525:
the outcome of any damages suit--both with respect to liability and the amount of damages--is hazardous, whereas veterans' benefits are guaranteed by law.' The law is often unfair when viewed from the perspective of any one individual. Unfairness, however, must often be tolerated if we are to devise, implement, and maintain a system of laws whose application is certain and just in the grand scheme of things. Whether the Feres doctrine can be described as such is, we feel, open to question in certain cases. However, any final determination of its justness must be left to a higher authority than this Court. We therefore AFFIRM the district court's dismissal of
Appellant's cause of action.
39:
359:
his stomach. The complaint alleged that it was negligently left there by the army surgeon. The
District Court, being doubtful of the law, refused without prejudice the Government's pretrial motion to dismiss the complaint. After trial, finding negligence as a fact, Judge Chesnut carefully reexamined the issue of law and concluded that the Act does not charge the United States with liability in this type of case. The Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit, affirmed dismissal of the case.
634:“Perhaps the Court is hesitant to take up this issue at all because it would require fiddling with a 70-year old precedent that is demonstrably wrong. But if the Feres doctrine is so wrong that that we cannot figure out how to rein it in, then the better answer is to bid it farewell. There is precedent for that approach. We should follow it.” Justice Clarance Thomas dissenting (Pg. 3, 593 U.S _ 2021)
631:
invoking the
Federal Torts Claims Act, but was dismissed by the district court under the Feres Doctrine. After an appeals court affirmed the dismissal of the lower court, Jane Doe asked the Supreme Court to overrule the Feres Doctrine, but the petition was denied. Justice Clarence Thomas dissented, criticizing the doctrine and the Courts unwillingness to overrule wrongly decided cases:
700:, a Coast Guard helicopter pilot was killed when Federal Aviation Administration air traffic controllers assumed positive radar control over the helicopter during a rescue mission and caused the aircraft to crash into the side of a mountain on the Hawaiian island of Molakai. The United States escaped liability relying on
721:, the U.S. 9th District Court of Appeals found that Schoenfeld, an active duty Marine at the time of his injury, could proceed with a lawsuit under the Federal Tort Claims Act due to the location and nature of his injury since Schoenfeld was doing what any member of the public could have done at the time.
366:
case: The
District Court dismissed the complaint of Griggs' executrix, which alleged that while on active duty he met death because of negligent and unskillful medical treatment by army surgeons. The Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit, reversed and, one judge dissenting, held that the complaint stated a
350:
case: The
District Court dismissed an action by the executrix of Feres against the United States to recover for death caused by negligence. Decedent perished by fire in the barracks at Pine Camp, New York, while on active duty in service of the United States. Negligence was alleged in quartering him
358:
case: Plaintiff, while in the Army, was required to undergo an abdominal operation. About eight months later, in the course of another operation after plaintiff was discharged, a towel 30 inches long by 18 inches wide, marked "Medical
Department U.S. Army," was discovered and removed from
524:
We take this opportunity to remind
Appellant that, although the benefits he receives may not be as much as those received by other service members, the recovery of those benefits is 'swift efficient,' usually obviating the necessity for litigation. In addition, we must not forget that 'predicting
450:
The provision of the Act making "the law of the place where the act or omission occurred" govern any consequent liability is inconsistent with an intention to make the
Government liable in the circumstances of these cases, since the relationship of the Government and members of its armed forces is
436:
One of the purposes of the Act was to transfer from
Congress to the courts the burden of examining tort claims against the Government, and Congress was not burdened with private bills on behalf of military and naval personnel, because a comprehensive system of relief had been authorized by statute
630:
In 2021, the
Supreme Court denied Certiorari in Jane Doe v. United States (3 May, 2021). This case concerned an unnamed plaintiff who was allegedly raped by a fellow cadet during her second year at West Point University. After exhausting administrative proceedings, Jane Doe sued the government by
454:
The failure of the Act to provide for any adjustment between the remedy provided therein and other established systems of compensation for injuries or death of those in the armed services is persuasive that the Tort Claims Act was not intended to be applicable in the circumstances of these
627:. The bill would have amended the Federal Torts Claims Act to allow claims for military members who are injured or killed due to negligent and wrongful acts in healthcare, except during military conflict from those who are employed by the U.S. Government; it did not pass.
298:
There have been exceptions to the Feres doctrine where active duty members have been allowed to sue for injuries when the court found that civilians could have been harmed in the same manner under the same circumstances in which the service member's injuries occurred.
1274:
637:
In 2019, Sergeant First Class Richard Stayskal, who was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer after military doctors noticed but failed to look into a growth in his lung on two separate occasions, testified before Congress about his ordeal. The result was the
2191:
2066:
1489:
288:
actions when a service member is killed or injured. The bar does not extend to killed or injured family members, so a spouse or child may still sue the United States for tort claims, nor does it bar service members from filing either
1481:
1449:
130:
The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) did not apply to claims by petitioner servicemen; respondent United States was not liable under the FTCA for injuries to servicemen arising out of or in the course of activity incident to
429:
The United States is not liable under the Federal Tort Claims Act for injuries to members of the armed forces sustained while on active duty and not on furlough and resulting from the negligence of others in the armed
591:
in August 2008 under Federal Tort Claims Act in California's Eastern (9th) Circuit District, which was reluctantly denied by District Judge John Mendez in February 2009. Mendez urged the Supreme Court to revisit the
440:
The Act confers on the district courts broad jurisdiction over "civil actions on claims against the United States, for money damages," but it remains for the courts to determine whether any claim is recognizable in
279:
effectively bars service members from collecting damages from the United States Government for personal injuries experienced in the performance of their duties. It also bars families of service members from filing
1902:
541:
351:
in barracks known or which should have been known to be unsafe because of a defective heating plant, and in failing to maintain an adequate fire watch. The Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, dismissed the case.
2247:
2151:
433:
The Tort Claims Act should be construed to fit, so far as will comport with its words, into the entire statutory system of remedies against the Government to make a workable, consistent, and equitable whole.
639:
1894:
2603:
1497:
1182:
1854:
1846:
1473:
1174:
2593:
2588:
2386:
1290:
310:
741:
557:
560:. In October 2003, Airman SSGT. Dean P. Witt was admitted to David Grant Medical Center for a routine appendectomy while he was on approved furlough to finalize his transfer from
2279:
1158:
1020:
872:
678:
655:
447:
There is no analogous liability of a "private individual" growing out of "like circumstances" when the relationship of the wronged to the wrongdoers in these cases is considered.
80:
1830:
1521:
497:
2159:
1142:
623:
introduced the Carmelo Rodriguez Military Medical Accountability Act of 2009, an amended version of a bill from 2008. In 2010, Hinchey re-introduced the amended bill in the
508:
of the sailboat he was navigating due to improper training and inclement weather. Miller sustained further damage when he was unable to be immediately rescued because the
964:
1758:
1335:
553:
512:'s boat overseeing the exercise was inoperable and those assigned to watch the trainees were working on the boat. Subsequent to the accident, Miller was admitted to the
2271:
1327:
1774:
1091:
580:, forcing life-saving oxygen to be pumped into his stomach, instead of his lungs, and then utilized a pediatric medical device to try and save him, resulting in an
383:
Does the Federal Tort Claim Act (FTCA), construed to fit, so far as will comport with its words into the entire statutory system of remedies against the Government?
1537:
1870:
1678:
444:
It does not create new causes of action, but merely accepts for the Government liability under circumstances that would bring private liability into existence.
1878:
1505:
1150:
603:
In May 2010, Witt's wife appealed the Ninth Circuit's decision and in January 2011, Witt's wife filed for petition for writ of certiorari. In February 2011,
513:
303:
989:
2608:
1569:
1352:
607:
were filed in support of Witt's appeal. However, the Supreme Court refused to hear the case and the petition for certiorari was denied on June 27, 2011.
1782:
620:
2598:
2351:
2263:
2583:
1347:
516:
in Bethesda, Maryland, where he was told he had no physiological injuries, only to learn subsequently that he had suffered a fractured neck and
2050:
1079:
624:
1529:
1298:
1194:
398:
Does the "act or omission" resulting in negligence and liability apply in the relationship of the Government to members of its armed forces?
2295:
1790:
1634:
731:
1369:
2508:
1417:
1213:
2183:
1585:
1126:
1088:
250:
43:
2441:
401:
Does FTCA provide a remedial adjustment for other established systems of compensation for injuries and death in the armed services?
646:
on December 20 of that year, which created an administrative process for the filing and resolution of medical malpractice claims.
395:
Is the Government in a position of being analogous to the liability of a "private individual" growing out of "like circumstances"?
1545:
504:. Leonce J. Miller, III brought suit against the United States government after he was knocked overboard and unconscious by the
1886:
1577:
1105:
2223:
2175:
1513:
1425:
295:
on their child's behalf or filing for wrongful death or loss of consortium as a companion claim to a spouse or child's suit.
2255:
1984:
1609:
1593:
1282:
696:
analysis does not have to be a member of the armed forces, but can be any civilian employee of the federal government. In
407:
Is the dismissal of the Jefferson case at the District Court and affirmed by the Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit correct?
2287:
2199:
1670:
1393:
1319:
1310:
386:
Was the purpose of Federal Tort Claims Act to transfer from Congress to the courts the burden of examining tort claims?
1968:
1409:
1385:
501:
108:
On writs of certiorari to the Courts of Appeals for the Second, Fourth, and Tenth Circuits, 339 U.S. 910, 339 U.S. 951
520:
damage. For nearly four years, Miller was unable to walk unassisted. The Court personally addressed Miller, stating:
2524:
1726:
1601:
1205:
1072:
2335:
1694:
410:
Is the cause of action under FTCA as affirmed by the Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit, in the Griggs case correct?
389:
The Act confers on the district courts broad jurisdiction, but does this apply to any claim recognizable at law?
2556:
2327:
1976:
1766:
1734:
1441:
1221:
953:
House Report 111-466- 111th Congress-Carmelo Rodriguez Military Medical Accountability Act of 2009 (2009-2010).
343:, as to which Courts of Appeals are in conflict, makes it appropriate to consider three cases in one opinion.
1862:
459:
415:
2540:
2532:
2469:
2111:
1750:
1742:
1561:
1258:
549:
340:
254:
236:
1049:
568:, California. Prior to post-op, and shortly following surgery, a military nurse anesthetist re-inserted an
2303:
2021:
1718:
1457:
1377:
1134:
2410:
2311:
2143:
1838:
1822:
1798:
1702:
1662:
1065:
1024:
876:
718:
682:
565:
72:
588:
249:, 340 U.S. 135 (1950), combined three pending federal cases for a hearing in certiorari in which the
1031:
404:
Is the ruling in the Feres case, dismissing the cause of action at the District Court level correct?
261:
and resulting from the negligence of others in the armed forces. The opinion is an extension of the
2127:
2103:
2013:
1960:
1646:
1433:
1117:
581:
561:
162:
62:
Feres, Executrix, v. United States, Jefferson v. United States; United States v. Griggs, Executrix
2516:
2402:
2359:
2215:
2095:
1996:
1814:
1654:
1553:
1249:
509:
285:
269:
186:
174:
2548:
2416:
2394:
2378:
2343:
2319:
2074:
1910:
1806:
1710:
1361:
1229:
1166:
685:
569:
178:
166:
20:
1275:
Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
2453:
1918:
1465:
1237:
517:
291:
2500:
2461:
2207:
2167:
2119:
1686:
1057:
616:
309:
The effect of the doctrine was substantially limited by a change in the law made by the
2231:
2192:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2135:
2086:
2058:
1939:
1266:
1040:
505:
281:
198:
146:
879:
257:
for injuries to members of the armed forces sustained while on active duty and not on
16:
United States Supreme Court case that bars FTCA claims for members of the armed forces
2577:
2042:
2005:
604:
965:"Soldier with cancer fights to change law shielding military from malpractice suits"
302:
Injuries experienced by service members while on active duty are covered by various
2239:
643:
190:
990:"Fort Bragg soldier's medical malpractice case makes way in annual federal budget"
584:
that left him in a vegetative state. Witt died 3 months later on January 9, 2004.
75:
313:, which created an administrative process to hear claims of medical malpractice.
1490:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
2067:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
732:"New Law Permits Military Members To Seek Settlements For Medical Malpractice"
371:
265:
154:
91:
1482:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
1450:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
573:
2033:
1951:
258:
577:
262:
1903:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
87:
19:"Feres doctrine" redirects here. For the US broadcasting policy, see
542:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of California
2248:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
2152:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
640:
SFC Richard Stayskal Military Medical Accountability Act of 2019
117:
2488:
2439:
1937:
1895:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
1632:
1103:
1061:
38:
1498:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
736:
1183:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
472:
The reinstatement of Griggs by the Tenth Circuit is reversed.
469:
The dismissal of Jefferson by the Fourth Circuit is affirmed.
1855:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
1847:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
1474:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
1175:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
903:
177 F.2d 535 and 178 F.2d 518 affirmed; 18 F.2d 1 reversed.
2387:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1291:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
500:
applied the doctrine to a fourth class Midshipman at the
466:
The dismissal of Feres by the District Court is affirmed.
370:
The case was heard by the United States Supreme Court in
324:
combined three cases pending in the federal courts: the
311:
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020
2604:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
2280:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
1159:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
656:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 340
1831:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1522:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1143:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
253:
held that the United States is not liable under the
120:
535 and 178 F.2d 518, affirmed; 178 F.2d 1, reversed
2370:
2160:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
2085:
2032:
1995:
1950:
1346:
1309:
1248:
1193:
1116:
230:
222:
211:
206:
135:
124:
112:
104:
99:
67:
57:
50:
31:
1759:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
2594:United States federal sovereign immunity case law
2589:United States Constitution Article Three case law
1775:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
1336:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
2272:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
1328:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
522:
1538:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
915:, 42 F.3d 297 (5th Cir. 1995).
1871:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
1679:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
1073:
8:
1879:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
1506:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
1151:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
392:Does FTCA create a new cause of tort action?
932:, 2009 U.S. Dist. (E.D. Cal. Feb. 9, 2009).
2485:
2436:
1947:
1934:
1783:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
1629:
1570:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
1113:
1100:
1080:
1066:
1058:
28:
2352:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
2264:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
600:Doctrine was “unfair” and “irrational.”
925:
923:
921:
666:
621:New York's 22nd congressional district
1530:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
1299:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
451:"distinctively federal in character."
26:1950 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2296:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
1791:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
963:Albert, Victoria (August 13, 2019).
2509:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
2051:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
1418:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
1214:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
2184:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
1586:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
1127:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
251:Supreme Court of the United States
44:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2609:United States Supreme Court cases
1370:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
1027:135 (1950) is available from:
339:A common issue arising under the
275:The practical effect is that the
1546:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
744:from the original on 2023-03-25.
37:
2599:United States military case law
1887:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
1578:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
642:, signed into law by President
544:unsuccessfully argued that the
367:cause of action under the Act.
2584:1950 in United States case law
2224:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
2176:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
1514:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
1426:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
688: (1987), which reaffirmed
615:In March 2009, Representative
437:for them and their dependents.
304:Department of Veterans Affairs
1:
2256:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
1985:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
1594:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
1283:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
719:492 F.3d 1016 (9th Cir. 2007)
514:National Naval Medical Center
2200:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
1394:Schillinger v. United States
1320:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
498:5th Circuit Court of Appeals
1969:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
1410:United States v. Wunderlich
502:United States Naval Academy
2625:
2525:Mistretta v. United States
1751:Burton v. United States II
1727:City of St. Louis v. Myers
1602:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
1206:Murdock v. City of Memphis
51:Argued October 12–13, 1950
18:
2495:
2484:
2448:
2435:
2336:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
1946:
1933:
1743:Burton v. United States I
1695:United States v. Jackalow
1671:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
1641:
1628:
1112:
1099:
994:The Fayetteville Observer
692:, the tortfeasor under a
540:, a plaintiff before the
235:
140:
129:
36:
2557:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
2328:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1977:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1767:Muskrat v. United States
1735:Barrett v. United States
1442:United States v. Stanley
1222:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
1197:independent state ground
675:Johnson v. United States
625:House of Representatives
550:equal protection clauses
53:Decided December 4, 1950
2541:United States v. Hatter
2533:Peretz v. United States
2470:Cramer v. United States
2112:Massachusetts v. Mellon
1863:Thomas v. Union Carbide
1562:United States v. Bormes
1311:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
1259:United States v. Hudson
913:Miller v. United States
869:Brooks v. United States
494:Miller v. United States
487:Miller v. United States
460:Brooks v. United States
416:Brooks v. United States
413:How are the rulings in
341:Federal Tort Claims Act
255:Federal Tort Claims Act
237:Federal Tort Claims Act
2304:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
2022:Nixon v. United States
1719:United States v. Klein
1610:Trump v. United States
1458:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
1402:Feres v. United States
1378:Mississippi v. Johnson
1135:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
1017:Feres v. United States
859:, 340 U.S. at 144–145.
847:, 340 U.S. at 142–144.
823:, 340 U.S. at 141–142.
799:, 340 U.S. at 140–141.
787:, 340 U.S. at 139–140.
763:, 340 U.S. at 136–146.
548:Doctrine violated the
527:
322:Feres v. United States
306:benefits legislation.
246:Feres v. United States
32:Feres v. United States
2462:United States v. Burr
2411:Rucho v. Common Cause
2312:Texas v. Pennsylvania
2288:Bond v. United States
2144:Sierra Club v. Morton
1839:Arizona v. New Mexico
1823:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
1799:Wisconsin v. Illinois
1703:Ex parte Vallandigham
1663:United States v. More
1353:presidential immunity
942:Witt v. United States
930:Witt v. United States
596:Doctrine because the
566:Travis Air Force Base
558:Fourteenth Amendments
538:Witt v. United States
531:Witt v. United States
1386:United States v. Lee
715:Schoenfeld v. Quamme
589:wrongful death claim
587:Witt's wife filed a
419:to be distinguished?
2128:Altvater v. Freeman
2104:Fairchild v. Hughes
2014:Goldwater v. Carter
1961:DeFunis v. Odegaard
1647:Chisholm v. Georgia
1434:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
1050:Library of Congress
582:anoxic brain injury
562:Hill Air Force Base
215:Jackson, joined by
2517:Forrester v. White
2403:Vieth v. Jubelirer
2360:Murthy v. Missouri
2216:Diamond v. Charles
2096:Bailiff v. Tipping
1997:Political question
1815:Colegrove v. Green
1655:Marbury v. Madison
1554:Samantar v. Yousuf
1348:Sovereign immunity
1250:Federal common law
1089:U.S. Supreme Court
894:, 340 U.S. at 146.
835:, 340 U.S. at 136.
811:, 340 U.S. at 141.
775:, 340 U.S. at 139.
477:Challenges to the
286:loss of consortium
270:sovereign immunity
175:William O. Douglas
151:Associate Justices
86:71 S. Ct. 153; 95
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2549:Stern v. Marshall
2480:
2479:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2417:Benisek v. Lamone
2395:Davis v. Bandemer
2344:Biden v. Nebraska
2320:Trump v. New York
2075:Trump v. New York
1929:
1928:
1911:Bowles v. Russell
1807:Crowell v. Benson
1711:Ex parte McCardle
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1362:Little v. Barreme
1230:Harrison v. NAACP
1167:Younger v. Harris
944:, 131 S. Ct. 3058
570:endotracheal tube
242:
241:
179:Robert H. Jackson
167:Felix Frankfurter
21:Fairness doctrine
2616:
2486:
2454:Ex parte Bollman
2437:
1948:
1935:
1919:Patchak v. Zinke
1630:
1466:Clinton v. Jones
1238:Michigan v. Long
1114:
1101:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
988:Riley, Rachael.
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
960:
954:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
916:
910:
904:
901:
895:
889:
883:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
745:
728:
722:
711:
705:
671:
611:Other challenges
518:vestibular nerve
463:, distinguished.
292:in loco parentis
187:Harold H. Burton
136:Court membership
41:
40:
29:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2501:Stuart v. Laird
2491:
2476:
2444:
2423:
2366:
2208:Allen v. Wright
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100:Case history
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1092:Article III
686:681, 686-92
268:concept of
223:Concurrence
2578:Categories
1118:Abstention
1106:Federalism
999:2020-03-18
974:2020-03-18
662:References
564:, Utah to
372:certiorari
328:case, the
266:common-law
155:Hugo Black
113:Subsequent
92:U.S. LEXIS
90:152; 1950
574:esophagus
572:into his
510:U.S. Navy
356:Jefferson
330:Jefferson
217:unanimous
68:Citations
2087:Standing
2034:Ripeness
1952:Mootness
1094:case law
1015:Text of
742:Archived
650:See also
481:Doctrine
259:furlough
212:Majority
131:service.
2442:Treason
698:Johnson
578:trachea
552:of the
430:forces.
263:English
226:Douglas
125:Holding
2560:(2016)
2552:(2011)
2544:(2001)
2536:(1991)
2528:(1989)
2520:(1988)
2512:(1824)
2504:(1803)
2490:Others
2473:(1945)
2465:(1807)
2457:(1807)
2420:(2019)
2406:(2004)
2398:(1986)
2390:(1985)
2382:(1792)
2371:Others
2363:(2024)
2355:(2024)
2347:(2023)
2339:(2021)
2331:(2021)
2323:(2020)
2315:(2020)
2307:(2016)
2299:(2013)
2291:(2011)
2283:(2011)
2275:(2007)
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2259:(2006)
2251:(2000)
2243:(1998)
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2227:(1992)
2219:(1986)
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2195:(1982)
2187:(1978)
2179:(1977)
2171:(1975)
2163:(1974)
2155:(1973)
2147:(1972)
2139:(1968)
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2123:(1937)
2115:(1923)
2107:(1922)
2099:(1805)
2078:(2020)
2070:(1985)
2062:(1972)
2054:(1967)
2046:(1961)
2025:(1993)
2017:(1979)
2009:(1962)
1988:(2023)
1980:(2021)
1972:(2016)
1964:(1974)
1922:(2018)
1914:(2007)
1906:(2005)
1898:(2002)
1890:(1995)
1882:(1986)
1874:(1986)
1866:(1985)
1858:(1982)
1850:(1977)
1842:(1976)
1834:(1974)
1826:(1962)
1818:(1946)
1810:(1932)
1802:(1929)
1794:(1926)
1786:(1921)
1778:(1916)
1770:(1911)
1762:(1908)
1754:(1906)
1746:(1905)
1738:(1898)
1730:(1885)
1722:(1871)
1714:(1869)
1706:(1864)
1698:(1862)
1690:(1850)
1682:(1828)
1674:(1816)
1666:(1805)
1658:(1803)
1650:(1793)
1613:(2024)
1605:(2020)
1597:(2019)
1589:(2019)
1581:(2015)
1573:(2014)
1565:(2012)
1557:(2010)
1549:(2008)
1541:(2007)
1533:(2006)
1525:(2005)
1517:(2004)
1509:(2003)
1501:(2003)
1493:(2001)
1485:(1999)
1477:(1998)
1469:(1997)
1461:(1993)
1453:(1991)
1445:(1987)
1437:(1982)
1429:(1978)
1421:(1964)
1413:(1951)
1405:(1950)
1397:(1894)
1389:(1882)
1381:(1867)
1373:(1812)
1365:(1804)
1339:(2005)
1331:(1983)
1323:(1923)
1302:(1943)
1294:(1938)
1286:(1938)
1278:(1928)
1270:(1842)
1262:(1812)
1241:(1983)
1233:(1959)
1225:(1935)
1217:(1896)
1209:(1875)
1186:(1983)
1178:(1976)
1170:(1971)
1162:(1964)
1154:(1962)
1146:(1959)
1138:(1943)
1130:(1941)
1053:
1047:
1044:
1041:Justia
1038:
1035:
1029:
871:,
496:, the
455:cases.
378:Issues
364:Griggs
336:case.
334:Griggs
197:
195:·
193:
185:
183:·
181:
173:
171:·
169:
161:
159:·
157:
88:L. Ed.
1023:
892:Feres
875:
857:Feres
845:Feres
833:Feres
821:Feres
809:Feres
797:Feres
785:Feres
773:Feres
761:Feres
702:Feres
694:Feres
690:Feres
681:
598:Feres
594:Feres
554:Fifth
546:Feres
479:Feres
348:Feres
326:Feres
317:Facts
105:Prior
1025:U.S.
877:U.S.
683:U.S.
556:and
506:boom
441:law.
424:Held
362:The
354:The
346:The
118:F.2d
94:1352
81:more
73:U.S.
71:340
1350:and
1021:340
873:337
737:NPR
713:In
679:481
619:of
536:In
492:In
284:or
76:135
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2414:/
1019:,
992:.
967:.
920:^
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717:,
677:,
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1074:t
1067:v
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977:.
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