Gülen movement - Knowledge (XXG)

921: 178: 212: 1308:. His identity is kept confidential, generally only purposely made known to those with close connections to those participating in decision-making and coordinating councils within the local group. Above a grouping of such "secret" (not-publicly-acknowledged) imams is another such volunteer leader. This relationship tree continues on up the ladder to the nation-level imam and to individuals who consult with Gülen himself. These individuals closest to Gülen, having degrees from theology schools, are offhandedly referred to within the movement as 627:(the ruling party of Turkey) have targeted the movement since December 2013. Immediately after the investigation became public, the government subjugated the judiciary, media and civil society which were critical of the government's authoritarian trend in recent years. Erdoğan labelled the investigations as a "civilian coup" against his government. Since then, Erdoğan has shuffled, dismissed or jailed hundreds of police officers, judges, prosecutors and journalists in the name of fighting against a "Parallel State" within the Turkish state. 1052: 532:, were instrumental in shaping the public opinion during this time. In these court cases, military officials, parliamentarians and journalists were accused of plotting a violent coup to oust the government. It was later revealed that these cases were based on fabricated evidence, most of which was produced by the Gülenists in the police. Later Nedim Şener was arrested for being a member of the Ergenekon organization and was held in pre-trial detention in 2011. 1164:, concluded that the movement did not form a breeding ground for radicalism and found no indications that the movement worked against integration or that it was involved in terrorism or religious radicalization. A further academic study sketched a portrait of a socially conservative, inwardly directed movement with an opaque organizational structure, but said that its members tend to be highly successful in society and thus form no threat to integration. 189: 888:, leading to mass protests. Inandi, who holds dual Turkish-Kyrgyz citizenship, had been living in Kyrgyzstan since 1995. One month later, Turkish President Erdoğan said on July 5 that Turkish intelligence agents had abducted Inandi and accused him of being “a top central asian leader” of the Gülen movement. Kyrgyz officials have denied claims they colluded with Turkish intelligence in the abduction. 940: 223: 447:, was accused of forming a gang and plotting the bombing. In 2016 Sarıkaya confessed that he was ordered by Gülenists to include General Yaşar Büyükanıt in the criminal indictment to prevent his promotion in the army and to ease the pressure on Gülenist structures within the army. The defendants, Ali Kaya, Özcan İldeniz, and Veysel Ateş, were acquitted of the bombing on 20 December 2021. 907: 200: 1140:

source of all truth, or to view him as taking responsibility for the movement". Zeki Saritoprak says that the view of Gülen as "a cult leader or a man with ambitions" is mistaken, and contends that Gülen should be viewed in the context of a long line of Sufi masters who have long been a center of attention "for their admirers and followers, both historically and currently".

581:), which states that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şık was taken into police custody, he shouted, "Whoever touches it gets burned!". Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şık has also been charged with being part of the Ergenekon plot despite investigating the plot before his arrest. 1210:. Despite Gülen emphasizing how much he cares of the freedom of the press in interviews, the movement launched a campaign towards the newspaper in 2012, after an article was written regarding the "cult", in which approximately 2000 readers wrote letters of complaint to the press council. These letters were all alike each other, and thus were all rejected. 616:. Due to the high level of political influence of the Gülen movement in Turkey, it was rumored that the investigation was facilitated by the movement's influence in the Turkish police force and the judiciary. The investigation was said to be a result of a break in the previously friendly relations between the Islamist-rooted government and the movement. 5394:"Expulsions, pushbacks and extraditions: Turkey's war on dissent extends to Europe: The Gülenists, dubbed by Turkey as FETO, the Fethullahist Terror Organization, are being purged on a massive scale. Those who have been accused include scientists, schoolteachers, policemen and journalists" (broadcast with transcript). 426:. Other members of the group who worked for Turkey’s governmental agencies were dismissed and over ten thousand education staff were suspended and the licenses of over 20,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked due to their affiliation to Gülen. Gülen condemned the coup and denied any involvement. 721:. This led to the death of one police officer and the wounding of eight soldiers. The house had been marked on a map with the code 'P368' for IED's, which Gürcan erased from the map. This lead to a brawl and his companions called him a "traitor". Gürcan later participated in the coup d'état attempt under the 312:") and it originated in Turkey around the late 1950s. It is institutionalized in 180 countries through educational institutions as well as media outlets, finance companies, for-profit health clinics, and affiliated foundations that have a combined net worth in the range of 20-50 billion dollars as of 2015. 1422:

said that in Pakistan "they encourage Islam in their dormitories, where teachers set examples in lifestyle and prayer", and described the Turkish schools as offering a gentler approach to Islam that could help reduce the influence of extremism. However in America, "there is no indication the American

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in 1997 stating that between 200,000 supporters and 4 million people are influenced by Gülen's ideas, and another source stating that Gülen has "hundreds of thousands of supporters". The membership of the movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, academics, journalists and other

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Four prosecutors in the trial were dismissed from their posts due to their ties with the movement and for failing to make progress with the case. Furthermore, police commissioners Ramazan Akyürek and Ali Fuat Yılmazer were accused of not sharing their foreknowledge of the attack with the prosecutors,

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Neither Gülen nor his followers have formed a national political party, but they have had political involvement or parliamentary representation. In 2008, Gülen was described as "the modern face of the Sufi Ottoman tradition", reassuring his followers, including many members of "Turkey's aspirational

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The Niagara Foundation was created in 2004 by a group of Turkish-American businessmen and educators in order to realize the vision of their spiritual leader, Fethullah Gulen, himself a Turkish Muslim scholar and poet, as well as an educational and humanitarian activist. Today the Niagara Foundation

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In 2005, years before the trials, a man affiliated with the Gulen movement approached Eric S. Edelman, then the American ambassador, at a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a handwritten document that supposedly laid out a plan for an imminent coup. But as Edelman recounted, he

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which was led by a military faction operating outside the chain of command, the Turkish government quickly stated the coup's leader to be Gülen. In following days and weeks, a massive crackdown affected all entities affiliated with the Gülen movements, from individuals to businesses, newspapers and

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and that members of the movement hold him in the highest respect", the movement "differs markedly from a cult in several ways", with Gülen stressing "the primacy of the scriptures" and "the imperative of service" and consistently avoiding "attempts to institutionalize power, to perceive him as the

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claimed the movement had initiated the investigations as a result of a break in previously friendly relations. President Erdoğan said Gülen had attempted to overthrow the Turkish government through judicial coup using the investigations. In response the government seized the group-owned newspaper

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called the movement a "secretive and dangerous cult" while calling Gülen a suspicious individual. Saying, "the movement calls itself a tolerant service movement, while those who have left the movement call it a secretive Islamist organization with Fethullah Gülen as its leader". The article said

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The Gülen movement works within the given structures of modern secular states; it encourages affiliated members to maximize the opportunities those countries afford rather than engaging in subversive activities. In the words of the leader himself and the title of a cornerstone of his philosophy,

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elite despite their differences. It was through this alliance that the AKP secured national electoral victories sufficient to form majority governments consecutively in 2002, 2007, and 2011. During this time hundreds of Gülen supporters were appointed to positions within the Turkish government.

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is the major non-profit business confederation which aims to promote economic solutions as well as social and political ones. Another one called TUCSIAD is based in China, in addition to DTIK's Asia-Pacific Group which supports the Gülen movement outside of Turkey in China, hoping to influence

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The movement has been characterized as a "moderate blend of Islam".Sources state that the Gülen movement is vying to be recognized as the world's leading Muslim network, one that is more reasonable than many of its rivals. The movement builds on the activities of Gülen, who has won praise from

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The movement runs charity and humanitarian aid organizations internationally. Among them is the Istanbul-based Kimse Yok Mu Association (KYM). KYM organizes charity campaigns to help those in need in different parts of the world. Like any other activities of the Gülen-movement, KYM runs local

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wrote that "these schools have consistently promoted good learning and citizenship, and the Hizmet movement is to date an evidently admirable civil society organization to build bridges between religious communities and to provide direct service on behalf of the common good". Professor Joshua

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In 2009, it was estimated that Gülen linked schools around the world enrolled more than 2 million students. Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions but it appears there were about 300 Gülen Movement schools in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide at that time. Later

1232:"It is impossible to calculate the size of the Gülen movement" since the movement is not a centralized or formal organization with membership rosters, but rather a set of numerous, loosely organized networks of people inspired by Gülen. Estimates of the size of the movement vary, with one 755:

requests were filed by alleged Gülenists in the European Union (a rise of 50% from 2017), with Germany's share 10,000 and Greece's about 5,000. In the U.S., according to news reports, a number of Gülenists who have successfully receiving political asylum status resettled in New Jersey.

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Members of the Gülen movement inside the intelligence agency have been accused of reshaping Turkish politics to a more "workable form" by leaking secretly filmed sex tapes and corruption tapes of members of the government, with the resignation of main opposition leader

1318:(master) of a Sufi tariqa. Unlike with traditional tariqas, no-one makes pledges of any sort, upon joining the Gülen movement; one becomes a movement participant simply by working with others to promote and effect the movement's objectives of education and service. 1400:

estimated around 150 schools just in the United States, "ranging from networks in Texas, Illinois and Florida to stand-alone academies in Maryland". Although there is no formal networking of all the schools, collectively they form one of the largest collections of

798:(Turkish Intelligence Service), and brought to Turkey. Multiple Turkish officials have confirmed that Turkey has been involved in more than 100 international abductions. 68 of these abductions are publicly known. The number of abductions and the countries are: 1195:"he Gülen movement stayed away from electoral politics, focusing instead on increasing its presence in the state bureaucracy. The Hizmet movement’s stated success in this regard would initially make it Erdoğan’s main partner, but also his eventual nemesis." 1454:

protested schools opening on the basis that they "aim to spread Turkish culture and fundamentalist religious ideas". In the Netherlands, there were concerns that the schools would promote "anti-integrative behavior" however an investigation in 2010 by the

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and three other cities, detaining some 20 people suspected of illegally eavesdropping on President Erdoğan and other senior officials. The suspects are linked to Turkey's telecommunications authority and to its scientific and technological research center

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Since the 2016 coup attempt, authorities arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens and closed more than 1,500 nongovernmental organizations, primarily for alleged ties to the Gülen movement. In 2018, approximately 25,000 Turkish

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support. Schools in Texas were accused of sending school funds to Gülen associated organizations by prioritizing construction contracts with Turkish expatriate-owned construction companies over more economical bids, according to reporting by

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education. There were many Gülen schools in Turkey that an estimated 1.2 million Turks passed through (Including many of Erdoğan's relatives). However after the attempted coup in 2016, all of the schools were shut down and banned by law.

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which have been banned in Turkey since 1925. Movement schools and businesses organize locally and link themselves into informal networks. Each local Gülen movement school and community has a person designated its "informal" prayer leader

665:, on 4 March 2016. Turkish police entered the headquarters by force and fired tear gas at protesting journalists and civilians. Hundreds of protestors were injured. In their effort to eradicate the movement from within the country the 669:

has identified the movement as the "Gülenist Terror Organisation" ("Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü", FETÖ). The government has also been targeting individuals and businessmen who have supported the movement's organizations and activities.

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Schools associated with the Gülen movement can be found in countries with large populations of people of Turkish descent as well as in predominantly non-Turkish Muslim countries where they provide families with an alternative to

4944: 3642: 643: 2832: 651: 1255:, tolerance and peace. The emphasis among participants is to perform "service" (which is the meaning of the Turkish word "hizmet") as arising from individuals' personal commitments to righteous imperatives. Along with 1043:, and multi-party democracy. It has earned praise as "the world's most global movement". Fethullah Gülen's and the Gülen movement's views and practices have been discussed in several international conferences. 1503:

Movement members have set up a number of media organizations to promote its core values such as love, tolerance, hope, dialogue, activism, mutual acceptance and respect. These media organs include TV stations

1443:, who studies the movement, said that Gülen himself "does not have a direct hand in operating" the charter schools and it was reported that Gülen has never visited the schools. Alp Aslandoğan, director of the 3630: 3719: 1120:

Critics have complained that members of the Gülen movement are overly compliant with the directions from its leaders, and Gülen's "movement is generally perceived by its critics as a religio-political

5692: 1192:& Silk Road Studies Program, "With only slight exaggeration, the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) as well as the government it has led could be termed a coalition of religious orders." 2879: 5016: 4855: 2605: 5667: 4612: 4566: 1856: 3897: 3742: 2104: 5672: 4948: 1614:

While being both praised and criticized for being market friendly, the Gülen movement has established various professional associations and business networks. Among them Istanbul based

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didn't see the Gülen movement as a terrorist organisation and that the EU would need "substantive" evidence to change its stance. In 2018, in a conference with Turkish President

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cautioned Turkey to not violate its "own democratic foundations" while drawing attention to the raids against media outlets "openly critical of the current Turkish government".

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Its members have founded schools, universities, an employers' association, charities, real estate trusts, student organizations, radio and television stations, and newspapers.

590:, said Ahmet Şık was not an investigative journalist conducting "independent research", but was hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself". 1361:

Gülen and the Gülen movement are technology-friendly, work within current market and commerce structures, and are savvy users of modern communications and public relations.

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movement associated schools are private schools or charter schools. The curricula of the schools vary from country to country but they generally follow a secular mixture of

5312: 687:. Local media said the move was aimed at the "parallel structure" — the term Erdoğan uses to refer to Gülen's supporters in the judiciary, police and other institutions. 2404: 1697:

1999 – Gülen went to the United States because of the accusations in Turkey and many lawsuits filed against him and his health problems. Gülen currently resides in

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In America there have been allegations and investigations into money-laundering and kickbacks at charter schools connected to the Gülen movement which receive federal

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according to the testimony of his companions Gülen movement member Brigadier General Ali Osman Gürcan deliberately sent 17 soldiers to a house that was packed with

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On 14 December 2014, Turkish police arrested more than two dozen senior journalists and media executives connected with the Gülen movement on various charges.

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David Tittensor wrote, " have labeled Gülen community members as secretive missionaries, while those in the Movement and sympathetic observers class it as a

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said, despite portraying itself as a peaceful educational movement, the Gülen organization never hesitates to use anti-democratic and anti-liberal methods.

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Once the old establishment had been defeated, disagreements emerged between the AKP and the Gülen movement. The first breaking point was the so-called ″

4859: 1456: 1161: 1332:(tutors) who were telling them which books to read, which movies to watch, which friends to meet and whether to see their families or not. While the 3093: 2612: 1280:

The movement skirted Kemalist Turkey's prohibitions against assembling in non-state sponsored religious meetings. (As a young man, future President

1078:. Gülen advocates for cooperation between followers of different religions as well as those practicing different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism or 2129: 1760: 4720: 3537: 2961: 1711:(Is Anybody There?), a charitable organization; 2010, receives "special" NGO status with United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 956: 471:

that the under-aged perpetrator, Ogün Samast, had help from third parties, including people connected to the Istanbul and Trabzon police forces.

5617: 3336: 2555: 1304:). In Turkey Imam is state-sponsored. In the Gülen movement, this individual is a layman who serves for a stint within this volunteer position, 5677: 3768: 3667: 3591: 1027: 738: 658:

said that the arrests went "against European values" and "are incompatible with the freedom of media, which is a core principle of democracy".

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The movement's avowal of interfaith dialogue grew out of Gülen's personal engagement in interfaith dialogue which was largely inspired by,

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1994 – The (Turkish) Journalists and Writers Foundation (Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfi) established, with Gülen as honorary president

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Jon Pahl and John Raines, Professor of the History of Christianity in North America, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia.

4443: 931: 897: 387: 193: 188: 169: 4229: 3116: 3096:[The sentence of Ali Osman Gürcan, a member of the so-called 'Peace at Home Council', has been announced.]. Aksam. 20 June 2019 5476: 4962: 4759: 4272: 4183: 4034: 3248: 869:

Among Turkish citizens within Turkey that have been convicted for membership in the Gülen movement are Turkey's honorary president of

795: 612:(AKP) of Turkey was uncovered, resulting in widespread protests and calls for the resignation of the government led by Prime Minister 364:

crisis″ in February 2012 which has been interpreted as a power struggle between the AKP and the pro-Gülen police and judiciary. After

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republic with a traditional but flexible Islamic faith" and "Ottoman traditions been caricatured as theocratic by Atatürk and his '

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In June 2021, the Turkish-Kyrgyz educator and head of the Sapat educational network in Kyrgyzstan, Orhan Inandi, went missing from

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Scholars such as Simon Robinson disagree with the characterization, writing that although "here is no doubt that Gülen remains a

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Beginning in 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement's activities in the Netherlands in response to questions from

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requests regarding 464 fugitives. The decision cited Interpol's definition of the 2016 coup d'état attempt as a failed military

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said that the schools are independent yet indirectly tied to the Gülen movement on the "intellectual or inspirational level."

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Zeki Saritoprak, "Muslim Perception of Fethullah Gulen and the Hizmet Movement: Accommodating or Hindering Modern Turkey?" in

3071: 2117: 5165: 4125: 2020: 1009: 1003: 509: 1185:' heirs". In the early 2000s, the Gülen movement was seen as keeping a distance from established Islamic political parties. 368:

in 2013 into the alleged corrupt practices of several politicians and family members of the ruling AKP of Turkey, President

5371:"List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council as of 1 September 2013" 5056: 4585: 3117:"An alternative reading of religion and authoritarianism: the new logic between religion and state in the AKP's New Turkey" 2934: 2533: 1803: 443:. The prosecutor for the case, Ferhat Sarıkaya, prepared a criminal indictment in which Turkey's Commander of Land Forces, 4792: 4198: 3221: 2229: 1248: 1157: 978:

there was no "evidence to justify the designation of the Gülenists as a terrorist organisation by the UK". The same year,

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Salih, Yucel (December 2013). "Muslim-Christian Dialogue: Nostra Aetated and Fethullah Gulen's Philosophy of Dialogue".

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Michel S.J., Thomas (October–December 2007). ""Fethullah Gulen and Pope John Paul II: "Two Frontrunners for Peace"".

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In Europe there has been some pushback to the establishment of schools associated with the movement. In Georgia, the

696: 520:, this alleged organization was called "Ergenekon terrorist organization". The Gülen affiliated media, in particular 2694: 444: 5657: 5642: 5399: 3794: 1444: 1440: 5604: 3931: 3446: 1030:. Gülen described the killing as a “heinous act of terror” that pointed to a deterioration of security in Turkey. 5512: 5395: 4764: 4262: 3868: 3024: 2433: 1698: 1379: 1128:

editorial board described the movement in 2013 as having "some of the characteristics of a cult or of an Islamic

342: 109: 4824: 3358: 1738:) receives "general consultative status" as a Non-Governmental Organization of the Economic and Social Council ( 1349:" and "not transparent as opposed to the claims", and reported that the organization tried to reorganize in the 5421: 4639: 3565: 2739: 925: 415: 182: 3685: 5217: 3973: 3002: 5621: 5543: 5493: 4725: 4093: 4054: 3253: 1281: 1234: 1016: 703:

under PKK control. In 2015, the Turkish government said the movement had leaked the identity of 329 Turkish

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gendarmarie, or the intelligence services despite being briefed of a planned assassination several times.

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Bulent Temel, Candidacy versus Membership: Is Turkey the Greatest Beneficiary of the European Union" in

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As of 2020, Turkey had successfully pressured a number of countries, especially those in Africa and the

722: 4430: 2386: 493:, which critics characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey. 4856:"Trump moved to cut funding for charter schools linked to Turkish preacher Gülen - Bloomberg | Ahval" 4404: 2559: 1207: 1075: 440: 353: 352:(AKP). When the AKP came to power in 2002 the two groups formed an alliance against military and the 323:. On the other hand it has also been reported to have a "cultish hierarchy" and as being a secretive 2253:"BPA Audit Figures Reveal Turkish Newspaper As Having One of the Largest Subscriber Bases in Europe" 1472: 695:

Since 2013, the Gülen movement has been accused by the Turkish government of collaborating with the

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said that Germany needed more evidence to classify the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization.

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into corrupt practices by several bureaucrats, ministers, mayors, and family members of the ruling

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Allegations have been made about the role of the Gülen movement in the assassination of journalist

328: 150: 5444:(bi-monthly journal of interfaith dialogue, intercultural studies, art, and history). Engl. lang. 5348: 1480: 4142: 3902: 3147: 2669: 1727: 1509: 1370:-affiliated foundations and businesses were estimated to be worth 20-50 billion dollars in 2015. 1136: 979: 647: 529: 4613:"In Sunni 'Cult' Fight, Turkey Guns For America's Richest And Most Politically Connected Cleric" 2459:"Gülenist prosecutor's confession a sigh of relief for former top Turkish soldier - Turkey News" 2303: 1911:"In Sunni 'Cult' Fight, Turkey Guns For America's Richest And Most Politically Connected Cleric" 1857:"In Sunni 'Cult' Fight, Turkey Guns For America's Richest And Most Politically Connected Cleric" 1629: 1085:

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that promote

577: 319:, modern-oriented version of Islam, and an alternative to more extreme schools of Islam such as 291: 80: 5370: 4520: 4376: 3074:[Informant betrayal: 329 gendarmerie informants deciphered]. Haber 7. 16 September 2015 2252: 5547: 5522: 5513:"The good, the bad and the Gülenists: The Role of the Gulen Movement in Turkey's Coup Attempt" 5497: 5472: 5453: 5425: 5161: 5035: 4985: 4800: 4741: 4268: 4030: 3893: 3258: 3139: 2969: 2771: 1945: 1768: 1691: 1671: 1637: 1633: 1568: 1522: 1435: 1067: 1056: 726: 525: 375: 140: 4900: 1577: 4448: 4239: 3131: 1528: 1220: 1090: 752: 586: 540: 517: 484: 399: 391: 315:

Its teachings are considered conservative in Turkey but some have praised the movement as a

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Fethullah Gülen, who left Turkey in 1999 after being threatened by lawsuits and settled in

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The Gulen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam

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Ian Markham, Engaging with Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: A Model of Interfaith Dialogue, p 4.

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The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam

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pupils attending the "cults" schools in Germany were under immense pressure from their

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said the movement distorted events, threatened those who spoke against it, and accused

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To date, these allegations remain unsubstantiated, and no court case has been brought.

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in Istanbul. Hakan Bakırcıoglu, one of Hrant Dink's lawyers, said in an interview with

94: 699:. In 2014 the movement reportedly conducted several meetings with the PKK in parts of 5636: 5620:(audio of roundtable discussion with academics David Tittensor & Tezcan Gümüş at 4023: 3936: 3468: 3151: 1654: 1252: 1178: 1114: 991: 655: 287: 5439: 5289: 4963:"U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention - Philly.com" 3918:"Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008" 5625: 4820: 4409: 4316:"The Naqshbandi-Khalidi Order and Political Islam in Turkey - by Svante E. Cornell" 4098: 3204:"Labeled terrorists in their homeland, hundreds of Turks seek asylum in New Jersey" 2359: 1680: 1648: 1505: 855: 557: 516:

ultra-nationalist organization responsible for these events. With the start of the

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The movement's structure has been described as a flexible organizational network.

5599:- a review of former Hizmet participants' scholarly commentary about the movement 5537: 5487: 5466: 3424: 2909: 1939: 4494:"Islam in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (The Nurcu Movement and the Hizb ut Tahrir)" 4470: 3795:"Trial Begins Over Alleged Plot Behind Assassination Of Russian Envoy In Turkey" 1488: 1416:

and local curricula with an emphasis on science and math. A 2008 article in the

1323: 874: 283: 3821:"Prosecutors seek life sentence for defendants in Russian ambassador's killing" 1786: 963:, also designated the Gülen movement as a terrorist organization in July 2016. 779:

Despite Turkey's official request, the United States has not extradited Gülen.

406:) (PDY). The movement has also been designated as a terrorist organization by 5593: 5579: 4829: 3643:

EU says needs concrete evidence from Turkey to deem Gulen network as terrorist

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gave the documents to his colleagues and they were determined to be forgeries.

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The Great Catalyst: European Union Project and Lessons from Greece and Turkey

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intelligence organization found that the schools did not represent a threat.

1314:. Gülen's position, as described in the foregoing, is analogous to that of a 489:

Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement's possible involvement in the

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quoted a German lawyer that called the organization "more powerful than the

1259:, the movement, which has no official name, is termed the Gülen movement or 1022:

In contrast, Russian officials have accused the shooter of aiming to damage

878: 831: 815: 707: 294:'s religious teachings. It is referred to by its members as the "Service" (" 5198:[Gulen and its movement in 100 questions]. HaberTurk. 16 April 2010 4721:"Gulen Movement's Charter Schools May Be Caught Up in Turkey-U.S. Standoff" 3970:"Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Contributions of the Gülen Movement" 3743:"Putin says Turkey ambassador murder is ploy to wreck Syrian peace process" 2935:"Turkey: Zaman newspaper taken over as government steamrolls press freedom" 2880:"Court rules for release of Zaman chief editor, Samanyolu manager arrested" 1595:

projects responding to specific needs. KYM holds UN Ecosoc Special status.

422:

in July 2016, the government blamed the group for the coup and authorities

3592:"Erdogan boasts of abduction of Turkish-born Kyrgyz educator Orhon Inandi" 959:

by Turkey and considered by the international community to be part of the

4834: 3844:"Why killing of Russian diplomat may well bring Turkey and Russia closer" 3094:"Sözde 'yurtta sulh konseyi' üyesi Ali Osman Gürcan'ın cezası belli oldu" 2590: 2198: 2179:[Corruption and bribery operation in Istanbul]. 17 December 2013. 1409: 1182: 1129: 945: 851: 839: 807: 760: 513: 407: 320: 316: 275: 228: 135: 104: 2536:[Hrant Dink indictment 5: Murder on the way...]. Al Jazeera Turk 1336:

were keeping a protocol of all those staying in the cult's dormitories.

5457: 4897:"Who Is Fethullah Gulen? by Claire Berlinski, City Journal Autumn 2012" 4760:"U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention" 1984:"Most Turks believe a secretive Muslim sect was behind the failed coup" 1641: 1534: 1517: 1423:

charter network has a religious agenda in the classroom", according to

1386: 1174: 987: 885: 863: 847: 843: 835: 803: 684: 4122:

Hizmet Means Service: Perspectives on an Alternative Path within Islam

900:

according to the following countries and international organizations:

386:

Since May 2016, the Gülen movement has been classified by Turkey as a

5468:

No Return from Democracy: A Survey of Interviews with Fethullah Gulen

5449: 4923:"BFP Exclusive: Fethullah Gulen's New Controversy in the Netherlands" 4874:"Georgian Labor Party protests opening of Turkish schools - Trend.Az" 4617: 4184:"An Ottoman Empire of the Mind - Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site" 4160: 3655:

Germany needs more evidence to declare Gulen movement illegal: Merkel

3185:"Greece: A safe haven for Turks threatened over Gülen movement links" 2105:

The Coalition Crumbles: Erdogan, the Gülenists, and Turkish Democracy

1861: 1715: 1615: 1350: 1315: 1310: 1292: 1261: 1247:

The movement states that it is based on moral values and advocacy of

960: 912: 827: 768: 679: 308: 205: 62: 5103: 2585: 2508:"Clues pointing to the Gulen network in the Hrant Dink murder case?" 2225:"The Gulen movement: a self-exiled imam challenges Turkey's Erdoğan" 1804:"Turkey Sentences 24 Journalists to Prison, Claiming Terrorism Ties" 1188:

According to academic researcher Svante E. Cornell, director of the

5576:"Creating an elite to lead the state: The Gulen movement in Turkey" 539:(CHP) has said were illegal court decisions against members of the 535:

The Gülen movement has also been implicated in what the opposition

5608: 5575: 5221: 3996:"The International Conference on The Gulen Movement, Chicago 2010" 2695:

Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication

2304:"Turkey officially designates Gulen religious group as terrorists" 2275:"Turkey officially designates Gulen religious group as terrorists" 2047:"Turkey to add Gülen movement to list of terror groups: President" 1079: 1050: 859: 823: 811: 571:

In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including

521: 335: 4290:"Secret Diyanet report gauges threat posed by Turkey's Islamists" 3688:[Erdoğan officially announces: Assassin is FETÖ member]. 2360:"Turkey: Mass arrests after coup bid quashed, says PM – BBC News" 1599: 512:

as well as other events, to create the illusion of a clandestine

5015:

Times-Picayune, Andrew Vanacore, NOLA com | The (16 July 2011).

4444:"Media and Mysticism: Erdoğan vs. Gülen – Re-visioning Religion" 4267:. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. p. 236. 3952:"Turkish schools World's most global movement, says sociologist" 2434:"An exiled cleric denies playing a leading role in coup attempt" 1301: 1266: 1121: 338: 5081: 4431:

Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist

3025:"Turkey arrests dozens suspected of eavesdropping on president" 2556:"Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program" 1941:

Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics

584:

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from the Gülen aligned newspaper

5539:

The House of Service: The Gülen Movement and Islam's Third Way

4051:

The House of Service: The Gulen Movement and Islam's Third Way

3645:, Tulay Karadeniz, Tuvan Gumrukcu, November 30th 2017, Reuters 2962:"Turkey Seizes Newspaper, Zaman, as Press Crackdown Continues" 1269:

orders, meaning "congregation," "community," or "assembly.")

4343:[Spiegel finally solved FETO]. Sabah. 6 February 2017 3769:"Five sentenced to life in Turkey for Russian envoy's murder" 3380: 3249:"Turkey Gathered Information in the U.S. Against Its Critics" 3052:[Öcalan said hello to Gülen]. Hürriyet. 23 March 2013 2665:"Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military" 1218:

of having ties to the Turkish mafia. While Gareth Jenkins of

383:, as well as several companies that have ties to the group. 4548:"The Intellectual Crisis of the Gülen Movement | Ahval" 4521:"The 'ally' to 'enemy # 1': Gülen Movement (1) | Ahval" 4199:"Vormt de Gülen-beweging een bedreiging voor de integratie?" 2148:"Turkey: Erdogan faces new protests over corruption scandal" 794:

Some Gulenists abroad have been kidnapped, allegedly by the

725:. He was arrested after the coup's failure and sentenced to 2387:"Turkey coup attempt: Erdogan rounds up suspected plotters" 1066:. Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including 247: 4377:"Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement" 3898:"Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam" 2697:

in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011

1761:"Turkey Feels Sway of Fethullah Gulen, a Reclusive Cleric" 1573: 5605:"Loathed, hunted down, Gülen Movement finished in Turkey" 1884:"The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism" 1206:

criticized the movement regarding its activities towards

763:

had denied Turkey's appeals of the rejection of Turkey's

5057:"Is the Fethullah Gülen Movement Overstretching Itself?" 3315:"2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey" 3222:"Turkey poised to rescind Fethullah Gülen's citizenship" 3166:"2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey" 1647:

1950s – Gülen's first meeting with people from the

1559: 4405:"Turkey accuses popular Islamist of plot against state" 3359:"Turkish officials abducted a Gulenist from Azerbaijan" 2405:"194 killed in quashed Gülenist coup attempt: Military" 1720:

Turkish Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists

327:. The movement is also known for initiating forums for 5618:"The rise, fall and future of Turkey's Gülen movement" 4120:

Simon Robinson, "Building Bridges: Gulen Pontifex" in

2325:"'FETÖ, KKTC'de de terör örgütleri listesine eklendi'" 1787:"Country Policy and Information Note Turkey: Gülenism" 982:, the EU Counter-terrorism Coordinator, said that the 661:

The Turkish government took over the Gülen affiliated

5563:"Gülen movement: Creating an elite to lead the state" 5299:

is active in nine Midwestern states with 22 branches.

5146:

Unal & Williams, Ali & Alphonse, ed. (2000).

4789:"Gulen-Inspired Schools Promote Learning and Service" 2855:"In Turkey, police arrest journalists and executives" 2797:"Under Erdogan, Turkey is moving away from democracy" 2188: 2186: 1288:

tariqa which was then technically banned in Turkey.)

678:

On 20 January 2015, Turkish police launched raids in

390:

under the names Fethullahist Terrorist Organization (

4825:"U.S. charter schools tied to powerful Turkish imam" 4588:[Augsburg: The Gülen network is expanding]. 4471:"Sufism in Turkey | Religious Literacy Project" 2910:"Turkey media arrests: Mogherini leads EU criticism" 2346:"GCC declare Gulen group a 'terrorist organisation'" 2142: 2140: 2138: 791:, to extradite over 80 alleged Gülenists to Turkey. 239: 5489:

Toward an Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen Movement

3072:"Muhbir ihaneti: 329 jandarma muhbiri deşifre oldu" 1678:1993 – A television channel opened in Turkey, 348:The Gülen movement is a former ally of the Turkish 234: 168: 158: 124: 116: 100: 89: 73: 48: 36: 4668:"Turkish Islamic preacher – threat or benefactor?" 4022: 3631:Repression or recovery? UK's relations with Turkey 3403:"Gabon handed over 3 detained educators to Turkey" 2822: 2534:"Hrant Dink iddianamesi 5: Yol verilen cinayet..." 2107:, The Turkey Analyst, vol. 5, no. 4, Feb. 20, 2012 1532:(English), magazines and journals in Turkish like 1265:(the latter also used to describe participants in 5668:Organisations designated as terrorist by Pakistan 3801:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 January 2019 3686:"Erdoğan resmen açıkladı: Suikastçı FETÖ mensubu" 2130:Turkey Feels Sway of Reclusive Cleric in the U.S. 1725:2007 – A news channel was opened in Turkey, 1160:. The first two investigations, performed by the 5220:[circulation]. Medyatava. Archived from 3972:. En.fgulen.com. 27 October 2007. Archived from 3285:"Broken Gülen movement faces existential crisis" 2219: 2217: 1734:2012 – Journalists and Writers Foundation ( 1019:said that the perpetrator was a member of FETÖ. 575:, who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" ( 93:Turkey, United States, Canada, Finland, Sweden, 5673:Organizations designated as terrorist by Turkey 3538:"In Turkey, Twitter is the enemy of the people" 2725:Details can be found in English on the site of 2579: 2577: 2171: 2169: 1704:2004 – Establishment of Niagara Foundation 5417:Turkey's July 15th Coup: What Happened and Why 4986:"Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas" 4742:"Charter Schools Tied to Turkey Grow in Texas" 4586:"Augsburg: Das Gülen-Netzwerk weitet sich aus" 2638:"Turkey: ten writers and journalists arrested" 710:to the PKK who were then executed by the PKK. 27:Islamist civic movement led by Fethullah Gülen 1759:Bilefsky, Dan; Arsu, Sebnem (24 April 2012). 1432:Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia 8: 5693:Christian–Islamic–Jewish interfaith dialogue 5040:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4805:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4398: 4396: 4223: 4221: 4139:Alternative Islamic Discourses and Religious 3888: 3886: 3560: 3558: 3447:"Turkey abducts Erdogan opponents in Kosovo" 3405:. Stockholm Center for Freedom. 8 April 2018 2194:"Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement" 2177:"İstanbul'da yolsuzluk ve rüşvet operasyonu" 2021:"Who Was Behind the Coup Attempt in Turkey?" 4382:Middle East Review of International Affairs 4141:(eds. Carool Kersten & Susanne Olsson: 3618:"OIC lists Gulen network as 'terror group'" 1606:and is active in America, Asia and Africa. 162:Formerly estimated at 200,000 to 4 million, 5378:United Nations Economic and Social Council 5196:""100 soruda Fethullah Gülen ve Hareketi"" 5180:[The Last Outpost]. Archived from 4375:Aras, Bulent; Caha, Omer (December 2000). 4261:Henry, Clement M.; Wilson, Rodney (2004). 3337:"Abductions of Gulenists by Turkish state" 2960:Timur, Safak; Arango, Tim (4 March 2016). 2310:. 31 May 2016 – via www.reuters.com. 2083:"Turkey as a model of democracy and Islam" 1173:middle class", that "they can combine the 33: 5414:M Hakan Yavuz & Bayram Balci (2018). 4714: 4712: 3493:. Amnesty International. 6 September 2018 1933: 1931: 1093:dialogue activities. Among these are the 1039:non-Muslims for his advocacy of science, 424:arrested thousands of soldiers and judges 5331:"United Nations Search results for CSos" 5150:. Fairfax, VA: The Fountain. p. 15. 3124:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 2340: 2338: 2319: 2317: 2298: 2296: 290:theological perspective as reflected in 5448:: Blue Dome Press (affiliated with the 3247:Strobel, Warren P. (13 November 2019). 3115:Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi (26 February 2019). 2824:"Where did it all go wrong for Turkey?" 2709:"7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey" 1938:White, Jenny Barbara (1 January 2002). 1751: 1666:1982 – First "Gülen school" opens. 398:) (FETÖ) and Parallel State Structure ( 379:, which was one of the most circulated 5420:. Utah Series in Middle East Studies. 5033: 4798: 3469:"Orhan Inandi abducted from Kyrgistan" 2532:Günday, Selahattin (9 December 2015). 1485:Abramson Science and Technology School 496:According to investigative journalist 5518:European Council on Foreign Relations 5148:Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen 4025:Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen 2995:"Turkey challenged by terror in 2015" 2738:The alleged terrorist network is the 2558:. Silkroadstudies.org. Archived from 1026:which had been normalizing since the 560:in 2010 as the most notable example. 7: 5313:"Fighting Poverty with Kimse Yok Mu" 4965:. Articles.philly.com. 20 March 2011 4925:. Boilingfrogspost.com. 9 April 2013 4611:Rapoza, Kenneth (20 December 2015). 3998:. Niagara Foundation. Archived from 2835:from the original on 12 January 2022 2506:Duran, Aram Ekin (19 January 2017). 1855:Rapoza, Kenneth (20 December 2015). 674:Eavesdropping on state offices, 2015 5511:Asli Aydıntaşbaş (September 2016). 5317:Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site 5062:. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik 3842:Borger, Julian (19 December 2016). 3823:. Hürriyet Daily News. 5 March 2020 3741:Osborn, Andrew (19 December 2016). 3283:Lepeska, David (15 February 2020). 3183:Dartford, Katy (22 November 2019). 1619:Turkish politics from the outside. 1074:, and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi 932:Organization of Islamic Cooperation 881:, who were convicted in July 2020. 435:Bombing of Şemdinli Bookstore, 2005 5561:Timur Tinçurl (26 November 2017). 4996:from the original on 19 March 2024 4899:. City-journal.org. Archived from 4403:Morris, Chris (1 September 2000). 4156:"Gulen Inspires Muslims Worldwide" 1944:. University of Washington Press. 1095:Journalists and Writers Foundation 1072:Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I 25: 5603:Nick Ashdown (28 February 2018). 5587:Mustafa Akyol (7 December 2017). 5243:Fuchs Ebaugh, Helen Rose (2009). 3202:Adely, Hannan (17 October 2019). 3170:United States Department of State 1477:Louisiana Department of Education 771:rather than an act of terrorism. 667:Turkish National Security Council 600:2013 corruption scandal in Turkey 451:Assassination of Hrant Dink, 2007 4442:Atlas, Jonas (8 December 2016). 4341:"Spiegel, sonunda FETÖ'yü çözdü" 4197:Bahara, Hassan (21 March 2014). 2663:Arango, Tim (26 February 2014). 2485:"Semdinli Bombers are Acquitted" 2432:Saul, Stephanie (16 July 2016). 1890:. Radio National. 31 August 2013 1028:2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt 976:Foreign Affairs Select Committee 938: 919: 905: 892:Designation as a terrorist group 877:, and Amnesty's Turkish branch, 441:bookstore was bombed in Şemdinli 272:Gülen hareketi / Hizmet hareketi 221: 210: 198: 187: 176: 5574:Timur Tinç (27 December 2017). 5567:D+C Development and Cooperation 5260:Australian eJournal of Theology 5055:Günter Seufert (January 2014). 4984:Saul, Stephanie (6 June 2011). 4740:Saul, Stephanie (7 June 2011). 4694:, Turko kullari, archived from 4264:The politics of Islamic Finance 3799:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3570:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3050:"Öcalan, Gülen'e selam söyledi" 2821:Akkoc, Raziye (17 March 2016). 2584:Cagaptay, Soner (16 May 2009). 2118:Intelligence Chief Must Testify 2019:Akyol, Mustafa (22 July 2016). 1430:Two American professors at the 1276:Lay clergy (Imam-Mullah-Shaykh) 1190:Central Asia-Caucasus Institute 1034:Faith, practice, and experience 968:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 170:Designated as a terrorist group 4719:Strum, Beckie (19 July 2016). 4519:Arakon, Maya (11 April 2018). 4288:Eşiyok, Dicle (13 July 2019). 4238:. No. 148. Archived from 4126:University of California Press 3668:"Who was the Ankara assassin?" 3633:, Parliament.uk, 25 March 2017 3491:"Moldova deported 7 Gulenists" 2487:. Artı Gerçek. 9 November 2023 2385:Sheena McKenzie; Ray Sanchez. 1836:. Ahvalnews.com. 16 March 2018 1010:assassination of Andrey Karlov 1004:Assassination of Andrei Karlov 998:Assassination of Andrei Karlov 783:Extradition of the leadearship 759:In 2019, it was reported that 697:Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) 551:Sex and corruption tapes, 2010 510:Zirve Publishing House murders 504:, the assassination of priest 500:, the Gülen movement used the 112:, United States (1999–present) 1: 5678:Political movements in Turkey 5616:Ali Moore (31 October 2019). 5589:"Gulenists Speak Out at Last" 4674:, 14 May 2008, archived from 4546:Bacık, Gökhan (18 May 2018). 3932:"How far they have travelled" 3449:. Deutsche Welle. 17 May 2018 3136:10.1080/14683857.2019.1576370 2707:Arsu, Şebnem (3 March 2011). 2642:Human Rights House Foundation 2331:(in Turkish). 17 August 2016. 2230:The Christian Science Monitor 2132:, nytimes.com, April 24, 2012 1736:Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfi 1714:2005 – Establishment of 1707:2004 – Establishment of 1690:1998 – Gülen meets with 1598:Another charity organization 1249:universal access to education 713:On 15 April 2016, during the 610:Justice and Development Party 350:Justice and Development Party 5441:What Went Wrong with Turkey? 5380:. 3 October 2013. p. 3. 5290:"History Niagara Foundation" 4876:. En.trend.az. 27 April 2010 4094:"Turkey: up from the depths" 4021:Unal, Ali (1 October 2000). 3869:"Gulen condemns the killing" 3518:. Turkey Tribunal. July 2021 3513:"Abductions in Turkey Today" 3339:. Hurriyet. 24 February 2019 3001:(in Turkish). Archived from 2586:"Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt" 2120:, nytimes.com, Feb. 10, 2012 1659:1979 – Science journal 1520:) (English), the newspapers 278:fraternal movement. It is a 4228:Masood, Ehsan (July 2008). 2727:the Democratic Turkey Forum 1632:was born in the village of 502:assassination of Hrant Dink 479:Ergenekon trials, 2008-2016 457:Assassination of Hrant Dink 334:The movement is led by the 5709: 5400:Public Radio International 4066:Infra note, Berlinski 2012 3317:. U.S. Department of State 2753:; accessed on 5 April 2011 2255:. ClickPress. 10 July 2007 1966:"The Gulenists fight back" 1491:which was operated by the 1445:Alliance for Shared Values 1441:Loyola University Maryland 1377: 1001: 966:In 2017, according to the 898:designated terrorist group 597: 566: 482: 454: 404:Paralel Devlet Yapılanması 4765:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2764:"Erdogan's new sultanate" 2606:"Fetullah Gülen and FETÖ" 1954:– via Google Books. 1699:Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania 1610:Professional associations 1425:The Philadelphia Inquirer 1321:In 2017, German magazine 746:Purges from state offices 739:15 July 2016 coup attempt 733:15 July 2016 coup attempt 537:Republican People's Party 366:corruption investigations 343:Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania 110:Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania 42: 41: 5536:David Tittensor (2014). 5422:University of Utah Press 4365:(Springer, 2009), p. 46. 3425:"Nephew of Gulen seized" 3383:. LawEuro. 24 April 2019 3381:"Ozdemir vs. Azerbaijan" 2744:Article of 29 March 2011 1742:) of the United Nations. 1357:Associated Organizations 1177:-nationalist beliefs of 926:Gulf Cooperation Council 715:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 604:On 17 December 2013, an 594:Corruption scandal, 2013 430:Scandals and allegations 416:Gulf Cooperation Council 396:Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü 18:Fethullahçı Terör Örgütü 5622:University of Melbourne 5544:Oxford University Press 5494:Oxford University Press 5486:M. Hakan Yavuz (2013). 5351:[About]. TUSKON 5247:. Springer. p. 89. 5104:"The Fountain Magazine" 4726:The Wall Street Journal 4055:Oxford University Press 3254:The Wall Street Journal 2749:1 February 2016 at the 1024:Russia–Turkey relations 491:Ergenekon investigation 5663:Sunni Islamic branches 5311:Michel, S.J., Thomas. 4584:Zeitung, Süddeutsche. 4204:De Groene Amsterdammer 4124:(ed. Martin E. Marty: 2740:Ergenekon organization 1590:Charitable Foundations 1572:and the radio station 1380:Gülen movement schools 1291:Akin to Turkey's Sufi 1144:Relations to the state 1101:in Washington and the 1059: 691:Collaboration with PKK 439:On 9 November 2005, a 403: 395: 388:terrorist organization 307: 299: 271: 5465:Faruk Mercan (2017). 5275:Dialogue Asia-Pacific 4795:on 11 September 2012. 4645:The Los Angeles Times 4473:. Rlp.hds.harvard.edu 1653:1960 – death of 1555:The Fountain Magazine 1475:, an official at the 1452:Georgian Labour Party 1168:Relations to politics 1103:Indialogue Foundation 1054: 948:, since December 2018 871:Amnesty International 723:Peace at Home Council 567:The Imam's Army, 2011 107:, Turkey (1969–1999) 5624:'s Asia Institute). 5288:Niagara Foundation. 4862:on 27 February 2021. 4678:on 19 September 2020 3958:on 19 December 2013. 2027:. The New York Times 1574:Cihan Radyo(Turkish) 1297:lay religious orders 1208:freedom of the press 1109:Devotional practices 1076:Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron 990:, German Chancellor 934:, since October 2016 928:, since October 2016 896:Gülen movement is a 775:Extradition of Gulen 545:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 381:newspapers in Turkey 370:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 302:") or "Community" (" 5688:Interfaith dialogue 5471:. Blue Dome Press. 5446:Clifton, New Jersey 5408:Further information 5224:on 17 December 2013 4951:on 29 October 2019. 4500:on 13 February 2015 4361:Helen Rose Ebaugh, 4314:Cornell, Svante E. 4079:(ed. Bülent Temel: 3674:. 20 December 2016. 3596:www.intellinews.com 3295:on 13 February 2020 2890:on 19 December 2014 2463:Hürriyet Daily News 2410:Hürriyet Daily News 2103:Halil M. Karaveli: 2051:Hurriyet Daily News 1602:was established in 1499:Media Organizations 1397:Wall Street Journal 1353:region of Germany. 1342:Süddeutsche Zeitung 1149:Gülen promotes "an 1047:Interfaith dialogue 1041:interfaith dialogue 789:former Soviet Union 737:In reaction to the 640:US State Department 631:Media arrests, 2014 420:failed coup attempt 329:interfaith dialogue 151:Interfaith dialogue 117:Active regions 5683:Sufi organizations 5653:Islamism in Turkey 5648:Islam and politics 5294:Niagara Foundation 5184:on 27 August 2010. 5084:. Çağlayan Dergisi 5082:"Çağlayan Dergisi" 4990:The New York Times 4895:Claire Berlinski. 4746:The New York Times 4565:Gülen, Fethullah. 4492:Miller, Kevin Jr. 4230:"A modern Ottoman" 4102:. 27 December 2013 3976:on 4 December 2013 3903:The New York Times 3894:Tavernise, Sabrina 3722:on 8 November 2020 3620:. 19 October 2016. 3471:. BBC. 8 June 2021 3427:. BBC. 31 May 2021 3361:. AA. 20 July 2018 3228:. 22 November 2019 3005:on 3 February 2016 2966:The New York Times 2801:The Globe and Mail 2713:The New York Times 2670:The New York Times 2438:The New York Times 2348:. 14 October 2016. 2233:. 29 December 2013 2202:. 18 December 2013 2154:. 28 December 2013 2025:The New York Times 1808:The New York Times 1765:The New York Times 1728:Samanyolu Haber TV 1663:begins publication 1567:The International 1510:Samanyolu Haber TV 1493:Pelican Foundation 1469:The New York Times 1137:charismatic leader 1060: 980:Gilles de Kerchove 972:British Parliament 961:Republic of Cyprus 648:Federica Mogherini 644:EU Foreign Affairs 530:Samanyolu Haber TV 164:presently unknown. 5658:Islamic democracy 5528:978-1-910118-88-7 5452:movement). 2017. 4903:on 16 August 2014 4698:on 6 October 2014 4049:David Tittensor, 3710:Osborne, Samuel. 1692:Pope John Paul II 1569:Cihan News Agency 1436:Temple University 1394:reporting by the 1199:Freedom of speech 1097:in Istanbul, the 1068:Pope John Paul II 1057:Pope John Paul II 1014:Turkish President 727:life imprisonment 256: 255: 141:Islamic democracy 16:(Redirected from 5700: 5629: 5612: 5598: 5583: 5570: 5557: 5532: 5507: 5482: 5461: 5435: 5403: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5174: 5168: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5127:. Embrace Relief 5125:"Embrace Relief" 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5061: 5060:(Research Paper) 5052: 5046: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4947:. Archived from 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4858:. Archived from 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4796: 4791:. Archived from 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4648:. 17 August 2016 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4496:. 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Archived from 2610: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2562:on 27 April 2012 2552: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2144: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2008:. 8 August 2012. 1998: 1992: 1991: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1935: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1909:Kenneth Rapoza. 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1756: 1586: 1284:belonged to the 1221:The Sunday Times 944: 942: 941: 924: 923: 922: 915:, since May 2016 911: 909: 908: 541:Turkish military 518:Ergenekon trials 485:Ergenekon trials 336:Islamic preacher 252: 249: 244: 241: 227: 225: 224: 215: 214: 213: 204: 202: 201: 192: 191: 181: 180: 179: 44: 34: 21: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5633: 5632: 5615: 5602: 5586: 5573: 5560: 5554: 5535: 5529: 5510: 5504: 5485: 5479: 5464: 5438: 5432: 5413: 5410: 5402:. 23 July 2020. 5393: 5390: 5385: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4823:(13 May 2012). 4819: 4818: 4814: 4797: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4768:. 20 March 2011 4758: 4757: 4753: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4691:Turkish Schools 4688: 4687: 4683: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4527:. Ahvalnews.com 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4227: 4226: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4145:, 2013), p. 70. 4136: 4132: 4128:, 2015), p. 78. 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057:, 2014) p. 172. 4048: 4044: 4037: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3940:. 6 March 2008. 3930: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3716:The Independent 3709: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2829:Telegraph.co.uk 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2751:Wayback Machine 2737: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2675: 2673: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2644:. 13 March 2011 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2465:. 3 August 2016 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2302: 2301: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2152:Digital Journal 2146: 2145: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1990:. 28 July 2016. 1982: 1981: 1977: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1888:Australia's ABC 1882: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1630:Fethullah Gülen 1625: 1612: 1592: 1580: 1501: 1403:charter schools 1382: 1376: 1359: 1278: 1245: 1239:professionals. 1230: 1201: 1170: 1146: 1117:organization". 1111: 1049: 1036: 1006: 1000: 957:recognised only 953:Northern Cyprus 939: 937: 920: 918: 906: 904: 894: 785: 777: 748: 735: 693: 676: 633: 602: 596: 578:The Imam's Army 569: 553: 487: 481: 459: 453: 445:Yaşar Büyükanıt 437: 432: 412:Northern Cyprus 354:Turkish secular 292:Fethullah Gülen 264:Hizmet movement 246: 245: 238: 222: 220: 219: 217:Northern Cyprus 211: 209: 208: 199: 197: 196: 186: 185: 177: 175: 163: 108: 85: 81:Fethullah Gülen 69: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5706: 5704: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5643:Gülen movement 5635: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5613: 5600: 5584: 5571: 5558: 5552: 5533: 5527: 5508: 5502: 5483: 5478:978-1682060179 5477: 5462: 5436: 5430: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5389: 5388:External links 5386: 5384: 5383: 5362: 5340: 5322: 5303: 5280: 5265: 5250: 5235: 5209: 5187: 5169: 5153: 5138: 5116: 5095: 5073: 5047: 5007: 4976: 4954: 4936: 4914: 4887: 4865: 4847: 4812: 4779: 4751: 4732: 4708: 4681: 4659: 4631: 4603: 4590:Süddeutsche.de 4576: 4557: 4538: 4511: 4484: 4462: 4434: 4423: 4392: 4367: 4354: 4332: 4306: 4280: 4274:978-0748618378 4273: 4253: 4217: 4189: 4174: 4147: 4130: 4113: 4085: 4068: 4059: 4042: 4036:978-0970437013 4035: 4013: 4002:on 5 June 2012 3987: 3961: 3943: 3923: 3909: 3896:(4 May 2008). 3882: 3860: 3834: 3812: 3786: 3775:. 9 March 2021 3760: 3733: 3702: 3690:Milliyet Haber 3677: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3609: 3583: 3554: 3529: 3504: 3482: 3460: 3438: 3416: 3394: 3372: 3350: 3328: 3306: 3275: 3239: 3213: 3194: 3175: 3157: 3107: 3085: 3063: 3041: 3016: 2986: 2952: 2941:. 4 March 2016 2926: 2901: 2871: 2846: 2813: 2788: 2755: 2731: 2718: 2699: 2687: 2655: 2629: 2618:on 9 July 2020 2597: 2573: 2547: 2524: 2512:Deutsche Welle 2498: 2476: 2450: 2424: 2413:. 16 July 2016 2396: 2377: 2366:. 16 July 2016 2351: 2334: 2313: 2292: 2266: 2244: 2213: 2182: 2165: 2134: 2122: 2109: 2096: 2074: 2071:. 3 June 2016. 2069:Turkish Minute 2056: 2053:. 27 May 2016. 2038: 2011: 2006:Spiegel Online 1993: 1975: 1972:. 18 May 2013. 1957: 1950: 1927: 1901: 1875: 1847: 1821: 1810:. 9 March 2018 1795: 1778: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1732: 1723: 1712: 1705: 1702: 1695: 1694:in the Vatican 1688: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1664: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1624: 1621: 1611: 1608: 1600:Embrace Relief 1591: 1588: 1500: 1497: 1473:Folwell Dunbar 1419:New York Times 1405:in America." 1378:Main article: 1375: 1372: 1358: 1355: 1277: 1274: 1244: 1241: 1229: 1226: 1200: 1197: 1169: 1166: 1153:of the Mind". 1151:Ottoman Empire 1145: 1142: 1110: 1107: 1105:in New Delhi. 1048: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1008:Following the 1002:Main article: 999: 996: 984:European Union 950: 949: 935: 929: 916: 893: 890: 784: 781: 776: 773: 747: 744: 734: 731: 692: 689: 675: 672: 652:EU Enlargement 632: 629: 598:Main article: 595: 592: 568: 565: 552: 549: 506:Andrea Santoro 483:Main article: 480: 477: 468:Deutsche Welle 455:Main article: 452: 449: 436: 433: 431: 428: 260:Gülen movement 254: 253: 236: 232: 231: 173: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 128: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 102: 98: 97: 95:European Union 91: 87: 86: 84: 83: 77: 75: 71: 70: 68: 67: 58: 52: 50: 46: 45: 43:Gülen hareketi 39: 38: 37:Gülen movement 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5705: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5553:9780199336418 5549: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5503:9780199927999 5499: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5431:9781607816065 5427: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5335:esango.un.org 5332: 5326: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5236: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5197: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5178:"Son Karakol" 5173: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5008: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4977: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4888: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4821:Stahl, Lesley 4816: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4780: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4604: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4512: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4485: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4424: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4307: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4254: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4027: 4026: 4017: 4014: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3937:The Economist 3933: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3813: 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