427:
speakers. As a consequence, Pichi was considered an impoverished, debased form of
English by Spanish colonial administrators and missionaries. Pichi, like the other Creole languages of the Atlantic Basin, still has to struggle with this difficult legacy. In spite of its great importance as a community language, and as a national and international lingua franca, Pichi enjoys no official recognition nor support, is conspicuously absent from public discourse and the official media, and has no place in the educational policy of Equatorial Guinea.
452:. From then onwards, Pichi was cut off from the direct influence of English, the language from which it inherited the largest part of its lexicon. Some of the present-day differences between Pichi and its sister languages can be attributed to internal developments in Pichi. But without doubt, an equally important reason for the separate development of Pichi is the extensive degree of language contact with
36:
468:
is an integral part of the linguistic system of Pichi. The pervasive influence of
Spanish on Pichi is for one part, the consequence of language policy. Since colonial rule, Spanish has remained the sole medium of instruction at all levels of the educational system. There is a widespread competence in
473:
has led to increased urbanisation, extending multi-ethnic social networks and the spread of Pichi as a native language. In such a socio-economic environment and amidst a high general competence in the official language
Spanish, code-mixing between Pichi and Spanish, rather than being exceptional, is
447:
in the late 18th century. Throughout the better part of the 19th century, this community, which had emerged from the horrors of slavery and the slave trade, began to forge a vibrant
African-European culture and economy along the West African seaboard. Mutual intelligibility within the African branch
417:
family. In the literature, Pichi is known under the names
Fernando Po Creole English, Fernando Po Krio, Fernandino Creole English, Pidgin (English), Broken English, and Pichinglis. While many older speakers refer to the language as Krio or Pidgin, most present-day speakers refer to it as Pichinglis,
223:
906:
Besides that, there is a limited use of inflectional morphology in the pronominal system, in which both tone and suppletive forms are used to express case relations. For example, the dependent subject pronoun à '1SG.SBJ' has the allomorphs mì '1SG.POSS' and mi '3SG.EMP'. In the following example,
426:
The lexical similarity between Pichi and
English and the supposed simplification of English structures that European observers believed they recognized in a language they did not master, lent additional weight to racist notions about a generally assumed superiority of European languages and their
730:. Pichi has two distinctive tones, a high (H) and a low (L) tone. In pitch-accented words, a phonetic (L) tone is the default realisation of a toneless syllable (X). Examples follow with the four possible tonal configurations for bisyllabic words:
1005:
modality, i.e. in directive main clauses such as imperatives as well as in the subordinate clauses of deontic modality inducing main predicates (see the first example below). Subjunctive mood also occurs in purpose clauses (see the second example
1334:
stand out as multifunctional elements with overlapping functions. The language also features various types of multiverb and serial verb constructions. Amongst the latter figure instrumental serial verb constructions involving the verb
469:
different registers of
Spanish by Pichi speakers in Malabo. In Malabo, the acquisition of Spanish begins in early childhood, even for many working-class Equatoguineans with little or no school education. Equally, the burgeoning oil
1306:
The language exhibits a subject–verb word order in intransitive clauses and a subject–verb–object order in transitive clauses. Content questions are formed by way of a mixed question-word system which involves transparent (e.g.
995:), rather than tense plays a dominant role in expressing temporal relations. Besides that, the modal system includes an indicative-subjunctive opposition. Subjunctive mood is instantiated in the modal complementiser
448:
is quite high. However, an impediment to fluid communication between speakers of Pichi and its sister languages is the divergent path of development of Pichi since 1857. In that year, Spain began to actively enforce
316:, and it serves as a primary language to probably the majority of the capital's inhabitants. Pichi is also used as a primary language in a number of villages and towns along the Coast of Bioko – amongst them
1846:
364:
in 1827 (Fyfe 1962: 165). No official figures exist, but there is good reason to assume that Pichi is today the second most widely spoken
African language of the country behind
2390:
808:
are put to use. For example, the categories of tense, modality and aspect are expressed through phonologically distinct preverbal particles. The verb stem is not altered:
2400:
2015:
372:. It is safe to assume that at least 100,000 people of the country's population of around one million use Pichi regularly as a primary or secondary language.
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Pichi is a member of the
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Next to Fang, Pichi and Bubi, over ten other
African languages are spoken by the peoples of Equatorial Guinea.
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Yakpo, Kofi (2013). "Pichi". In Susanne Michaelis; Philippe Maurer; Martin Haspelmath; Magnus Huber (eds.).
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tone alone distinguishes possessive from objective case of the 1SG personal pronoun:
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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This gallery includes a scanned page of a Pichinglis dictionary/grammar book
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3SG.SBJ hit DEF plate on DEF table because 3SG.SBJ want SBJV DEF plate break
409:
The other languages traditionally spoken in Equatorial Guinea belong to the
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Spanish world-wide: the last century of language contacts by John M. Lipski
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who immigrated to the island during the colonial era in the 19th century.
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1746:. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 23. Berlin: Language Science Press.
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456:, the colonial and present-day official language of Equatorial Guinea.
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916:
1160:'He hit the plate on the table because he wanted the plate to break.'
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Spanish has left a deep imprint on the lexicon and grammar of Pichi.
439:, the English-lexicon Creole that rose to become the language of the
309:
1803:
Dialecto inglés africano de la colonia española del Golfo de Guinea
1179:
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1735:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 194–205.
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The language features a mixed prosodic system which employs both
1299:
3pl PFV carry 1SG.EMP LOC Madrid ASS SBJV 3pl go operate 1SG.EMP
996:
661:
222:
1997:
1828:
1339:'take' as well as comparative constructions featuring the verb
1211:
1001:'SBJV' and occurs in contexts characterised by the presence of
536:
378:
One of these is another Creole, the Portuguese-lexicon Creole
356:, which first arrived in Bioko, the former Fernando Po, with
29:
848:
482:
Spanish words are in bold in the following Pichi sentences.
2179:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
344:, the largest town on the continental part of the country.
1302:'They took me to Madrid in order to go and operate on me.'
1283:
1201:
1125:
1063:
1037:
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254:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1093:
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418:
Pichin with a nasalised final vowel or Pichi tout court.
308:
Pichi is the most widely spoken language of the capital
474:
consciously and confidently articulated in daily life.
1404:
1402:
1311:'which=thing' = 'what') and opaque question elements (
704:
Pichi has a seven vowel system featuring the phonemes
1555:
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708:. The consonant phonemes of Pichi are twenty-two:
710:/p,b,t,d,tʃ,dʒ,k,ɡ,f,v,s,ʁ,h,m,n,ɲ,ŋ,l,w,j,kp,ɡb/
792:The morphological structure of Pichi is largely
27:English-based creole of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea
2009:
1840:
8:
406:. Also the influence of Pichi on Fa d’Ambô.
2391:English-based pidgins and creoles of Africa
1716:(PhD thesis). Radboud University Nijmegen.
1583:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Zarco1938 (
1542:sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Zarco1938 (
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352:Pichi is believed to have derived from the
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2016:
2002:
1994:
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720:are marginal and only occur in ideophones.
478:Some examples of Pichi–Spanish code-mixing
460:Language contact between Pichi and Spanish
267:, commonly referred to by its speakers as
221:
90:
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1733:The survey of pidgin and creole languages
1721:
1678:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLipski1985 (
1659:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLipski1991 (
1564:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLipski1992 (
1482:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGranda1985 (
1444:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon2005 (
991:-prominent language in which aspect (and
902:'(At) that time, I was already sleeping.'
804:morphology in which affixation, tone and
712:. The co-articulated labiovelar plosives
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2401:Languages attested from the 19th century
1602:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHuber1999 (
1578:
1537:
1501:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBerry1970 (
1408:
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382:, spoken by the people of the island of
283:Atlantic English-lexicon creole language
1640:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWyse1989 (
1621:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFyle1962 (
1523:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHolm1989 (
1463:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPost1994 (
1374:
248:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1673:
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1477:
1439:
1695:
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1380:
1378:
796:. However, there is a limited use of
52:The SFN references need source cites.
7:
1635:
1616:
1518:
1458:
1326:, and the two modal complementisers
899:that hour 1SG.SBJ PST PRF IPFV sleep
227:Pichi-speaking communities in Bioko
1147:È nak dì plet pàn dì tebul bìkɔs è
557:then 2PL buy DEF bricks PL tomorrow
450:colonial rule in Equatorial Guinea
25:
635:1SG.SBJ grate 3SG.EMP with grater
560:'Then buy the bricks tomorrow.'
34:
980:3PL steal 1SG.EMP 1SG.POSS shoe
2386:Languages of Equatorial Guinea
2025:English-based creole languages
1856:Languages of Equatorial Guinea
983:'They stole my shoes from me.'
301:, and was brought to Bioko by
1:
2165:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2171:(French Guiana and Suriname)
638:'I grated it with a grater.'
471:economy of Equatorial Guinea
293:. It is an offshoot of the
159:West African Pidgin English
2417:
2396:Spanish language in Africa
1289:Dɛ̀n kan kɛr mi nà Madrid
275:Fernando Po Creole English
99:Fernando Po Creole English
18:Fernando Po Creole English
700:Overview of Pichi grammar
348:Size of speaker community
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220:
103:
98:
692:1SG.SBJ POT continue eat
285:spoken on the island of
1395:(subscription required)
1322:, the quotative marker
997:
695:'I'll continue eating.'
50:. The reason given is:
2276:San Andrés–Providencia
1753:10.5281/zenodo.2546450
445:Freetown, Sierra Leone
431:Linguistic affiliation
368:, closely followed by
362:Freetown, Sierra Leone
273:and formally known as
236:This article contains
2365:Torres Strait Islands
454:Equatoguinean Spanish
336:, and is spoken as a
2302:Australian Aborginal
2295:Asia and the Pacific
2144:Afro-Seminole Creole
1894:Indigenous languages
1740:Yakpo, Kofi (2019).
1712:Yakpo, Kofi (2009).
2106:Antigua and Barbuda
2082:(Equatorial Guinea)
1706:Relevant literature
2339:(Papua New Guinea)
1863:Official languages
1781:Historia de Guinea
1743:A Grammar of Pichi
1714:A grammar of Pichi
1363:Fernandino peoples
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2333:(Solomon Islands)
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2289:
1991:
1990:
1971:Migrant languages
1763:978-3-96110-133-7
1657:, pp. 35–36.
1427:2007 UN estimate.
1393:(18th ed., 2015)
1358:Equatorial Guinea
1296:dɛ̀n go opera mi.
790:
789:
330:Barrio las Palmas
291:Equatorial Guinea
262:
261:
244:rendering support
240:phonetic symbols.
130:6,000 (2011)
119:Equatorial Guinea
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706:/i,e,ɛ,a,ɔ,o,u/
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2332:
2329:
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2320:
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2310:
2308:
2307:Bonin Islands
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
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2277:
2274:
2269:
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2262:Miskito Coast
2260:
2255:
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2239:
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2208:
2207:Saint Vincent
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
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2184:
2181:
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2178:
2175:
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2119:
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2026:
2019:
2014:
2012:
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2005:
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1984:
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1969:
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1808:
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1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:About pidgins
1784:
1782:
1776:
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1629:
1624:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1579:de Zarco 1938
1575:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1556:
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1539:
1538:de Zarco 1938
1534:
1531:
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1409:Morgades 2004
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1375:
1368:
1364:
1361:
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1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:'(sur)pass'.
1342:
1338:
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1295:
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1234:
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1204:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:dì plet brok.
1153:
1150:
1144:
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1123:
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397:
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389:
385:
381:
376:
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371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Krio language
347:
345:
343:
339:
338:lingua franca
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
295:Krio language
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
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257:
253:
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241:
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224:
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170:
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113:
109:
106:
102:
97:
92:
83:
80:
72:
62:
58:
53:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2347:(Micronesia)
2264:(Nicaragua)
2256:(Costa Rica)
2191:Sranan Tongo
2079:
1802:
1796:(in Spanish)
1778:(in Spanish)
1742:
1732:
1713:
1669:
1650:
1631:
1612:
1593:
1574:
1533:
1492:
1473:
1454:
1423:
1388:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1014:
1011:
987:Pichi is an
986:
982:
979:
974:
971:
969:
965:
962:
951:
947:
946:
935:
931:
930:
925:
922:
915:
912:
905:
901:
898:
893:
890:
887:
885:
881:
878:
871:
867:
866:
859:
855:
854:
847:
843:
842:
831:
828:
823:
820:
815:
812:
802:derivational
798:inflectional
791:
739:Pitch class
724:pitch accent
703:
694:
691:
686:
684:
680:
677:
672:
668:
667:
660:
657:
646:
643:
637:
634:
629:
625:
623:
619:
614:
613:
608:
605:
594:
591:
585:
584:
580:
579:
568:
565:
559:
556:
554:dɛ̀n tumara.
551:
549:
545:
542:
535:
532:
527:
523:
522:
515:
512:
507:
504:
497:
494:
489:
486:
481:
463:
434:
425:
408:
377:
374:
351:
307:
299:Sierra Leone
278:
274:
269:
268:
264:
263:
235:
205:
168:
104:
75:
66:
51:
44:
2270:(Nicaragua)
2121:Saint Kitts
2055:West Africa
1674:Lipski 1985
1655:Lipski 1991
1560:Lipski 1992
1478:Granda 1985
1440:Gordon 2005
786:'buttocks'
466:Code-mixing
415:Niger–Congo
250:instead of
133:L2 speakers
2380:Categories
2321:Melanesia
2278:(Colombia)
2193:(Suriname)
2185:(Suriname)
2177:Saramaccan
2159:(Suriname)
2116:Montserrat
2080:Pichinglis
1962:Annobonese
1880:Portuguese
1821:, Belgium.
1723:2066/79407
1696:Yakpo 2009
1598:Huber 1999
1497:Berry 1970
1390:Ethnologue
1385:Pichinglis
1369:References
886:Dan awa à
312:, next to
279:Fernandino
265:Pichinglis
169:Pichinglis
94:Pichinglis
61:footnoting
2360:Singapore
2337:Tok Pisin
2327:(Vanuatu)
2092:Caribbean
1815:H. Proost
1636:Wyse 1989
1617:Fyle 1962
1519:Holm 1989
1459:Post 1994
970:Dɛ̀n tif
794:isolating
400:Lun'gwiye
380:Fá d'Ambô
281:), is an
229:(in bold)
207:Glottolog
191:ISO 639-3
69:July 2020
2351:Pitcairn
2317:Malaysia
2268:Rama Cay
2250:(Panama)
2202:Trinidad
2128:Barbados
2111:Anguilla
2060:Cameroon
1819:Turhhout
1813:, 1938,
1347:See also
1315:'who').
764:'water'
753:'woman'
673:continue
546:tomorrow
256:Help:IPA
214:fern1234
155:Atlantic
57:citation
2355:Norfolk
2325:Bislama
2228:Bahamas
2221:Western
2183:Matawai
2133:Grenada
2099:Eastern
2075:Nigeria
2070:Liberia
1978:English
1901:Batanga
1885:English
1870:Spanish
1817:y Cía,
1805:, R.P.
1271:operate
1081:because
1006:below):
1003:deontic
630:rayador
628:in wèt
615:rayador
552:bloques
543:tumara.
524:bloques
392:Angolar
384:Annobón
318:Sampaca
314:Spanish
252:Unicode
2233:Belize
2197:Tobago
2163:Ndyuka
2157:Kwinti
2152:Guyana
2138:Gullah
2050:Merico
2032:Africa
1936:Lengue
1931:Kwasio
1875:French
1811:C.M.F.
1760:
1309:us=tin
1221:Madrid
1218:Madrid
989:aspect
775:'ant'
769:nyɔní
747:human
742:Gloss
620:grater
528:bricks
326:Basupú
322:Fiston
310:Malabo
2331:Pijin
2169:Aluku
2065:Ghana
1926:Kombe
1921:Gyele
1906:Benga
1353:Bioko
1268:opera
1189:carry
1143:break
1140:brok.
1135:plate
1078:bìkɔs
1073:table
1070:tebul
1047:plate
926:steal
896:slip.
882:sleep
879:slip.
780:bàta
758:wàtá
736:Word
689:chɔp.
687:sigue
685:À gò
678:chɔp.
669:sigue
626:raya
586:grate
411:Bantu
360:from
303:Krios
287:Bioko
270:Pichi
115:Bioko
105:Pichi
2039:Krio
1983:Igbo
1946:Yasa
1941:Seki
1916:Fang
1911:Bube
1758:ISBN
1680:help
1661:help
1642:help
1623:help
1604:help
1585:help
1566:help
1544:help
1525:help
1503:help
1484:help
1465:help
1446:help
1415:help
1330:and
1313:udat
1250:dɛ̀n
1244:SBJV
1166:Dɛ̀n
1149:want
1132:plet
1116:SBJV
1105:want
1101:want
1044:plet
993:mood
977:sus.
966:shoe
963:sus.
957:POSS
913:Dɛ̀n
873:IPFV
824:hour
816:that
800:and
783:L.L
772:H.H
761:X.H
750:H.X
728:tone
726:and
718:/ɡb/
716:and
714:/kp/
609:with
581:raya
533:dɛ̀n
490:then
487:Afta
437:Krio
398:and
390:and
370:Bubi
366:Fang
342:Bata
334:Luba
332:and
164:Krio
59:and
1748:doi
1718:hdl
1387:at
1341:pas
1337:tek
1332:mek
1328:fɔ̀
1294:mek
1291:fɔ̀
1284:EMP
1280:1SG
1276:mi.
1254:3pl
1239:mek
1232:ASS
1227:fɔ̀
1212:LOC
1202:EMP
1198:1SG
1186:kɛr
1180:PFV
1176:kan
1170:3pl
1152:mek
1126:DEF
1111:mek
1094:SBJ
1090:3SG
1064:DEF
1052:pàn
1038:DEF
1029:hit
1026:nak
1020:SBJ
1016:3SG
998:mek
953:1SG
941:EMP
937:1SG
923:tif
917:3PL
891:dɔn
888:bìn
861:PRF
856:dɔn
849:PST
844:bìn
837:SBJ
833:1SG
821:awa
813:Dan
681:eat
662:POT
652:SBJ
648:1SG
606:wèt
600:EMP
596:3SG
574:SBJ
570:1SG
517:DEF
508:buy
505:bay
499:2PL
495:ùna
443:of
402:in
394:in
297:of
238:IPA
198:fpe
2382::
1809:,
1801:,
1756:.
1688:^
1552:^
1511:^
1432:^
1401:^
1377:^
1324:se
1320:we
1263:go
1260:go
1208:nà
1194:mi
1122:dì
1060:dì
1055:on
1034:dì
975:mì
972:mi
948:mì
932:mi
894:dè
868:dè
658:gò
624:À
592:in
537:PL
513:dì
328:,
324:,
320:,
289:,
117:,
2353:-
2017:e
2010:t
2003:v
1848:e
1841:t
1834:v
1766:.
1750::
1726:.
1720::
1698:.
1682:)
1676:.
1663:)
1644:)
1638:.
1625:)
1619:.
1606:)
1600:.
1587:)
1568:)
1562:.
1546:)
1540:.
1527:)
1521:.
1505:)
1499:.
1486:)
1480:.
1467:)
1461:.
1448:)
1442:.
1417:)
1411:.
1282:.
1200:.
1092:.
1086:è
1018:.
1012:È
955:.
939:.
835:.
829:à
650:.
644:À
632:.
617:.
598:.
572:.
566:À
277:(
258:.
82:)
76:(
71:)
67:(
63:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
