144:
Ferdinand Marcos won his first campaign for the
Philippine Presidency in November 1965, and was inaugurated just before New Year's Day in December the same year. Under the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines which was in force at the time, Marcos was supposed to be allowed a maximum of two four-year
153:
The formal beginning of the 1969 campaign can be dated to the July 1969 meeting of the
Philippines' Nacionalista Party, in which Ferdinand Marcos was formally nominated as the party's presidential candidate. A meeting of the party's ruling junta had met a week earlier to assure that the nomination
212:
worth in infrastructure projects in an effort to curry favor with the electorate. This rapid campaign spending was so massive that it would be responsible for the
Balance of Payments Crisis of 1970, whose inflationary effect would cause social unrest leading all the way up to the proclamation of
240:
The most violent election-related incidents took place in
Batanes, where Philippine Constabulary officers, paramilitary groups, and hired guns essentially took over the island, and motorcycle-riding thugs rode around terrorizing voters and Comelec officials, and beating up opposition leaders.
255:
Government spending during the leadup to Marcos' 1969 presidential campaign is generally acknowledged by economists as the major cause of the Marcos administration's first major economic crisis. Leaning on foreign aid funds to assure his re-election to a second term, Marcos launched
282:; and the allowing the Philippine Peso to float and devalue. The inflationary effect these interventions had on the local economy brought about the social unrest which was the rationalization for the proclamation of
274:. The IMF mandated stabilization plan which accompanied the agreement included numerous macroeconomic interventions, including a shift away from the Philippines’ historical economic strategy of
735:
168:
With his popularity already beefed up by debt-funded spending, Marcos' popularity made it very likely that he would win the election, but he decided, as
National Artist for Literature
312:. Twelve other candidates ran for president, however ten of those were widely considered "nuisance candidates," and did not garner a significant number of votes in the election.
499:
730:
769:
267:
250:
295:
275:
105:
90:
39:
667:
430:
644:
677:
440:
405:
309:
279:
764:
300:
Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on
November 11, 1969, resulting in an unprecedented second full term as
202:
706:
565:
525:
301:
109:
93:
271:
117:
774:
520:. Foundation for Worldwide People Power (Manila, Philippines). Pasig: Foundation for Worldwide People's Power.
432:
States, Ideologies, and Social
Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines
174:
17:
348:
163:
198:" coined to describe administration's election tactics of vote-buying, terrorism and ballot snatching.
258:
121:
493:
263:
worth in infrastructure projects in 1969 to create an impression of progress for the electorate.
101:
59:
457:
712:
702:
673:
636:
561:
531:
521:
436:
411:
401:
201:
Marcos used the military and the government bureaucracy for his campaign, with members of the
693:
Dohner, Robert; Intal, Ponciano (1989). "Debt Crisis and
Adjustment in the Philippines". In
327:
129:
125:
97:
49:
731:"In Focus: Edie Romero's "Passionate Strangers" Opens Festival of Restored Filipino Films"
215:
133:
587:
305:
113:
758:
694:
554:
344:
340:
322:
169:
336:
283:
332:
415:
716:
588:"IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines"
535:
270:, so the government was compelled to seek a debt rescheduling plan with the
475:
556:
Impossible Dream: The
Marcoses, the Aquinos, and the Unfinished Revolution
378:
Kasaysayan, The Story of the
Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn
637:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia"
194:" in Philippine modern history, with the term "Three Gs", meaning "
108:
concluded with Marcos winning an unprecedented second full term as
617:
Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines".
376:
Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".
229:
224: (equivalent to ₱85.46 in 2021) that Osmeña spent, using up
100:
was unanimously nominated as the presidential candidate of the
245:
Campaign spending and the 1969-1970 balance of payments crisis
27:
Overview of the 1969 presidential campaign of Ferdinand Marcos
669:
The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges
266:
This campaign spending spree was so massive that it caused a
736:
National Commission on Culture and the Arts (Philippines)
304:
for Incumbent President Marcos. Incumbent Vice President
518:
Dead aim : how Marcos ambushed Philippine democracy
347:
was set during the 1969 campaign period. The motif of "
213:
Martial Law in 1972. Marcos was reported to have spent
73:
65:
55:
45:
35:
553:
371:
369:
367:
365:
205:participating in putting up campaign propaganda.
96:, started in July 1969 when incumbent President
630:
628:
612:
610:
608:
474:editorial-protecting-vote-459796 (2016-02-29).
228: (equivalent to ₱2,050,990,837 in 2021) in
581:
579:
577:
511:
509:
400:. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Anvil Publishing.
220: (equivalent to ₱8,546 in 2021) for every
699:Developing country debt and the world economy
391:
389:
387:
380:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
190:would eventually call the 1969 election the "
8:
547:
545:
87:1969 reelection campaign of Ferdinand Marcos
31:Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign, 1969
30:
498:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
251:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis
116:as his vice president, he ran against the
29:
18:Ferdinand Marcos’ 1969 reelection campaign
308:was also elected to a third full term as
701:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
361:
192:dirtiest, most violent and most corrupt
491:
458:"Election Violence in the Philippines"
770:Election campaigns in the Philippines
296:1969 Philippine presidential election
276:import substitution industrialization
106:1969 Philippine presidential election
40:1969 Philippine presidential election
7:
666:Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003).
398:Reportage on the Marcoses, 1964-1970
619:DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05
456:Patino, Patrick; Velasco, Djorina.
132:(younger brother of late President
25:
647:from the original on 26 June 2017
595:Journal of Philippine Development
310:Vice President of the Philippines
280:export-oriented industrialization
476:"Editorial: Protecting the vote"
586:Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992).
203:Armed Forces of the Philippines
69:Won election: November 11, 1969
435:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
516:Conrado., De Quiros (1997).
429:Parsa, Misagh (2000-08-17).
302:President of the Philippines
110:President of the Philippines
94:president of the Philippines
672:. Oxford University Press.
463:. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
351:" was prominently featured.
272:International Monetary Fund
791:
293:
268:balance of payments crisis
248:
161:
124:(son of former President
104:, and concluded when the
765:1969 in the Philippines
552:Burton, Sandra (1989).
180:leave nothing to chance
158:"Guns, goons, and gold"
396:Nick, Joaquin (2013).
175:Philippines Free Press
349:guns, goons, and gold
208:Marcos also launched
196:guns, goons, and gold
164:Guns, goons, and gold
154:would be unanimous.
145:terms as president.
641:The Philippine Star
78:Forward with Marcos
32:
102:Nacionalista Party
60:Nacionalista Party
695:Sachs, Jeffrey D.
236:Election violence
149:Formal Nomination
122:Sergio Osmeña Jr.
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
782:
775:Ferdinand Marcos
749:
748:
746:
744:
727:
721:
720:
690:
684:
683:
663:
657:
656:
654:
652:
635:Diola, Camille.
632:
623:
622:
614:
603:
602:
592:
583:
572:
571:
560:. Warner Books.
559:
549:
540:
539:
513:
504:
503:
497:
489:
487:
486:
471:
465:
464:
462:
453:
447:
446:
426:
420:
419:
393:
382:
381:
373:
328:Banta ng Kahapon
316:In popular media
262:
227:
223:
219:
211:
172:reported in the
130:Genaro Magsaysay
98:Ferdinand Marcos
50:Ferdinand Marcos
33:
21:
790:
789:
785:
784:
783:
781:
780:
779:
755:
754:
753:
752:
742:
740:
739:. July 12, 2004
729:
728:
724:
709:
692:
691:
687:
680:
665:
664:
660:
650:
648:
634:
633:
626:
616:
615:
606:
590:
585:
584:
575:
568:
551:
550:
543:
528:
515:
514:
507:
490:
484:
482:
473:
472:
468:
460:
455:
454:
450:
443:
428:
427:
423:
408:
395:
394:
385:
375:
374:
363:
358:
318:
298:
292:
257:
253:
247:
238:
225:
221:
214:
209:
166:
160:
151:
142:
134:Ramon Magsaysay
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
788:
786:
778:
777:
772:
767:
757:
756:
751:
750:
722:
707:
685:
678:
658:
624:
604:
573:
566:
541:
526:
505:
466:
448:
441:
421:
406:
383:
360:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
317:
314:
306:Fernando Lopez
294:Main article:
291:
288:
246:
243:
237:
234:
210:US$ 50 million
162:Main article:
159:
156:
150:
147:
141:
138:
114:Fernando Lopez
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
37:
36:Campaigned for
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
787:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
738:
737:
732:
726:
723:
718:
714:
710:
704:
700:
696:
689:
686:
681:
679:9780195158984
675:
671:
670:
662:
659:
646:
642:
638:
631:
629:
625:
620:
613:
611:
609:
605:
600:
596:
589:
582:
580:
578:
574:
569:
563:
558:
557:
548:
546:
542:
537:
533:
529:
523:
519:
512:
510:
506:
501:
495:
481:
477:
470:
467:
459:
452:
449:
444:
442:9780521774307
438:
434:
433:
425:
422:
417:
413:
409:
407:9789712728174
403:
399:
392:
390:
388:
384:
379:
372:
370:
368:
366:
362:
355:
350:
346:
345:Chanda Romero
342:
341:Roland Dantes
338:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
252:
244:
242:
235:
233:
231:
217:
206:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
165:
157:
155:
148:
146:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
126:Sergio Osmeña
123:
119:
118:Liberal Party
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
19:
741:. Retrieved
734:
725:
698:
688:
668:
661:
649:. Retrieved
640:
618:
598:
594:
555:
517:
483:. Retrieved
479:
469:
451:
431:
424:
397:
377:
326:
323:Eddie Romero
299:
278:and towards
265:
254:
239:
207:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
173:
170:Nick Joaquin
167:
152:
143:
86:
84:
77:
337:Bembol Roco
284:martial law
226:₱24,000,000
56:Affiliation
759:Categories
708:0226733386
567:0446513989
527:9719167033
485:2018-05-22
356:References
333:Vic Vargas
261:50 million
249:See also:
140:Background
743:April 26,
494:cite news
416:853430289
331:starring
321:The 1977
286:in 1972.
120:slate of
46:Candidate
717:18351577
645:Archived
621:: 3, 19.
536:39051509
325:classic
188:Newsweek
697:(ed.).
480:Sunstar
290:Results
232:alone.
128:), and
112:. With
715:
705:
676:
564:
534:
524:
439:
414:
404:
178:, to "
89:, the
74:Slogan
66:Status
651:2 May
601:(35).
591:(PDF)
461:(PDF)
745:2017
713:OCLC
703:ISBN
674:ISBN
653:2018
562:ISBN
532:OCLC
522:ISBN
500:link
437:ISBN
412:OCLC
402:ISBN
343:and
259:US$
230:Cebu
186:and
184:Time
91:10th
85:The
599:XIX
218:100
182:."
136:).
761::
733:.
711:.
643:.
639:.
627:^
607:^
597:.
593:.
576:^
544:^
530:.
508:^
496:}}
492:{{
478:.
410:.
386:^
364:^
339:,
335:,
222:₱1
747:.
719:.
682:.
655:.
570:.
538:.
502:)
488:.
445:.
418:.
216:₱
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.