293:
20:
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with native bird species and bats for food and nesting sites. Although not aggressive, parakeets have been shown to deter smaller birds due to their behaviour and noise; their large size means that they often crowd small bird feeders, further increasing competition for resources and disrupting local
129:
population first came to exist and thrive in the wild in
England is not known; however, theories abound, most centred around a pair or more of breeding parakeets that escaped or were released from captivity some time in the mid-1990s, consistent with the first widespread photographs of the birds.
413:
Concerns have been raised by Hazel
Jackson, an expert in invasive species and conservation at the University of Kent, over the impact of the growing numbers of rose-ringed parakeets in south-east England. Scientific research programmes have analysed the behaviour of parakeets and found that they
323:
The numbers remained very low, however, until the mid-1990s, when the population appeared to start increasing rapidly. The population was estimated at 500 birds in 1983, reached 1,500 by 1996, and 5,800 in the London area in 2002 (sheltering in up to 5 roosts). The last official roost
461:
in many countries such as Israel, where large swarms of parakeets can have a devastating effect on certain crops, and there is concern that the rapidly growing parakeet population could have unforeseen environmental impact in
Britain. In 2009, the governmental wildlife organisation
1111:
303:
Throughout the decades since, parakeets continued to variously escape captivity; however, populations repeatedly died out until 1969, when the population of parakeets began to breed and sustain itself in London for the first time. Beginning in
276:
Despite the increase in notability and population size at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, escaped parakeets have been spotted in
Britain since the 19th century. The earliest recorded sighting was in 1855 in
401:(RSPB) estimated there to be around 8,600 breeding pairs in Britain. Other scientific counts conducted in 2012 placed the number at around 32,000 birds. The rose-ringed parakeet is scientifically monitored by the
736:
95:. The parakeets breed rapidly and have spread beyond these areas: Flocks have been sighted in other parts of Britain. Separate feral rose-ringed parakeet populations exist in and around other European cities.
68:, and other occasional escaped cage birds. The origins of these birds are subject of speculation, but they are generally thought to have bred from birds that escaped from captivity or were released.
1089:
864:
653:
389:, in the early 2000s the largest population of rose-ringed parakeets was believed to exist in the South London suburbs, where the birds roosted principally in Esher Rugby Ground,
621:
759:
477:
726:
532:
242:
their pet parakeets, eventually giving rise to large feral populations. In later decades, heightened popularity of parakeets as pets and the subsequent increase in
1179:
1260:
893:
856:
833:
860:
504:
398:
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Due to population growth and the relatively quick spread throughout
Britain, estimates of parakeet numbers within the country vary. According to the
946:
1079:
974:
663:
1255:
189:
Most ornithologists believe that the original birds likely escaped from aviaries before 1971. In terms of geographic origin, the
British
611:
235:
569:
1037:
774:
699:
87:, and for this reason the birds are sometimes known as "Kingston parakeets" or "Twickenham parakeets", after the London suburbs of
427:
423:
1130:
1029:
499:
386:
918:
799:
Heald, O. J. N.; Fraticelli, C.; Cox, S. E.; Stevens, M. C. A.; Faulkner, S. C.; Blackburn, T. M.; Le Comber, S. C. (2020).
542:
1057:
402:
215:
1171:
689:
1207:
1165:
292:
227:
19:
254:
143:
1112:"Licence to kill or take certain species of wild birds to conserve wild birds and to conserve flora and fauna"
800:
246:
may have been to blame, lending some credence to the theory regarding aviaries in the Great Storm of 1987.
1250:
1135:
1053:
415:
443:
211:
190:
126:
88:
72:
45:
1245:
616:
472:
157:
61:
979:
328:
206:
133:
More specific introduction theories explaining the origin of the birds have also been published:
119:
84:
37:
111:
98:
1033:
897:
695:
182:
148:
812:
489:
466:
added feral parakeets to the “general licence”, a list of wild species that can be lawfully
447:
435:
1084:
731:
463:
458:
297:
239:
33:
951:
451:
169:
138:
889:
Population
Biology of the Introduced Rose-Ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri in the UK
834:"Britain has been invaded by parakeets – and it's got nothing to do with Jimi Hendrix"
1239:
509:
439:
80:
65:
53:
41:
887:
658:
579:
494:
431:
332:
165:
1002:
480:
stated that no cull of the ring-necked parakeet population in the UK was planned.
438:
native to
Britain: Ornithologists have observed an increase in the population of
947:"Sheffield's exotic wild parakeets could be killed in bird cull, say scientists"
397:
named its women's team "The
Parakeets" in a tribute to the birds). In 2017, The
243:
231:
218:
data revealed that the largest populations of parakeets before 1980 were in the
115:
23:
1159:
360:
356:
92:
1229:
1195:
727:"Nature Studies: London's beautiful parakeets have a new enemy to deal with"
394:
376:
372:
348:
309:
178:
975:"Watch: Exotic wild parakeets caught on camera at Yorkshire nature reserve"
75:
or ringneck parrot population is mostly concentrated in suburban areas of
1006:
574:
537:
368:
223:
1199:
654:"Exotic and colourful – But should parakeets be culled? ask scientists"
467:
380:
313:
305:
286:
282:
278:
219:
817:
352:
344:
336:
76:
57:
760:"Determination of the origin of British feral rose-ringed parakeets"
476:) were subsequently also covered by the licence. In March 2021, the
1223:
390:
364:
317:
291:
253:
110:
97:
18:
801:"Understanding the origins of the ring-necked parakeet in the UK"
470:
without the need for specific permission. Feral monk parakeets (
347:. Parakeet populations have also been reported further north in
340:
193:
are thought to be a hybrid population of two Asian subspecies,
405:(BTO) and, as of 2022, estimate about 12,000 breeding pairs.
324:
count, in 2012, recorded 32,000 parakeets in London.
512:– another feral parakeet species, also found in Britain.
156:
Parakeets that escaped from damaged aviaries during the
1003:"'Most northerly' parakeets cause flap in Glasgow park"
426:
has been likened to the impact of the introduction of
327:
British rose-ringed parakeets are most common in the
177:
A number of parakeets that reportedly escaped from a
1080:"Britain's naturalised parrot now officially a pest"
919:"Most Googled: Why are there parakeets in London?"
478:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
258:Rose-ringed parakeet distribution in Great Britain
1131:"DEFRA is not planning ring-necked parakeet cull"
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
605:
603:
601:
599:
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851:
849:
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238:and the 1950s may have caused many Britons to
16:Population of feral parakeets in Great Britain
8:
527:
525:
64:, with a few, small breeding populations of
612:"Noisy parakeets 'drive away' native birds"
894:Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology
720:
718:
564:
562:
560:
137:Parakeets that escaped from the branch of
861:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
816:
505:List of non-native birds of Great Britain
434:. However, rose-ringed parakeets do have
399:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
521:
457:Rose-ringed parakeets are considered a
683:
681:
102:Gosforth colony, Newcastle, April 2021
941:
939:
7:
1210:from the original on 30 October 2017
1182:from the original on 30 October 2017
1092:from the original on 30 October 2017
991:– via www.yorkshirepost.co.uk.
739:from the original on 31 October 2017
624:from the original on 30 October 2017
226:areas. The same study consulted the
44:. The population mainly consists of
1228:— observations of the parakeets in
1161:The great British parakeet invasion
1224:"The feral parakeets of Battersea"
1200:"On location: parakeets in London"
867:from the original on 10 March 2017
281:, and parakeets were also seen in
230:, and suggested that outbreaks of
14:
1261:Invasive animal species in Europe
886:Butler, Christopher John (2003).
758:Pithon, J.A.; Dytham, C. (2001).
725:McCarthy, Michael (8 June 2015).
610:Copping, Jasper (20 April 2014).
533:"Tropical birds move into Surrey"
34:wild-living, non-native parakeets
1129:Tigwell, Reiss (11 March 2021).
570:"Wild parrots settle in suburbs"
541:. 2 October 2009. Archived from
164:A pair of parakeets released by
30:Feral parakeets in Great Britain
234:(also known as "parrot fever")
1030:London Natural History Society
963:– via www.thestar.co.uk.
892:(PhD). Department of Zoology,
694:. A&C Black. p. 245.
500:List of birds of Great Britain
387:London Natural History Society
1:
1058:British Trust for Ornithology
1028:London Bird Report (Report).
652:Oliver, Brian (1 July 2017).
578:. 6 July 2004. Archived from
442:in London, and have reported
403:British Trust for Ornithology
1256:Birds in the United Kingdom
1277:
773:(2): 74–79. Archived from
422:The detrimental effect of
308:, the parakeets spread to
56:species of bird native to
228:British Newspaper Archive
1068:– via www.bto.org.
875:– via rspb.org.uk.
296:One outside its nest on
141:used for the filming of
1054:"Ring-necked Parakeet"
857:"Ring-necked parakeet"
454:preying on parakeets.
300:
273:
172:, London, in the 1960s
122:
103:
26:
1118:. January 2024. GL34.
1088:. 30 September 2009.
688:Self, Andrew (2014).
424:competitive exclusion
329:south-east of England
295:
257:
250:Population in Britain
191:rose-ringed parakeets
114:
101:
46:rose-ringed parakeets
22:
1032:. 2006. p. 93.
212:geographic profiling
127:rose-ringed parakeet
89:Kingston upon Thames
73:rose-ringed parakeet
1198:(29 January 2016).
1172:"Spot the parakeet"
1136:South West Londoner
1060:(BTO). 7 April 2015
691:The Birds of London
473:Myiopsitta monachus
158:Great Storm of 1987
107:Origin of the birds
62:Indian Subcontinent
983:. 18 February 2018
980:The Yorkshire Post
925:. 16 December 2019
805:Journal of Zoology
780:on 12 January 2023
582:on 30 October 2017
545:on 6 November 2017
301:
274:
244:accidental escapes
207:Journal of Zoology
123:
120:Kensington Gardens
104:
85:South-East England
50:Psittacula krameri
38:introduced species
27:
1176:BBC Black Country
898:Oxford University
818:10.1111/jzo.12753
448:peregrine falcons
436:natural predators
409:Ecological impact
183:Sunbury-on-Thames
149:Isleworth Studios
144:The African Queen
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832:Blackburn, Tim.
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749:
748:
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713:
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710:
708:
685:
676:
675:
673:
671:
662:. Archived from
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631:
629:
607:
592:
591:
589:
587:
566:
555:
554:
552:
550:
529:
490:British avifauna
395:Esher Rugby Club
269:
263:
199:P.k. manillensis
125:How exactly the
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1085:The Independent
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1009:. 12 April 2019
1001:
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996:
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937:
928:
926:
923:Time Out London
917:
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762:
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742:
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732:The Independent
724:
723:
716:
706:
704:
702:
687:
686:
679:
669:
667:
666:on 14 July 2017
651:
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609:
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595:
585:
583:
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548:
546:
531:
530:
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486:
464:Natural England
411:
298:Hampstead Heath
272:
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109:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1274:
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1154:External links
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333:London suburbs
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170:Carnaby Street
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139:Ealing Studios
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66:monk parakeets
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955:. 3 July 2017
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767:British Birds
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701:9781472905147
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440:birds of prey
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428:grey squirrel
425:
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375:, Newcastle,
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195:P.k. borealis
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81:Home Counties
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:non-migratory
51:
47:
43:
42:Great Britain
39:
35:
31:
25:
21:
1212:. Retrieved
1203:
1184:. Retrieved
1175:
1140:. Retrieved
1134:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1083:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1048:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
997:
985:. Retrieved
978:
969:
957:. Retrieved
950:
927:. Retrieved
922:
913:
901:. Retrieved
888:
881:
869:. Retrieved
838:The Guardian
837:
827:
808:
804:
794:
782:. Retrieved
775:the original
770:
766:
753:
741:. Retrieved
730:
705:. Retrieved
690:
668:. Retrieved
664:the original
659:The Observer
657:
626:. Retrieved
615:
584:. Retrieved
580:the original
573:
547:. Retrieved
543:the original
536:
495:Feral parrot
471:
456:
444:sparrowhawks
432:red squirrel
421:
419:ecosystems.
412:
393:until 2007 (
384:
331:, including
326:
322:
302:
285:in 1893 and
275:
270: Winter
264: Summer
205:
203:
198:
194:
188:
166:Jimi Hendrix
142:
132:
124:
71:The British
70:
49:
36:that are an
29:
28:
987:28 February
959:28 February
232:psittacosis
116:Bird feeder
24:Kew Gardens
1246:Psittacula
1240:Categories
1214:30 October
1196:Self, Will
1186:30 October
1096:30 October
1064:2 November
929:2021-01-10
903:30 October
871:30 October
743:31 October
707:30 October
670:30 October
628:30 October
586:30 October
549:6 November
517:References
361:Manchester
357:Birmingham
289:in 1894.
236:in 1929-30
204:In a 2019
93:Twickenham
1230:Battersea
377:Edinburgh
373:Sheffield
349:Liverpool
310:Wraysbury
216:NBN Atlas
214:based on
151:) in 1951
1232:, London
1208:Archived
1206:(blog).
1180:Archived
1142:12 March
1090:Archived
1007:BBC News
952:The Star
865:Archived
863:(RSPB).
811:: 1–11.
784:27 March
737:Archived
622:Archived
575:BBC News
538:BBC News
484:See also
369:Bradford
224:Dartford
179:pet shop
79:and the
60:and the
1226:(blog).
1166:YouTube
452:hobbies
430:on the
416:compete
381:Glasgow
314:Bromley
306:Croydon
287:Brixton
283:Dulwich
279:Norfolk
240:abandon
220:Croydon
210:study,
185:in 1970
1116:gov.uk
1036:
1013:18 May
698:
468:culled
450:, and
353:Oxford
345:Sussex
337:Surrey
316:, and
268:
262:
77:London
58:Africa
778:(PDF)
763:(PDF)
391:Esher
365:Leeds
318:Esher
52:), a
40:into
1216:2017
1188:2017
1144:2021
1098:2017
1066:2023
1034:ISBN
1015:2024
989:2021
961:2021
905:2017
873:2017
786:2018
745:2017
709:2017
696:ISBN
672:2017
630:2017
588:2017
551:2017
459:pest
379:and
343:and
341:Kent
222:and
197:and
91:and
32:are
1164:on
813:doi
809:312
181:in
168:in
118:in
83:of
1242::
1202:.
1178:.
1174:.
1133:.
1114:.
1082:.
1056:.
1005:.
977:.
949:.
938:^
921:.
896:.
859:.
846:^
836:.
807:.
803:.
771:94
769:.
765:.
735:.
729:.
717:^
680:^
656:.
638:^
620:.
614:.
596:^
572:.
559:^
535:.
524:^
446:,
371:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
339:,
335:,
320:.
312:,
201:.
1218:.
1190:.
1146:.
1100:.
1042:.
1017:.
932:.
907:.
840:.
821:.
815::
788:.
747:.
711:.
674:.
632:.
590:.
553:.
147:(
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
