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965:, suggesting the venture. Marvine was convinced by this letter and convinced three more investors to join. Marvine later sued Wood for $ 20,000 in fraud. In 1851, Wood was indicted by a grand jury, but the judges quashed the charges because the statute of limitations expired a day before the court was to rule on the matter. Wood was accused, without substantiation, of bribing the Whig district attorney with $ 700 to delay the charges until the statute of limitations expired. In 1855, the
879:, which was expected to be a showdown between Calhoun and Martin Van Buren, Wood acted as a double agent on behalf of Van Buren. Calhoun supporters, seeking to peel Tammany away from Van Buren, invited Wood to strategy meetings and sought his advice on courting New York delegates. However, Wood covertly passed this information to Van Buren. Though Calhoun never found Wood out, the affair left Van Buren suspicious of Wood's character and the former President's son,
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1186:' by the staunch Unionists. In 1860, at a meeting to choose New York's delegates to the Democratic convention in Charleston, S.C., Wood outlined his case against the abolitionist cause and the "Black Republicans" who supported it. He was of the opinion that "until we have provided and cared for the oppressed laboring man in our own midst, we should not extend our sympathy to the laboring men of other States." In January 1861, Wood suggested to the
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1108:, to menace voters and steal ballot boxes. He won the race with 44.6% of the vote, though he trailed Buchanan by a wide margin due to fractures in the city party. Despite his evident abuse of police powers and encouragement of violence, a grand jury declined to indict Wood on the grounds that such practices were common in the city's history and at the time.
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911:. As New York's population boomed and development hastened, real estate values skyrocketed. Along with subsequent purchases from the same estate, Wood accumulated a property worth over $ 650,000. Using this property as security, he engaged in a series of successful purchases in nearly every ward of Manhattan.
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Instead, Wood stood for re-election as mayor on a platform of charter reform, in defiance of a one-term tradition. The general election campaign was marked by personal attacks and street violence committed by the various political gangs in the city. On election day, Wood furloughed or relieved many
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In the words of biographer Jerome
Mushkat, Mayor Wood was "a unique figure, New York's first modern mayor, a city builder, and the prototype for later municipal leaders, a man who anticipated much of what became the urban Progressive Movement." His mayoralty was marked by his push for home rule and
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His first marriage (1831–39) to Anna Taylor of
Philadelphia ended in divorce upon Wood's discovery of her frequent adultery. Their marriage was childless and a court decreed that Anna could not marry again during Wood's lifetime. He never spoke of her again, but a political enemy later claimed she
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In New York, Fernando enrolled in a private academy run by James Shea of
Columbia College. He was educated in grammar, rhetoric, and mathematics. He left school in 1825 at age 13, as his father's business declined, in order to provide for his family. For six years, he worked throughout the Eastern
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in the city's appointed offices, including the New York City police force. His political appointments and his advocacy for unilateral reform of the city charter to strengthen his power and grant the city home rule brought him into direct conflict with the
Republican state legislature, leading to a
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However, his attempts at reform were quickly overshadowed by failure to answer accusations of corruption in his handling of the police force. His political base was eroded entirely in the 1855 elections, leaving Wood on the defensive for the remainder of his term. Nonetheless, his vision for the
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for the use of unparliamentary language. During debate on the floor the House of
Representatives, Wood called a piece of legislation "A monstrosity, a measure the most infamous of the many infamous acts of this infamous Congress." An uproar immediately followed this utterance, and Wood was not
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Wood was nominated for Mayor of New York City for the first time in 1850 with the support of "Soft Shell
Democrats" who supported the 1849 state Democratic platform, which called for protection of slavery where it existed but recognized Congress's right to prevent its extension to new American
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as having "a white man's face on the body of a negro," and supported state-level
Democratic Party platforms that advocated constitutional amendments protecting slavery. He argued that the amendment "strikes at property," and took the power of regulating slavery away from the states, where it
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In April, the
Republican legislature passed a new City Charter which truncated Wood's current term to one year, a Police Reform Act dissolving Wood's Municipal police in favor of a Metropolitan state unit, and an Excise Act implementing restrictive liquor licensing throughout the state. Wood
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for the
Democratic nomination. After Roosevelt withdrew, Wood won a one-vote plurality in the primary, but fell short of the required majority. Moore withdrew in favor of McKeon, who had lost the nomination in his original district. McKeon won, and Wood covertly undermined him in the general
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was highly factionalized until after the Civil War. Wood and his faction cocreated and he headed his own organization named Mozart Hall. New York City commercial interests wanted to retain their relations with the South, but within the framework of the
Constitution.
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Wood was easily nominated for a second time, though a faction of Hard Democrats nominated Wilson J. Hunt. Wood's campaign was nearly upended by his Know-Nothing involvement, but he survived the accusations to win with just 33.6% of the vote.
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elected its four members of the House on a single ticket. Wood campaigned on Anglophobic themes to appeal to Irish voters in the city, suggesting that "British stockjobbers" funded the Whig campaign in gold. He engaged in a war of words with
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Wood began organizing his political return in November 1853, courting both the Soft and Hard factions in opposition to Free Soil Democrats, who opposed any extension of slavery whatsoever. He also sought influence in the secretive new
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In response, Wood published the statements of two of the referees in his case, a letter from the bank's Whig attorney, and a letter from his own attorney, which Wood combined to argue the bank had maligned him to help the Whig Party.
760:, deflation, and free trade. However, he supported federal funding in New York, including appropriations for harbor improvements, fortifications, and the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Wood was also a staunch backer of federal subsidies for
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In his first two-year term, Wood sought to strengthen the office of mayor and establish "one-man rule" in advance of proposals to unilaterally modernize the city's economy, improve its public works, and reduce wealth inequality.
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In 1832, Wood returned to New York City to head his mother's household at 140 Greene Street. He struggled in business, often working nights at his wife's wine and tobacconist store on Pearl Street. In 1835, Wood started a
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After leaving the mayor's office, Wood was elected to several more terms in the House of Representatives, where he served for sixteen years. In his final two terms in that office, he served as Chairman of the powerful
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Wood massively expanded his wealth by entering the real estate market, at first by accident. In 1848, using his second wife's modest fortune, he took out a $ 4,000 (~$ 114,005 in 2023) mortgage on a 150 acre plot on
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He embarked on several large spending programs, including modernizing the city's wharfs by replacing wooden structures with stone, new safety features for the city's railways, construction of the already-planned
2081:"The Syracuse Convention – Election of Delegates at Large to the Charleston Convention – Speech of Mayor Wood – Commodore Vanderbilt offers a Steamer to carry the Party to Charleston – Second Day's Proceedings"
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With his government job as a subsidy and political power base, Wood expanded his business and rented a new home in upper Manhattan with three servants. Except for his efforts on behalf of presidential nominee
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2245:"Death of Fernando Wood – Taken Off at Hot Springs After a Prolonged Illness – His Career As a Broker's Clerk, Merchant, and Politician – Terms As Mayor and the Riot of 1857 – New-York As a Free City in 1861"
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Wood and his Democratic running mates unseated the incumbent Whig ticket, though Wood received the fewest votes and only won his seat by 886 votes. The bank scandal remained a sore spot for Wood for years.
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Wood's Democratic machine was concerned with maintaining the revenues that maintained the patronage, which depended on Southern cotton. Wood's suggestion was greeted with derision by the Common Council.
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922:. By 1855, his growing fortune was estimated at $ 200,000; in 1861, $ 500,000. Wood himself reported personal holdings of $ 1,200,000 at the 1860 census ($ 40,693,333 in 2023 dollars).
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Wood was married three times and had 16 children, seven from his second marriage to Anna Richardson and nine from his third marriage to Alice Mills. Among his children with Mills were
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for a patronage appointment as the State Department's local despatch agent, despite previously having tried to abolish the role when he was a congressman. Though Secretary of State
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United States in a variety of low-paying jobs, including as a stage actor. In 1831, he married his first wife, Anna W. Taylor, the 16-year old daughter of a Philadelphia merchant.
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Wood also lobbied the U.S. State Department for protections for Irish political prisoners, some of whom were naturalized Americans, whom the British forcibly resettled on
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Wood was slightly over six feet, making him tall for his time. Contemporaries described him as "strikingly handsome," but he dressed plainly and showed little emotion.
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Wood's biographer Jerome Mushkat describes him as a totally self-reliant man of "soaring ambition" and "an almost dictatorial obsession to control men and events."
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He was elected mayor for the first time in 1854 and served three non-consecutive terms. His mayoralty was marked by an almost dictatorial vision of the office and
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Gregory Christiano surveys Fernando Wood, the rival police forces, gang wars and the Panic of 1857: 'Introduction to a turbulent period in New York City history."
715:, who revealed that Wood had been found liable for $ 2,143.90 in overdraft fees after he fraudulently withdrew from his bank on the basis of a bookkeeping error.
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Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 43.
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Despite his business failures, Wood was successful in politics. He joined the nascent Jacksonian Democratic Party, possibly influenced by his hatred of the
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Subsequent to serving his third mayoral term, Wood served again in the House of Representatives from 1863 to 1865, then again from 1867 until his death in
630:, where he opened a tobacconist store in 1821. The business failed by 1829 and Benjamin Wood left his family to die, impoverished and alone in Charleston.
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charter revision that prematurely ended his second term in office and resulted in his arrest. He returned to the mayor's office for a final term in 1860.
685:, Wood worked to advance radical anti-bank politics within the Young Men's Committee. Wood's move was politically prescient; in September 1837, President
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Wood died in Hot Springs, Arkansas on February 13, 1881, one day before his 69th birthday. He was buried in Trinity Church Cemetery, in New York, N.Y.
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which abolished slavery and was critical in blocking the measure in the House when it first came up for a vote in June 1864. Wood attacked anti-slavery
510:, Wood served a single term in the U.S. House before returning to private life and building a fortune in real estate speculation and maritime shipping.
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mayoralty as a powerful central executive and his campaign for greater home rule for New York City came to define the city's politics for generations.
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Wood expected to run for re-election in 1842, but the New York City district was split into four separate districts by a congressional mandate.
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Fernando Wood's grandfather Henry Wood was born in 1758 and served in the American Revolution as a captain. He was wounded at the battles of
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It was later discovered that Wood defrauded his brother-in-law, Edward E. Marvine, in order to obtain the necessary start-up capital for the
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In October 1840, Wood's rise culminated with a nomination for the United States House of Representatives at just 28 years old. At this time,
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through her mother, and her father, Judge Joseph L. Richardson, was well-connected with upstate politicians including President Van Buren,
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In 1860 he married Alice Fenner Mills, the 16-year-old daughter of retired Republican financier and railroad executive C. Drake Mills.
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Through most of Wood's life, the city of New York was coterminous with the island of Manhattan. The western portion of the modern-day
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Wood served a third mayoral term in 1860 and 1861. Wood was one of many New York Democrats sympathetic to the Confederacy, called '
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ordered Wood to pay Marvine $ 8,000 and the other partners $ 5,635.40. Wood filed an appeal that dragged on for another six years.
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after their father, also served in the U.S. Congress. Throughout Fernando Wood's career, Benjamin was his sole trusted ally.
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In Wood's second term, his control over Tammany Hall unraveled and his handling of the police force boiled over in the
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dominated the campaign, and Wood pursued public works programs to provide jobs and food for the city's poor citizens.
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In need of funds and expecting his first child, Wood left politics after 1842 to reopen his ship chandler firm on the
764:'s experimental telegraph. He was a vocal opponent of protectionist tariffs proposed by House Ways and Means chairman
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663:, which he blamed for his father's ruin. In 1836, party leaders elevated him to membership in the fraternal-political
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The Wood family traces its lineage in America to around 1670, when Henry Wood, a carpenter and Quaker, migrated from
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election, invoking McKeon's Irish heritage and suggesting McKeon was a secret abolitionist. McKeon lost to Whig
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753:. Wood's voting record was markedly pro-Southern and pro-slavery, more so than any other New York congressman.
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committed himself to resisting the Police Reform Act and maintaining his own Municipal police, culminating in
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890:, Wood renewed their friendship and launched into a campaign for Polk in New York City, New Jersey, and the
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later said of Wood, "I never yet went to get a corner lot that I didn't find Wood had got in ahead of me."
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In Congress, Wood served on the Public Buildings and Grounds Committee. He sought out the mentorship of
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He was very popular in New York and throughout the country, and gained the nickname "the Model Mayor."
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and declare itself a free city in order to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederacy.
961:. Wood presented his brother-in-law with a fraudulent letter, purportedly from a "Thomas O'Larkin" in
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2162:"American Society of Aeronautic Engineers Selects Messrs. Wood and Sperry for the Advisory Board"
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In the December 1857 election, Tammany joined with Republicans and Know-Nothings in endorsing
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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
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Wood's career and Southern sympathies were nurtured by Senator and later Secretary of State
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In 1841 he married Anna Dole Richardson, who died in 1859. Anna was a direct descendant of
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1344:. During his second marriage, having built a second fortune, Wood and his wife joined the
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charter reform, as well as accusations of corruption in city government by his opponents.
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was split between moderates, including Wood, and a breakaway faction of radicals known as
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During Fernando's childhood, his father moved the family frequently: from Philadelphia to
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592:. His mother, Rebecca (née Lehman) Wood, was the daughter of a recent immigrant from
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on February 14, 1812. His Spanish forename was chosen by his mother, who found it in
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nativist movement, despite his base of support in the city's immigrant communities.
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During the case, Wood maintained his innocence and brought a libel suit against the
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and in defense of his own patronage position, he remained largely outside politics.
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and succeeded by John C. Calhoun, who granted Wood the appointment on May 8, 1844.
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His father, Benjamin Wood, was a speculator in dry goods who was bankrupted by the
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794:. To avoid facing McKeon in a primary, Wood relocated to a strong Whig district,
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AllRefer Encyclopedia - Fernando Wood (U.S. History, Biographies) - Encyclopedia
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and attempted to parlay this support into a nomination on Buchanan's ticket for
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firm with Francis Secor and Joseph Scoville, but the business failed during the
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politician, merchant, and real estate investor who served as the 73rd and 75th
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Censured or reprimanded members of the United States House of Representatives
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Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States (1861–1865)
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A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American Revolution, Volume 1
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Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States (1861–1865)
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Fernando had six siblings: four brothers and two sisters. His brother, named
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Wood was denied a third successive term by a narrow margin of 3,000 votes.
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During his first term in office, Wood oversaw construction of the planned
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Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1867–1868,
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maintained a profitable trade transporting passengers and lumber between
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2168:. New York, NY: Flying Association, Inc. September 1, 1915. p. 660.
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List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded
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List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
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Fernando Wood's recommendation to the city council, January 6, 1861.
835:, announcing to his friends that he was "entirely out of politics."
2185:. New York: Louis H. Cornish. p. 839 – via Google Books.
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Throughout his career, Wood expressed political sympathies for the
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Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means
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Biography of Hon. Fernando Wood, Mayor of the City of New York
487:(February 14, 1812 – February 13, 1881) was an American
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On economic issues, Wood was an orthodox Democrat, favoring
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at the Biographical Directory of The United States Congress
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Notwithstanding his censure, Wood still managed to defeat
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for prematurely printing details of Marvine's deposition.
883:, became Wood's political rival for the next two decades.
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in order to continue its profitable cotton trade with the
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permitted to continue. This was followed by a motion by
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a police riot and Wood's orchestrated arrest on June 16
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Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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Lockwood, John; Lockwood, Charles (January 6, 2011).
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549:. In the House, he was a vocal opponent of President
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People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
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police officers of duty, allowing his own gang, the
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1685:"Our Campaigns - NY District 3 Race - Nov 02, 1840"
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996:Wood was the first New York City mayor linked to
1258:in both the 45th and 46th Congress (1877–1881).
1167:Return to mayoralty and support for Confederacy
1120:Wood's second term in office was marred by the
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2307:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. p.
2120:W.W. Norton & Company, 2013, pp. 448, 452
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2303:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall
1385:Little is known about Wood's maternal line.
934:In October 1848, in the early stages of the
106:January 1, 1860 – December 31, 1861
71:January 1, 1855 – December 31, 1857
2347:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
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1080:1856 gubernatorial campaign and re-election
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1223:Wood was one of the main opponents of the
155:March 4, 1867 – February 13, 1881
31:
20:
3997:19th-century New York (state) politicians
838:To accrue necessary capital, Wood begged
1306:, which was founded in 1919), supported
886:After the nomination went to dark horse
2818:June 12, 1665 – December 31, 1897
2396:Mr. Lincoln and New York: Fernando Wood
2231:
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2012:
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1440:
918:In 1852, Wood expanded his holdings to
416: 1841; died 1859)
2588:New York's 10th congressional district
2063:"First South Carolina. Then New York?"
501:United States House of Representatives
264:March 4, 1841 – March 4, 1843
217:March 4, 1863 – March 4, 1865
2621:New York's 9th congressional district
2555:New York's 9th congressional district
2522:New York's 5th congressional district
2472:New York's 3rd congressional district
1988:
1976:
1935:
1923:
1887:
1822:
1671:
1586:
1524:
1512:
1300:(not to be confused with the current
553:and one of the main opponents of the
7:
2343:Fernando Wood: A Political Biography
1329:had become an alcoholic prostitute.
1100:, who ultimately lost the election.
1059:, depicted here as it stood in 1868.
1019:in a landslide for the Whig Party.
877:1844 Democratic National Convention
871:1844 Democratic National Convention
798:, where instead he faced incumbent
2428:Fernando Wood's Biographical Entry
2385:. W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.
14:
3942:19th-century American legislators
2816:from inception to consolidation (
1472:until after Wood's death in 1881.
790:, also home to popular incumbent
524:House Committee on Ways and Means
3947:American people of Welsh descent
3706:
3293:
1254:Wood served as chairman for the
1015:territories. He was defeated by
661:Second Bank of the United States
470:
390:
1367:. He later moved his family to
1084:Wood was an early supporter of
846:refused, he was soon killed in
433:
413:
386:
16:American politician (1812–1881)
2649:House Ways and Means Committee
2277:. February 21, 1881. p. 8
2251:. February 15, 1881. p. 2
2179:Clark, A. Howard, ed. (1903).
1235:On January 15, 1868, Wood was
1072:, and expansion of the city's
1:
3992:Politicians from Philadelphia
3952:American proslavery activists
2616:U.S. House of Representatives
2583:U.S. House of Representatives
2550:U.S. House of Representatives
2517:U.S. House of Representatives
2467:U.S. House of Representatives
2438:U.S. House of Representatives
2089:. February 8, 1860. p. 1
693:U.S. Representative (1841–43)
547:Confederate States of America
506:After rapidly rising through
138:U.S. House of Representatives
42:
3987:People of the Six Years' War
3758:Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall
1219:Civil War and Reconstruction
596:who had been wounded at the
559:slavery in the United States
1346:Protestant Episcopal Church
1256:Committee on Ways and Means
848:an accident aboard the USS
733:27th United States Congress
537:. He once suggested to the
4013:
1470:consolidated into the city
1267:Personality and appearance
1090:1856 Democratic nomination
1007:
988:Mayoralty of Fernando Wood
985:
868:
865:1844 presidential election
730:
624:Charleston, South Carolina
569:Fernando Wood was born in
3720:indicates acting chairman
3715:
3704:
3342:
3291:
2825:
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2754:
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2513:
2505:
2495:
2463:
2443:
2436:
2334:. New York: O.F. Parsons.
2299:Allen, Oliver E. (1993).
2271:"Fernando Wood's Remains"
1323:Henry Alexander Wise Wood
1130:New York City Police riot
655:Rise through Tammany Hall
478:
305:
257:
210:
148:
99:
64:
52:
30:
2666:Party political offices
2339:Mushkat, Jerome (1990).
2326:MacLeod, Donald (1856).
3977:Mayors of New York City
3972:Leaders of Tammany Hall
3871:Christopher D. Sullivan
3826:Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler
3816:Isaac Vanderbeck Fowler
2814:Mayors of New York City
1406:, Wood is portrayed by
1010:Hunkers and Barnburners
802:and former Congressman
533:, including during the
3962:Copperheads (politics)
3856:Charles Francis Murphy
2765:Mayor of New York City
2738:Mayor of New York City
2731:Jacob Aaron Westervelt
2641:William Ralls Morrison
2370:The Gangs of New York,
1276:
1215:on February 13, 1881.
1179:
1125:
1060:
982:Mayor of New York City
967:New York Supreme Court
828:
788:the new fifth district
531:Southern United States
82:Jacob Aaron Westervelt
59:Mayor of New York City
1365:Newport, Rhode Island
1310:, and was elected to
1274:
1232:rightfully belonged.
1213:Hot Springs, Arkansas
1188:New York City Council
1174:
1119:
1054:
822:
612:Shelbyville, Kentucky
539:New York City Council
349:Hot Springs, Arkansas
2401:May 2, 2005, at the
1412:Thirteenth Amendment
1286:Marriages and family
1207:Return to U.S. House
1094:Governor of New York
1040:First term (1855–56)
1017:Ambrose C. Kingsland
963:Monterey, California
936:California Gold Rush
683:a Locofoco food riot
555:Thirteenth Amendment
515:political corruption
389: 1831;
3906:Edward N. Costikyan
2135:Kennedy, Robert C.
1456:was added in 1877.
1303:New York Daily News
1297:New York Daily News
954:and San Francisco.
575:The Three Spaniards
403:Ann Dole Richardson
3886:Edward V. Loughlin
3881:Michael J. Kennedy
2723:Political offices
2542:William A. Darling
2488:James I. Roosevelt
2275:The New York Times
2249:The New York Times
2086:The New York Times
2067:The New York Times
1316:American Civil War
1308:Stephen A. Douglas
1277:
1275:Wood later in life
1249:Dr. Francis Thomas
1180:
1126:
1112:Second term (1857)
1061:
875:In advance of the
829:
815:Return to business
800:James I. Roosevelt
598:Battle of Yorktown
557:, which abolished
535:American Civil War
426:Alice Fenner Mills
166:William A. Darling
3919:
3918:
3876:Charles H. Hussey
3781:George Buckmaster
3725:
3724:
3302:
3301:
2781:
2780:
2772:Succeeded by
2758:Daniel F. Tiemann
2748:Daniel F. Tiemann
2745:Succeeded by
2709:Succeeded by
2689:Succeeded by
2656:Succeeded by
2628:Succeeded by
2595:Succeeded by
2562:Succeeded by
2529:Succeeded by
2496:Succeeded by
2484:Charles G. Ferris
2447:Moses H. Grinnell
2198:, pp. 11–12.
2051:, pp. 75–81.
2039:, pp. 72–75.
2015:, pp. 69–70.
2003:, pp. 67–69.
1991:, pp. 85–86.
1967:, pp. 54–59.
1914:, pp. 31–37.
1902:, pp. 26–30.
1866:, pp. 24–26.
1849:, pp. 24–25.
1712:, pp. 16–17.
1674:, pp. 53–54.
1662:, pp. 13–14.
1527:, pp. 52–53.
1154:Daniel F. Tiemann
1134:Dead Rabbits riot
1122:Great Police riot
909:Bloomingdale Road
762:Samuel F.B. Morse
709:New York American
482:
481:
342:February 13, 1881
117:Daniel F. Tiemann
94:Daniel F. Tiemann
37:Daguerreotype by
4004:
3911:J. Raymond Jones
3891:Frank J. Sampson
3866:James J. Dooling
3836:William M. Tweed
3796:Mordecai M. Noah
3752:
3745:
3738:
3729:
3710:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3297:
2990:J. Van Cortlandt
2975:J. Van Cortlandt
2910:S. Van Cortlandt
2875:S. Van Cortlandt
2807:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2755:Preceded by
2728:Preceded by
2700:Grand Sachem of
2680:Grand Sachem of
2671:Preceded by
2638:Preceded by
2605:Preceded by
2572:Preceded by
2565:David B. Mellish
2539:Preceded by
2506:Preceded by
2499:Jonas P. Phoenix
2477:
2444:Preceded by
2434:
2368:Herbert Asbury,
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2137:"Angel of Peace"
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1398:Steven Spielberg
1389:Death and legacy
1342:William C. Bouck
766:Millard Fillmore
687:Martin Van Buren
489:Democratic Party
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2712:Isaac V. Fowler
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2674:Isaac V. Fowler
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2403:Wayback Machine
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2363:Further reading
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1290:Wood's brother
1288:
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1209:
1192:New York secede
1169:
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1098:Amasa J. Parker
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825:John C. Calhoun
817:
781:
743:John C. Calhoun
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665:Tammany Society
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551:Abraham Lincoln
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2608:Richard Schell
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2390:External links
2388:
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2381:Oakes, James.
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881:John Van Buren
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372:
369:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
352:
346:(aged 68)
340:
336:
335:
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
294:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
255:
254:
247:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
225:
219:
218:
208:
207:
185:
181:
180:
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
146:
145:
132:
131:
126:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
62:
61:
57:73rd and 75th
54:
53:
50:
49:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4009:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:John F. Curry
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Fernando Wood
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Fernando Wood
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Robert Morris
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Stephen Allen
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3753:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3296:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:J. de Peyster
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:A. de Peyster
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2776:
2775:George Opdyke
2767:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2716:William Tweed
2713:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2647:Chair of the
2642:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2532:Nelson Taylor
2524:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2459:Ogden Hoffman
2456:
2452:
2451:Edward Curtis
2448:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Fernando Wood
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2318:0-201-62463-X
2314:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:, p. 109
2221:
2216:
2213:
2210:, p. 26.
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:, p. 71.
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1979:, p. 84.
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:, p. 50.
1949:
1944:
1941:
1938:, p. 82.
1937:
1932:
1929:
1926:, p. 80.
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1890:, p. 13.
1889:
1884:
1881:
1878:, p. 40.
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1837:, p. 24.
1836:
1831:
1828:
1825:, p. 79.
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:, p. 23.
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:, p. 21.
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:, p. 16.
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1759:, p. 20.
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1744:, p. 19.
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:, p. 18.
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1700:, p. 15.
1699:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:, p. 11.
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:, p. 53.
1588:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1515:, p. 52.
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1466:Staten Island
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:Benjamin Wood
1285:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1262:Personal life
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1229:War Democrats
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1177:Matthew Brady
1173:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Panic of 1857
1155:
1148:1857 election
1147:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1124:in June 1857.
1123:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1023:1854 campaign
1022:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1004:1850 campaign
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
989:
981:
979:
977:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
944:John C. Cater
941:
937:
929:
925:
923:
921:
920:San Francisco
916:
914:
913:William Tweed
910:
901:
899:
897:
893:
892:Southern Tier
889:
888:James K. Polk
884:
882:
878:
872:
864:
862:
860:
859:James K. Polk
854:
852:
851:
845:
841:
840:Henry A. Wise
836:
834:
826:
821:
814:
812:
810:
809:Hamilton Fish
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
779:1842 election
778:
776:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
751:James K. Polk
748:
747:Henry A. Wise
744:
740:
734:
727:27th Congress
726:
724:
720:
716:
714:
710:
705:
704:New York City
698:1840 election
697:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
679:Panic of 1837
676:
672:
668:
666:
662:
654:
652:
650:
649:Panic of 1837
646:
645:ship chandler
640:
633:
631:
629:
628:New York City
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
605:Benjamin Wood
601:
599:
595:
591:
590:Panic of 1819
586:
584:
583:George Walker
580:
577:, an English
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
519:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
498:
497:New York City
494:
490:
486:
485:Fernando Wood
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Benjamin Wood
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
421:
420:
398:
397:
371:
370:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
350:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:June 14, 1812
317:
313:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
279:
276:
275:Edward Curtis
273:
267:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
240:Nelson Taylor
238:
232:
229:
226:
220:
214:
209:
204:
197:
196:10th district
190:
186:
182:
179:
176:
170:
167:
164:
158:
152:
147:
144:
139:
135:Member of the
133:
130:
129:George Opdyke
127:
121:
118:
115:
109:
103:
98:
95:
92:
86:
83:
80:
74:
68:
63:
60:
55:
51:
40:
34:
29:
25:Fernando Wood
22:
19:
3830:
3820:
3806:Isaac Varian
3801:Walter Bowne
3786:Jacob Barker
3764:Grand Sachem
3717:
3680:
3663:
3641:
3637:Rostenkowski
3521:
3199:
3189:
2895:Van Steenwyk
2845:Van Steenwyk
2763:
2736:
2702:Tammany Hall
2699:
2682:Tammany Hall
2679:
2646:
2613:
2580:
2547:
2514:
2509:William Wall
2464:
2455:James Monroe
2382:
2369:
2342:
2329:
2302:
2293:Bibliography
2279:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2248:
2239:
2234:, p. 1.
2232:Mushkat 1990
2227:
2220:Mushkat 1990
2215:
2208:Mushkat 1990
2203:
2196:Mushkat 1990
2191:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2066:
2056:
2049:Mushkat 1990
2044:
2037:Mushkat 1990
2032:
2025:Mushkat 1990
2020:
2013:Mushkat 1990
2008:
2001:Mushkat 1990
1996:
1984:
1972:
1965:Mushkat 1990
1948:Mushkat 1990
1943:
1931:
1919:
1912:Mushkat 1990
1907:
1900:Mushkat 1990
1895:
1883:
1876:Mushkat 1990
1871:
1864:Mushkat 1990
1847:Mushkat 1990
1842:
1835:Mushkat 1990
1830:
1808:Mushkat 1990
1793:Mushkat 1990
1788:
1781:Mushkat 1990
1776:
1769:Mushkat 1990
1764:
1757:Mushkat 1990
1742:Mushkat 1990
1725:Mushkat 1990
1710:Mushkat 1990
1705:
1698:Mushkat 1990
1693:
1679:
1667:
1660:Mushkat 1990
1643:Mushkat 1990
1628:Mushkat 1990
1623:
1618:, p. 7.
1616:Mushkat 1990
1601:, p. 6.
1599:Mushkat 1990
1594:
1566:Mushkat 1990
1561:
1556:, p. 3.
1554:Mushkat 1990
1549:
1544:, p. 4.
1542:Mushkat 1990
1520:
1508:
1503:, p. 2.
1501:Mushkat 1990
1402:
1395:
1392:
1384:
1373:
1358:
1350:
1338:Silas Wright
1334:William Penn
1331:
1327:
1320:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1253:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1200:Tammany Hall
1196:
1181:
1175:Portrait by
1162:
1151:
1138:
1127:
1106:Dead Rabbits
1102:
1083:
1070:Central Park
1066:
1062:
1057:Central Park
1047:
1043:
1034:
1030:Know-Nothing
1026:
1013:
998:Tammany Hall
995:
991:
975:New York Sun
973:
971:
958:
956:
947:
943:
933:
927:
917:
905:
885:
874:
855:
849:
837:
830:
785:
782:
770:
755:
736:
721:
717:
713:Charles King
708:
701:
671:Tammany Hall
669:
658:
641:
637:
620:Havana, Cuba
609:
602:
587:
579:gothic novel
574:
571:Philadelphia
568:
528:
520:
512:
508:Tammany Hall
505:
484:
483:
344:(1881-02-13)
332:Pennsylvania
328:Philadelphia
298:3rd district
293:Constituency
282:Succeeded by
259:
251:5th district
246:Constituency
235:Succeeded by
228:William Wall
212:
203:9th district
189:9th district
184:Constituency
173:Succeeded by
150:
124:Succeeded by
101:
89:Succeeded by
66:
39:Mathew Brady
18:
3937:1881 deaths
3932:1812 births
3851:Lewis Nixon
3477:J. G. Jones
3472:L. Campbell
3442:J. W. Jones
3377:G. Campbell
3130:C. Lawrence
2920:J. Lawrence
2860:J. Lawrence
2659:John Tucker
2492:John McKeon
2377:pp. 193-196
2146:February 6,
1369:West Jersey
1184:Copperheads
902:Real estate
844:Abel Upshur
792:John McKeon
616:New Orleans
581:written by
376:Anna Taylor
270:Preceded by
223:Preceded by
206:(1875–1881)
199:(1873–1875)
192:(1867–1873)
161:Preceded by
112:Preceded by
77:Preceded by
46: 1855
3926:Categories
3841:John Kelly
3771:Aaron Burr
3437:Cambreleng
3347:Fitzsimons
3185:Westervelt
3065:M. Willett
3055:Livingston
2840:T. Willett
2830:T. Willett
2769:1860–1861
2742:1855–1857
2706:1855–1857
2686:1850–1856
2653:1877–1881
2631:John Hardy
2625:1875–1881
2592:1873–1875
2559:1867–1873
2526:1863–1865
2354:087338413X
1989:Allen 1993
1977:Allen 1993
1936:Allen 1993
1924:Allen 1993
1888:Allen 1993
1823:Allen 1993
1672:Allen 1993
1587:Allen 1993
1525:Allen 1993
1513:Allen 1993
1480:References
1376:Germantown
1008:See also:
869:See also:
833:East River
758:hard money
739:Henry Clay
731:See also:
565:Early life
543:city-state
360:Democratic
321:1812-06-14
178:John Hardy
3572:Underwood
3427:Verplanck
3230:Havemeyer
3180:Kingsland
3170:Havemeyer
3155:Havemeyer
3030:Cruger Jr
3020:S. Bayard
2985:Johnstone
2980:Heathcote
2950:De Reimer
2905:N. Bayard
2900:Minvielle
2480:1841–1843
2281:August 5,
2255:August 5,
2093:August 5,
1468:were not
1074:grid plan
850:Princeton
804:Ely Moore
796:the sixth
675:Locofocos
467:Signature
462:(brother)
456:Relatives
260:In office
213:In office
151:In office
102:In office
67:In office
3698:J. Smith
3627:W. Mills
3612:Doughton
3602:Doughton
3552:Springer
3547:McKinley
3542:R. Mills
3537:Morrison
3517:Morrison
3447:Fillmore
3422:McDuffie
3417:Randolph
3407:S. Smith
3367:Randolph
3362:Griswold
3352:W. Smith
3175:Woodhull
3115:Paulding
3105:Paulding
3090:Radcliff
3085:Ferguson
3075:Radcliff
2965:Peartree
2885:Rombouts
2880:Delavall
2870:De Mayer
2850:Delavall
2835:Delavall
2399:Archived
2141:HarpWeek
1462:Brooklyn
1418:See also
1408:Lee Pace
1380:Yorktown
1355:Ancestry
1312:Congress
1237:censured
1088:for the
773:Tasmania
445:Children
301:(Seat B)
143:New York
3718:Italics
3682:Johnson
3643:Gibbons
3607:Knutson
3597:Collier
3582:Fordney
3577:Kitchin
3562:Dingley
3502:Schenck
3497:Morrill
3492:Stevens
3487:Sherman
3467:Houston
3402:Lowndes
3240:Wickham
3215:Hoffman
3210:Gunther
3195:Tiemann
3080:Clinton
3070:Clinton
3060:Clinton
3040:Mathews
3025:Holland
3010:Richard
3005:Lurting
2995:Walters
2945:Provost
2935:Merritt
2915:Delanoy
2865:Dervall
1403:Lincoln
711:editor
594:Hamburg
438:
430:
418:
410:
406:
395:
383:
379:
366:Spouses
3659:Rangel
3654:Thomas
3649:Archer
3632:Ullman
3622:Cooper
3592:Hawley
3557:Wilson
3532:Kelley
3527:Tucker
3507:Hooper
3482:Phelps
3457:Vinton
3412:McLane
3392:Cheves
3357:Harper
3285:Strong
3280:Gilroy
3270:Hewitt
3250:Cooper
3205:Opdyke
3160:Mickle
3150:Harper
3145:Morris
3140:Varian
3095:Colden
3050:Varick
3015:Cruger
3000:Jansen
2970:Wilson
2960:French
2930:Lodwik
2855:Nicoll
2490:, and
2476:Seat B
2351:
2315:
2166:Flying
1464:, and
1458:Queens
1340:, and
952:Oregon
942:, the
940:barque
930:affair
749:, and
351:, U.S.
334:, U.S.
3688:Brady
3665:Levin
3587:Green
3567:Payne
3512:Dawes
3462:Bayly
3452:McKay
3397:Eppes
3387:Bacon
3382:Eppes
3275:Grant
3265:Grace
3260:Edson
3255:Grace
3235:Vance
3220:Coman
3165:Brady
3135:Clark
3120:Bowne
3100:Allen
3045:Duane
3035:Hicks
2955:Noell
2619:from
2586:from
2553:from
2520:from
2482:with
2470:from
1454:Bronx
1435:Notes
1361:Wales
1190:that
959:Cater
948:Cater
928:Cater
493:Mayor
450:Henry
432:(
428:
412:(
408:
385:(
381:
141:from
3693:Neal
3676:Ryan
3671:Camp
3617:Reed
3522:Wood
3432:Polk
3372:Clay
3225:Hall
3200:Wood
3190:Wood
3110:Hone
2890:Dyre
2372:1927
2349:ISBN
2313:ISBN
2283:2021
2257:2021
2148:2021
2095:2021
1378:and
1132:and
681:and
391:div.
339:Died
315:Born
3245:Ely
3125:Lee
1400:'s
1396:In
1363:to
495:of
3928::
2486:,
2311:.
2273:.
2247:.
2164:.
2139:.
2125:^
2083:.
2065:.
1955:^
1854:^
1815:^
1800:^
1749:^
1732:^
1717:^
1650:^
1635:^
1606:^
1573:^
1532:^
1487:^
1460:,
1443:^
1414:.
1382:.
1348:.
1325:.
1318:.
1144:.
1136:.
1000:.
898:.
811:.
775:.
768:.
745:,
622:;
618:;
614:;
600:.
585:.
561:.
526:.
503:.
434:m.
414:m.
387:m.
330:,
43:c.
41:,
3751:e
3744:t
3737:v
3328:e
3321:t
3314:v
2820:)
2806:e
2799:t
2792:v
2357:.
2321:.
2285:.
2259:.
2150:.
2097:.
2069:.
1687:.
827:.
323:)
319:(
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