi LAT data was analyzed using Pass 6. Significant improvements to Pass 6 were included in Pass 7 which debuted in August 2011.

987:. On 4 June 2008, after several previous delays, launch status was retargeted for 11 June at the earliest, the last delays resulting from the need to replace the Flight Termination System batteries. The launch window extended from 15:45 to 17:40 UTC daily, until 7 August 2008. 2883:

Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Albert, A.; Anderson, B.; Atwood, W. B.; Baldini, L.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bellazzini, R. (1 June 2015). "Updated search for spectral lines from Galactic dark matter interactions with pass 8 data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope".

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was awarded to Bill Atwood, Peter Michelson and the Fermi LAT team "for enabling, through the development of the Large Area Telescope, new insights into neutron stars, supernova remnants, cosmic rays, binary systems, active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts."

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had concluded that the primary goals were "all achievable with the all-sky scanning mode of observing". Fermi switched to "sky survey mode" on 26 June 2008 so as to begin sweeping its field of view over the entire sky every three hours (every two orbits).

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At the flare's peak, the LAT detected gamma rays with two billion times the energy of visible light, or about four billion electron volts (GeV), easily setting a record for the highest-energy light ever detected during or immediately after a solar

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which produce detectable tiny pulses of electric charge. Researchers can combine information from several layers of this tracker to determine the path of the particles. After passing through the tracker, the particles enter the

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Black hole mergers of the type thought to have produced the gravitational wave event are not expected to produce gamma-ray bursts, as stellar-mass black hole binaries are not expected to have large amounts of orbiting matter.

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Gamma-ray sky’s activity during a year of observations from February 2022 to February 2023 captured by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The pulsing circles represent a subset of the light

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event and with a positional uncertainty region overlapping that of the LIGO observation. The Fermi team calculated the odds of such an event being the result of a coincidence or noise at 0.22%. However, observations from the

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predict that it may not. Search for gamma rays emanating from former black holes that once exploded, providing yet another potential step toward the unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Determine whether

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distant above and below the galactic center. The galaxy's diffuse gamma-ray fog hampered prior observations, but the discovery team led by D. Finkbeiner, building on research by G. Dobler, worked around this problem.

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concentrations of gamma rays and correspond to brightness. Pass 8 provides more accurate directions for incoming gamma rays, so more of them fall closer to their sources, creating taller spikes and a sharper image.

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Atwood, W.; Albert, A.; Baldini, L.; Tinivella, M.; Bregeon, J.; Pesce-Rollins, M.; Sgrò, C.; Bruel, P.; Charles, E. (1 March 2013). "Pass 8: Toward the Full Realization of the Fermi-LAT Scientific Potential".

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with one of the highest energy outputs yet recorded. This included detection of a gamma-ray over 94 billion electron volts (GeV). This broke Fermi's previous record detection, by over three times the amount.

1546:"Gamma-ray bursts are so bright we can see them from billions of light-years away, which means they occurred billions of years ago, and we see them as they looked then", stated Charles Meegan of NASA's 1401:

radiation, directed towards the observer." If the signal observed by the Fermi GBM was associated with GW150914, SPI-ACS would have detected it with a significance of 15 sigma above the background. The

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was recorded by the Fermi telescope. This burst is notable as having "the largest apparent energy release yet measured". The explosion had the power of about 9,000 ordinary supernovae, and the

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are on the sides of the spacecraft to view all of the sky which is not blocked by the Earth. The design is optimized for good resolution in time and photon energy, and is sensitive from

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crystals to measure the total energy of the particles. The LAT's field of view is large, about 20% of the sky. The resolution of its images is modest by astronomical standards, a few

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Study energy spectra and variability of wavelengths of light coming from blazars so as to determine the composition of the black hole jets aimed directly at Earth -- whether they are

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crystals with sensitivity from 150 keV to 30 MeV), and can detect gamma-ray bursts in that energy range across the whole of the sky not occluded by the Earth.

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it triggers a gamma-ray burst. Loeb suggests that the 0.4 second delay is the time it took the gamma-ray burst to cross the star, relative to the gravitational waves.

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ranked this mission as a top priority. Many new possibilities and discoveries are anticipated to emerge from this single mission and greatly expand our view of the

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Data from the instruments are available to the public through the Fermi Science Support Center web site. Software for analyzing the data is also available.

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instruments will sweep out across most of the sky about 16 times per day. The spacecraft can also maintain an orientation that points to a chosen target.

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On 30 April 2013, NASA revealed that the telescope had narrowly avoided a collision a year earlier with a defunct Cold War-era Soviet spy satellite,

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Study gamma-ray bursts with an energy range several times more intense than ever before so that scientists may be able to understand them better.

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naturally split into smaller photons, as predicted by quantum mechanics and already achieved under controlled, man-made experimental conditions.

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Bruel, P.; Burnett, T. H.; Digel, S. W.; Johannesson, G.; Omodei, N.; Wood, M. (26 October 2018). "Fermi-LAT improved Pass~8 event selection".

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Scientists estimate a very high possibility for new scientific discoveries, even revolutionary discoveries, emerging from this single mission.

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Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bellazzini, R.; Bissaldi, E.; Bloom, E. D. (1 July 2017).

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Every detection by the Fermi LAT since its launch, was reexamined with the latest tools to learn how the LAT detector responded to both each

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for their work in developing the theoretical framework underpinning the many exciting pulsar results from Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.

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as well as other underground detectors. The potential for a tremendous discovery in this area is possible over the next several years.

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Education and public outreach are important components of the Fermi project. The main Fermi education and public outreach website at

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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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also turned on 25 June, but the GBM still required one more week of testing/calibrations before searching for gamma-ray bursts.

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Gamma-ray radiation (greater than 1 Gev) detected over the entire sky; brighter areas are more radiation (five year study by

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satellite in the 1990s. Several countries produced the components of the LAT, who then sent the components for assembly at

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Fermi gained its new name in 2008: On 26 August 2008, GLAST was renamed the "Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope" in honor of

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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).

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and discovered that such flashes can produce 100 trillion positrons, far more than scientists had previously expected.

6739: 6208: 6090: 6078: 5834: 5826: 5810: 4793: 3680:"On the Interpretation of the Fermi-GBM Transient Observed in Coincidence with LIGO Gravitational-wave Event GW150914" 1700: 1342: 1227: 954: 826: 570:(20 MeV to 300 GeV), with a field of view of about 20% of the sky; it may be thought of as a sequel to the 1391:

Fermi reported that its GBM instrument detected a weak gamma-ray burst above 50 keV, starting 0.4 seconds after the

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Probe dark matter (e.g. by looking for an excess of gamma rays from the center of the Milky Way) and early Universe.

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Fermi includes two scientific instruments, the Large Area Telescope (LAT) and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM).

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bands only, a first for its kind. This new pulsar sweeps the Earth every 316.86 milliseconds and is about 4,600

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Nigro, Cosimo (1 December 2015). "Fermi-LAT analysis of extended supernova remnants with the new pass 8 data".

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so as to possibly solve how they are produced. Study how pulsars generate winds of interstellar particles.

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Savchenko, V.; Ferrigno, C.; Mereghetti, S.; Natalucci, L.; Bazzano, A.; et al. (April 2016).

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Connaughton, V.; Burns, E.; Goldstein, A.; Briggs, M. S.; Zhang, B.-B.; et al. (July 2016).

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Tavani, M.; Pittori, C.; Verrecchia, F.; Bulgarelli, A.; Giuliani, A.; et al. (July 2016).

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The 2018 prize was awarded to Colleen Wilson-Hodge and the Fermi GBM team for the detection of

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NASA designed the mission with a five-year lifetime, with a goal of ten years of operations.

6938: 5659: 5587: 4430: 4288: 4005: 3972: 3887: 3797: 3709: 3621: 3562: 3503: 3438: 3152: 2999: 2911: 2781: 2077: 1997: 1889:"An Astro-Particle Physics Partnership Exploring the High Energy Universe - List of funders" 1321:

In early 2012, Fermi/GLAST observed the highest energy light ever seen in a solar eruption.

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The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) (formerly GLAST Burst Monitor) detects sudden flares of

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Gamma- and X-ray bubbles at the Milky Way galaxy center: Top: illustration; Bottom: video.

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upper limits on gamma-ray emission associated with the gravitational wave event GW150914"

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offers gateways to resources for students, educators, scientists, and the public. NASA's

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After presenting an overview of the Fermi instrumentation and goals, Jennifer Carson of

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Connaughton, V.; Burns, E.; Goldstein, A.; Briggs, M. S.; et al. (January 2018).

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of the Milky Way was found in data from the Fermi telescope. This is now known as the

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at an altitude of 550 km (340 mi), and at an inclination of 28.5 degrees.

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GLAST launch as pictured by a space-based infrared sensor, looking down at the Earth

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Provide new data to help improve upon existing theoretical models of our own galaxy.

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jet of material ejected in the blast must have moved at a minimum of 99.9999% the

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GLAST received some minor modifications to its computer software on 23 June 2008.

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Carson, Jennifer (March 2007). "GLAST: physics goals and instrument status".

2283: 6893: 6806: 6620: 6577: 6560: 6515: 6469: 5563: 4976: 4676: 4491: 4382: 4069:"2014 Rossi prize awarded to Douglas Finkbeiner, Tracy Slatyer, and Meng Su" 3157: 3132: 1540: 1506: 1471: 1413:, 1.7 billion light years away from Earth, may be analogous to the historic 1148: 1144: 798: 698: 4091: 3311: 3174: 1218:. This determination fulfills one of the stated missions for this project. 722:) from their presumed gamma burst signatures (Hawking Radiation component). 682:

The key scientific objectives of the Fermi mission have been described as:

659: 2104:"Spacecraft Overview Presentation for the GLAST LAT Collaboration Meeting" 6918: 6791: 6723: 6689: 6527: 6497: 6478: 6436: 6410: 5850: 5786: 5627: 5339: 5100: 5000: 4992: 4896: 4833: 4644: 4507: 4333: 4325: 3654:"NASA's Big Mistake: LIGO's Merging Black Holes Were Invisible After All" 2768: 1966:

Atwood, W. B.; et al. (June 2009). "The Large Area Telescope on the

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Launch occurred successfully on 11 June 2008 at 16:05 UTC aboard a

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In February 2010, it was announced that Fermi-LAT had determined that

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Greiner, J.; Burgess, J. M.; Savchenko, V.; Yu, H.-F. (August 2016).

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In 2009, a surplus of gamma rays from a spherical region around the

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Harrington, J. D.; Harris, David; Cominsky, Lynn (26 August 2008).

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were detected around our galaxy, the Milky Way. The bubbles, named

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The first major discovery came when the space telescope detected a

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with energy from about 20 million to about 300 billion

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This selection was used to create the P8R3 version of LAT data.

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Stowed: 2.8 × 2.5 m (9.2 × 8.2 ft)

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Advanced Information Systems (formerly Spectrum Astro and now

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Test better than ever before certain established theories of

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The GBM consists of 14 scintillation detectors (twelve

2634:"GLAST Spacecraft Arrives in Florida to Prepare for Launch" 1068:

In August 2013 Fermi started its 5-year mission extension.

1660: 1613:

for the highest-energy photons and about 3 degrees at 100

3310:

Aguilar, David A.; Pulliam, Christine (9 November 2010).

1553:

The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor has detected gamma rays from

686:

To understand the mechanisms of particle acceleration in

4047:"NASA Goddard Astrophysicist Wins Prize for Pulsar Work" 2729:"The GLAST Mission: GLAST Overview, orbital information" 585:

crystals for the 8 keV to 1 MeV range and two

27:

Space telescope for gamma-ray astronomy launched in 2008

3267:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2609:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2582:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2555:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2528:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2501:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2474:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2447:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2420:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2393:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 2366:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. Archived from 801:

than ever before so as to broaden our understanding of

1941:"RE7/FERMI : The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope" 2703:"Expendable Launch Vehicle Status Report: ELV-060608" 2343:

NASA – Scientists Predict Major Discoveries for GLAST

1569:

using technology similar to that used in terrestrial

1387:

GRB coincident with gravitational wave event GW150914

3292:"NASA's Fermi Probes "Dragons" of the Gamma-ray Sky" 2046:

Meegan, Charles; et al. (September 2009). "The

6953: 6902: 6845: 6775: 6703: 6668: 6603: 6548: 6445: 6381: 6343: 6317: 6201: 6056: 5957: 5926: 5179: 5036: 4873: 4776: 4591: 4482: 4316: 4271: 4210: 4203: 3368:"NASA's Fermi, Swift See 'Shockingly Bright' Burst" 2258:"The GLAST Mission: GLAST Overview, mission length" 1635:). The LAT is a bigger and better successor to the 1357:

GRB 130427A before and after in more than 100

1341:Fermi telescope has observed and detected numerous 882:Search for evidence that dark matter is made up of 424: 416: 409: 391: 383: 373: 363: 353: 343: 333: 323: 313: 303: 293: 283: 273: 263: 258: 240: 227: 216: 200: 195: 179: 171: 163: 153: 148: 136:

Elapsed: 16 years, 3 months, 16 days

130: 120: 107: 86: 68: 58: 46: 1565:The Large Area Telescope (LAT) detects individual 2124:(Press release). General Dynamics. Archived from 1253:Milky Way Gamma- and X-ray emitting Fermi bubbles 522:7920-H rocket. The mission is a joint venture of 2607:"Scientists Predict Major Discoveries for GLAST" 4161:Fermi's 14-Year Time-Lapse of the Gamma-Ray Sky 2303: 2301: 1438:GRB 170817A signals a multi-messenger transient 1323: 1147:remnant that appeared to emit radiation in the 979:On 4 March 2008, the spacecraft arrived at the 833:Study better than ever before whether ordinary 701:sky: unidentified sources and diffuse emission. 3250:"NASA's Fermi Closes on Source of Cosmic Rays" 2808:"The Day NASA's Fermi Dodged a 1.5-ton Bullet" 2648:"Tracking Station – Worldwide launch schedule" 1453:electromagnetic radiation from a single source 6278: 4181: 3766:Fong, Wen-fai; et al. (30 August 2018). 3592:"On the Fermi-GBM Event 0.4 s after GW150914" 2696: 2694: 663:Anticipated first year of operations timeline 620:GLAST renamed Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 514:, was launched on 11 June 2008 at 16:05 510:Fermi, named for high-energy physics pioneer 8: 558:The LAT is an imaging gamma-ray detector (a 32: 3941:Abbott, B. P.; et al. (October 2017). 3341: 3339: 2632:Diller, George; Gutro, Rob (4 March 2008). 2240:"First Light for the Fermi Space Telescope" 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1409:In October 2018, astronomers reported that 1317:Highest energy light ever seen from the Sun 852:converted into mass, in the early universe. 6285: 6271: 6263: 4207: 4188: 4174: 4166: 4002:"NASA's Newest Space Telescope Blasts Off" 3305: 3303: 3301: 1130:, constructed from photons detected by LAT 922:contends that it does, yet some models in 864:Study better than ever before how our own 437: 406: 98: 31: 3976: 3958: 3891: 3873: 3801: 3783: 3713: 3695: 3625: 3607: 3566: 3548: 3507: 3489: 3442: 3424: 3156: 3040: 3003: 2985: 2897: 2867: 2767: 2063: 1983: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3323: 3321: 3294:. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. NASA. 2109:. NASA. 23 October 2002. 1196-EB-R43864. 1337:Terrestrial gamma-ray flash observations 1302:two gamma-ray and X-ray emitting bubbles 1300:In November 2010, it was announced that 907:, such as whether the speed of light in 7056:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets 4150:by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center 3849: 3847: 3381:Kazmierczak, Jeanette (14 March 2023). 3131:Abdo, A. A.; et al. (March 2009). 2224:. NASA. 8 February 2008. Archived from 1835:"FGST: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope" 1761: 1163:In September 2008, the gamma-ray burst 1159:Greatest gamma-ray burst energy release 2242:. NASA. 26 August 2008. Archived from 1245:, and yet-to-be explained dark matter 704:Determine the high-energy behavior of 4125:by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center 2756:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2678:"GLAST Mission: Coverage Latest News" 1782:. NASA. February 2008. Archived from 1577:hit thin metal sheets, converting to 1557:generated in powerful thunderstorms. 7: 4154:Gamma-ray Burst Monitor publications 4071:. Harvard University. 8 January 2014 3265:"Cosmic Rays and Supernova Remnants" 2526:"Solar System: Sun, Moon, and Earth" 1649:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 1232:In March 2010 it was announced that 1126:Cycle of pulsed gamma rays from the 1045:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 884:weakly interacting massive particles 635:, a pioneer in high-energy physics. 461:Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope 50:Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope 3248:Reddy, Francis (16 February 2010). 3079:Atkinson, Nancy (17 October 2008). 2148:"Currently Available Data Products" 550:Fermi on Earth, solar arrays folded 397:23 February 2016, 04:46:22 UTC 4019:Fienberg, Rick (18 January 2011). 3346:Reddy, Francis (10 January 2011). 1687:In 2013, the prize was awarded to 1206:Cosmic rays and supernova remnants 714:Search for evaporating primordial 528:United States Department of Energy 25: 6219:List of proposed space telescopes 4905:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 4141:Large Area Telescope publications 3947:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 3861:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 3684:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 3596:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 3477:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 3116:. 18 October 2008. Archived from 2821:Reddy, Francis (21 August 2013). 1693:Leland Stanford Junior University 1365:On 27 April 2013, Fermi detected 1260:Galactic gamma- and X-ray bubbles 1214:act as enormous accelerators for 289:6,912.9 km (4,295.5 mi) 6247: 6246: 3915:Gough, Evan (18 February 2016). 3825:Woo, Marcus (16 February 2016). 3263:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2605:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2578:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2524:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2497:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2470:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2443:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2416:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2362:Naeye, Robert (23 August 2007). 2315:. 28 August 2008. Archived from 1911:"Recognized Experiments at CERN" 1875:"Fermi Solar Flare Observations" 1277: 1266: 1183:Galactic Center gamma ray excess 1001:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station 805:. Study the pulsed emissions of 495:, other high-energy sources and 38: 5126:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory 4148:Gamma-ray Burst Monitor website 4094:. American Astronomical Society 4000:Coulter, Dauna (11 June 2008). 3328:Reddy, Francis (11 June 2012). 3290:Reddy, Francis (2 March 2010). 3108:"New kind of pulsar discovered" 1968:Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope 1945:The CERN Experimental Programme 1602:, which consists of a stack of 983:payload processing facility in 911:remains constant regardless of 449:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 387:7.59 km/s (4.72 mi/s) 33:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 2701:Diller, George (6 June 2008). 2551:Woo, Marcus (23 August 2007). 2389:Berry, Dana (23 August 2007). 2309:"Q&A on the GLAST Mission" 1915:The CERN Scientific Committees 1777:"GLAST Science Writer's Guide" 827:Gamma-ray background radiation 793:Study younger, more energetic 728:National Academies of Sciences 534:. The project is a recognized 110: 1: 6229:List of heliophysics missions 3366:Reddy, Francis (3 May 2013). 3056:Chou, Felicia (30 May 2018). 2580:"Testing Fundamental Physics" 2364:"Blazars and Active Galaxies" 2120:Smith, Carol (10 June 2008). 1665:Education and Public Outreach 1655:Education and public outreach 1645:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 1343:terrestrial gamma-ray flashes 1030:LAT/GBM computers operational 576:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 319:543.6 km (337.8 mi) 309:525.9 km (326.8 mi) 167:4,303 kg (9,487 lb) 4135:Large Area Telescope website 3854:Loeb, Abraham (March 2016). 2222:"Name that Space Telescope!" 2178:Fermi Science Support Center 2152:Fermi Science Support Center 2002:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071 1585:pairs, via a process termed 1548:Marshall Space Flight Center 1222:Background gamma ray sources 920:general theory of relativity 7051:Spacecraft launched in 2008 6209:Great Observatories program 3893:10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L21 3803:10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/151 3627:10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L38 3509:10.3847/2041-8205/820/2/L36 2082:10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/791 1701:Goddard Space Flight Center 1633:very-high-energy gamma rays 1423:Swift Observatory Satellite 1419:Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) 1308:, extend about 25 thousand 1228:Gamma-ray burst progenitors 7082: 5700:Orbiting Solar Observatory 3568:10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L4 3444:10.3847/2041-8205/826/1/L6 2916:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.122002 2786:10.1088/1742-6596/60/1/020 2472:"The Gamma-ray Background" 2050:Gamma-ray Burst Monitor". 2027:. NASA. Release no. 08-214 1837:. Stanford. Archived from 1735:Galactic Center GeV excess 1495:very-high-energy gamma ray 1467:Instruments on-board Fermi 1225: 1193:Galactic Center GeV excess 1064:Extended mission 2013–2018 562:instrument) which detects 7006: 6252:Category:Space telescopes 6242: 3772:The Astrophysical Journal 3537:The Astrophysical Journal 3413:The Astrophysical Journal 2974:The Astrophysical Journal 2052:The Astrophysical Journal 1972:The Astrophysical Journal 1109:Solar array drive failure 1004:Space Launch Complex 17-B 604:, designed and built the 436: 405: 401: 254: 250: 191: 187: 144: 140: 81:U.S. Department of Energy 54: 37: 6214:List of space telescopes 3978:10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9 3715:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa4f2 3005:10.3847/1538-4357/aa775a 2391:"GLAST Gamma-ray Bursts" 1745:List of gamma-ray bursts 1631:(from medium up to some 1475:Fermi is sensitive from 1016:low-Earth circular orbit 7036:Sonoma State University 4049:. NASA. 4 February 2013 3158:10.1126/science.1169101 2202:. NASA. 7 February 2008 1706:The 2014 prize went to 1669:Sonoma State University 1661:http://glast.sonoma.edu 1617:. It is sensitive from 1501:Gamma-ray Burst Monitor 1072:Pass 8 software upgrade 868:produces gamma rays in 459:), formerly called the 420:Gamma-ray Burst Monitor 5540:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) 4004:. NASA. Archived from 2810:. NASA. 30 April 2013. 2731:. NASA. Archived from 2705:. NASA. Archived from 2260:. NASA. Archived from 1917:. CERN. Archived from 1497: 1468: 1383: 1362: 1334: 1237:Possibilities include 1234:active galactic nuclei 1131: 1082: 1022:Software modifications 971: 963: 958:GLAST launch aboard a 688:active galactic nuclei 676: 664: 656: 551: 489:active galactic nuclei 471:being used to perform 245:United Launch Alliance 5161:Space Solar Telescope 3058:"Fermi Status Update" 1863:. NASA. 28 July 2008. 1571:particle accelerators 1474: 1466: 1380: 1356: 1239:star forming galaxies 1167:in the constellation 1125: 1079: 969: 957: 888:Large Hadron Collider 752:(a) a combination of 670: 662: 655:Video: What is Fermi? 654: 549: 264:Reference system 149:Spacecraft properties 7046:Gamma-ray telescopes 6301:Orbital launches in 6234:List of planetariums 5136:NRO donation to NASA 3120:on 11 February 2009. 2499:"The Early Universe" 2339:NASA – Fermi Science 1591:microstrip detectors 1561:Large Area Telescope 962:rocket, 11 June 2008 838:yet to be conceived. 690:(AGN), pulsars, and 428:Large Area Telescope 134:Planned: 5-10 years 5930:(Mission completed) 4212:Radio and Microwave 3969:2017ApJ...848L..12A 3884:2016ApJ...819L..21L 3794:2016ApJ...833..151F 3740:(2 February 2018). 3706:2018ApJ...853L...9C 3618:2016ApJ...827L..38G 3559:2016ApJ...825L...4T 3500:2016ApJ...820L..36S 3435:2016ApJ...826L...6C 3271:on 25 November 2010 3149:2009Sci...323.1688A 3143:(5922): 1688–1693. 2996:2017ApJ...843..139A 2955:2015PhDT.......142N 2908:2015PhRvD..91l2002A 2841:fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov 2778:2007JPhCS..60..115C 2532:on 26 February 2021 2451:on 19 November 2010 2424:on 8 September 2018 2397:on 25 November 2010 2370:on 25 November 2010 2348:25 May 2017 at the 2074:2009ApJ...702..791M 1994:2009ApJ...697.1071A 1445:neutron star merger 1199:or a population of 1014:Fermi resides in a 985:Titusville, Florida 940:Unknown discoveries 473:gamma-ray astronomy 355:Argument of perigee 204:11 June 2008, 16:05 125:Fermi.GSFC.NASA.gov 63:Gamma-ray astronomy 34: 5867:Suzaku (Astro-EII) 5692:OAO-3 (Copernicus) 5676:Mikhailo Lomonosov 5524:Hinotori (Astro-A) 5131:New Worlds Mission 3229:. 12 November 2019 3203:. 19 February 2009 2709:on 22 October 2008 2559:on 13 January 2012 2445:"Milky Way Galaxy" 2128:on 27 October 2017 1841:on 7 December 2022 1815:. 23 February 2016 1789:on 8 November 2016 1498: 1469: 1384: 1363: 1212:supernova remnants 1132: 1083: 972: 964: 692:supernova remnants 677: 665: 657: 574:instrument on the 552: 538:experiment (RE7). 487:phenomena such as 475:observations from 259:Orbital parameters 208:2008-06-11UTC16:05 7018: 7017: 6522:CUTE-1.7 + APD II 6260: 6259: 6158:SIM & SIMlite 5532:Hisaki (SPRINT-A) 5492:Hakucho (CORSA-b) 5051:Astro-1 Telescope 4869: 4868: 2886:Physical Review D 2586:on 31 August 2008 2246:on 17 March 2010. 1681:Bruno Rossi Prize 1539:(a medium-energy 1286: 1052:Collision avoided 924:quantum mechanics 716:micro black holes 652: 587:bismuth germanate 469:space observatory 445: 444: 432: 431: 16:(Redirected from 7073: 7061:CERN experiments 7041:Space telescopes 6914:Shiyan Weixing 3 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6264: 6250: 6249: 6049: 6045:Hitomi (Astro-H) 6041: 6033: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5985: 5977: 5969: 5950: 5942: 5931: 5919: 5911: 5903: 5895: 5887: 5879: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5751: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5528: 5520: 5512: 5504: 5496: 5488: 5480: 5472: 5464: 5456: 5448: 5440: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5368: 5360: 5352: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5271: 5263: 5255: 5247: 5239: 5231: 5223: 5215: 5207: 5199: 5191: 5029: 5021: 5013: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4981: 4973: 4965: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4893: 4885: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4779:or unclassified) 4769: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4584: 4576: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4528: 4524:Hinode (Solar-B) 4520: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4475: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4419: 4415:Hinode (Solar-B) 4411: 4403: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4371: 4363: 4355: 4347: 4338: 4330: 4309: 4301: 4293: 4285: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4240: 4232: 4224: 4208: 4197:Space telescopes 4190: 4183: 4176: 4167: 4137:at Stanford.edu 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4008:on 17 June 2008. 3997: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3962: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3877: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3787: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3717: 3699: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3629: 3611: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3552: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3493: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3446: 3428: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3160: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3007: 2989: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2901: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2771: 2769:astro-ph/0610960 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2735:on 9 August 2007 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2654:. Archived from 2644: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2359: 2353: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2319:on 25 April 2009 2305: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2264:on 9 August 2007 2254: 2248: 2247: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2228:on 2 April 2010. 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2067: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2020: 2014: 2013: 1987: 1978:(2): 1071–1102. 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1720: 1630: 1623: 1538: 1527: 1511:gamma ray bursts 1492: 1481: 1332: 1288: 1287: 1270: 1243:galactic mergers 1216:cosmic particles 1135:Pulsar discovery 950:Mission timeline 815:Milky Way galaxy 775:Gamma-ray bursts 706:gamma-ray bursts 653: 602:Gilbert, Arizona 598:Orbital Sciences 594:General Dynamics 501:gamma-ray bursts 441: 412: 407: 305:Perigee altitude 211: 209: 196:Start of mission 158:General Dynamics 131:Mission duration 112: 103: 102: 96: 42: 35: 21: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7002: 6949: 6898: 6841: 6771: 6699: 6664: 6599: 6544: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6441: 6377: 6339: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6291: 6261: 6256: 6238: 6224:X-ray telescope 6197: 6079:Constellation-X 6052: 6047: 6039: 6031: 6023: 6015: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5983: 5975: 5967: 5953: 5948: 5940: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5917: 5915:Yokoh (Solar-A) 5909: 5901: 5893: 5885: 5883:Tenma (Astro-B) 5877: 5869: 5861: 5853: 5845: 5837: 5829: 5821: 5813: 5805: 5797: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5662: 5654: 5646: 5644:LISA Pathfinder 5638: 5630: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5590: 5582: 5574: 5566: 5558: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5510: 5502: 5500:HALCA (MUSES-B) 5494: 5486: 5478: 5476:Ginga (Astro-C) 5470: 5462: 5454: 5446: 5438: 5430: 5422: 5414: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5318: 5293: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5261: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5229: 5221: 5213: 5205: 5197: 5195:Akari (Astro-F) 5189: 5175: 5032: 5027: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4987: 4979: 4971: 4963: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4907: 4899: 4891: 4883: 4865: 4860: 4852: 4844: 4836: 4828: 4820: 4812: 4804: 4796: 4788: 4778: 4777:Other (particle 4772: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4655: 4647: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4587: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4518: 4510: 4502: 4494: 4478: 4473: 4465: 4457: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4425: 4417: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4377: 4369: 4361: 4353: 4345: 4336: 4328: 4312: 4307: 4299: 4291: 4283: 4267: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4199: 4194: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4090:Watzke, Megan. 4089: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4027:on 23 June 2019 4018: 4017: 4013: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3652:(3 June 2016). 3648: 3647: 3643: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3309: 3308: 3299: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3227:www.science.org 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3034: 3033: 3029: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2652:Spaceflight Now 2646: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2505:on 1 March 2021 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2418:"Neutron Stars" 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2350:Wayback Machine 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2174:"Data Analysis" 2172: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2017: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1921:on 13 June 2019 1909: 1908: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1809:"Fermi - Orbit" 1807: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1763: 1758: 1731: 1718: 1689:Roger W. Romani 1677: 1657: 1625: 1618: 1587:pair production 1563: 1533: 1522: 1503: 1487: 1476: 1461: 1440: 1389: 1371:gamma-ray burst 1351: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1319: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1230: 1224: 1208: 1189:Galactic Center 1185: 1161: 1137: 1120: 1111: 1074: 1066: 1054: 1041: 1039:Sky survey mode 1032: 1024: 1012: 997:Delta 7920H-10C 993: 977: 952: 928:quantum gravity 743:active galaxies 708:and transients. 643: 641: 622: 560:pair-conversion 544: 477:low Earth orbit 410: 315:Apogee altitude 285:Semi-major axis 221:Delta II 7920-H 207: 205: 183:1,500 W average 135: 97: 92: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7079: 7077: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7023: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7011:Crewed flights 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6987: 6982: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6945:Progress M-01M 6942: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6877: 6867: 6862: 6855: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6822: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6748: 6743: 6736: 6727: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6627: 6618: 6613: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6585: 6580: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6411:Spacelab MD002 6394: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6335:Ekspress AM-33 6332: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6308: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5978: 5970: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5943: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5872: 5864: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5824: 5816: 5808: 5800: 5792: 5784: 5776: 5768: 5760: 5752: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5649: 5641: 5633: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5585: 5577: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5513: 5505: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5449: 5441: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5369: 5361: 5356:Compton (CGRO) 5353: 5345: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5288: 5283:ASCA (Astro-D) 5280: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5200: 5192: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5086:Hypertelescope 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:Fresnel Imager 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5006: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4974: 4966: 4958: 4950: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4894: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4807: 4799: 4791: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4754: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4701:Max Valier Sat 4698: 4690: 4682: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4650: 4642: 4637:HXMT (Insight) 4634: 4629:Einstein Probe 4626: 4618: 4613:Chandra (AXAF) 4610: 4601: 4599: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4561: 4553: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4380: 4372: 4364: 4356: 4348: 4344:constellation 4339: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4249: 4241: 4233: 4225: 4216: 4214: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4111:External links 4109: 4106: 4105: 4082: 4060: 4038: 4011: 3992: 3933: 3921:Universe Today 3907: 3843: 3817: 3758: 3729: 3670: 3641: 3582: 3523: 3458: 3399: 3373: 3353: 3335: 3317: 3297: 3282: 3255: 3240: 3214: 3188: 3123: 3099: 3086:Universe Today 3071: 3048: 3027: 2960: 2937: 2892:(12): 122002. 2875: 2853: 2828: 2813: 2799: 2762:(1): 115–118. 2746: 2720: 2690: 2669: 2658:on 30 May 2010 2639: 2636:. NASA. 04-08. 2624: 2613:on 25 May 2017 2597: 2570: 2543: 2516: 2489: 2478:on 15 May 2021 2462: 2435: 2408: 2381: 2354: 2330: 2297: 2275: 2249: 2231: 2213: 2191: 2165: 2139: 2112: 2095: 2058:(1): 791–804. 2038: 2015: 1958: 1932: 1902: 1880: 1866: 1852: 1826: 1800: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1676: 1673: 1656: 1653: 1639:instrument on 1604:caesium iodide 1562: 1559: 1502: 1499: 1460: 1457: 1439: 1436: 1388: 1385: 1350: 1347: 1338: 1335: 1328: 1318: 1315: 1293: 1292: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1226:Main article: 1223: 1220: 1207: 1204: 1184: 1181: 1177:speed of light 1160: 1157: 1136: 1133: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1073: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1011: 1008: 992: 989: 976: 973: 951: 948: 947: 946: 942: 941: 937: 936: 900: 899: 892: 891: 879: 878: 874: 873: 861: 860: 854: 853: 848: 847: 845:early universe 840: 839: 830: 829: 823: 822: 818: 817: 811: 810: 807:magnetospheres 790: 789: 783: 782: 778: 777: 771: 770: 769: 768: 761: 746: 745: 724: 723: 712: 709: 702: 695: 640: 637: 621: 618: 591: 590: 579: 543: 540: 443: 442: 434: 433: 430: 429: 426: 422: 421: 418: 414: 413: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 389: 388: 385: 381: 380: 377: 371: 370: 367: 361: 360: 357: 351: 350: 347: 341: 340: 337: 331: 330: 327: 321: 320: 317: 311: 310: 307: 301: 300: 297: 291: 290: 287: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 256: 255: 252: 251: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232:Cape Canaveral 229: 225: 224: 218: 214: 213: 202: 198: 197: 193: 192: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 114: 105: 104: 90: 84: 83: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7078: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7012: 7005: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6935:Leonardo MPLM 6932: 6931: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910:Chuang Xin 1B 6908: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6870:Chandrayaan-1 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6797:Progress M-65 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6746:Inmarsat-4 F3 6744: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Progress M-64 6554: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Tianlian I-01 6477: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6351:Progress M-63 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6296: 6288: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6253: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6046: 6043: 6038: 6035: 6030: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6014: 6011: 6006: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5987: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5971: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5947: 5944: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5925: 5916: 5913: 5908: 5905: 5900: 5897: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5875:Taiyo (SRATS) 5873: 5868: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5841: 5836: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5809: 5804: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5642: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5538: 5533: 5530: 5525: 5522: 5517: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5498: 5493: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5466: 5461: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5445: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5426: 5421: 5418: 5413: 5410: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5386: 5381: 5378: 5373: 5370: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5333: 5330: 5325: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5220: 5217: 5212: 5209: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5193: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4991: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4962: 4961:Solar-C EUVST 4959: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4927: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4887: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4859: 4856: 4851: 4850:Solar Orbiter 4848: 4843: 4840: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4766: 4763: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4739: 4734: 4731: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4638: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4622: 4619: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4581: 4578: 4573: 4570: 4565: 4564:Solar Orbiter 4562: 4557: 4554: 4549: 4546: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4400: 4397: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4228:Solar Orbiter 4226: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131:at Sonoma.edu 4130: 4129:Fermi website 4127: 4124: 4123:Fermi website 4121: 4118: 4117:Fermi website 4115: 4114: 4110: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3832: 3831:New Scientist 3828: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3759: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738:Siegel, Ethan 3733: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3671: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3650:Siegel, Ethan 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3400: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3202: 3201:Science Daily 3198: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2865: 2857: 2854: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2571: 2558: 2554: 2553:"Dark Matter" 2547: 2544: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2490: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2436: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2331: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2285: 2284:"The Mission" 2279: 2276: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1827: 1814: 1813:Heavens Above 1810: 1804: 1801: 1785: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1715: 1713: 1712:Fermi bubbles 1709: 1708:Tracy Slatyer 1704: 1702: 1698: 1697:Alice Harding 1694: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1519:scintillators 1516: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1480: 1473: 1465: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1449:gravitational 1446: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1421:on board the 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1386: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1336: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1306:Fermi bubbles 1303: 1269: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143:in the CTA 1 1142: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1038: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1002: 998: 990: 988: 986: 982: 974: 968: 961: 956: 949: 944: 943: 939: 938: 934: 929: 925: 921: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901: 898: 894: 893: 889: 885: 881: 880: 876: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862: 859: 856: 855: 850: 849: 846: 842: 841: 836: 832: 831: 828: 825: 824: 820: 819: 816: 813: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 791: 788: 787:Neutron stars 785: 784: 780: 779: 776: 773: 772: 766: 762: 759: 755: 751: 750: 748: 747: 744: 740: 737: 736: 735: 733: 729: 721: 717: 713: 710: 707: 703: 700: 696: 693: 689: 685: 684: 683: 680: 674: 669: 661: 638: 636: 634: 629: 627: 619: 617: 614: 610: 607: 603: 599: 595: 588: 584: 583:sodium iodide 580: 577: 573: 569: 568:electronvolts 565: 561: 557: 556: 555: 548: 541: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 481:astrophysical 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 440: 435: 427: 423: 419: 415: 408: 404: 400: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379:15.10 rev/day 378: 376: 372: 368: 366: 362: 358: 356: 352: 348: 346: 342: 338: 336: 332: 328: 326: 322: 318: 316: 312: 308: 306: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 286: 282: 279: 276: 272: 269: 266: 262: 257: 253: 249: 246: 243: 239: 236: 233: 230: 226: 222: 219: 215: 203: 199: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 147: 143: 139: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 115: 113: 106: 101: 95: 91: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 7066:Enrico Fermi 7031:Astrophysics 7010: 6980:Eutelsat W2M 6928: 6859:Soyuz TMA-13 6857: 6824: 6787:Huan Jing 1B 6783:Huan Jing 1A 6738: 6730:Superbird-C2 6710: 6655:OSTM/Jason-2 6650:Orbcomm FM41 6646:Orbcomm FM40 6642:Orbcomm FM39 6638:Orbcomm FM38 6634:Orbcomm FM37 6630:Orbcomm FM29 6615: 6587: 6454:Soyuz TMA-12 6452: 6396: 6389: 6355: 6100: 6083: 5927:Hibernating 5679:(2016–2019?) 5222:(1962, 1964) 5121:Nano-JASMINE 4945:NEO Surveyor 4861:(since 2006) 4853:(since 2020) 4845:(since 1995) 4837:(since 2019) 4829:(since 2017) 4821:(since 2008) 4813:(since 2015) 4805:(since 2015) 4797:(since 2011) 4789:(since 1997) 4768:(since 1999) 4760:(since 2024) 4752:(since 2023) 4744:(since 2022) 4736:(since 2012) 4728:(since 2017) 4720:(since 2018) 4712:(since 2009) 4704:(since 2017) 4696:(since 2004) 4688:(since 2024) 4680:(since 2019) 4672:(since 2021) 4664:(since 2020) 4656:(since 2008) 4652: 4648:(since 2002) 4640:(since 2017) 4632:(since 2024) 4624:(since 2015) 4616:(since 1999) 4608:(since 2015) 4583:(since 2004) 4575:(since 2006) 4567:(since 2020) 4559:(since 2008) 4551:(since 1995) 4543:(since 2010) 4535:(since 2013) 4527:(since 2006) 4519:(since 2021) 4511:(since 2015) 4503:(since 2022) 4495:(since 2023) 4474:(since 2018) 4466:(since 2004) 4458:(since 2008) 4450:(since 1995) 4442:(since 2010) 4434:(since 2001) 4426:(since 2013) 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Retrieved 4085: 4073:. Retrieved 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4041: 4029:. Retrieved 4025:the original 4014: 4006:the original 3995: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3924:. Retrieved 3920: 3910: 3865: 3859: 3834:. Retrieved 3830: 3820: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3745: 3732: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3661:. Retrieved 3657: 3644: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3390:. Retrieved 3386: 3376: 3285: 3273:. Retrieved 3269:the original 3258: 3243: 3231:. Retrieved 3226: 3217: 3205:. Retrieved 3200: 3191: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3118:the original 3111: 3102: 3090:. Retrieved 3084: 3074: 3062:. Retrieved 3051: 3030: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2947:Ph.D. Thesis 2946: 2940: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2856: 2844:. Retrieved 2840: 2831: 2816: 2802: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2737:. Retrieved 2733:the original 2723: 2711:. Retrieved 2707:the original 2681:. Retrieved 2672: 2660:. Retrieved 2656:the original 2651: 2642: 2627: 2615:. Retrieved 2611:the original 2600: 2588:. Retrieved 2584:the original 2573: 2561:. Retrieved 2557:the original 2546: 2534:. Retrieved 2530:the original 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2503:the original 2492: 2480:. Retrieved 2476:the original 2465: 2453:. Retrieved 2449:the original 2438: 2426:. Retrieved 2422:the original 2411: 2399:. Retrieved 2395:the original 2384: 2372:. Retrieved 2368:the original 2357: 2333: 2321:. Retrieved 2317:the original 2288:. Retrieved 2278: 2266:. Retrieved 2262:the original 2252: 2244:the original 2234: 2226:the original 2216: 2204:. Retrieved 2194: 2182:. Retrieved 2177: 2168: 2156:. Retrieved 2151: 2142: 2130:. Retrieved 2126:the original 2115: 2098: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2029:. Retrieved 2018: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1949:. Retrieved 1944: 1935: 1923:. Retrieved 1919:the original 1914: 1905: 1893:. Retrieved 1883: 1869: 1855: 1843:. Retrieved 1839:the original 1829: 1817:. Retrieved 1812: 1803: 1791:. Retrieved 1784:the original 1716: 1705: 1686: 1678: 1658: 1607:scintillator 1564: 1552: 1545: 1515:solar flares 1509:produced by 1504: 1441: 1427: 1408: 1390: 1364: 1340: 1324: 1320: 1305: 1299: 1247:interactions 1231: 1209: 1186: 1173:relativistic 1162: 1138: 1112: 1103: 1099: 1088: 1084: 1067: 1055: 1042: 1033: 1025: 1013: 999:rocket from 994: 978: 895:Fundamental 870:solar flares 725: 697:Resolve the 681: 678: 675:: 2009–2013) 672: 633:Enrico Fermi 630: 623: 615: 611: 592: 553: 512:Enrico Fermi 509: 505:solar flares 485:cosmological 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 446: 365:Mean anomaly 295:Eccentricity 154:Manufacturer 76: 59:Mission type 29: 6998:Kosmos 2449 6994:Kosmos 2448 6990:Kosmos 2447 6966:Kosmos 2446 6924:Kosmos 2445 6820:Kosmos 2444 6816:Kosmos 2243 6812:Kosmos 2442 6712:Trailblazer 6695:Kosmos 2441 6685:EchoStar XI 6680:ProtoStar 1 6660:Kosmos 2440 6574:Kosmos 2439 6570:Kosmos 2438 6566:Kosmos 2437 6489:Cartosat-2A 6474:Star One C2 6403:Kibō ELM-PS 6390:Jules Verne 6040:(2014–2015) 5992:(2012–2013) 5958:Lost/Failed 5949:(1998–2010) 5941:(1998–2005) 5918:(1991–2001) 5910:(2001–2010) 5894:(1970–1973) 5886:(1983–1985) 5878:(1975–1980) 5870:(2005–2015) 5862:(2003–2020) 5854:(2011–2019) 5846:(1979–1985) 5838:(1975–1979) 5830:(1972–1973) 5822:(1992–2004) 5814:(1995–2012) 5806:(1990–1999) 5798:(2002–2018) 5790:(1983–1984) 5782:(2009–2013) 5766:(2006–2016) 5695:(1972–1981) 5687:(1968–1973) 5671:(1996–1997) 5663:(2003–2019) 5655:(2015–2017) 5647:(2015–2017) 5639:(1997–2002) 5631:(1990–2001) 5623:(2009–2018) 5615:(1996–2004) 5607:(1978–1996) 5599:(1996–1998) 5591:(1995–1996) 5567:(1989–1993) 5559:(2000–2008) 5551:(1979–1981) 5543:(1978–1982) 5535:(2013–2023) 5527:(1981–1991) 5519:(2009–2013) 5511:(1977–1979) 5503:(1997–2005) 5495:(1979–1985) 5487:(1989–1998) 5479:(1987–1991) 5471:(1990–1992) 5463:(2003–2013) 5455:(1987–2001) 5447:(1999–2007) 5439:(1992–2001) 5431:(1983–1986) 5420:Explorer 11 5391:(2017–2019) 5383:(1989–1993) 5375:(1975–1982) 5367:(2006–2013) 5359:(1991–2000) 5351:(2003–2008) 5343:(1996–2003) 5335:(1974–1976) 5327:(1983–1991) 5286:(1993–2000) 5278:(1973–1974) 5270:(2017–2019) 5262:(1979–1982) 5254:(1974–1980) 5246:(1971–1972) 5238:(1967–1969) 5214:(1962–1972) 5206:(1993–2005) 5198:(2006–2011) 5190:(2007–2024) 4484:Ultraviolet 4119:at NASA.gov 4098:13 February 4053:13 February 3926:19 February 3836:17 February 3751:14 February 3275:16 November 3092:16 November 2617:16 November 2590:16 November 2563:16 November 2536:16 November 2509:16 November 2482:16 November 2455:16 November 2428:16 November 2401:16 November 2374:16 November 2206:10 February 1819:23 February 1793:23 February 1740:GRB 160625B 1719:GRB 170817A 1675:Rossi Prize 1611:arc minutes 1600:calorimeter 1482:, a medium 1459:Instruments 1411:GRB 150101B 1367:GRB 130427A 1349:GRB 130427A 1310:light-years 1197:dark matter 1165:GRB 080916C 1153:light-years 1128:Vela pulsar 1118:Discoveries 1093:and to the 1058:Kosmos 1805 877:Dark matter 497:dark matter 411:Instruments 375:Mean motion 325:Inclination 228:Launch site 201:Launch date 164:Launch mass 7025:Categories 6985:Fengyun 2E 6976:Hot Bird 9 6884:Shijian 6F 6880:Shijian 6E 6826:Shenzhou 7 6716:NanoSail-D 6690:SAR-Lupe 5 6625:Türksat 3A 6611:ChinaSat 9 6583:Fengyun 3A 6437:SAR-Lupe 4 6432:DirecTV-11 5899:Vanguard 3 5211:Alouette 1 5056:AstroSat-2 4765:XMM-Newton 4281:James Webb 4031:5 December 3960:1710.05833 3953:(2). L12. 3875:1602.04735 3868:(2). L21. 3785:1608.08626 3778:(2): 151. 3697:1801.02305 3609:1606.00314 3602:(2). L38. 3550:1604.00955 3491:1602.04180 3484:(2). L36. 3426:1602.03920 3207:13 January 3042:1810.11394 2987:1702.00476 2980:(2): 139. 2899:1506.00013 2184:26 October 2158:26 October 2132:26 October 2031:27 October 1970:Mission". 1951:21 January 1925:21 January 1756:References 1595:ionization 1593:, causing 1567:gamma rays 1528:(a medium 1507:gamma-rays 1095:background 917:Einstein's 913:wavelength 626:Alan Stern 606:spacecraft 268:Geocentric 241:Contractor 172:Dimensions 6894:Venesat-1 6831:Banxing-1 6807:Galaxy 19 6776:September 6724:Explorers 6621:Skynet 5C 6578:Yubileiny 6561:Galaxy 18 6516:Compass-1 6470:Vinasat-1 6325:Thuraya 3 6102:Eddington 6057:Cancelled 5564:Hipparcos 4977:Spektr-UV 4834:Mini-EUSO 4826:ISS-CREAM 4677:Spektr-RG 4597:Gamma-ray 4492:Aditya-L1 4383:Hayabusa2 4260:Queqiao 2 4204:Operating 3987:217162243 3902:119161672 3690:(1). L9. 3636:118576283 3543:(1): L4. 3419:(1). L6. 3022:119187437 3014:0004-637X 2924:1550-7998 2869:1303.3514 2337:See also 2090:118396838 2065:0908.0450 1985:0902.1089 1679:The 2011 1626:300 1555:positrons 1541:gamma-ray 1488:300 1149:gamma ray 1145:supernova 981:Astrotech 975:Prelaunch 799:Milky Way 763:(b) only 758:positrons 754:electrons 699:gamma-ray 613:Arizona. 518:aboard a 339:95.33 min 278:Low Earth 212: UTC 94:2008-029A 88:COSPAR ID 18:Fermi LAT 6971:Yaogan 5 6961:Yaogan 4 6954:December 6919:Astra 1M 6903:November 6792:GeoEye-1 6528:Delfi-C3 6498:AAUSat-2 6362:Columbus 6344:February 6153:Sentinel 5851:Spektr-R 5787:RELIKT-1 5628:Kristall 5516:Herschel 5340:BeppoSAX 5101:JEM-EUSO 5096:iWF-MAXI 5038:Proposed 5001:LiteBIRD 4993:Spektr-M 4717:MinXSS-2 4645:INTEGRAL 4508:Astrosat 4334:Astrosat 4273:Infrared 3812:10530229 3577:29097240 3470:INTEGRAL 3453:41946613 3392:22 March 3175:19228997 2739:9 August 2346:Archived 2323:29 April 2290:9 August 2268:9 August 2010:26361978 1895:9 August 1729:See also 1723:GW170817 1619:20 1583:positron 1579:electron 1534:40 1431:Avi Loeb 1415:GW170817 1398:INTEGRAL 1329:— 1201:pulsars. 960:Delta II 835:galaxies 732:Universe 542:Overview 532:INTEGRAL 520:Delta II 467:), is a 384:Velocity 299:0.001282 69:Operator 6930:STS-126 6889:COSMO-3 6846:October 6802:Nimiq-4 6767:Trochia 6594:Kibō PM 6589:STS-124 6534:SEEDS-2 6493:Rubin-8 6484:GIOVE-B 6427:USA-201 6417:USA-200 6398:STS-123 6357:STS-122 6318:January 6202:Related 6113:FINESSE 6091:Destiny 6074:Astro-G 6037:Tsubame 6029:Astro-E 6005:ABRIXAS 5859:Spitzer 5843:Solwind 5795:R/HESSI 5755:Orion 2 5747:Orion 1 5452:Kvant-1 5348:CHIPSat 5311:Astro-2 5291:Astro-1 5267:ASTERIA 5259:Ariel 6 5251:Ariel 5 5243:Ariel 4 5235:Ariel 3 5227:Ariel 2 5219:Ariel 1 5180:Retired 5171:THESEUS 5156:Solar-D 5151:PhoENiX 4996:(2030+) 4953:JASMINE 4921:Xuntian 4889:SPHEREx 4874:Planned 4423:NEOSSat 4318:Optical 4244:Queqiao 4075:16 June 3965:Bibcode 3880:Bibcode 3790:Bibcode 3724:3513893 3702:Bibcode 3614:Bibcode 3555:Bibcode 3518:3463753 3496:Bibcode 3431:Bibcode 3370:. NASA. 3350:. NASA. 3332:. NASA. 3252:. NASA. 3183:7821247 3167:1357451 3145:Bibcode 3137:Science 3064:19 June 2992:Bibcode 2951:Bibcode 2932:6260348 2904:Bibcode 2846:3 April 2825:. NASA. 2794:2226430 2774:Bibcode 2070:Bibcode 1990:Bibcode 1750:eROSITA 1575:Photons 1523:8 1477:8 1382:curves. 933:photons 905:physics 897:physics 797:in the 795:pulsars 765:protons 739:Blazars 639:Mission 624:NASA's 564:photons 493:pulsars 455:, also 369:229.00° 359:131.16° 235:SLC-17B 206: ( 121:Website 109:SATCAT 6939:PSSC-1 6837:Ratsat 6763:Choros 6751:Tachys 6734:AMC-21 6720:PRESat 6704:August 6676:Badr-6 6540:Amos-3 6510:CanX-6 6504:CanX-2 6465:C/NOFS 6460:ICO G1 6422:AMC-14 6407:Dextre 6373:Kizuna 6368:Thor 5 6330:TecSAR 6310:2009 → 6295:← 2007 6178:TAUVEX 6085:Darwin 6064:Aelita 6048:(2016) 6032:(2000) 6024:(1999) 6016:(1996) 6013:HETE-1 6008:(1999) 6000:(1965) 5984:(1976) 5976:(1970) 5968:(1966) 5902:(1959) 5819:SAMPEX 5779:Planck 5774:(2018) 5771:PicSat 5763:PAMELA 5758:(1973) 5750:(1971) 5652:MinXSS 5620:Kepler 5583:(1983) 5575:(2024) 5556:HETE-2 5548:HEAO-3 5508:HEAO-1 5484:Granat 5428:EXOSAT 5423:(1961) 5415:(2010) 5407:(2008) 5399:(1993) 5388:CXBN-2 5324:Astron 5319:(1995) 5294:(1990) 5230:(1964) 5203:ALEXIS 5111:LUVOIR 5061:EXCEDE 5028:(2035) 5020:(2035) 5017:Athena 5012:(2033) 5004:(2032) 4988:(2030) 4980:(2030) 4972:(2029) 4964:(2028) 4956:(2028) 4948:(2027) 4940:(2027) 4932:(2027) 4924:(2026) 4916:(2026) 4908:(2026) 4900:(2026) 4897:K-EUSO 4892:(2025) 4884:(2025) 4881:PETREL 4858:STEREO 4794:AMS-02 4757:XPoSat 4733:NuSTAR 4572:STEREO 4516:Hibari 4407:Hubble 4399:HiRISE 4375:Euclid 4367:DSCOVR 4359:CHEOPS 4236:STEREO 3985: 3900: 3810: 3746:Forbes 3722: 3663:9 June 3658:Forbes 3634: 3575: 3516: 3451: 3181: 3173: 3165: 3113:Cosmos 3060:. NASA 3020: 3012: 2930: 2922: 2792: 2713:9 June 2683:4 June 2662:4 June 2286:. SLAC 2180:. NASA 2154:. NASA 2088: 2008: 1947:. CERN 1891:. SLAC 1517:. 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