Fermilab - Knowledge (XXG)

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petition to elected representatives to reopen Fermilab." The petition stated that: "The access policy changes undermine critical aspects of the scientific process as well as the basic functioning of Fermilab. Hosting research meetings, interviewing prospective employees, collaborating with scientists outside the lab, and enacting our famously impactful education programs have all been hindered." With respect to the general public, the petition stated: "Today, the general public is only permitted to access the main road, and with ID requirements that are becoming increasingly stringent, soon its doors will be closed to tourists and even to some immigrants. We can no longer drive or bike around the premises freely. The dog park, Wilson Hall with its exhibits on the top floor, and other areas are no longer generally accessible. Fishing and other activities open to the public have been canceled." The petition emphatically requested that access policies be reverted to the open laboratory model that governed the laboratory prior to 2020.

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solicit and award a new M&O contract that will result in improved contractor performance and efficiencies at FNAL. DOE expects that this competition will elicit new and innovative approaches for planning the Laboratory's future." At an informational meeting for potential bidders on March 1, 2023, the presentation slides expanded upon issues under "Major Challenges/Risks" including highlighting the concern: "The Laboratory continues to have challenges in Financial Management and Acquisition Management. Audits repeatedly highlight the same deficiencies and control failures year after year. Any corrective actions implemented have resulted in little to no progress. Significant procurement issues have hindered the laboratory's ability to successfully deliver efficient and effective business systems/resources to enable the Science Mission. Substantial concerns remain regarding the ability to expend Government funds in an effective, efficient, and compliant manner."

1219: 1358:, head of the PIP II project. On March 31, 2022, James Siegrist, associate director for High Energy Physics in the Department of Energy Office of Science, who had overseen the response to the P5 report, stepped down. In September 2022, it was announced that deputy director for Research Joseph Lykken would step down, to be replaced by Yale Professor Bonnie Fleming, who previously served as Deputy Chief Research Officer for the neutrino program at Fermilab. Regina (Gina) Rameika joined the DOE's Office of Science as the associate director for the Office of High Energy Physics in his place on November 7, 2022, moving from her role as spokesperson of the DUNE Experiment. 374:(URA); although in 2023, the Department of Energy (DOE) opened bidding for a new contractor due to concerns about the FRA performance. On July 15, 2024, during the bidding process for the new contract, "whistleblowers" published very serious allegations against FRA management on a public physics preprint server. The detailed 108 page report accused the FRA of cover-up of cases of sexual harassment, attacks by employees, guns brought to site, and a major equipment failure. There has been no public response by the FRA or Fermilab Leadership since the appearance of the report. 5041: 640: 628: 5717: 801: 6218: 668: 616: 412: 652: 712: 692: 247: 1491: 1155: 923:). The LPC offers a vibrant community of CMS scientists from the US and plays a major role in the CMS detector commissioning, and in the design and development of the detector upgrade. Fermilab is the host laboratory for USCMS, which includes researchers from 50 U.S. universities including 715 students. Fermilab hosts the largest CMS Tier 1 computing center, handling approximately 40% of global CMS Tier 1 computing requests. On February 9, 2022, Fermilab's 747:

project is to refurbish and replace 40 year-old Booster cavities. Many cavities have been refurbished and tested to operate at 15 Hz. The completion of cavity refurbishment is expected in 2015, after which the repetition rate can be gradually increased to 15 Hz operation. A longer term upgrade is to replace the Booster cavities with a new design. The research and development of the new cavities is underway, with replacement expected in 2018.

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the Linac to inject to the Booster with 800 MeV. The first option considered was to add 400 MeV "afterburner" superconducting Linac at the tail end of the existing 400 MeV. This would have required moving the existing Linac up 50 metres (160 ft). However, there were many technical issues with this approach. Instead, Fermilab is building a new 800 MeV superconducting Linac to inject to the Booster ring.

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162.5 MHz and energy increasing from 0.03 MeV. The first segment of Linac will be operated at 162.5 MHz and energy increased up to 11 MeV. The second segment of Linac will be operated at 325 MHz and energy increased up to 177 MeV. The last segment of linac will be operated at 650 MHz and will have the final energy level of 800 MeV.

1086:. The measurements DUNE will make are expected to greatly increase the physics community's understanding of neutrinos and their role in the universe, thereby better elucidating the nature of matter and anti-matter. It will send the world's highest-intensity neutrino beam to a near detector on the Fermilab site and the far detector 800 miles (1300 km) away at SURF. 40: 254: 1076:

decision by the Department of Energy Office of Science to phase the experiment. Phase I would consist of two modules, to be completed in 2028–29, and the beamline, to be completed in 2032. The installation of phase II, the remaining two far detector modules, is not yet planned and will be at a cost above the $ 3B estimate for phase I.

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2024, Fermilab Director Lia Merminga issued a terse response to concerned scientists, saying: "The document asserts various challenges at Fermilab, some of which are inaccurate, and others of which has been working hard to address for some time." At an All Hands Meeting, Merminga also told scientific staff to "stop whining.”

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particular, tritium produced in the NuMI beamline that send neutrinos to experiments in Minnesota has been pumped into the industrial water cooling system that is used for equipment across the Fermilab campus. As a result, it is concluded that now "tritium contamination is largely throughout the research complex."

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non-public information"---reasoning that conflicts with the petition that points out that the lab is fully tax-payer funded, does no classified research, and has a government mandate to publish all of its scientific results. Further coverage of the petition and the management response appeared in the magazines

1378:, the furloughs apparently stemmed from poorly managed growth: "from 2022 to 2023 alone, grew by 176 members, or 9%, to 2160." Tracy Marc, head of Fermilab's media services, told WTTW News that, despite the closure, "the overall financial health of the laboratory remains intact and is being managed". 1329:

Even smaller experiments, below the cost-level of individual P5 approval, that were proposed at the time of the 2014 P5 suffered considerable delay. The Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) that was proposed in 2014 with a $ 10M cost scale was originally scheduled for data taking in spring 2018, but

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According to the 2016 Conceptual Design Report, the first two modules were expected to be complete in 2024, with the beam operational in 2026. The final modules were planned to be operational in 2027. In 2022, the cost for two far detector modules and the beam, alone, had risen to $ 3B. This led to a

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The next stage of acceleration is a linear particle accelerator (linac). This stage consists of two segments. The first segment has five drift tube cavities, operating at 201 MHz. The second stage has seven side-coupled cavities, operating at 805 MHz. At the end of linac, the particles

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to the site, a bull and four cows, and an additional 21 were provided by the Illinois Department of Conservation. Some fearful locals believed at first that the bison were introduced in order to serve as an alarm if and when radiation at the laboratory reached dangerous levels, but they were assured

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Due to a 2024 FY budget shortfall, Fermilab announced furlough of employees and closure of its operations and public access for one week in August---an action that added to the considerable strife at the laboratory. The need for a furlough was surprising since the budget grew "a hefty 7.6% to $ 739

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Although these replacements represent a substantial turn-over of the top ranks, the new management was drawn from the 2014-2022 management team and Fermilab has continued to suffer turmoil since this change-over. In particular, new issues arose with regard to safety and access of employees, visitors

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near the Booster ring in order to take advantage of existing electrical and water, and cryogenic infrastructure. The PIP-II Linac will have low energy beam transport line (LEBT), radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and medium energy beam transport line (MEBT) operated at the room temperature at with a

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drive system which was acceptable for 7 Hz but not 15 Hz operation. A demonstration project in 2004 converted one of the stations to solid state drive before the PIP project. As part of the project, the remaining stations were converted to solid state in 2013. Another major part of the PIP

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gas. The gas is introduced into a container lined with molybdenum electrodes, each a matchbox-sized, oval-shaped cathode and a surrounding anode, separated by 1 mm and held in place by glass ceramic insulators. A magnetron generates a plasma to form the ions near the metal surface. The ions are

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Also, in 2020, the high-energy physics community expressed concern that the cost of major projects at Fermilab have led to diversion of funds from the high-energy physics core research program, harming the health of the field. Congress increased the annual HEP budget from less than $ 800 million by

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The overall goals of PIP are to increase the repetition rate of the Booster beam from 7 Hz to 15 Hz and replace old hardware to increase reliability of the operation. Before the start of the PIP project, a replacement of the pre-accelerator injector was underway. The replacement of almost

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In the late 2010s and early 2020s, the management of Fermilab began to introduce severe restrictions on access to the Fermilab site by the public and by scientists. By spring 2023, the restrictions had become so onerous that more than 2500 physicists and visitors to the laboratory signed an "open

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The report was delivered to the deputy director for Operations of the DOE Office of Science Dr. Juston Fontaine and the DOE Under Secretary for Science and Innovation Geraldine Richmond in June 2024. It was released to the public one month later, after DOE officials did not respond. On July 29,

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On September 1, 2023, Chief Research Officer Bonnie Fleming announced that the Fermilab accelerator system was temporarily shut down for safety reasons. On September 9, 2022, DOE issued order DOE O 420.2D entitled "Safety of Accelerators". This document establishes the accelerator-specific safety

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On May 25, 2023, a contractor fell 23 ft while attempting to secure reinforcing bars on a wall for the new PIP II project site. The contactor was air-lifted to hospital in an accident considered the worst on site in decades. A DOE-appointed Accident Investigation Board concluded that the incident

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target at 120 GeV and the power near 1 MW at 60 GeV with a possibility to extend the power to 2 MW in the future. The plan should also support the current 8 GeV experiments including Mu2e, Muon g−2, and other short-baseline neutrino experiments. These require an upgrade to

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to RFQ started in 2009 and completed in 2012. At the Linac stage, the analog beam position monitor (BPM) modules were replaced with digital boards in 2013. A replacement of Linac vacuum pumps and related hardware is expected to be completed in 2015. A study on the replacement of 201 MHz drift

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At an informational meeting for potential bidders for the management contract, held on March 1, 2023, the presentation slides indicated that although the rate of tritium leaving site is below the required standards, there is sufficient tritium contamination on site to represent a "challenge". In

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The Department of Energy raised flags as early as Fiscal Year (FY) 2019. Each year, the US Department of Energy Office of Science reviews and grades the national laboratories in its portfolio on eight performance metrics. Fermilab has received the lowest grades among the national laboratories in

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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (aka Fermilab) was founded in 1967 as an open science research laboratory, and, to this day, does not conduct classified research. The initial plans called for Fermilab to employ a guard force "...to control movement of personnel onto the site when tests are

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In view of the many issues facing the laboratory, in January 2023, the DOE announced a two-year process to rebid the contract for the management of the laboratory due to the performance issues. The DOE announcement of the competition explained: "the purpose of this contract competition is to

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The resulting protons then enter the booster ring, a 468 m (1,535 ft) circumference circular accelerator whose magnets bend beams of protons around a circular path. The protons travel around the Booster about 20,000 times in 33 milliseconds, adding energy with each revolution

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In May 2023, Director Lia Merminga posted a response to the petition on the Fermilab website, noting that some areas on site remain open to the public during specific hours with ID access requirements. Merminga's response justifies the new restrictions because the lab "manage a large amount of

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requirements for DOE-funded accelerators and their operations. Fermilab management had one year to comply with the order, but did not meet the requirements in that timeframe. The Fermilab Main Accelerator resumed running after the DOE O 420.2D implementation was complete, in late spring, 2024.

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During this time-frame, the laboratory also established a new program in research in cutting-edge information science, including the development of quantum teleportation technology for the quantum internet and increasing the lifetime of superconducting resonators for use in quantum computers.

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The final acceleration is applied by the Main Injector , which is the smaller of the two rings in the last picture below (foreground). Completed in 1999, it has become Fermilab's "particle switchyard" in that it can route protons to any of the experiments installed along the beam lines after

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and the fact that the claimant had submitted a complaint to Fermilab which took no action appears in court documents. A recurring comment by scientists to the press that supports concerns in the report is fear of retribution by Fermilab leadership if concerns are raised. In order for the

441:, under whom the laboratory opened ahead of time and under budget. Many of the sculptures on the site are of his creation. He is the namesake of the site's high-rise laboratory building, whose unique shape has become the symbol for Fermilab and which is the center of activity on the campus. 1072:(SURF), in Lead, SD, is the site selected to house the massive far detector. The term "baseline" refers to the distance between the neutrino source and the detector. The far detector current design is for four modules of instrumented liquid argon with a fiducial volume of 10 kilotons each. 1410:

The report also recounted a litany of complaints concerning day-to-day running of the laboratory that have been reported in this article, above, as well as a new claim of "PIP-II contingency overruns within one year from CD3 approval" that could potentially impact the LBNF/DUNE program.

389:(LHC); it serves as a Tier 1 site in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. Fermilab also pursues research in quantum information science. It founded the Fermilab Quantum Institute in 2019. Since 2020, it also is home to the SQMS (Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems) Center. 783:

As of 2022, the estimated PIP-II accelerator start date for the accelerator is 2028. The project was approved for construction in April 2022 with an expected cost to the Department of Energy of $ 978M and with an additional $ 330M in contributions from international partners.

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In August 2023, the Fermilab group said they may be getting closer to proving the existence of a new force of nature. They have found more evidence that sub-atomic particles, called muons, are not behaving in the way predicted by the current theory of sub-atomic physics.

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being conducted" as noted in the December 1971 Environmental Statement and "..to enforce the site boundary". Early leadership moved toward greater public openness allowing for ease of scientific collaboration and public enjoyment to include the relocated bison heard.

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For credibility, the report provided detailed eye-witness accounts to support the allegations. Beyond that, some information has been previously publicly reported. For example, the first allegation concerning an egregious case of sexual harassment was reported in

1961: 1196:. Measurements of the electron are in excellent agreement with this computation. The Brookhaven experiment did this measurement for muons, a much more technically difficult measurement due to their short lifetime, and detected a tantalizing, but not definitive, 1366:

was preventable and "recommended a long list of managerial and safety controls needed to prevent a recurrence of such an accident." As a result of the accident, the $ 1B PIP II project that is crucial for the success of the DUNE Experiment has been delayed.

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Recognizing higher demands of proton beams to support new experiments, Fermilab began to improve their accelerators in 2011. Expected to continue for many years, the project has two phases: Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) and Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II).

304:. The accelerator complex that feeds the Main Injector is under upgrade, and construction of the first building for the new PIP-II linear accelerator began in 2020. Until 2011, Fermilab was the home of the 6.28 km (3.90 mi) circumference 1424:

twice. His standing in the community lends additional credibility to the report. A second signed letter of support from William Barletta of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was also included with the report uploaded to the arXiv.

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tubes is still ongoing. At the boosting stage, a major component of the PIP is to upgrade the Booster ring to 15 Hz operation. The Booster has 19 radio frequency stations. Originally, the Booster stations were operating without

520:, the first accelerator to reach one "tera-electron-volt" energy. At 3.9 miles (6.3 km), it was the world's fourth-largest particle accelerator in circumference. One of its most important achievements was the 1995 discovery of the 691: 1615:. Tritium levels measured on site are low compared to federal health and environmental standards. Fermilab monitors tritium leaving the site in surface and sewer water, and provides an FAQ sheet for those who want to learn more. 1420:

whistleblowers to remain anonymous, the report was uploaded to the arXiv preprint server by Giorgio Bellettini, who is a respected leader in the field of particle physics, having served as spokesman of the collaboration for the

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Fermilab's first director, Robert Wilson, insisted that the site's aesthetic complexion not be marred by a collection of concrete block buildings. The design of the administrative building (Wilson Hall) was inspired by

3693:"Finding From Particle Research Could Break Known Laws of Physics - It's not the next Higgs boson — yet. But the best explanation, physicists say, involves forms of matter and energy not currently known to science" 1962:"White House Office of Technology Policy, National Science Foundation and Department of Energy announce over $ 1 billion in awards for artificial intelligence and quantum information science research institutes" 1317:

with the enabling Long Baseline Neutrino Facility was proposed to P5 as a $ 1B project; the cost estimate in 2021 dollars was more than $ 3B, with far detector operations beginning 2029 and full operation by

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million" in fiscal year 2024. Beyond this, the six month accelerator shut down for DOE O 420.2D noncompliance should have represented substantial savings in the operations budget. According to the journal

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with a diameter of more than 8 feet (2.4 m). Also scattered about the access roads and village are a massive hydraulic press and old magnetic containment channels, all painted blue.

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Acciarri, R.; et al. (2016). "Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report Volume 1: The LBNF and DUNE Projects".

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at a combined energy of 1.96 TeV. Lederman stepped down in 1989 and remained director emeritus until his death. The science education center at the site was named in his honor.

5236: 5079: 6732: 1218: 7158: 5302: 4389:"Department of Energy Issues Request for Information and Launches New Website for the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Management and Operating Contract Competition" 4157: 2075: 6772: 5594: 5336: 3975: 1079:

A large prototype detector constructed at CERN took data with a test beam from 2018 to 2020. The results show that ProtoDUNE performed with greater than 99% efficiency.

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electrostatic field giving the ions their second acceleration. At the exit of RFQ, the beam is matched by medium energy beam transport (MEBT) into the entrance of the

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In keeping with Real ID requirements for DOE facilities, all unescorted adult visitors entering the site must present a government-issued photo ID compliant with the

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FY2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. A rare C grade was assigned for project management in 2021, reflective of the delays and cost overruns. In an article in the journal

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The Brookhaven experiment ended in 2001, but 10 years later Fermilab acquired the equipment, and is working to make a more accurate measurement (smaller

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In 2018, the experiment started taking data at Fermilab. In 2021, the laboratory reported that results from initial study involving the particle challenged the

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Fermilab physicists continue to play a key role in the world-wide collider program. The LHC Physics Center (LPC) at Fermilab is a regional center of the

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the magnet to improve its magnetic field uniformity. This had been done at Brookhaven, but was disturbed by the move and had to be re-done at Fermilab.

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style. Several of the buildings and sculptures within the Fermilab reservation represent various mathematical constructs as part of their structure.

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of particle physics, especially neutrino physics and rare physics searches using muons. A program exploring nucleon structure is also continuing.

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LBNF/DUNE program in neutrino physics plans to measure fundamental physical parameters with high precision and to explore physics beyond the

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Construction of the first building for the PIP-II accelerator began in 2020. The new Linac site will be located on top of a small portion of

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took on the job. It was under his guidance that the original accelerator was replaced with the Tevatron, an accelerator capable of colliding

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Since 2013, the first stage in the acceleration process (pre-accelerator injector) in the Fermilab chain of accelerators takes place in two

7308: 7268: 7208: 7198: 7113: 7011: 6888: 6868: 6812: 6671: 5874: 5561: 5513: 5433: 5355: 5273: 1826: 1314: 1295: 1106:(Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels 455 miles (732 km) through the Earth to the 1045: 958: 768: 711: 316: 146: 4719: 4287: 2472: 2224: 1394:"The alleged sexual assault of the NOvA and DUNE collaborator who filed and won her 2022 lawsuit in the UK was dismissed by FNAL staff." 7093: 6924: 6125: 5404: 5399: 5263: 2371: 968: 6639: 5493: 5416: 4970: 4135:"Fermilab's $ 1 billion accelerator project remains on hold during investigation into May accident that injured a construction worker" 2616:

Awida, M.H.; Foley, M.; Gonin, I.; Grassellino, A.; Grimm, C.; Khabiboulline, T.; Lunin, A.; Rowe, A.; Yakovlev, V. (September 2014).

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as well as the building housing the MINOS experiment. The reflecting pond at Wilson Hall also showcases a 32-foot-tall (9.8 m)

1212: 371: 199: 4215: 2335: 246: 4670: 1234:, New York, to Fermilab in the summer of 2013. The move traversed 3,200 miles over 35 days, mostly on a barge down the 6832: 6822: 6696: 5580: 5258: 4744: 4652: 2864: 1170: 1002: 2691: 1911: 7118: 7022: 6909: 6742: 6067: 6008: 5278: 5146: 3450:"First results on ProtoDUNE-SP liquid argon time projection chamber performance from a beam test at the CERN Neutrino Platform" 2067: 1235: 760: 419: 2505: 1728: 1584:

is a popular attraction that draws many visitors and the grounds are also a sanctuary for other local wildlife populations. A

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as MiniBooNE but had fine-grained tracking capabilities. The NOνA experiment uses, and the MINOS experiment used, Fermilab's

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An overview of the many issues facing a new contractor was published in January 2024 in the news section of the journal

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was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world, accelerating protons and antiprotons to energies of 980

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accelerator. The ring-shaped tunnels of the Tevatron and the Main Injector are visible from the air and by satellite.

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The MiniBooNE detector was a 40-foot (12 m) diameter sphere containing 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1,520

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Starting in the 2010s, delays and cost over-runs led to substantial concerns about mismanagement of the laboratory.

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On July 15, 2024, a report containing very serious allegations of cover-ups at the laboratory was uploaded to the

955:: The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (Status, June 2023: completed run, planned future run) 7062: 6270: 5775: 5518: 5375: 5365: 5297: 4080:"Groundbreaking particle physicist named Fermilab chief research officer and deputy director, UChicago professor" 3957: 1555: 6878: 4036: 3499: 7088: 7057: 6676: 6494: 6023: 5868: 5189: 5130: 5114: 4589: 1197: 679: 411: 767:

The goals of PIP-II include a plan to delivery 1.2 MW of proton beam power from the Main Injector to the

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for further acceleration but now provides the last push before the particles reach the beam line experiments.

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about $ 250M to more than $ 1 billion—a 30% increase that went mainly to support large projects at Fermilab.

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May, Michael P.; Fritz, James R.; Jurgens, Thomas G.; Miller, Harold W.; Olson, James; Snee, Daniel (1990).

1022: 961:(DUNE), formerly known as Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) (Status, June 2023: planned future run) 743: 577:. Immediately before entering the next accelerator, the H ions pass through a carbon foil, becoming H ions ( 378: 207: 6919: 6787: 6777: 6632: 6559: 6544: 6325: 6057: 5801: 5770: 5753: 5696: 5348: 5246: 5199: 2799: 1245:

The magnet was refurbished and powered on in September 2015, and has been confirmed to have the same

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Fermilab's Main Injector, two miles (3.3 km) in circumference, is the laboratory's most powerful

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with an exceptionally uniform magnetic field. This was transported, in one piece, from Brookhaven in

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Since 2007, Fermilab has been operated by the Fermi Research Alliance (FRA), a joint venture of the

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A satellite view of Fermilab. The two circular structures are the Main Injector Ring (smaller) and

3047:"Three-Dimensional Superconducting Resonators at T < 20 mK with Photon Lifetimes up to τ = 2 s" 7140: 7067: 6986: 6954: 6929: 6904: 6286: 6255: 6249: 6229: 5879: 5863: 5807: 5741: 5728: 5668: 4859: 4018: 3697: 3461: 3428: 3383: 3357: 3058: 3027: 3001: 2921: 2895: 2237: 2201: 2175: 2149: 2120: 1519: 1500: 562: 1350:

The Fermilab project delays led to substantial change in leadership in 2022. In September 2021,

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Mechanical construction of the 805 MHz side couple cavities for the Fermilab Linac upgrade

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experiment to measure the anomaly of the magnetic moment of a muon to a precision of 0.14

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each published articles describing the project as "troubled". Ongoing neutrino experiments are

7253: 6837: 6827: 6625: 6519: 6297: 6189: 6003: 5963: 5840: 5829: 5736: 5701: 5651: 5626: 5503: 5471: 5226: 5087: 4989: 3634: 3615: 2750: 2630: 2545: 2255: 1531: 1403:"A cover-up of Beryllium windows blasting, with subsequent promotion of the person in charge." 1248: 1239: 1144: 1115: 964: 463: 423: 328: 279: 4065: 2363: 1390:

physics preprint server. The allegations, which were also reported in the press, included:

6966: 6554: 6524: 6499: 6350: 6281: 6201: 6183: 6164: 6062: 6052: 5818: 5813: 5663: 5645: 5476: 4563: 4262:"Fermilab Whistleblower Report Alleges Sexual Harassment, Loaded Gun and 'Chaotic' Finances" 4218:. Vol. 385, no. 6710. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science 4010: 3626: 3479: 3375: 3076: 3019: 2913: 2167: 1649: 1260: 1140: 1098:. An estimated 1 million neutrino events were recorded each year. SciBooNE sat in the same 889: 870: 814: 529: 475: 445: 294: 3905: 2710: 319:(DUNE) now under construction. The project has suffered delays and, in 2022, the journals 7083: 6574: 6564: 6509: 6355: 6195: 6175: 6028: 5857: 5824: 5637: 5179: 1644: 1612: 1543: 1523: 1325:

experiment was to produce preliminary results in 2020, but this is now delayed until 2026.

1095: 912:) experiment to make the space available for IARC (Illinois Accelerator Research Center). 755: 4932: 4782: 3484: 3449: 2992:

Valivarthi, Raju; et al. (2020). "Teleportation Systems Toward a Quantum Internet".

2223:

Carneiro, J.P.; Garcia, F.G.; Ostiguy, J.-F.; Saini, A.; Zwaska, R. (November 13, 2014).

1564: 601:

accelerating them to 120 GeV. Until 2011, the Main Injector provided protons to the

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Beam direction right to left: RFQ (silver), MEBT (green), first drift tube linac (blue)

574: 400: 4752: 3721:"First results from Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment strengthen evidence of new physics" 2015: 7247: 4939: 4471: 4022: 3387: 3081: 3046: 3031: 2925: 2179: 2140:

Bandurin, Dmitry; et al. (2015). "Review of physics results from the Tevatron".

1699: 1351: 1278:

Delays, cost overruns, safety failures, and management turmoil in the 2010s and 2020s

829: 621:

Two ion sources at the center with two high-voltage electronics cabinets next to them

481: 215: 3616:"Magnetic Field shimming, Measurement and Control for the BNL Muon (g-2) Experiment" 2497: 2226:

Transmission efficiency measurement at the FNAL 4-rod RFQ (FERMILAB-CONF-14-452-APC)

1559:, which greets those entering the campus via the Pine Street entrance. Crowning the 1136: 1131: 998: 426:

voted out of existence by its village board in 1966 to provide a site for Fermilab.

5498: 5461: 4666: 3625:. 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference. Vol. 5. New York. pp. 3167–3169. 3323: 1888: 1355: 1253: 878: 847: 836: 825: 594: 487: 434: 117: 4922: 2619:

Development of 5 Cell Beta=0.9 650 MHz Cavities for Project X

2541: 1309:

As of 2022, two P5-recommended Fermilab projects had suffered substantial delays:

48: 995:: Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment (Status, June 2023: planned future run) 7001: 6981: 6157: 5619: 5486: 5481: 4158:"Injured worker flown to trauma center after fall at Fermilab construction site" 3537: 3023: 2917: 1628: 1534:

carrying power through the laboratory's land are built to echo the Greek letter

1479: 1231: 1107: 897: 4626: 1827:"Major shake-up coming for Fermilab, the troubled U.S. particle physics center" 1799:"Troubled U.S. Neutrino Project Faces Uncertain Future–and Fresh Opportunities" 6043: 4998: 4885: 4552:"Scientists and the public petition to roll back Fermilab access restrictions" 4288:"Fermilab is 'doomed' without management overhaul claims whistleblower report" 2171: 1988: 1028:

SBND: Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector (Status, June 2023: planned future run)

986: 980: 698: 697:

Fermilab's accelerator rings. The main injector is in the foreground, and the

602: 541: 516:, and producing proton-antiproton collisions with energies of up to 1.96 453: 444:

After Wilson stepped down in 1978 to protest the lack of funding for the lab,

360: 186: 4567: 4014: 3198: 989:: Main INjector ExpeRiment with νs on As (Status, June 2023: completed run) 877:

In 1999, physicists at on the KTeV experiment were also the first to observe

161: 148: 7163: 4834: 3630: 2591: 1527: 1512: 1111: 974: 810: 521: 352: 4551: 3623:

Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference (Cat. No.99CH36366)

1482:. Up-to-date specifics about access can be found on the Fermilab website. 39: 4051:"Lia Merminga appointed director of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory" 3348:

Machado, Pedro (2019). "The Short-Baseline Neutrino Program at Fermilab".

2098:"Lia Merminga appointed director of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory" 1114:

and the Ash River, Minnesota, site of the NOνA far detector. In 2017, the

6793:

Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa

6588:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties 6081:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties 5290: 4311:"Former UCL academic to pay damages after harassing colleague for months" 2692:"PIP-II: An international effort breaking new ground in particle physics" 1596: 1504: 1185: 1158: 1041: 776: 702: 658: 606: 597:

per second, reaching a peak magnetic field strength of around 0.5 tesla.

545: 509: 382: 356: 312: 305: 139: 54: 6617: 2842:"Tevatron scientists announce their final results on the Higgs particle" 5657: 4180: 3879: 1912:"Argonne, Fermilab at Forefront of 'Transformational' Quantum Research" 1608: 1012: 983:: Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment (Status, June 2023: completed run) 348: 332: 283: 977:: Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment (Status, June 2023: completed run) 5030: 2119:

Shiltsev, Vladimir (2012). "Achievements and Lessons from Tevatron".

1508: 947:

List of recent past, ongoing, and planned experiments running on-site

578: 449: 92: 4185:, Environment, Safety and Health Dept., Fermilab, September 26, 2023 2778:"Physicists Find First Direct Evidence for Tau Neutrino at Fermilab" 1068:(ILC). Fermilab will be the site of LBNF's future beamline, and the 3466: 3433: 3362: 3298: 3063: 3006: 2900: 1858: 1700:"Current and Future High Power Operation of Fermilab Main Injector" 5716: 4501: 3567:

from the original on December 8, 2015 – via Chicago Tribune.

2242: 2154: 2125: 1489: 1387: 1217: 1153: 952: 840: 799: 797:

The following particles were first directly observed at Fermilab:

754: 410: 344: 4914: 7188: 6217: 5466: 3884:

Director's Progress Review of the SBN Program, December 15, 2015

1639: 1322: 1303: 1299: 1270:, with the potential for discovery of new forces and particles. 1174: 1119: 1103: 1064:(LHC), and Japan, which has been approved to build and lead the 1053: 1006: 992: 920: 882: 377:

On-site experiments outside of the neutrino program include the

336: 6621: 6114: 5576: 5055:

Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, & Energy Response

4943: 4525:"From Director Lia Merminga: Accessing Fermilab's Batavia site" 2395:"Next-gen particle accelerator magnet ramps up at record speed" 1786:. Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science. 645:

A 7835 power amplifier that is used at the first stage of linac

4239:"Fermilab to Close Temporarily in August Due to Budget Issues" 4216:"Trouble and strife deepen at famed U.S. particle physics lab" 3401: 1729:"Two construction projects reach major milestones at Fermilab" 1539: 586: 570: 558: 550: 517: 513: 4694:"The genetic purity and diversity of the Fermilab bison herd" 4082:. University of Chicago. Physical Sciences. September 7, 2022 2886:

Kroc, Thomas (2017). "Illinois Accelerator Research Center".

2038:"Fermilab director Oddone announces plan to retire next year" 1256:

basic magnetic field uniformity that it had before the move.

589:. In 2021, the lab announced that its latest superconducting 6687:

Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies

6216: 5715: 3938:. Office of Science, Department of Energy. December 20, 2021 3273: 3223: 2711:"Fermilab Accelerator Upgrade Moves Into Construction Phase" 1762:

High Energy Physics Advisory Panel November 1–2, 2021 Agenda

971:(LNGS) and moved to Fermilab. (Status, June 2023: running) 896:

each made important contributions to the observation of the

4804: 3932:"Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory FY 2021 Report Card" 3773:

Report of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel

3147: 1535: 939:

The on-site program in the 2020s is largely focused on the

4864:

Fermilab | History and Archives | Site and Natural History

4420:. Department of Energy Office of Science. December 6, 2022 3991:"US high-energy physics faces compounding budget tensions" 3831:"Straws, crystals and the quest for new subatomic physics" 3746:"Scientists at Fermilab close in on fifth force of nature" 3557:"Fermilab brings super magnet to life after 10 years" 3123:"LBNF/DUNE: An international flagship neutrino experiment" 3096: 2819:"Fermilab Physicists Find New Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry" 2234:

27th International Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC14)

1354:, Director of Fermilab, resigned. Lockyer was replaced by 828:, which was observed as a quark-antiquark pair called the 3248: 553:

and matched by low energy beam transport (LEBT) into the

7259:

United States Department of Energy national laboratories

4613:"Fermilab site reopens to the public, welcomes visitors" 4472:"Leading US particle-physics lab faces uncertain future" 3807: 3538:"Physics Phoenix: Plotting the Journey of Muon g–2" 2979:"Fermilab's Patty McBride elected next CMS spokesperson" 2939: 2800:"Fermilab physicists discover "doubly strange" particle" 4909: 4451:. Department of Energy Office of Science. March 7, 2023 2865:"Retired equipment lives on in new physics experiments" 763:

cavities to be used in the last segment of PIP-II Linac

673:

A cutaway view of the 805 MHz side-couple cavities

385:. Fermilab continues to participate in the work at the 27:

High-energy particle physics laboratory in Illinois, US

3976:"Particle Physicists Feel Squeeze From Major Projects" 2626: 2585:

MegaWatt Proton Beams for Particle Physics at Fermilab

1530:

obelisk, designed by Wilson. Some of the high-voltage

593:

magnet could increase field strength at a rate of 290

4500:. Physicists and visitors to Fermilab. Archived from 4103:"SC's New Associate Director for High Energy Physics" 3663:"Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment officially starts up" 2469:

Proceedings of the 1990 Linear Accelerator Conference

1935:"Fermilab launches new institute for quantum science" 1580:

by Fermilab that this claim had no merit. Today, the

1226:

Central to the experiment is a 50 foot-diameter

1222:

Transportation of the 600 ton magnet to Fermilab

315:

physics. It is the host of the multi-billion dollar

5080:

Under Secretary of Energy for Science and Innovation

2964: 343:

Appearance). Completed neutrino experiments include

7279:

Buildings and structures in DuPage County, Illinois

7197: 7127: 7076: 7010: 6897: 6867: 6720: 6664: 6657: 6583: 6481: 6463: 6370: 6228: 6174: 6076: 6042: 5952: 5894: 5727: 5636: 5554: 5449: 5170: 5137: 5123: 5078: 5060: 5048: 5011: 1031:

SpinQuest (Status, June 2023: planned future run)

927:was elected spokesperson of the CMS collaboration. 904:

Evolution of the post-Tevatron experimental program

585:

until they leave the Booster accelerated to 8

524:, announced by research teams using the Tevatron's 235: 221: 205: 185: 177: 131: 123: 111: 101: 91: 81: 62: 4590:"Fermilab faces protest over visitor restrictions" 1165:Fermilab is continuing an experiment conducted at 1161:building (white and orange) which hosts the magnet 331:(Imaging Cosmic and Rare Underground Signals) and 226: 7284:Buildings and structures in Kane County, Illinois 7264:Federally Funded Research and Development Centers 4037:"Nigel Lockyer to step down as Fermilab director" 2542:5th International Particle Accelerator Conference 1286:Oversight issues that developed from 2014 to 2022 1204:between the measured value and the computed one. 5125:Assistant Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Energy 5105:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 4066:"DOE High Energy Physics Program Head to Retire" 3500:"ICARUS neutrino experiment to move to Fermilab" 1636:— operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS 1588:has occurred at the lab every year since 1976. 1538:. One can also find structural examples of the 1040:Fermilab strives to become the world leader in 5062:Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security 5021:Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3846: 3844: 3808:"Mu2e: muon-to-electron-conversion experiment" 3249:"Mu2e: muon-to-electron-conversion experiment" 3224:"MINERvA: Bringing neutrinos into sharp focus" 2627:27th Linear Accelerator Conference (LINAC2014) 2544:. Dresden, Germany. 2014. pp. 3409–3411. 2358: 2356: 1634:Center for the Advancement of Science in Space 6633: 6126: 5588: 5450:Energy Department Facilities and Reservations 5110:Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 4955: 3576: 3574: 3350:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 2194:"Animation of Fermilab's Accelerator Complex" 1859:"Preparing Fermilab to Carry Out the P5 Plan" 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1292:Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel 437:in 1974. The laboratory's first director was 347:(Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search), 8: 5050:Under Secretary of Energy for Infrastructure 4281: 4279: 3515:"ICARUS prepares to chase a fourth neutrino" 2726:"Physicists Weigh In: The Quark Is a Porker" 2290: 2288: 2286: 1820: 1818: 1816: 705:(inactive since 2011) are in the background. 32: 4562:(5). American Institute of Physics: 0525a. 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 3910:U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science 3324:"Argonne Physics Division - E-906/SeaQuest" 2578: 2576: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1599:to selected structures around the grounds. 919:Collaboration (the experiment is housed at 6661: 6640: 6626: 6618: 6133: 6119: 6111: 5720:Map of Illinois highlighting DuPage County 5595: 5581: 5573: 4962: 4948: 4940: 2531:"FNAL – The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP)" 2417: 2415: 1330:is now scheduled to begin in autumn 2023. 429:The laboratory was founded in 1969 as the 311:Fermilab aims to become a world center in 38: 31: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4128: 4126: 4124: 3963:. Department of Energy Office of Science. 3483: 3465: 3432: 3361: 3080: 3062: 3005: 2899: 2629:. Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 171–173. 2241: 2153: 2142:International Journal of Modern Physics A 2124: 1857:A Group of Whistleblowers from Fermilab. 1674:"DOE FY 2025 Congressional Justification" 1593:Forest Preserve District of DuPage County 1433:Rebid of the Fermilab contract, 2023–2024 394:Illinois Technology and Research Corridor 359:(SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and 18:Fermilab Center for Particle Astrophysics 6925:Francis and Rose Yuen (Hong Kong) campus 6707:Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering 6221:Map of Illinois highlighting Kane County 5070:National Nuclear Security Administration 5031:Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy 4745:"Safety and the Environment at Fermilab" 4182:DOE O 420.2D Implementation Assist Visit 3448:Abi, B; et al. (December 3, 2020). 3045:Romanenko, A; et al. (March 2020). 2751:"Discovery of the bottom quark, Upsilon" 1549:Wilson's sculptures on the site include 1147:, which will be a sensitive test of the 1019:Appearance (Status, June 2023: running) 717:The E989 storage-ring magnet at Fermilab 6753:Chicago Project on Security and Threats 6712:School of Social Service Administration 4649:"Fermilab History and Archives Project" 4531:. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 4369:. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 4133:Channick, Robert (September 14, 2023). 3859:. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 3513:Steffel, Catherine N. (March 2, 2020). 3408:. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 3154:. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 3103:. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 2806:from the original on September 5, 2008. 2757:. Fermilab History and Archives Project 2668:(Report). Fermilab. December 12, 2013. 2508:from the original on September 17, 2015 2296:"Fermilab Linac Slide Show Description" 1665: 1607:During running, particle beams produce 611: 6748:Center for Research in Security Prices 6692:Harris School of Public Policy Studies 4655:from the original on January 18, 2017. 4393:Department of Energy Office of Science 3958:"2020 HEPAP COV Report on HEP Program" 3650:from the original on December 7, 2015. 3544:from the original on December 8, 2015. 2525: 2523: 2204:from the original on December 11, 2021 2078:from the original on November 14, 2017 1722: 1720: 4910:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 4779:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 4160:. Chicago Tribune. Aurora Beacon News 4137:. Tribune Publishing. Chicago Tribune 4068:. FYI, American Institute of Physics. 3978:. FYI, American Institute of Physics. 3829:Bernstein, Maxwell (March 24, 2022). 3595:from the original on December 8, 2015 2713:. FYI: American Institute of Physics. 2439:from the original on October 18, 2015 2423:"35 years of H ions at Fermilab" 1542:double-helix spiral and a nod to the 1070:Sanford Underground Research Facility 549:accelerated by the source to 35 532:detectors. It was shut down in 2011. 403:is named in honor of the laboratory. 363:(Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment). 272:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 33:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory 7: 7289:Education in DuPage County, Illinois 6889:Housing at the University of Chicago 5562:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 4669:. About Fermilab. December 1, 2005. 4470:Garisto, Daniel (January 24, 2024). 4039:. Fermilab News. September 10, 2021. 3989:William Thomas (November 21, 2021). 3581:Kiburg, Brendan (October 26, 2015). 3536:Ruppel, Emily (September 30, 2011). 2863:Ayshford, Emily (January 30, 2019). 1315:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment 1296:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment 1139:: (pronounced "gee minus two") is a 1046:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment 959:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment 832:announced in 1977 by Experiment 228. 769:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment 508:(LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, the 504:Prior to the startup in 2008 of the 317:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment 77:(as National Accelerator Laboratory) 4933:Architecture at the Fermilab campus 4751:. December 30, 2005. Archived from 4692:Shivni, Rashmi (January 27, 2016). 3878:Wilson, Peter (December 15, 2015). 2672:from the original on April 22, 2016 2583:Holmes, Steve (December 16, 2013). 2374:from the original on August 4, 2015 2341:from the original on April 22, 2016 2306:from the original on April 18, 2016 2271:from the original on April 23, 2016 1933:Salles, Andre (November 18, 2019). 1755:"HEP Project Status, Mike Procario" 1025:(Status, June 2023: completed run) 1009:(Status, June 2023: completed run) 969:Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso 793:Discoveries by Fermilab experiments 7294:Education in Kane County, Illinois 6141:Municipalities and communities of 5603:Municipalities and communities of 4971:United States Department of Energy 4923:Other Fermilab online publications 4673:from the original on April 3, 2007 4342:. 5RB Media and Communications Law 4309:Abdul, Geneva (October 12, 2022). 4260:Rutecki, Jared (August 16, 2024). 3661:Martin, Bruno (February 6, 2018). 3555:Lord, Steve (September 26, 2015). 3540:. Brookhaven National Laboratory. 3380:10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020949 2840:Kurt, Reisselmann (July 2, 2012). 2590:(Report). Fermilab. Archived from 2561:from the original on June 26, 2015 1995:from the original on March 5, 2010 1655:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center 1346:Oversight issues from 2022 to 2024 1194:Standard Model of particle physics 288:United States Department of Energy 25: 7053:Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory 6738:Center for Middle Eastern Studies 5162:Western Area Power Administration 5157:Southwestern Power Administration 5152:Southeastern Power Administration 5026:Energy Information Administration 4815:from the original on July 1, 2018 4781:. August 24, 2001. Archived from 4449:Office of Acquisitions Management 4286:Gwynne, Peter (August 15, 2024). 4179:"9:30 Current Program Overview", 3974:Will Thomas (December 16, 2020). 3851:Ayshford, Emily (December 2022). 2817:O'Boyle, LuAnne (March 1, 1999). 2724:Johnson, George (March 5, 1995). 2646:from the original on July 2, 2015 2478:from the original on July 7, 2015 2467:. Linear Accelerator Conference. 2393:Lavars, Nick (December 2, 2021). 1960:Biron, Lauren (August 26, 2020). 1910:Caine, Paul (September 1, 2020). 1797:Lewton, Thomas (April 13, 2022). 1522:is the defining shape of several 1213:physics beyond the Standard Model 661:used at the second stage of linac 372:Universities Research Association 200:Universities Research Association 6833:Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School 6818:National Opinion Research Center 5039: 4718:Sharos, David (April 22, 2019). 4418:Office of Acquisition Management 4237:Rutecki, Jared (July 19, 2024). 4064:Will Thomas (February 7, 2022). 3174:"Intensity Frontier | MiniBooNE" 3082:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.13.034032 2471:. Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. 2044:. August 2, 2012. Archived from 1171:anomalous magnetic dipole moment 1090:About other neutrino experiments 1003:anomalous magnetic dipole moment 839:, announced in July 2000 by the 710: 690: 678: 666: 650: 638: 626: 614: 253: 252: 245: 136:Winfield Township, DuPage County 47: 7319:Research institutes in Illinois 7314:Institutes associated with CERN 7299:1967 establishments in Illinois 7119:University Athletic Association 7023:Cannon v. University of Chicago 6910:George Herbert Jones Laboratory 6743:Center for Population Economics 5147:Bonneville Power Administration 4835:"Fermilab Christmas Bird Count" 4592:. IOP Publishing. Physics World 4588:Gwynne, Peter (June 19, 2023). 4414:"M&O Contract Competitions" 4367:Fermilab Historical Information 4290:. Physics World. IOP Publishing 4214:Cho, Adrian (August 14, 2024). 4053:. Fermilab News. April 5, 2022. 3853:"Neutrino Detector On the Move" 2802:. Fermilab. September 9, 2008. 2776:Jackson, Judy (July 20, 2000). 2709:Thomas, Will (April 25, 2022). 2666:Proton Improvement Plan II 2014:Kolb, Adrienne (May 19, 2017). 1727:Biron, Lauren (July 22, 2020). 1050:Long Baseline Neutrino Facility 557:(RFQ) which applies a 750 431:National Accelerator Laboratory 7304:Theoretical physics institutes 6915:Gerald Ratner Athletics Center 6843:Toyota Technological Institute 5139:Power Marketing Administration 4860:"Birds Find Haven at Fermilab" 4611:Marc, Tracy (March 28, 2022). 4523:Merminga, Lia (May 16, 2023). 3906:"Laboratory Appraisal Process" 3485:10.1088/1748-0221/15/12/P12004 2100:. Fermilab News. April 5, 2022 1825:Cho, Adrian (March 22, 2023). 1511:, though it was realized in a 1167:Brookhaven National Laboratory 484:, September 2013 to April 2022 1: 7048:University of Chicago sit-ins 6945:Joe and Rika Mansueto Library 4720:"Baby bison born at Fermilab" 4494:"Petition to Reopen Fermilab" 4156:Jones, Megan (May 25, 2023). 3719:Marc, Tracy (April 7, 2021). 2068:"New Fermilab director named" 1883:National Science Foundation. 1782:Adrian Cho (March 29, 2022). 1575:In 1967, Wilson brought five 1422:Collider Detector at Fermilab 1066:International Linear Collider 910:Collider Detector at Fermilab 908:Fermilab dismantled the CDF ( 433:; it was renamed in honor of 7159:Contemporary Chamber Players 6808:Marine Biological Laboratory 4733:– via Chicago Tribune. 4550:Feder, Toni (May 25, 2023). 3936:Laboratory Appraisal Process 2498:"Wilson Hall & vicinity" 2200:. Fermilab. March 21, 2018. 1180:The magnetic dipole moment ( 967:: Originally located at the 935:On-site program in the 2020s 925:Patricia McBride (physicist) 569:are accelerated to 400 536:Fermilab Accelerator Complex 381:fixed-target experiment and 293:specializing in high-energy 7309:Nuclear research institutes 7269:Particle physics facilities 6848:University of Chicago Press 6773:Comprehensive Cancer Center 6768:Committee on Social Thought 6758:Chicago school of economics 6728:Argonne National Laboratory 6702:Pritzker School of Medicine 4983:James V. Forrestal Building 4775:"Ecology/Nature - Wildlife" 3024:10.1103/PRXQuantum.1.020317 2918:10.1016/j.phpro.2017.09.030 1563:is a representation of the 1501:St. Pierre's Cathedral 739:Cockcroft–Walton generators 7340: 6962:Lorado Taft Midway Studios 5555:Related Independent Agency 5172:National Laboratory System 5013:Deputy Secretary of Energy 5003:Deputy Secretary of Energy 3810:. Fermilab. April 21, 2015 3669:. United States Government 3454:Journal of Instrumentation 3199:"MicroBooNE Collaboration" 2016:"The founding of Fermilab" 1968:. United States Government 1941:. United States Government 1885:"The US and LHC Computing" 1735:. United States Government 1595:, Fermilab has introduced 1129: 1116:ICARUS neutrino experiment 555:radio-frequency quadrupole 422:, was a community next to 415:Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall 392:Fermilab is a part of the 7063:Old University of Chicago 6823:Obama Presidential Center 6763:Comer Children's Hospital 6733:Becker Friedman Institute 6593: 6214: 6155: 6086: 5713: 5617: 5037: 4977: 3880:"SBN Program Coordinator" 2172:10.1142/S0217751X15410018 1382:2024 Whistleblower Report 813:announced in 1995 by the 459:The later directors are: 240: 192:U.S. Department of Energy 46: 37: 7058:Metallurgical Laboratory 6677:Booth School of Business 5131:Office of Nuclear Energy 5115:Office of Nuclear Energy 4568:10.1063/PT.6.2.20230525a 4015:10.1063/PT.6.2.20211119a 3303:NOvA Experiment Fermilab 2072:Crain's Chicago Business 478:, July 2005 to July 2013 472:, July 1999 to June 2005 7104:Lascivious Costume Ball 7043:Graduate Library School 5606:DuPage County, Illinois 4445:"Informational Meeting" 4101:Berhe, Asmeret Asefaw. 3631:10.1109/PAC.1999.792238 3051:Physical Review Applied 2696:Innovation News Network 2538:Proceedings of IPAC2014 1494:Interior of Wilson Hall 1184:) of a charged lepton ( 804:Fermilab's CDF detector 723:Proton improvement plan 490:, April 2022 to present 7109:Latke–Hamantash Debate 6920:Henry Crown Fieldhouse 6788:James Franck Institute 6778:Enrico Fermi Institute 6222: 5721: 4109:. Department of Energy 3517:. symmetrymagazine.org 1495: 1259:The project worked on 1228:superconducting magnet 1223: 1162: 805: 764: 573:, or about 70% of the 416: 103:Field of research 68:; 56 years ago 7128:Student organizations 7077:Sports and traditions 6798:Institute of Politics 6650:University of Chicago 6220: 6144:Kane County, Illinois 5719: 5100:Office of Electricity 4928:Fermilab Virtual Tour 4886:"Tritium at Fermilab" 4755:on September 26, 2006 4667:"The Fermilab Campus" 4361:Bellettini, Giorgio. 3274:"Muon g-2 Experiment" 2325:Kubik, Donna (2005). 1863:arXiv Preprint Server 1801:. 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July 6, 1978 4851: 4826: 4796: 4766: 4736: 4710: 4684: 4658: 4640: 4618: 4603: 4580: 4542: 4515: 4485: 4462: 4431: 4405: 4380: 4353: 4324: 4313:. The Guardian 4301: 4275: 4252: 4229: 4195: 4171: 4148: 4120: 4093: 4071: 4056: 4042: 4028: 3981: 3966: 3949: 3923: 3897: 3870: 3840: 3821: 3799: 3782: 3763: 3737: 3711: 3680: 3653: 3639: 3606: 3570: 3547: 3528: 3505: 3491: 3440: 3419: 3393: 3340: 3315: 3290: 3265: 3240: 3215: 3190: 3165: 3139: 3114: 3088: 3037: 2984: 2970: 2956: 2931: 2878: 2855: 2832: 2809: 2791: 2768: 2742: 2730:New York Times 2716: 2701: 2683: 2657: 2635: 2608: 2572: 2550: 2519: 2489: 2450: 2411: 2385: 2352: 2317: 2282: 2260: 2215: 2185: 2132: 2111: 2089: 2059: 2029: 2018:. Cern Courier 2006: 1979: 1952: 1925: 1902: 1875: 1840: 1812: 1789: 1767: 1746: 1716: 1698:Brown, Bruce. 1690: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1604: 1601: 1577:American bison 1572: 1569: 1487: 1484: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1434: 1431: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1383: 1380: 1347: 1344: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1268:Standard Model 1149:Standard Model 1130:Main article: 1127: 1124: 1091: 1088: 1084:Standard Model 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1010: 996: 990: 984: 978: 972: 962: 956: 948: 945: 936: 933: 905: 902: 894:CDF experiment 875: 874: 863: 855: 844: 843:collaboration. 833: 822: 819:CDF experiment 794: 791: 789: 786: 759:Prototypes of 753: 752: 734: 733: 724: 721: 720: 719: 716: 709: 707: 696: 689: 687: 684: 677: 675: 672: 665: 663: 656: 649: 647: 644: 637: 635: 632: 625: 623: 620: 613: 605:ring and the 575:speed of light 537: 534: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 485: 479: 473: 467: 466:, 1989 to 1996 408: 405: 401:11998 Fermilab 340: 278:), located in 267: 266: 260: 251: 250: 244: 243: 242: 241: 238: 237: 233: 232: 223: 219: 218: 213: 206: 203: 202: 189: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 115: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 95: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 64: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7336: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7030: 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6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6550:Rainbow Hills 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:Sleepy Hollow 6334: 6332: 6331:Pingree Grove 6329: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266:Campton Hills 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6149:United States 6146: 6136: 6131: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:Downers Grove 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5781:Downers Grove 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5611:United States 5608: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4711: 4699: 4698:Fermilab News 4695: 4688: 4685: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4604: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556:Physics Today 4553: 4546: 4543: 4530: 4529:Fermilab News 4526: 4519: 4516: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4381: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4354: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4289: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4263: 4256: 4253: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4172: 4159: 4152: 4149: 4141:September 19, 4136: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4086:September 19, 4081: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3995:Physics Today 3992: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3858: 3857:Fermilab News 3854: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3835:Fermilab News 3832: 3825: 3822: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3764: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3640:0-7803-5573-3 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3607: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3529: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3460:(12): 12004. 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3254: 3253:Mu2e Fermilab 3250: 3244: 3241: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3057:(3): 034032. 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 3000:(2): 020317. 2999: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2879: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2820: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2609: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2462: 2454: 2451: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:"Accelerator" 2359: 2357: 2353: 2337: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2112: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2017: 2010: 2007: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1913: 1906: 1903: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1473:Physics World 1470: 1469:Physics Today 1464: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:Nigel Lockyer 1345: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1331: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290:In 2014, the 1285: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1122:to Fermilab. 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:neutrino beam 1097: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 950: 946: 944: 942: 934: 932: 928: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 903: 901: 899: 895: 891: 890:DØ experiment 886: 884: 880: 872: 871:DØ experiment 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 831: 830:Upsilon meson 827: 823: 820: 816: 815:DØ experiment 812: 808: 807: 802: 798: 792: 787: 785: 781: 778: 773: 770: 762: 757: 750: 749: 748: 745: 740: 731: 730: 729: 722: 713: 708: 704: 700: 693: 688: 681: 676: 669: 664: 660: 657:A 12 MW 653: 648: 641: 636: 629: 624: 617: 612: 610: 608: 604: 598: 596: 592: 588: 582: 580: 576: 572: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 544:which ionize 543: 535: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 499: 494: 489: 486: 483: 482:Nigel Lockyer 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 461: 460: 457: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 413: 406: 404: 402: 397: 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 248: 239: 234: 230: 224: 220: 217: 214: 211: 204: 201: 197: 193: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 141: 137: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 116: 114: 110: 106: 100: 96: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 7324:Enrico Fermi 7146: 7139: 7033: 7021: 6782: 6545:Plato Center 6326:North Aurora 6163: 6058:Ontarioville 5909:Bloomingdale 5802:Hanover Park 5771:Carol Stream 5754:Bloomingdale 5697:West Chicago 5625: 5285: 4915: 4890:. 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