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of Daniel was a fraud perpetrated by a nameless author in
Maccabean times. Such a deceiver could not have known a genuine name of Belshazzar from the sixth century BC, because at the time Hitzig wrote, all resources available to him outside of the Bible and texts derived from the Bible named Nabonidus as the last king of Babylon, without any mention of Belshazzar. This conclusion was therefore a natural consequence of the starting assumptions, which were the presuppositions accepted by the radical criticism of the day. As the Jewish Encyclopedia explains:
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Hitzig thought that, historically, there was no such person as
Belshazzar, or alternately, that the deluded author of the book of Daniel made two mistakes: he gave Nabonidus the name Belshazzar and Cyraxares the name Darius. Hitzig's position logically followed from his presupposition that the book
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The name "Belshazzar" was previously held to have been invented by the author of the Book of Daniel, which has long been recognized as a
Maccabean production (see DANIEL). Since the discovery and decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions, however, "Belshazzar" is now generally admitted to be the
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Selbst den Fall gesetzt, dass der fragliche Koenig
Mediens existiert habe, wurde der Name, unter welchen er bei Daniel auftritt, zu beanstanden sein. Jene zweiheit in Nabonned = Baltasar wiederholt sich in Cyaxares = Darius, und wieder zu Daniels nachteil.
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A modern evaluation of Hitzig's scholarship should take into consideration not only his starting presuppositions, but also how the deductions from those presuppositions have led to numerous errors in judgment that have later proved to be unsustainable.
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Even supposing that the king of the Medes in question had existed, the objection is the name under which he is referenced in Daniel. Each of the two were standardized in
Nabonidus = Belshazzar which is repeated in Cyaxares = Darius, to Danielâs
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Hebrew-Aramaic equivalent of the
Babylonian form âBelsharuáčŁurâ (Bel preserve the king), which has been found in the cuneiform documents as the name of the eldest son of Nabonidus (Nabuna'id), the last native king of Babylon (555-538 B.C.).
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It has been charged that certain "fundamentalists" were wrong in citing Hitzig as an example of those who denied the historicity of
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domination and to the fall of Masada, 72 AD, as well as a work on the
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as professor ordinarius of theology. His next work was a commentary on
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193:(1869â1870), in two parts, extending respectively to the end of the
29:(23 June 1807 â 22 January 1875) was a German biblical critic.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Vorlesungen ĂŒber biblische
Theologie und messianische Weissagungen
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185:, Hitzig was called to succeed him as professor of theology at
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Begriff der Kritik, am Alten
Testament praktisch erörtert
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Begriff der Kritik am Alten
Testamente praktisch erörtert
45:, where his father was a pastor. He studied theology at
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Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlÀndischen Gesellschaft
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263:(b. 1840), professor of theology at Heidelberg.
114:(1796â1866), well known as a commentator on the
326:, ("About the Invention of the Alphabet"), 1840
108:Ăbersetzung und Auslegung des Propheten Jesaias
71:in theology in 1829, and in 1831 published his
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226:Monatsschrift des wissenschaftlichen Vereins
250:Zeitschrift fĂŒr wissenschaftliche Theologie
213:(1871), besides revising the commentary on
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499:19th-century German Protestant theologians
162:interest, of which the most important are
406:(NY and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1909).
330:Urgeschichte u. Mythologie der PhilistÀer
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181:, one of the founders of the well-known
152:Ăber Johannes Markus und seine Schriften
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342:Die proph. BĂŒcher des Alten Testaments
489:19th-century Jewish biblical scholars
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81:Des Propheten Jonas Orakel ĂŒber Moab
65:. Returning to Heidelberg he became
255:His lectures on biblical theology (
150:(1858), he published a monograph,
16:German biblical critic (1807â1875)
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324:Ăber die Erfindung des Alphabetes
320:, ("The 12 Minor Prophets"), 1838
234:Theologische Studien und Kritiken
224:He was also a contributor to the
122:(1835â1836; 2nd ed., 1863â1865),
87:attributed by him to the prophet
509:19th-century German male writers
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514:German male non-fiction writers
390:(Leipzig: Weidman, 1850) p. 77.
172:Die Grabschrift des Eschmunezar
479:19th-century German historians
267:Belshazzar and his historicity
211:Sprache und Sprachen Assyriens
201:(1870), on the Moabite Stone,
199:Zur Kritik Paulinischer Briefe
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252:. Hitzig died at Heidelberg.
98:In 1833 he was called to the
348:Geschichte des Volkes Israel
191:Geschichte des Volkes Israel
221:, first published in 1839.
177:After the death in 1860 of
164:Die Erfindung des Alphabets
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494:German biblical scholars
318:Die 12 kleinen Propheten
203:Die Inschrift des Mescha
49:under H.E.G. Paulus, at
438:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
400:The Jewish Encyclopedia
242:Theologische JahrbĂŒcher
130:(1841; 2nd ed., 1866),
126:(1838; 3rd ed., 1863),
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287:discredit.
273:Belshazzar
187:Heidelberg
120:The Psalms
47:Heidelberg
144:Canticles
95:xiv. 25.
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174:(1855).
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93:2 Kings
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104:Isaiah
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