701:
a true course towards a particular spot, whilst passing for a long distance through hummocky ice, with incessant changes of direction, and with no guide in the heavens or on the frozen sea. He states (but I quote only from memory of many years standing) that he, an experienced surveyor, and using a compass, failed to do that which these savages easily effected. Yet no one will suppose that they possessed any special sense which is quite absent in us. We must bear in mind that neither a compass, nor the north star, nor any other such sign, suffices to guide a man to a particular spot through an intricate country, or through hummocky ice, when many deviations from a straight course are inevitable, unless the deviations are allowed for, or a sort of "dead reckoning" is kept.
855:
597:. After thoroughly reforming the administration, he introduced the cultivation of the potato, opened and regulated the working of several mines, and urged upon the home government the organization of a fur company. He promoted investment, and sent out missionaries. He began a survey of the country, opened roads, built bridges and government buildings. He made geographical and ethnographical observations, which he embodied in a memoir to the navy department. Recalled in 1834, he returned by way of
297:
586:). Wrangel was the first of a series of bachelor appointees to the office of governor who had to find a wife before assuming the duties in America, the Russian American Company rules having been changed in 1829. Prior to his departure for Russia's American colonies, he was married to Elisabeth Theodora Natalie Karoline de Rossillon, daughter of Baron Wilhelm de Rossillon.
309:
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676:(2 vols., London, 1840). The complete report of the expedition appeared as "Puteshestvie po severnym beregam Sibiri, po Ledovitomu Moryu, sovershennoe v 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 i 1824 godakh" (2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1841), and was translated into French with notes by Prince Galitzin, under the title
700:
With regard to the question of the means by which animals find their way home from a long distance, a striking account, in relation to man, will be found in the
English translation of the Expedition to North Siberia, by Von Wrangell. He there describes the wonderful manner in which the natives kept
609:
Wrangel was promoted to rear admiral in 1837, and made director of the ship-timber department in the navy office, which he held for twelve years. He became vice-admiral in 1847, but resigned in 1849, and temporarily severed his connection with the navy to assume the presidency of the newly
359:
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in 1991, they together created the
Fondation von Wrangell on his behalf - a society to assist Estonian and Latvian schools in 1992. They also began to assist Estonian legal professionals to transition to the European legal system by creating Forum Academicum in
76:
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508:. On 10 March 1822, he resumed his journey northward, and traveled 46 days on the ice, reaching 72° 2' north latitude. He left Nizhnekolymsk on 1 November 1823, and returned to St. Petersburg on 15 August 1824.
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An account of the physical observations during his first journey was published in German (Berlin, 1827), and also in German extracts from
Wrangel's journals,
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2006:
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1102:(always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by his last name, use
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1198:(2019). "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise". In Berghoff, Hartmut (ed.).
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reorganized
Russian-American Company. Wrangel had been a member of the board of directors of the Russian-American Company from 1840 to 1849.
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in 1817–1819 and belonged to the cohort of Baltic-German navigators who were instrumental in
Imperial Russia's maritime explorations.
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in 1825–1827. That voyage spent 8 days at Nuku Hiva, leaving when it was ambushed by local people. It also called at Hawai'i.
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of birds flying north, and, questioning the native population, he determined that there must be an undiscovered island in the
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In 1854 he re-entered active service and was made chief director of the hydrographical department of the navy He was the
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on 2 November 1820, and early in 1821 journeyed to Cape
Shelagskiy on sledges drawn by dogs. He sailed afterward up
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He was appointed in 1820 to command the
Kolymskaya expedition to explore the Russian polar seas. Sailing from
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Renseignements statistiques et ethnographiques sur les possessions Russes de la côte Nord-Ouest de l'Amérique
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library with
English and German books. Pro Scola ceased its activities in 2005 with final seminaries in
763:, did visit first time Ferdinand von Wrangel last home in Roela and grave first time in 1990. After the
680:(2 vols., 1841). From the French version of the complete report an English one was made under the title
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Explorations and
Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I
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pp. 21–25. Alaska
History no. 51, The Limestone Press, Kingston, Ontario & Fairbanks, Alaska.
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1232:, Alaska History no. 33, Limestone Press, Kingston, Ont. and Fairbanks, Alaska, 1990, p. 547.
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648:. The manor was bought by him in 1840 and he gave it to his wife as a gift. Wrangel died in
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and also collected data about natural resources and native population of that remote area.
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to introduce his scientific legacy. Over the next 10 years his birthday was celebrated in
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and Cape Shelagsky there was an open sea, not dry land, as people thought. Together with
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799:. A series of notebooks „FvW in itinere“ was released by the Fondation von Wrangelli in
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1974:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
962:
863:
783:, Ferdinand von Wrangel's 200th birthday was celebrated with scientific conferences, a
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Having been promoted to commander, Wrangel led the Russian world voyage on the ship
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905:, a city on Wrangell Island and one of the oldest non-native settlements in Alaska
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670:
Reise längs der Nordküste von Sibirien und auf dem Eismeere in den Jahren 1820-1824
657:
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512:
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477:
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Statistical and Ethnographical Notices on the Russian Possessions in North America
504:, advancing about 125 miles into the interior, through territory inhabited by the
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1087:
1055:). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are
956:
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548:
532:
346:
692:, leading him to propose that humans and animals possess an innate ability for
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24:
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Wrangel's descendants Peter-Friedrich Krienitz ja Hermann von Wrangell, from
4402:
3239:
2791:
2574:
594:
1969:
732:
Nachrichten über die Russischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestküste America's
4334:
1791:
1038:
886:. He searched for it on the Kolymskaya expedition, but failed to find it.
678:
Voyage sur les côtes septentrionales de la Sibérie et de la mer glaciale
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1984:
631:
Journey along the northern coastline of Siberia and the Arctic Ocean
2593:
1048:
879:
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812:
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649:
637:
454:
357:
227:
203:
5176:
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
3784:
2026:
1988:
1742:
1404:
1082:
672:(2 vols., Berlin, 1839), which was translated into English as
5181:
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
633:
and other books about the peoples of northwestern America.
1353:
Wrangell's 1839 Comparative Word-List of Alaskan languages
682:
A Journey on the Northern Coast of Siberia and the Icy Sea
959:, the westernmost point of Alaska (and the United States)
601:
and the United States, where he visited several cities.
464:
family and was a distant nephew of Generalfeldmarschall
712:(Report of Travel from Sitka to St. Petersburg) (1836)
418:
and governor of the Russian settlements in present-day
629:
to the United States in 1867. Wrangel wrote the book
437:, which more closely represents its pronunciation in
381:
5211:
Founding members of the Russian Geographical Society
578:
in 1829, effectively governor of its settlements in
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367:Baron Ferdinand Friedrich Georg Ludwig von Wrangel
1175:"Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch, Baron von"
1098:and usually denotes some sort of nobility. While
589:He traveled to his post early in 1829, by way of
724:Journal of a Voyage from Sitka to St. Petersburg
698:
414:. He is best known as the chief manager of the
255:Elisabeth Teodora Natalia Karolina de Rossillon
1268:
1266:
722:English translation prepared from the French:
717:Journal de voyage de Sitka à Saint Pétersbourg
539:.) His expedition made a valuable research in
5196:Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
2000:
1754:
1416:
1214:From the Baltic to Russian America 1829–1836,
991:Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve
684:(2 vols., London, 1841). The book influenced
8:
5136:Baltic-German people from the Russian Empire
1062:
1056:
1036:
1181:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
3794:
3781:
2036:
2023:
2007:
1993:
1985:
1781:
1761:
1747:
1739:
1423:
1409:
1401:
1364:
1230:Russian America: A Biographical Dictionary
815:with scientific presentations, coffee and
390:29 December 1796] – 6 June [
64:
45:
16:Baltic German explorer and Russian admiral
5166:Governors of the Russian-American Company
1298:
911:, a US Army base at Wrangell, originally
263:Wilhelm, Peter, Ferdinand, Elisabeth, Eva
5065:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
853:
625:Wrangel retired in 1864. He opposed the
4640:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1769:Shipbuilding and shipping on the river
1383:Governor of Russian Colonies in America
1346:(the landed estate of the Wrangels) in
1137:
1028:
1662:Redoubt Saint Dionysius (Fort Stikine)
1240:
1238:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
826:language teachers to learn more about
710:Ocherk puti iz Sitki v Sankt-Peterburg
674:Wrangell's Expedition to the Polar Sea
574:He was appointed chief manager of the
111:1 June 1830 – 29 October 1835
858:Coat of Arms of Ferdinand von Wrangel
519:and P. Kuzmin, Wrangel described the
7:
1433:Russian colonization of the Americas
830:and also gave large input extending
765:Estonian Restoration of Independence
644:in Estonian) in the eastern part of
408:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
4426:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2623:Norse colonization of North America
1344:Overview of Roela (in German: Ruil)
987:(AE-12), named after Mount Wrangell
153:18 May 1855 – 27 July 1857
3955:United States Exploring Expedition
1202:. Berghahn Books. pp. 79–102.
850:List of places named after Wrangel
14:
5151:Explorers from the Russian Empire
5029:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4397:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1667:Redoubt Saint Michael (Old Sitka)
1315:"Parun aitas kooliõpetust jalule"
1273:Darwin, Charles (24 April 1873).
1043:is a former title (translated as
822:Pro Scola opened opportunity for
511:He established that north of the
375:Барон Фердинанд Петрович Врангель
4923:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4316:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1968:
1934:Shipwrecks of Lena River in 2002
993:, named after Wrangell mountains
734:(2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1839)
656:. His final resting place is in
307:
295:
277:
1017:List of Baltic German explorers
931:Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area
878:after him. Wrangel had noticed
787:concert and exhibitions in the
5161:Imperial Russian Navy admirals
1892:First steam ship of Lena River
636:He lived in his last years in
402:) explorer and officer in the
1:
5171:Circumnavigators of the globe
4302:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4237:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
1275:"Origin of Certain Instincts"
394:25 May] 1870) was a
21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
5141:Barons of the Russian Empire
4659:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4475:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4281:French Antarctic Expeditions
4211:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4097:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2215:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
981:, named after Mount Wrangell
975:, named after Mount Wrangell
949:in the Alexander Archipelago
472:in 1815. He participated in
435:transliteration from Russian
383:Ferdinand Petrovich Vrangel'
3744:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3423:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2288:Andrée's balloon expedition
1376:Pyotr Yegorovich Chistyakov
937:containing Wrangell Island.
382:
122:Pyotr Yegorovich Chistyakov
59:Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel
5237:
5131:People from Pskovsky Uyezd
2945:Franklin's lost expedition
2645:Christian IV's expeditions
1090:which approximately means
1035:Regarding personal names:
915:when under British control
570:Governor of Russian Alaska
412:Russian Geographic Society
406:, Honorable Member of the
19:In this name that follows
18:
3797:
3793:
3780:
3299:Great Northern Expedition
2975:Rae–Richardson expedition
2175:British Arctic Expedition
2039:
2035:
2022:
1966:
1918:Baron Vrangels researches
1389:
1380:
1372:
1367:
374:
352:
181:
146:
104:
89:
63:
58:
5221:Naval Cadet Corps alumni
4583:British Antarctic Survey
4577:Captain Arturo Prat Base
3822:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1713:Russian-American Company
1622:Fort Elizabeth (Hawai'i)
1358:19 November 2012 at the
1184:. New York: D. Appleton.
793:Estonian Maritime Museum
705:Wrangel also published:
576:Russian-American Company
468:. He graduated from the
416:Russian-American Company
362:Portrait by Ida Falander
5206:Demidov Prize laureates
5186:Explorers of the Arctic
5146:Russian polar explorers
5059:Pole of inaccessibility
4722:Antarctic Treaty System
3063:2nd Grinnell expedition
1718:St. Michael's Cathedral
998:Wrangellia, a geologic
973:Wrangell Volcanic Field
832:Rakvere Reaalgümnaasium
410:, and a founder of the
386:; 9 January 1797 [
5191:19th-century explorers
1939:Tanker failure in 2009
1913:Lenskaya polar station
1851:(with railway station)
1637:Fort Ross (California)
1565:Demid Ilyich Kulikalov
1454:Ludwig von Hagemeister
1348:Estonian Manors Portal
1063:
1057:
1037:
859:
703:
363:
232:Governorate of Livonia
4729:Transglobe Expedition
4628:Operation Deep Freeze
4037:Challenger expedition
2903:Coppermine expedition
2424:Drifting ice stations
1955:Ferdinand von Wrangel
1652:New Archangel (Sitka)
1474:Ferdinand von Wrangel
927:near Wrangell, Alaska
894:Alexander Archipelago
857:
755:Ancestry & Legacy
744:English translation:
488:Kolymskaya expedition
466:Friedrich von Wrangel
429:is sometimes spelled
404:Imperial Russian Navy
361:
321:Years of service
315:Imperial Russian Army
303:Imperial Russian Navy
53:Ferdinand von Wrangel
1977:at Wikimedia Commons
779:and 1997 January by
775:29th Dec. 1996 with
737:French translation:
715:French translation:
621:Retirement and death
615:Minister of the Navy
470:Naval Cadets College
453:Wrangel was born in
208:Governorate of Pskov
141:Minister of the Navy
4899:South magnetic pole
3565:Brusilov expedition
2674:Danish colonization
2112:North magnetic pole
1948:Significant persons
1368:Government offices
1291:1873Natur...7..417D
896:, off the coast of
892:, an island in the
789:University of Tartu
523:coastline from the
164:Alexander Menshikov
72:Aleksandr Pershakov
5156:Estonian explorers
4590:Operation Windmill
4571:Operation Highjump
3546:Rusanov expedition
3451:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3195:North East Passage
2999:McClure expedition
1906:Well-known travels
1885:Well-known vessels
1785:Boatbuilding yards
1632:Fort Nikolaevskaia
1601:Innocent of Alaska
1596:Juvenaly of Alaska
1499:Aleksander Rudakov
979:Wrangell Mountains
860:
529:Kolyuchinskaya Bay
425:In English texts,
364:
5126:People from Pskov
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
4557:Operation Tabarin
4419:Far Eastern Party
4265:Nimrod Expedition
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3335:M. Pronchishcheva
3257:Siberian Cossacks
2726:Northwest Passage
2059:Research stations
2016:Polar exploration
1982:
1981:
1973:Media related to
1959:
1837:
1836:
1736:
1735:
1570:Lavrenty Zagoskin
1560:Evstratii Delarov
1555:Grigory Shelikhov
1504:Stepan Voyevodsky
1494:Nikolay Rosenberg
1449:Alexander Baranov
1431:Russian America:
1399:
1398:
1390:Succeeded by
1226:Richard A. Pierce
690:animal navigation
537:Northeast Passage
517:Fyodor Matyushkin
457:, into the noble
356:
355:
5228:
4604:Ronne Expedition
4089:
4083:
3947:Dumont d'Urville
3795:
3782:
3330:V. Pronchishchev
2037:
2024:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1972:
1957:
1782:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1682:Three Saints Bay
1591:Herman of Alaska
1540:Gerasim Izmailov
1489:Mikhail Tebenkov
1469:Pyotr Chistyakov
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1373:Preceded by
1365:
1331:
1330:
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1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:10.1038/007417a0
1285:(179): 417–418.
1270:
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1250:www.lounaleht.ee
1242:
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943:Wrangell Narrows
921:Wrangell Airport
903:Wrangell, Alaska
870:island north of
797:Saint Petersburg
696:. Darwin wrote:
496:, he arrived at
385:
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4503:Modern research
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3992:Ross expedition
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1723:Awa'uq Massacre
1708:Orthodox Church
1691:
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1610:
1606:Iakov Netsvetov
1586:Ioasaph Bolotov
1574:
1550:Nikolai Rezanov
1535:Mikhail Gvozdev
1518:
1514:Dmitri Maksutov
1509:Johan Furuhjelm
1479:Ivan Kupreyanov
1464:Matvey Muravyev
1459:Semyon Yanovsky
1435:
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1393:Ivan Kupreyanov
1386:
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2069:Farthest North
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1246:"LounaLeht.ee"
1234:
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1212:Alix O'Grady:
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686:Charles Darwin
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4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:
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4540:
4536:
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4526:
4524:
4523:
4519:
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4514:
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4509:
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4504:
4500:
4496:
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4484:
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4479:
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4476:
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4468:
4465:
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4458:
4456:
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4437:
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4416:
4412:
4409:
4407:
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4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
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4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
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4348:
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4339:
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4332:
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4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
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4318:
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4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
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4303:
4299:
4295:
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4278:
4274:
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4269:
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4260:
4259:
4255:
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4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
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4215:
4214:
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4212:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4182:Discovery Hut
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
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4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
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4128:
4126:
4123:
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4118:
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4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
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4099:
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4079:
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4057:
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4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3982:
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3979:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
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3913:
3909:
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3899:
3895:
3892:
3891:
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3878:
3876:
3873:
3869:
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3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
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3843:
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3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3752:
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3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:A. Sibiryakov
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:Glavsevmorput
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
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3507:
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3500:
3499:
3498:
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3491:
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3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
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3444:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
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3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
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3390:
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3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3056:
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3050:
3046:
3044:
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3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:J. Richardson
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:
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2826:
2823:
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2798:
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2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:M. Corte-Real
2746:
2744:
2743:G. Corte-Real
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:C. Richardson
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2637:
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2598:
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2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2475:Georgiy Sedov
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
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2401:
2397:
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2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Riiser-Larsen
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
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2314:
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2311:
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2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
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2259:
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2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
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2216:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1797:Bolshiye Goly
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
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1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Juno and Avos
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
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1625:
1623:
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1613:
1607:
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1602:
1599:
1597:
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1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
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1563:
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1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:Adolf Etholén
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1196:Daum, Andreas
1191:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:Wilson, J. G.
1162:
1161:public domain
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
970:
968:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:Cape Wrangell
951:
948:
944:
941:
936:
932:
929:
926:
922:
919:
914:
910:
907:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
895:
891:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
861:
856:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:Lääne-Virumaa
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
766:
762:
754:
747:
743:
741:(Paris, 1839)
740:
736:
735:
733:
730:
725:
721:
719:(Paris, 1836)
718:
714:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
582:(present day
581:
580:North America
577:
569:
567:
565:
557:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
498:Nizhnekolymsk
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
459:Baltic German
456:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:Baltic German
397:
396:Russia German
393:
389:
384:
380:
372:
368:
360:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
304:
293:
289:
286:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
246:Baltic German
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
220:
216:
213:
209:
205:
193:
189:
184:
180:
177:
174:
168:
165:
162:
156:
150:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
126:
123:
120:
114:
108:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
73:
67:
62:
57:
47:
44:
40:
39:
34:
31: and the
30:
26:
22:
5057:
5045:Pole of Cold
5043:
4969:
4960:
4928:
4921:
4897:
4868:
4854:
4848:Borchgrevink
4840:
4827:
4812:
4792:
4777:
4746:
4727:
4720:
4704:
4690:
4681:
4664:
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4357:
4349:
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4333:
4321:
4314:
4300:
4288:Pourquoi-Pas
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4258:Orcadas Base
4256:
4248:
4235:
4229:C. A. Larsen
4217:
4209:
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4188:
4175:
4167:
4161:Borchgrevink
4154:
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4103:
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4070:C. A. Larsen
4063:
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4035:
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3127:
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3112:
3099:
3084:
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3048:
3019:
3007:Investigator
3006:
2997:
2973:
2960:
2952:
2943:
2930:
2901:
2878:
2863:
2848:
2818:
2803:
2773:
2692:
2672:
2643:
2639:Erik the Red
2621:
2599:
2592:
2549:submersibles
2546:
2540:Arktika 2007
2538:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2505:
2496:
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2429:
2422:
2398:
2384:
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2337:
2308:
2305:
2294:S. A. Andrée
2286:
2273:
2248:
2240:
2237:
2213:
2195:
2182:
2173:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2110:
1954:
1778:Shipbuilding
1579:Missionaries
1530:Vitus Bering
1473:
1381:
1347:
1323:. Retrieved
1318:
1309:
1282:
1278:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1179:
1122:von Schiller
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1072:
1031:
985:USS Wrangell
945:, a winding
913:Fort Stikine
909:Fort Wrangel
884:Arctic Ocean
821:
781:new calendar
777:old calendar
774:
758:
745:
738:
731:
723:
716:
709:
704:
699:
681:
677:
673:
669:
667:
658:Viru-Jaagupi
641:
635:
630:
624:
612:
608:
588:
573:
563:
561:
558:world voyage
555:
545:geomagnetics
513:Kolyma River
510:
502:Kolyma River
491:
481:
480:on the ship
478:world cruise
452:
442:
430:
426:
424:
366:
365:
343:Battles/wars
223:(1870-05-25)
171:Succeeded by
148:
129:Succeeded by
106:
95:6th Governor
70:Portrait by
43:
36:
28:
5201:Chukchi Sea
5121:1870 deaths
5116:1796 births
4748:Lake Vostok
4698:Tryoshnikov
4620:Schlossbach
4511:Christensen
4453:James Caird
4374:E. R. Evans
4140:Dobrowolski
4110:de Gerlache
3812:Expeditions
3698:Aviaarktika
3652:Samoylovich
3523:Kolomeitsev
3417:Middendorff
3377:Gedenshtrom
2797:I. Fyodorov
2559:Chilingarov
2447:E. Fyodorov
2054:Expeditions
1842:River ports
1822:Ship repair
1677:St. Michael
1615:Settlements
1545:Ivan Kuskov
1088:preposition
957:Attu Island
935:census area
876:Thomas Long
874:, named by
617:1855–1857.
549:climatology
533:Chukchi Sea
347:Crimean War
242:Nationality
221:25 May 1870
159:Preceded by
117:Preceded by
75: [
33:family name
5110:Categories
4971:Terra Nova
4876:Shackleton
4819:J. C. Ross
4778:Resolution
4768:South Pole
4543:New Swabia
4467:Mackintosh
4439:Shackleton
4358:Terra Nova
4351:Terra Nova
4085:Heroic Age
4045:Challenger
4005:J. C. Ross
3915:Bransfield
3847:Resolution
3762:icebreaker
3726:Chelyuskin
3467:expedition
3445:Expedition
3387:Matyushkin
3345:Kh. Laptev
3340:Chelyuskin
3234:Heemskerck
3224:Chancellor
3219:Willoughby
3214:Koch boats
3157:Stefansson
3091:McClintock
3055:Inglefield
2897:J. C. Ross
2804:Resolution
2656:Cunningham
2554:Sagalevich
2243:expedition
2202:Stephenson
2162:C. F. Hall
2149:expedition
2123:J. C. Ross
2086:Heemskerck
2073:North Pole
1975:Lena River
1958:(explorer)
1897:Sedelnikov
1859:Ship types
1657:New Russia
1387:1830–1835
1132:References
1111:Clausewitz
969:in Alaska
785:pipe organ
660:cemetery.
541:glaciology
273:Allegiance
197:1797-12-29
25:patronymic
5070:Tolstikov
4856:Discovery
4826:HMS
4811:HMS
4793:Adventure
4791:HMS
4776:HMS
4712:Tolstikov
4433:Endurance
4218:Antarctic
4203:Drygalski
4176:Discovery
4169:Discovery
4130:Arctowski
4043:HMS
4016:HMS
4010:Abernethy
3998:HMS
3976:USS
3963:Vincennes
3961:USS
3941:Astrolabe
3881:San Telmo
3862:Adventure
3860:HMS
3845:HMS
3840:Kerguelen
3802:Continent
3787:Antarctic
3664:Urvantsev
3622:Vilkitsky
3475:Jeannette
3473:USS
3465:Jeannette
3429:Weyprecht
3407:Pakhtusov
3357:Chichagov
3350:D. Laptev
3293:Permyakov
3268:Stadukhin
3263:Perfilyev
3240:Mangazeya
3178:H. Larsen
3143:Rasmussen
3098:HMS
3069:USS
3018:HMS
3005:HMS
2969:Collinson
2959:HMS
2951:HMS
2929:HMS
2877:HMS
2862:HMS
2847:HMS
2832:Mackenzie
2819:Discovery
2817:HMS
2802:HMS
2774:Discovery
2753:Frobisher
2716:Rasmussen
2629:Gunnbjörn
2575:Greenland
2504:USS
2495:USS
2367:Ellsworth
2309:Roosevelt
2239:Nansen's
2196:Discovery
2194:HMS
2181:HMS
2128:Abernethy
2096:Marmaduke
1806:Shipyards
1441:Governors
1170:Fiske, J.
1004:Southeast
595:Kamchatka
482:Kamchatka
449:Biography
324:1815–1864
149:In office
107:In office
29:Petrovich
5082:A. Fuchs
5039:V. Fuchs
5019:McKinley
4982:E. Evans
4941:Bjaaland
4936:Amundsen
4886:Marshall
4799:Furneaux
4651:V. Fuchs
4615:E. Ronne
4610:F. Ronne
4549:Ritscher
4403:SY
4391:Filchner
4335:Framheim
4329:Amundsen
4135:Racoviță
4120:Amundsen
4115:Lecointe
3984:Ringgold
3978:Porpoise
3868:Furneaux
3704:Shevelev
3659:Begichev
3638:Amundsen
3600:Nagórski
3578:Brusilov
3572:Sv. Anna
3486:Melville
3456:Palander
3412:Tsivolko
3372:Sannikov
3367:Billings
3310:Chirikov
3229:Barentsz
3171:St. Roch
3162:Bartlett
3136:Amundsen
3120:Sverdrup
3020:Resolute
2909:Franklin
2837:Kotzebue
2704:Sverdrup
2687:Scoresby
2661:Lindenov
2512:Plaisted
2497:Nautilus
2442:Shirshov
2416:Belyakov
2411:Baydukov
2385:Nautilus
2347:Amundsen
2307:SS
2266:Sverdrup
2261:Johansen
2231:Brainard
2226:Lockwood
2081:Barentsz
1849:Osetrovo
1792:Biryulka
1687:Unalaska
1356:Archived
1325:11 April
1255:11 April
1105:Schiller
1058:Freifrau
1039:Freiherr
1011:See also
872:Chukotka
801:Estonian
664:Writings
521:Siberian
443:Wrangell
260:Children
5087:Messner
5034:Hillary
5014:Balchen
4962:Polheim
4956:Wisting
4834:Crozier
4806:Weddell
4784:J. Cook
4754:Kapitsa
4735:Fiennes
4677:Klenova
4646:Hillary
4596:Ketchum
4522:BANZARE
4497:·
4342:Polheim
4308:Shirase
4294:Charcot
4104:Belgica
4023:Crozier
3935:Morrell
3930:Weddell
3908:Lazarev
3853:J. Cook
3807:History
3757:Arktika
3733:Krassin
3718:Voronin
3690:Schmidt
3676:Ushakov
3615:Vaygach
3583:Albanov
3552:Rusanov
3533:Kolchak
3528:Matisen
3502:Makarov
3481:De Long
3382:Wrangel
3362:Lyakhov
3315:Malygin
3273:Dezhnev
3100:Pandora
3071:Advance
3038:Kennedy
3033:Belcher
3026:Kellett
3013:McClure
2937:Beechey
2931:Blossom
2924:Simpson
2892:Crozier
2885:Hoppner
2842:J. Ross
2810:J. Cook
2758:Gilbert
2651:J. Hall
2617:Ingólfr
2607:Naddodd
2601:Vikings
2588:Brendan
2583:Pytheas
2571:Iceland
2525:Arktika
2517:Herbert
2482:Badygin
2452:Krenkel
2437:Papanin
2406:Chkalov
2392:Wilkins
2357:Wisting
2301:F. Cook
2207:Markham
2167:Bessels
2156:Polaris
2147:Polaris
2118:J. Ross
2101:Carolus
2049:History
1642:Kasilof
1287:Bibcode
1163::
1000:terrane
967:volcano
947:channel
925:airport
842:and in
836:Rakvere
828:Germany
817:kringel
805:Russian
795:and in
791:, the
761:Germany
654:Livonia
646:Estonia
605:Admiral
591:Siberia
535:. (See
531:in the
527:to the
462:Wrangel
431:Vrangel
427:Wrangel
371:Russian
333:Admiral
38:Vrangel
4997:Bowers
4992:Wilson
4951:Hassel
4946:Helmer
4915:Mackay
4905:Mawson
4870:Nimrod
4828:Terror
4813:Erebus
4740:Burton
4535:Rymill
4411:Mawson
4405:Aurora
4384:Lashly
4369:Wilson
4272:Nimrod
4249:Scotia
4056:Murray
4031:Cooper
4018:Terror
4000:Erebus
3969:Wilkes
3920:Palmer
3888:Vostok
3835:Bouvet
3759:-class
3739:Gakkel
3607:Taymyr
3588:Konrad
3557:Kuchin
3495:Yermak
3402:Lavrov
3320:Ovtsyn
3305:Bering
3283:Ivanov
3246:Hudson
3208:Pomors
3185:Cowper
3150:Karluk
3049:Isabel
3043:Bellot
2993:Austin
2961:Terror
2953:Erebus
2849:Griper
2825:Clerke
2785:Baffin
2768:Hudson
2699:Nansen
2612:Garðar
2533:Barneo
2400:ANT-25
2376:Italia
2352:Nobile
2321:Henson
2280:Amedeo
2256:Nansen
2221:Greely
2091:Hudson
2029:Arctic
1876:Karbas
1871:Pausik
1866:Shitik
1829:Kachug
1813:Kachug
1647:Kodiak
1523:People
1319:Arhiiv
1279:Nature
1124:, etc.
1120:, not
1117:Goethe
1078:German
1064:Freiin
1006:Alaska
898:Alaska
880:swarms
868:arctic
866:, the
844:Latvia
809:German
650:Dorpat
599:Mexico
584:Alaska
564:Krotky
556:Krotky
547:, and
506:Yakuts
439:German
420:Alaska
312:
300:
282:
252:Spouse
228:Dorpat
23:, the
5077:Crary
5024:Dufek
4987:Oates
4977:Scott
4910:David
4891:Adams
4862:Barne
4683:Mirny
4672:Somov
4482:Quest
4379:Crean
4364:Scott
4243:Bruce
4197:Gauss
4190:Gauss
4064:Jason
4051:Nares
3925:Davis
3902:Mirny
3875:Smith
3830:Roché
3750:Lenin
3670:Sadko
3595:Wiese
3540:Sedov
3511:Zarya
3434:Payer
3397:Litke
3392:Anjou
3325:Minin
3288:Vagin
3278:Popov
3251:Poole
3106:Young
2919:Dease
2864:Hecla
2855:Parry
2780:Bylot
2763:Davis
2738:Cabot
2711:Peary
2693:Jason
2680:Egede
2594:Papar
2506:Skate
2487:Wiese
2467:NP-37
2460:NP-36
2340:Norge
2328:Sedov
2316:Peary
2274:Jason
2189:Nares
2183:Alert
2138:Hayes
2106:Parry
2044:Ocean
1696:Other
1086:is a
1049:Baron
1023:Notes
923:, an
840:Tartu
813:Tartu
770:Roela
642:Roela
455:Pskov
441:, or
204:Pskov
79:]
50:Baron
5009:Byrd
4930:Fram
4881:Wild
4563:Marr
4529:BGLE
4516:Byrd
4444:Wild
4323:Fram
4125:Cook
3646:AARI
3631:Maud
3518:Toll
3443:Vega
3129:Gjøa
3114:Fram
3077:Kane
2914:Back
2879:Fury
2870:Lyon
2792:Munk
2431:NP-1
2333:Byrd
2250:Fram
2241:Fram
2133:Kane
1771:Lena
1327:2023
1257:2023
1096:from
1061:and
965:, a
807:and
638:Ruil
593:and
433:, a
392:O.S.
388:O.S.
329:Rank
218:Died
191:Born
4706:3rd
4692:2nd
4666:1st
4499:IGY
4495:IPY
3085:Fox
2981:Rae
2547:Mir
2523:NS
1295:doi
1114:or
1100:von
1094:or
1083:von
1076:In
1002:of
955:of
476:'s
379:tr.
97:of
81:in
35:is
27:is
5112::
3611:/
1317:.
1293:.
1281:.
1277:.
1265:^
1248:.
1237:^
1228::
1178:.
1168:;
1140:^
1108:,
1092:of
933:a
846:.
838:,
819:.
803:,
772:.
652:,
543:,
445:.
422:.
377:,
373::
234:,
230:,
210:,
206:,
77:ru
4088:"
4082:"
4025:)
4021:(
4012:)
4003:(
2008:e
2001:t
1994:v
1762:e
1755:t
1748:v
1424:e
1417:t
1410:v
1329:.
1303:.
1297::
1289::
1283:7
1259:.
1067:.
1053:'
1045:'
640:(
398:(
369:(
199:)
195:(
41:.
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