172:
258:, which means high-output cardiac failure causes the blood to circulate rapidly. The excessive pumping of blood causes the left side of the heart to fail leading to pulmonary edema. The build up of fluid in the lungs increases the pressure in the lungs leading to vasoconstriction. The coupled vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension causes the right side of the heart to fail which in turn, increases the venous hydrostatic pressure in the body. The summation of these effects ultimately leads to peripheral edema and ascites. All in all, the left side failure of the heart will lead to pulmonary edema whereas right side failure will lead to peripheral edema and ascites. The non-immune form of hydrops fetalis has many causes including:
75:
215:, is the only immune cause of hydrops fetalis. Rh disease is a hemolytic disease of newborns. Pregnant mothers do not always have the same blood type as their child. During birth or throughout the pregnancy, the mother may be exposed to the infant's blood. In the event of a pregnancy where the fetus has the Rh-D blood antigen and the mother does not, the mother's immune system will respond to the red blood cells as foreign and create
43:
452:
Therapy for Fetal anemia caused by a parvovirus infection or fetomaternal hemorrhage is fetal blood sampling followed by intrauterine transfusion. This treatment at an advanced gestational age poses risks and should not be performed if the risks associated with delivery are considered to be less than
420:
scans. An official diagnosis is made by identifying excess serous fluid in at least one space (ascites, pleural effusion, of pericardial effusion) accompanied by skin edema (greater than 5 mm thick). A diagnosis can also be made by identifying excess serous fluid in two potential spaces without
460:
Hydrops
Fetalis resulting from fetal CPAM can be treated using either a fetal needle drainage of effusion or placement of thoracoamniotic shunt or a maternal administration of corticosteroids, betamethasone 12.5 mg IM q24 h × 2 doses or dexamethasone 6.25 mg IM q12 h × 4
456:
Fetal hydrothorax, chylothorax, or large pleural effusion associated with bronchopulmonary sequestration should be treated using a Fetal needle drainage of effusion or placement of thoracoamniotic shunt. This procedure can be performed prior to delivery if gestational age is
448:
Therapy for
Cardiac tachyarrhythmia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, or atrial fibrillation etiologies are maternal transplacental administration of antiarrhythmic medication(s). This type of treatment is recommended unless the fetus is close to
1335:
1220:
1201:
241:
Rh disease is currently an uncommon cause of immune-mediated hydrops fetalis. Due to preventative methods developed in the 1970s, the incidence of Rh disease has markedly declined. Rh disease can be prevented by administration of anti-D IgG
246:) injections to RhD-negative mothers during pregnancy and/or within 72 hours of the delivery. However, a small percentage of pregnant mothers are still susceptible to Rh disease even after receiving anti-D IgG (Rho(D) Immune Globulin).
195:, when the heart needs to pump a much greater volume of blood to deliver the same amount of oxygen. This anemia can have either an immune or non-immune cause. Non-immune hydrops can also be unrelated to anemia, for example if a fetal
1328:
1321:
1057:
Wilson RD, Baxter JK, Johnson MP, King M, Kasperski S, Crombleholme TM, et al. (2004). "Thoracoamniotic shunts: fetal treatment of pleural effusions and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations".
230:
in the fetal liver and bone marrow. The push to make more erythroblasts to help compensate with the hemolysis over works the liver causing hepatomegaly. The resulting liver dysfunction decreases
171:
1144:
Lee H, Bebbington M, Crombleholme TM (2013). "The North
American Fetal Therapy Network Registry data on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence".
2021:
326:
can also cause hydrops fetalis when all four of the genetic loci for α globin are deleted or affected by mutation. This is termed Hb Barts (consists of y-4 tetramers).
772:
Nassr AA, Ness A, Hosseinzadeh P, Salmanian B, Espinoza J, Berger V, et al. (2018). "Outcome and
Treatment of Antenatally Diagnosed Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis".
219:
against the Rh-D antigen on the fetal blood cells. Rh disease develops in the event of a second pregnancy where the mother's immune system launches an attack, via
1709:
1724:
1714:
310:
306:
200:
267:
737:
Norton ME, Chauhan SP, Dashe JS (February 2015). "Society for maternal-fetal medicine (SMFM) clinical guideline #7: nonimmune hydrops fetalis".
1704:
421:
accompanying edema. Prenatal ultrasound scanning enables early recognition of hydrops fetalis and has been enhanced with the introduction of
1607:
223:, against the infant's Rh-D positive blood cells. The immune response results in hemolysis of fetal red blood cells causing severe anemia.
1612:
103:, in at least two fetal compartments. By comparison, hydrops allantois or hydrops amnion is an accumulation of excessive fluid in the
1390:
575:
469:
465:
369:
1933:
1908:
1699:
476:
375:
180:
2000:
1950:
1518:
203:
increases the demand for blood flow. The increased demand for cardiac output leads to heart failure, and corresponding edema.
359:
285:
1692:
1928:
1851:
1669:
1617:
227:
1918:
1823:
1760:
1641:
1765:
1755:
1646:
565:
60:
1795:
1504:
1500:
1460:
1313:
417:
281:
1861:
1782:
1239:
255:
942:"Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association"
1957:
1923:
1528:
1448:
1438:
1385:
353:
981:
Centers for
Disease Control (CDC) (February 1989). "Risks associated with human parvovirus B19 infection".
1838:
1656:
1565:
1548:
262:
243:
1772:
1480:
940:
Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Hornberger LK, Copel JA, Sklansky MS, Abuhamad A, et al. (May 2014).
2026:
1810:
1800:
1602:
1558:
445:
while still in the womb. This treatment increases the chance that the fetus will survive until birth.
422:
330:
156:
140:
74:
1995:
1978:
1828:
1684:
1594:
1224:
1008:
Yinon Y, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Chaddha V, Windrim R, Seaward PG, Kelly EN, et al. (July 2010).
891:
Derderian SC, Jeanty C, Fleck SR, Cheng LS, Peyvandi S, Moon-Grady AJ, et al. (January 2015).
363:
120:
1913:
1869:
1846:
1736:
1513:
1169:
1126:
1083:
1039:
797:
442:
277:
163:, in which the heart is unable to satisfy demand (in most cases abnormally high) for blood flow.
1746:
1664:
1634:
1575:
1553:
1370:
1279:
1250:
1161:
1118:
1075:
1031:
990:
963:
922:
873:
832:
789:
754:
712:
663:
628:
571:
521:
323:
55:
599:"[Serious materno-fetal alloimmunization: about a case and review of the literature]"
238:. Consequentially, the decrease in pressure results in overall peripheral edema and ascites.
1988:
1815:
1475:
1416:
1380:
1153:
1110:
1067:
1021:
953:
912:
904:
863:
824:
781:
746:
702:
694:
655:
618:
610:
235:
220:
132:
1945:
1623:
1543:
489:
441:
fetuses, including those with Rh disease and alpha thalassemia major, can be treated with
395:
390:
382:
340:
334:
300:
540:
1570:
1428:
958:
941:
917:
892:
707:
682:
623:
598:
294:
42:
1233:
1229:
2015:
1509:
1349:
1043:
405:
271:
160:
1173:
1130:
1087:
1629:
1470:
1290:
908:
868:
851:
801:
614:
399:
108:
1244:
539:
Hamdan AH, Sheftel DN, Rosenkrantz T. Windle ML, Pramanik AK, Nimavat DJ (eds.).
1973:
1875:
1741:
1443:
1274:
513:
136:
1255:
1114:
852:"Alpha thalassemia major--new mutations, intrauterine management, and outcomes"
750:
1983:
1940:
1881:
1719:
1301:
1296:
1214:
1010:"Perinatal outcome following fetal chest shunt insertion for pleural effusion"
212:
176:
68:
64:
398:, in which fetal and placental hydrops develops in association with maternal
17:
1886:
1345:
1285:
1210:
104:
1165:
1122:
1079:
1035:
967:
926:
877:
836:
828:
793:
758:
716:
667:
659:
632:
525:
994:
472:
requires laser ablation of placental anastomoses or selective termination.
1679:
349:
317:
216:
1193:
1402:
698:
231:
155:
is usually seen in the fetal subcutaneous tissue, sometimes leading to
148:
144:
92:
1157:
1071:
785:
1406:
1205:
1026:
1009:
438:
192:
128:
297:(fifth disease) infection of the pregnant woman (most common cause)
1790:
1537:
345:
196:
170:
152:
124:
100:
96:
815:
Isaacs H (January 2008). "Fetal hydrops associated with tumors".
646:
Isaacs H (January 2008). "Fetal hydrops associated with tumors".
545:
eMedicine
Pediatrics: Cardiac Disease and Critical Care Medicine
1317:
433:
The treatment depends on the cause and stage of the pregnancy.
1101:
Simpson LL (January 2013). "Twin-twin transfusion syndrome".
856:
Hematology. American
Society of Hematology. Education Program
597:
Zineb B, Boutaina L, Ikram L, Driss MR, Mohammed D (2015).
27:
Accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal compartments
1183:
1966:
1901:
1860:
1837:
1809:
1781:
1678:
1655:
1593:
1586:
1527:
1493:
1457:
1425:
1399:
1367:
1356:
1265:
1187:
226:Hemolysis caused by the Rh incompatibility, causes
54:
35:
416:Hydrops fetalis can be diagnosed and monitored by
364:pregnancies in which twins share a single placenta
50:An ultrasound showing a fetus with hydrops fetalis
507:
505:
479:requires percutaneous radio frequency ablation.
99:characterized by an accumulation of fluid, or
2022:Disorders originating in the perinatal period
1329:
1103:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
739:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
280:. This enzyme deficiency is the cause of the
8:
348:, the most common type of fetal tumor being
983:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1590:
1364:
1336:
1322:
1314:
1184:
681:Jagannathan-Bogdan M, Zon LI (June 2013).
387:Fetal cardiac defects and skeletal defects
311:congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
73:
41:
32:
1025:
1014:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
957:
916:
867:
706:
622:
475:Therapy for hydrops fetalis derived from
464:Therapy for hydrops fetalis derived from
376:Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence
191:Hydrops fetalis usually stems from fetal
337:type 2 can present with hydrops fetalis.
307:Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
211:Erythroblastosis fetalis, also known as
201:congenital pulmonary airway malformation
501:
268:Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
732:
730:
728:
726:
567:Equine stud farm medicine and surgery
291:Congenital disorders of glycosylation
7:
1608:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
453:those associated with the procedure.
366:(hydrops affects the recipient twin)
1613:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
959:10.1161/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d
25:
1391:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
370:Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence
1909:Vertically transmitted infection
817:American Journal of Perinatology
648:American Journal of Perinatology
181:hemolytic disease of the newborn
2001:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
1951:Group B streptococcal infection
1519:Intrauterine growth restriction
603:The Pan African Medical Journal
234:output which in turn decreases
1344:Conditions originating in the
909:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.027
869:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.35
615:10.11604/pamj.2015.22.137.3508
512:Vanaparthy R, Mahdy H (2023).
360:Twin-twin transfusion syndrome
320:and maternal diabetes mellitus
286:mucopolysaccharidosis type VII
1:
1693:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
187:. The infant did not survive.
1852:Periventricular leukomalacia
1670:Persistent fetal circulation
1618:Meconium aspiration syndrome
897:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
228:extramedullary hematopoiesis
159:. It is a prenatal form of
1761:Intraventricular hemorrhage
1146:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
1060:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
893:"The many faces of hydrops"
850:Vichinsky EP (2009-01-01).
774:Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy
541:"Pediatric Hydrops Fetalis"
2043:
1766:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
1756:Velamentous cord insertion
1647:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
1115:10.1016/j.ajog.2012.10.880
903:(1): 50–4, discussion 54.
751:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.018
250:Non-immune pathophysiology
119:Locations can include the
61:Obstetrics and gynaecology
1796:Necrotizing enterocolitis
1505:Large for gestational age
1501:Small for gestational age
520:. StatPearls Publishing.
282:lysosomal storage disease
276:Deficiency of the enzyme
49:
40:
402:, edema and hypertension
256:hyperdynamic circulation
1958:Neonatal conjunctivitis
1449:Single umbilical artery
1439:Umbilical cord prolapse
1386:Placental insufficiency
1359:complicating pregnancy,
564:Knottenbelt DC (2003).
354:sacrococcygeal teratoma
254:Severe anemia leads to
1934:ureaplasma urealyticum
1642:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
1566:Brachial plexus injury
829:10.1055/s-2007-1004826
660:10.1055/s-2007-1004826
263:Iron deficiency anemia
244:Rho(D) Immune Globulin
207:Immune pathophysiology
188:
1882:Congenital hypertonia
1773:Anemia of prematurity
1481:Shoulder presentation
174:
1887:Congenital hypotonia
1801:Meconium peritonitis
1603:Intrauterine hypoxia
1559:Subgaleal hemorrhage
331:Niemann-Pick disease
175:Newborn infant with
157:spontaneous abortion
141:pericardial effusion
1996:Neonatal withdrawal
1979:Perinatal mortality
1829:Sclerema neonatorum
1685:hematologic disease
989:(6): 81–88, 93–97.
121:subcutaneous tissue
1929:mycoplasma hominis
1914:Neonatal infection
1870:Gray baby syndrome
1847:Perinatal asphyxia
1737:Hyperbilirubinemia
1514:Postterm pregnancy
1361:labour or delivery
1266:External resources
699:10.1242/dev.083147
443:blood transfusions
278:beta-glucuronidase
189:
115:Signs and symptoms
2009:
2008:
1897:
1896:
1747:Neonatal jaundice
1665:Pneumopericardium
1635:Pneumomediastinum
1576:Klumpke paralysis
1554:Caput succedaneum
1489:
1488:
1357:Maternal factors
1311:
1310:
1158:10.1159/000343223
1072:10.1159/000078994
952:(21): 2183–2242.
786:10.1159/000475990
693:(12): 2463–2467.
514:"Hydrops Fetalis"
352:, particularly a
333:Type C (NPC) and
324:Alpha-thalassemia
309:(formerly called
183:, suffering from
82:
81:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2034:
1989:Infant mortality
1824:Erythema toxicum
1816:thermoregulation
1783:Gastrointestinal
1591:
1587:Affected systems
1464:
1432:
1417:Chorioamnionitis
1410:
1381:Placenta praevia
1374:
1365:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1029:
1027:10.1002/uog.7507
1005:
999:
998:
978:
972:
971:
961:
937:
931:
930:
920:
888:
882:
881:
871:
847:
841:
840:
812:
806:
805:
769:
763:
762:
734:
721:
720:
710:
678:
672:
671:
643:
637:
636:
626:
594:
588:
587:
585:
584:
561:
555:
554:
552:
551:
536:
530:
529:
509:
236:oncotic pressure
133:pleural effusion
111:, respectively.
89:hydrops foetalis
78:
77:
45:
33:
21:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1962:
1946:Neonatal sepsis
1893:
1862:Musculoskeletal
1856:
1833:
1814:
1805:
1777:
1732:Hydrops fetalis
1683:
1674:
1651:
1624:Pleural disease
1582:
1544:Cephalohematoma
1523:
1485:
1458:
1453:
1426:
1421:
1400:
1395:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:Hydrops fetalis
1261:
1260:
1196:
1182:
1181:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1007:
1006:
1002:
980:
979:
975:
939:
938:
934:
890:
889:
885:
849:
848:
844:
814:
813:
809:
771:
770:
766:
736:
735:
724:
683:"Hematopoiesis"
680:
679:
675:
645:
644:
640:
596:
595:
591:
582:
580:
578:
563:
562:
558:
549:
547:
538:
537:
533:
511:
510:
503:
498:
490:Mirror syndrome
486:
431:
414:
396:Mirror syndrome
391:Noonan syndrome
383:hyperthyroidism
341:Turner syndrome
335:Gaucher disease
301:Cytomegalovirus
252:
209:
185:hydrops fetalis
169:
117:
85:Hydrops fetalis
72:
36:Hydrops fetalis
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:herpes simplex
1921:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1839:Nervous system
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1657:Cardiovascular
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:umbilical cord
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1293:
1282:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1236:
1217:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:Classification
1180:
1179:
1152:(4): 224–229.
1136:
1093:
1066:(5): 413–420.
1049:
1000:
973:
932:
883:
842:
807:
780:(2): 123–128.
764:
745:(2): 127–139.
722:
673:
638:
589:
576:
556:
531:
500:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
485:
482:
481:
480:
473:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
430:
427:
413:
410:
409:
408:
403:
393:
388:
385:
379:
373:
367:
357:
343:
338:
327:
321:
314:
304:
298:
295:Parvovirus B19
292:
289:
274:
265:
251:
248:
208:
205:
177:Rhesus disease
168:
165:
116:
113:
109:amniotic space
80:
79:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2039:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
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1510:Preterm birth
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1350:fetal disease
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577:9780702021305
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406:Down syndrome
404:
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272:heart failure
270:resulting in
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161:heart failure
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48:
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18:Fetal hydrops
1874:
1731:
1630:Pneumothorax
1622:
1536:
1529:Birth trauma
1471:Breech birth
1461:presentation
1459:
1427:
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1369:
1295:
1284:
1273:
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1238:
1219:
1200:
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1145:
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1106:
1102:
1096:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1020:(1): 58–64.
1017:
1013:
1003:
986:
982:
976:
949:
945:
935:
900:
896:
886:
862:(1): 35–41.
859:
855:
845:
823:(1): 43–68.
820:
816:
810:
777:
773:
767:
742:
738:
690:
686:
676:
654:(1): 43–68.
651:
647:
641:
606:
602:
592:
581:. Retrieved
566:
559:
548:. Retrieved
544:
534:
517:
432:
415:
400:preeclampsia
329:Uncommonly,
253:
240:
225:
210:
190:
184:
179:, a type of
118:
88:
84:
83:
2027:Neonatology
1974:Miscarriage
1876:muscle tone
1742:Kernicterus
1595:Respiratory
1571:Erb's palsy
1476:Asynclitism
1444:Nuchal cord
1275:MedlinePlus
1109:(1): 3–18.
946:Circulation
687:Development
423:MCA Doppler
137:pericardium
2016:Categories
1984:Stillbirth
1941:Omphalitis
1902:Infections
1811:Integument
1297:Patient UK
1251:DiseasesDB
583:2010-02-11
550:2010-02-11
518:StatPearls
496:References
418:ultrasound
362:(TTTS) in
217:antibodies
213:Rh disease
143:) and the
69:immunology
65:hematology
1710:Anti-Kell
1348:period /
1346:perinatal
1286:eMedicine
1044:206542529
457:advanced.
437:Severely
429:Treatment
412:Diagnosis
381:Maternal
316:Maternal
303:in mother
105:allantoic
93:condition
56:Specialty
1680:Bleeding
1371:placenta
1291:ped/1042
1174:12699823
1166:23594603
1131:78687065
1123:23200164
1088:24586927
1080:15305098
1036:20069656
968:24763516
927:25598092
878:20008180
837:18075961
794:28647738
759:25557883
717:23715539
668:18075961
633:26889318
526:33085361
484:See also
350:teratoma
318:syphilis
1919:rubella
1549:Chignon
1403:chorion
1245:D015160
995:2536885
918:4315667
802:3601812
708:3666375
624:4742050
609:: 137.
378:(TRAPS)
284:called
232:albumin
149:ascites
145:abdomen
135:), the
123:on the
95:in the
1494:Growth
1407:amnion
1280:007308
1172:
1164:
1129:
1121:
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800:
792:
757:
715:
705:
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631:
621:
574:
524:
461:doses.
439:anemic
372:(TAPS)
346:Tumors
193:anemia
167:Causes
129:pleura
127:, the
71:
1967:Other
1791:Ileus
1538:scalp
1256:29715
1234:778.0
1230:773.3
1215:P83.2
1170:S2CID
1127:S2CID
1084:S2CID
1040:S2CID
798:S2CID
477:TRAPS
449:term.
197:tumor
153:Edema
125:scalp
101:edema
97:fetus
91:is a
1725:Rh E
1720:Rh D
1715:Rh c
1240:MeSH
1225:9-CM
1162:PMID
1119:PMID
1076:PMID
1032:PMID
991:PMID
964:PMID
923:PMID
874:PMID
860:2009
833:PMID
790:PMID
755:PMID
713:PMID
664:PMID
629:PMID
572:ISBN
522:PMID
470:TAPS
466:TTTS
1813:and
1705:ABO
1700:HDN
1682:and
1221:ICD
1211:P56
1202:ICD
1154:doi
1111:doi
1107:208
1068:doi
1022:doi
954:doi
950:129
913:PMC
905:doi
864:doi
825:doi
782:doi
747:doi
743:212
703:PMC
695:doi
691:140
656:doi
619:PMC
611:doi
468:or
221:IgG
199:or
151:).
107:or
87:or
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