589:, in 1866, the Indian's discomfort with the white man had peaked. Red Cloud was determined to face any odds rather than bow down. “Hear ye, Dakotas!” he exclaimed. “When the Great Father at Washington sent us his chief soldier to ask for a path through our hunting grounds, a way for his iron road to the mountains and the western sea, we were told that they wished merely to pass through our country, not to tarry among us, but to seek for gold in the far west. Our old chiefs thought to show their friendship and good will, when they allowed this dangerous snake in our midst. They promised to protect the wayfarers. Yet before the ashes of the council fire are cold, the Great Father is building his forts among us. You have heard the sound of the white soldier’s ax upon the Little Piney. His presence here is an insult and a threat. It is an insult to the spirits of our ancestors. Are we then to give up their sacred graves to be plowed for corn? Dakotas, I am for war!” Less than seven days after that speech, the Sioux went to Fort Phil Kearny, the new sentinel of the Bozeman Trail. A grand attack had been planned with care and nearly every well-known Sioux chief had agreed to strike the invaders. Crazy Horse was put in charge of the attack, while the older men acted as councilors. They experienced great success; in less than half an hour, they had defeated nearly 100 men under Captain Fetterman, who had been cleverly drawn out of the fort by a ruse.
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in a small circle, huddled together for defense. A few of the cavalry were with
Fetterman, but Grummond and most of the cavalry were apparently a mile ahead of the infantry, near the flat along Peno Creek and possibly chasing other decoys. When attacked, the cavalry retreated uphill and southward, toward Fetterman and Fort Kearny. Civilians Wheatley and Fisher and several cavalrymen, "knowing it was fatal to retreat from Indians", halted and took shelter among several large rocks, where they were killed. Grummond and the cavalry apparently remained in good order, leading their horses and presumably firing at the Indians all around them. Because of the steepness of the hill covered with ice and snow, the Indians, mostly on foot, were hampered in their attempts to come in close quarters with the cavalry, but soon succeeded. Grummond probably was killed at this point, after he had personally decapitated at least one warrior with his saber before being overwhelmed by the others. The cavalry continued its retreat, halting to fight in a flat area on the ridge 400 yards north of where the infantry lay dead. The Indians sniped at the soldiers while organizing a charge, and then rushed in among the soldiers, killing them all. The Indians took about twenty minutes to kill the infantry and another twenty minutes to dispatch the cavalry.
547:
492:, ordered him to take the offensive in response to the Indians' "murderous and insulting attacks". Carrington's first opportunity to strike back came on December 6. His pickets on Pilot Hill signaled that an Army wood train was being attacked four miles west of the fort. Carrington told Fetterman to proceed west with a company of cavalry and a squad of mounted infantry to relieve the wood train. Carrington himself led another mounted detachment to circle north in an attempt to cut off the Indians' retreat. During the movement, Lieutenants Grummond and Bingham, with several others, became separated from Carrington, who was surrounded by about a hundred Indian warriors. Fetterman soon arrived to reinforce Carrington, and the Indians retreated.
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the sentry walk after ordering the soldiers to halt as they left the front gate of the fort. Francis
Grummond wrote that everyone present could hear the orders. On leaving the fort, however, Fetterman took the Lodge Ridge Trail northward rather than the trail northwest toward the pinery where the wagon train was. Carrington assumed that Fetterman intended to approach the Indians attacking the wood train from their rear. Within a short time, the signal came that the wood train was no longer under attack. About 50 Indians appeared near Fort Phil Kearny, but Carrington dispersed them with a few cannon shots. Those Indians and others harassed Fetterman as he climbed Lodge Trail Ridge and disappeared out of sight of the fort.
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ready to sally from dawn to dark. On
December 19, the Indians attacked another wood train. Carrington sent Captain Powell, his most cautious officer, out of the fort to relieve the wood train with a cavalry company and mounted infantry. He gave explicit orders not to pursue the Indians beyond Lodge Trail Ridge, two miles north of Fort Phil Kearny. Powell returned safely, having followed orders and accomplished his mission. Carrington reemphasized to his soldiers his policy of caution until reinforcements and additional horses and supplies arrived from Fort Laramie. On December 20, Carrington turned down Fetterman and Captain Brown's proposal that they lead 50 civilian employees in a raid on the Lakota village on the
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the colonel, just after the command left, went across the parade ground to a sentry platform, halted the mounted party, and gave additional orders, understood in the garrison, and by those who heard them, to be the substantial repition of the former. 'The health of Mrs
Grummond was such that Lieutenant Wands and other friends urged him, for his family's sake, to be prudent, and avoid all rash movements and any pursuit that would draw them over Lodge Trail Ridge, and to report to Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Fetterman the orders he had received. These orders, in so many words, 'to relieve the train, and under no circumstances to cross the ridge.' Everyone knew why special emphasis was given to these orders.
601:, a two spirit who was believed to have special powers, to give advice from the butte overlooking the proposed ambush site. The Winkte rode on his pony in a crazed manner four times between the warriors gathered on the butte and Lodge Trail Ridge, each time gathering more "soldiers" into his hands in a prophetic manner. When he returned to Red Cloud the fourth time, he declared that in his vision he had 100 blue-coat soldiers in each hand — too many to hold. The Lakota saw this as the good medicine that won the battle and thereafter called it the "Battle of the Hundred-in-the-Hands". A total of 81 American soldiers and civilians died in the battle.
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arrived at Fort Phil Kearny, Carrington gave him permission to attempt a night ambush. However, the
Indians avoided his position and stampeded a herd of cattle on the bank of the Powder River opposite Fetterman's intended trap. On November 22, Fetterman himself almost fell into an Indian ambush. He had accompanied an escort guarding a wagon train gathering firewood and construction timber for Fort Phil Kearny. A single Indian appeared, trying to entice the soldiers into chasing him into the woods. Lieutenant Bisbee, commanding the wagon train, sensibly took cover instead of pursuing.
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again, this time with a force adequate to destroy any group of soldiers sent to chase them. The warriors, possibly numbering more than 1,000, congregated about 10 miles north of Fort Phil Kearny, reconnoitered, and decided the best place to lay the trap was along the
Bozeman Trail north of Lodge Trail Ridge. It was out of sight, but only about 4 miles from Fort Phil Kearny. The Cheyenne and Arapaho took up positions on the west side of the trail and the Lakota on the east. The group of Indians chosen to decoy the soldiers included the young Oglala
618:
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saw a very large force of
Indians in the Peno Creek valley below. Indian warriors approached the soldiers and taunted them. Meanwhile, Carrington dispatched another group of 42 soldiers to join Ten Eyck. The Indians in the valley slowly dispersed and disappeared. Ten Eyck advanced carefully and the soldiers found the bodies of Fetterman and all of his men in the valley. The dead soldiers had been stripped naked and mutilated. That afternoon, wagons were sent to bring the bodies back to Fort Kearny.
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civilians, Wheatley and Fisher, had their faces smashed into bloody pulp, and
Wheatley had been pierced by more than a hundred arrows. The last trooper to die in the battle may have been Adolph Metzger, a bugler who used his instrument as a weapon until it was battered shapeless. Metzger was the only soldier whose dead body was not mutilated. The Indians covered him with a buffalo hide. Some historians interpreted that as a tribute to his bravery in standing alone against several armed enemies.
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726:. Carrington sent Phillips and another messenger, Philip Bailey, out that evening on the best remaining horses. Phillips accomplished the 236-mile ride to Fort Laramie in four days. A blizzard began on December 22, and Phillips rode through a foot of snow and below-zero temperatures. He saw no Indians during his ride. He arrived at Fort Laramie late in the evening on December 25 during a full-dress Christmas ball and staggered, exhausted, into the party to deliver his message.
737:, who arrived safely at Fort Kearny on January 16 with two companies of cavalry and four of infantry. One man in his command froze to death during the journey. Carrington left Fort Kearny on January 23 with his wife and the other women and children, including the pregnant wife of the deceased Lieutenant Grummond. They braved temperatures as low as -38 °F (-39 °C) during the journey to Fort Laramie. Half of the sixty soldiers escorting them suffered
690:, a Cheyenne-Anglo man, said fourteen Indian warriors were killed. White Elk said only two Cheyenne were killed, but he saw 50 or 60 Lakota dead – more, he said, than were killed in the Battle of the Little Big Horn ten years later. Years later, Red Cloud remembered the names of eleven Oglala who had been killed in the battle. Some estimates range up to 160 Indian dead and an equal number wounded.
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646:, which would indicate an Indian force of considerably more than 1,000 men. Eyewitness testimonies and historians stated that Red Cloud was present in the battle, although his role during the fighting is unknown. Indian armies rarely had a single leader or a command structure. Red Cloud was one of those who planned much of the attack, but
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attacking the wood train and that
Fetterman took the Lodge Trail Ridge to gain a position to attack the Indians from the rear. He says that other than Carrington's accusations, "there is no evidence indicating that Fetterman was anything but a professional officer and a perfect gentleman" with a distinguished combat record.
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ambush. Carrington reported that he had killed ten
Indians, but both Fetterman and he were sobered by the shortcomings in organization and discipline of their largely inexperienced soldiers. Fetterman said, "This Indian war has become a hand-to-hand fight requiring the utmost caution." Carrington's guide, famous
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Brown, until recently the post quartermaster and another of Carrington's critics, and two civilians, James Wheatley and Isaac Fisher, joined Fetterman, bringing the relief force up to 81 officers and men. The infantry marched out first; the cavalry had to retrieve its mounts before it could follow and catch up.
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The orders were given in front of Lieutenant Grummond's house, next the colonel's, and those who were present heard them repeated with distinctness and special urgency. Lieutenant Wands was also instructed to repeat them. As if peculiarly impressed with some anticipations of rashness in the movement,
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About half a mile after Fetterman had crossed the summit of Lodge Trail Ridge, the decoys gave a signal and the Indians on either side of the trail charged. Fetterman's infantry took up a position among some large rocks and, in hand-to-hand fighting, he and 49 of his men died. Their bodies were found
576:
About noon in the fort, Carrington and his men heard heavy firing to their north. Carrington gathered together about 75 men under Captain Ten Eyck and sent them out on foot to search for Fetterman. Ten Eyck advanced carefully up Lodge Trail Ridge. Reaching the top, about 12:45 pm, his men and he
572:
According to Carrington, his orders were clear. "Under no circumstances" was the relief party to "pursue over the ridge, that is Lodge Trail Ridge". Lieutenant Grummond's wife, in her memoirs, confirmed Carrington's statement. She said these orders were given twice, the second time by Carrington from
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Although he had no experience fighting Indians, Fetterman criticized Carrington's defensive posture and was contemptuous of their Indian foes. He allegedly boasted, "Give me 80 men and I can ride through the whole Sioux nation." Many other officers shared Fetterman's feelings. Shortly after Fetterman
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of 1851 designated this territory as Crow land. The Lakota, the Cheyenne, and the Arapaho accepted it as such. Following the dwindling herds of buffalo, the three tribes soon began ignoring the treaty boundaries and hunting on Crow land. By 1860 these traditional enemies of the Crow had taken control
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Also, in the case of Captain Tenodor Ten Eyck, who was sent by Carrington to support or rescue Fetterman when the sounds of battle were heard at Fort Phil Kearny, the captain was accused of having been slow to march to the aid of Fetterman, taking a longer route to reach him. Ten Eyck was accused of
550:
The Fetterman Fight, in Crow territory west of Powder River, guaranteed by 1851 treaty. The Lakota and their Indian allies won the Fetterman Fight in the territory, which they had "recently wrested from the Crows" in battles between the peoples. Wolf Bow (a Crow) protested to white officials against
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into the Powder River country, now the hunting grounds of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Northern Arapaho. His orders were to protect European-American emigrants traveling west along the Bozeman Trail. Carrington had 700 soldiers and 300 civilians in his command. He established three forts along
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The Fetterman Fight soured the mood of the nation and eroded the government's will to defend the Bozeman Trail. In 1868, Fort Phil Kearny was abandoned and, in November of that year, Red Cloud signed a peace agreement with the US. "For the first time in its history, the United States government had
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Following the Fetterman Fight, that evening Carrington prepared for an attack on the fort, ordering all his men to stand watch, three to a porthole. All extra ammunition and explosives were deposited in a powder magazine ringed with wagons. If the Indians attacked, the ten women and children at the
467:
During the next few months, while Fort Phil Kearny was under construction, Carrington suffered about 50 Indian attacks, losing more than 20 soldiers and civilians. The Indian warriors, invariably mounted, generally appeared in groups of 20 to 100. Several of Carrington's junior officers pressed him
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The bodies of Fetterman and his soldiers were found more than half a mile beyond the summit of the ridge. According to Calitri, historians believe evidence conflicts as to whether Carrington gave his order. He suggests that Carrington and Fetterman planned to take the offensive against the Indians
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him. At the top of the ridge, in violation of orders from Carrington, he chose to follow the Indian decoys north rather than turn west to rescue the wagon train. He advanced along a narrow ridge leading to a flat area along Peno Creek. His cavalry under Grummond took the van, initially moving at a
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lieutenant colonel, Fetterman asked for and was given command of the relief party. Powell remained behind. Another officer of the 18th, Lieutenant George W. Grummond, a known critic of Carrington, led the cavalry, which had been leaderless since Bingham's death in early December. Captain Frederick
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His caution confirmed by this experience, Carrington intensified training for his soldiers and officers, forming them into six companies. He doubled the number of guards for the wood trains and kept the 50 serviceable horses the fort still possessed – having lost many in Indian raids – saddled and
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Grummond eventually was seen approaching with seven Indians in hot pursuit, though he managed to reach safety with Carrington and Fetterman. The mutilated bodies of Bingham and a sergeant were found several hours later. Four soldiers had been wounded after they pursued another Indian decoy into an
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Calitri also suggests controversy about Grummond. On dispatching Grummond and the cavalry to join Fetterman, Carrington explicitly ordered him to stay with Fetterman during the operation. Yet, at some point, Grummond led his cavalry far in advance of Fetterman, chasing the Indian decoys in direct
744:
Lurid newspaper stories blamed Carrington for the Fetterman disaster. An investigation absolved him of blame, but the report was not made public. The investigation noted that twelve companies of soldiers were stationed at Fort Laramie in a region at peace, while at Fort Phil Kearny Carrington had
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After leaving Fort Phil Kearny with his infantry, Fetterman fired volleys at the small group of Indians, who harassed his flanks and taunted his soldiers. Instead of turning west to where the wagon train was under attack, he advanced northward up Lodge Trail Ridge, perhaps planning to circle east
555:
The morning of December 21, 1866, was clear and cold. About 10 am, Carrington dispatched a wagon train to the "pinery" – about 5 miles northwest and the nearest source of construction timber and firewood for Fort Phil Kearny. Almost 90 soldiers were detailed to guard the wagon train. Less than an
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of two years before. In his report to his superiors, Carrington listed what was discovered at the battlefield the next day: eyes torn out and laid on rocks, noses and ears cut off, teeth chopped out, brains taken out and placed on rocks, hands and feet cut off, and private parts severed. The two
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The Indians had few guns and fought mostly with bows and arrows, spears, and war clubs. Only six of the 81 soldiers died of gunshot wounds. Captains Fetterman and Brown are reputed to have committed suicide by shooting each other in the head to avoid capture, but the official army autopsy report
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The battlefield was examined briefly and the bodies of soldiers removed quickly. According to a Cheyenne named White Elk, who was interviewed as he walked the battlefield 48 years after the event, the Indians had chosen ten warriors as decoys to tempt Fetterman into the ambush: two Arapaho, two
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and other Indian leaders, encouraged by their successes, decided to undertake a large military operation against Fort Phil Kearny before winter snows forced them to break up their large village on the Tongue River and disperse. The decoy trick had worked on December 6 and they decided to try it
757:
Although he was initially blamed for the Fetterman defeat, Carrington and his author wife, after many years of effort, succeeded in deflecting blame back to Fetterman. Carrington's case was that Fetterman was arrogant, insubordinate, and inexperienced in fighting Indians and that he had given
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Carrington and a detail of 80 men marched cautiously out of Fort Phil Kearny on December 22 as the blizzard was approaching and gathered the remaining bodies of those killed. On December 26, the soldiers buried the bodies of Fetterman, his officers and men in a common trench. By January 1,
693:
Historians do not believe that Indian casualties approached the higher estimates. The Plains Indians rarely mounted a direct charge at a foe capable of defense. Rather, they struck at the rear and flanks of an opponent, using mounted mobility to probe for weaknesses and attempt to cause
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fort were ordered to go into the magazine. Soldiers were told that, in the last extremity, they were to retreat to the magazine. Carrington would then blow up the magazine to ensure that no Americans remained alive to be captured by the Indians.
448:. All three forts were located in what was treaty-designated Crow territory. The army used a treaty right to "establish roads, military and other posts". About 400 of his soldiers and most of the civilians were stationed at Fort Phil Kearny.
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to take the offensive. They increased their urging after November 3, when a cavalry company of 63 men arrived to reinforce the post. The cavalry company was led by Lieutenant Horatio S. Bingham. He was accompanied by infantry captains
721:
That evening, a civilian, John "Portugee" Phillips, volunteered to carry a distress message to Fort Laramie. Carrington's message to General Cooke told of the Fetterman disaster and requested immediate reinforcements and repeating
1371:
Monnett, John H., Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed: The Struggle for the Powder River Country in 1866 and the Making of the Fetterman Myth. University of New Mexico Press (July 16, 2010). p. 123.
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negotiated a peace which conceded everything demanded by the enemy and which extracted nothing in return." Indian sovereignty over the Powder River country, however, endured for only eight years.
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Counting Fetterman and his men, in less than six months at Fort Phil Kearny, Carrington had lost 96 soldiers and 58 civilians. More than 300 soldiers were still garrisoned at the fort.
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cowardice and drunkenness and was permitted to retire from the army. Even if he had taken the shortest route, Ten Eyck was highly unlikely to have arrived in time to assist Fetterman.
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Massacre Hill: Fetterman and his men were killed here. The Arapaho and Cheyenne were concealed to the left (west) of the foot trail in this photo; the Lakota were to the right (east).
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hour later, Carrington's pickets on Pilot Hill signaled by flag that the wagon train was under attack. Carrington ordered a relief party composed of 49 infantrymen of the
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for drunkenness and abuse of civilians and was known as a bigamist. Calitri suggests that he was reckless and possibly disobeyed orders during the December 6 fight.
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disorganization and panic, backing off if they encountered a stout defense, and closing in for the kill when they could do so with little risk of heavy casualties.
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Carrington's fears of an Indian attack on the fort had subsided. The snows were deep and Jim Bridger advised him that the Indians would hole up for the winter.
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and James W. Powell. Both captains had been assigned to Fort Phil Kearny from the 18th Infantry's headquarters at Fort Laramie. Bingham and Fetterman were
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land that was guaranteed to them by a treaty signed with the U.S. government. The Lakota and their allies were operating without the consent of the Crow.
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642:. About three times as many Lakota participated in the battle as did Cheyenne and Arapaho. White Elk said that more Indians were present than at the
1706:
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said Indian dead totaled ten Lakota, two Cheyenne, and one Arapaho, some of them killed by 'friendly' arrow fire rather than soldier's bullets.
1711:
945:
557:
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Papers relating to Talks and Councils held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories in the Years 1866-1869. Washington, 1910, p. 69.
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only five companies in a region at war. Carrington spent the rest of his life attempting to repair his tarnished reputation as a soldier.
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were then killed by the Native American warriors. At the time, it was the worst military disaster ever suffered by the U.S. Army on the
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the Lakota invasion, saying: "Put the Sioux Indians in their own country, and keep them from troubling us. Don't stop fighting them."
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General Cooke, on receipt of Carrington's distress message, immediately ordered that he be relieved of command by Brigadier General
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Fetterman explicit orders not to venture beyond the summit of Lodge Trail Ridge. According to Margret Irvin Carrington in her book
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1457:. Fort Phil Keary State Historic Site. Retrieved August 20, 2012. This is not the same American Horse who was killed at the later
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The Lakota alliance emerged victorious and the remaining U.S. forces withdrew from the area. The Fetterman Fight took place on
269:
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Monnett, John H. Eyewitness to the Fetterman Fight: Indian Views. University of Oklahoma Press; 1st edition (March 23, 2017).
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320:
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Wood-cutting detachment rescue party from Fort Phil Kearny, Dakota Territory, December 21, 1866, Brevet Lieutenant Colonel
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with killing Fetterman by slashing his throat. Fetterman may have shot himself just before American Horse cut his throat.
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1115:
White, Richard: "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries",
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Papers relating to Talks and Councils held with the Indians in Dakota and Montana Territories in the Years 1866-1869
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walk so the infantry could keep up. The decoys led him onward, with the cavalry leaving the infantry behind.
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violation of his orders. He had a distinguished Civil War record as a combat officer, but he had been
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gives a throat wound as the cause of Fetterman's death. Indian accounts credit a Lakota warrior named
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The Indians stripped and mutilated the soldiers' bodies before leaving in an apparent mirror of the
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Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90
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See, for example, discussions of Indian tactics in Ambrose, pp. 66–67 and Van de Logt, Mark,
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Black Hills/White Justice: The Sioux Nation versus the United States, 1775 to the Present
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The Heart of Everything that Is: The Untold Story of Red Cloud, an American Legend
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The Heart of Everything that Is: The Untold Story of Red Cloud, An American Legend
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503:, was more succinct: "These soldiers don't know anything about fighting Indians".
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392:, Wyoming. The U.S. military mission was intended to protect travelers on the
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the trail, including his headquarters at Fort Phil Kearny, near present-day
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Cheyenne, and two from each of the three Lakota bands present: the Oglala,
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710:, depicting "Lieutenant Grummond sacrificing himself to cover the retreat"
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650:(High Backbone), a Miniconjou, was the prominent leader in the fighting.
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Just before the battle, Red Cloud called for the Lakotas' most powerful
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Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains, by Charles Alexander Eastman (1918)
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Company C: Second Lieutenant George W. Grummond†, Sergeant James Bakerâ€
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381:
152:
1334:
1239:'Give me Eighty Men': Shattering the Myth of the Fetterman Massacre",
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under the command of Captain James Powell. By claiming seniority as a
40:
621:
Kim Douglas Wiggins' study of the Fetterman Fight, early 21st century
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Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968, p. 346; Ambrose, p. 241
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616:
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Doyle, Susan Badger. "Indian Perspectives on the Bozeman Trail",
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toward the wagon train, perhaps drawn by the Indian decoys, who
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1004:
List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Captain William J. Fetterman†, 18th Infantry, commanding
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The Bozeman trail and the location of the Fetterman Fight
1119:, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Sep. 1978), pp. 319-343, quote p. 340.
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veterans, and Fetterman had a distinguished war record.
1666:
https://archive.org/details/historyofwyoming00hudsrich
1622:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 104.
1262:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 270.
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Estimates of Indian casualties vary widely. Historian
400:, acted to lure a detachment of U.S. soldiers into an
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Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010, pp. 42–43
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Against All Odds!; More Dramatic 'Last Stand' Actions
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On November 25, 1866, Carrington's superior, General
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on December 21, 1866, between a confederation of the
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Indian Fights and Fighters-The Soldier and the Sioux
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1306:
1213:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, p.156
1226:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966, p. 26
1129:Serial 1308, 40th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. 1
432:of their hunting grounds west of Powder River.
21:
1351:. New York: Simon and Schulster. p. 322.
1086:. Washington, 1910, p. 69. Dunlay, Thomas W.:
1224:Indian Fights: New Facts on Seven Encounters.
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1049:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 346.
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1474:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 39.
1286:. Lincoln and London, 1972, p. 170, note 13.
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1282:Stands In Timber, John and Margot Liberty:
1131:, Senate Executive Document No. 13, p. 127.
404:. All 81 men under the command of Captain
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270:
262:
39:
18:
1497:"New Perspectives on the Fetterman Fight"
1438:New York: Anchor Books, 1996, pp. 240–241
1414:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
1241:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
1182:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
906:
797:
455:
1618:Thorp, Raymond; Bunker, Robert (1983).
1425:Vaughn, p. 72–80; Grinnell, pp. 206–209
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1090:. Lincoln and London, 1982, pp. 39-40.
932:Second Lieutenant George W. Grummondâ€
613:An 1867 drawing of the Fetterman Fight
593:Lakota prophecy and name of the battle
1416:, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter, 1990) p. 66
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1251:
1249:
1243:, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn 2004), p. 46
1199:. New York: McClure, Phillips and Co.
396:. A group of ten warriors, including
7:
1526:. San Francisco: North Point Press.
1313:. San Francisco: North Point Press.
1040:
1038:
1335:http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/336
1211:A Guide to Indians Wars of the West
1106:. Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594.
510:Red Cloud, the Oglala Lakota leader
1499:. Wyoming State Historical Society
1071:Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties.
362:Battle of the Hundred-in-the-Hands
14:
1347:Bob Drury and Tom Clavin (2013).
1104:Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties
1073:Washington, 1904. Vol. 2, p. 594.
1045:Bob Drury and Tom Clavin (2013).
462:Indian Fights and Fighters (1904)
200:
184:
165:
132:
1117:The Journal of American History
560:and 27 mounted troopers of the
384:tribes and a detachment of the
1707:Battles involving the Cheyenne
1193:Brady, Cyrus Townsend (1904).
484:Carrington takes the offensive
460:Plan of Fort Phil Kearny from
1:
1712:Battles involving the Arapaho
16:Battle during Red Cloud's War
950:Captain Frederick H. Brownâ€
644:Battle of the Little Bighorn
1702:Battles involving the Sioux
760:Absaraka: Home of the Crows
580:
518:Colonel Henry B. Carrington
1748:
527:, about 50 miles distant.
1697:1866 in Wyoming Territory
1518:Connell, Evan S. (1984).
1305:Connell, Evan S. (1984).
961:Unassigned 18th Infantry
920:
912:
909:
817:
811:
803:
800:
587:Charles Alexander Eastman
366:Battle of a Hundred Slain
301:
247:
234:
229:They Fear Even His Horses
158:
125:
49:
38:
26:
1470:Lazarus, Edward (1999).
1258:Vestal, Stanley (1970).
1235:Calitri, Shannon Smith.
795:, about 2,000 warriors
256:Between 13 and 60 killed
206:George W. Grummond
98:44.570782°N 106.839233°W
1548:Perrett, Bryan (1995).
1522:Son Of The Morning Star
1436:Crazy Horse and Custer,
1393:Chapter: American Horse
1309:Son Of The Morning Star
581:Red Cloud's perspective
490:Philip St. George Cooke
321:Powder River Expedition
117:Native American victory
1642:Calitri, pp. 46–48, 59
1180:The Fetterman Massacre
946:18th Infantry Regiment
769:
711:
630:
622:
614:
552:
519:
511:
464:
435:In June 1866, Colonel
368:, was a battle during
331:Yellowstone Expedition
159:Commanders and leaders
103:44.570782; -106.839233
1459:Battle of Slim Buttes
1448:"The Fetterman Fight"
1102:Kappler, Charles J.:
1069:Kappler, Charles J.:
916:Companies and others
764:
705:
628:
620:
612:
549:
517:
509:
459:
452:First armed conflicts
248:Casualties and losses
190:Frederick Brown
1717:December 1866 events
1575:Life of George Bent,
1434:Ambrose, Staphen E.
928:2nd Cavalry Regiment
902:William J. Fetterman
834:High Backbone (Hump)
470:William J. Fetterman
406:William J. Fetterman
356:, also known as the
221:High Backbone (Hump)
1552:. Arms and Armour.
1209:McDermott, John D.
1178:Brown, Dee (1962).
708:Charles Schreyvogel
676:Sand Creek Massacre
437:Henry B. Carrington
429:Fort Laramie Treaty
94: /
1727:Battles in Wyoming
1662:History of Wyoming
1651:Calitri, pp. 48–50
1597:War Party in Blue,
1538:, p. 129, 131-132.
1453:2009-04-26 at the
956:Company A: First S
895:United States Army
712:
631:
623:
615:
553:
520:
512:
465:
386:United States Army
358:Fetterman Massacre
311:Dakota War of 1862
1676:Vaughn, pp. 63–64
1608:McDermott, p. 156
1284:Cheyenne Memories
989:
988:
892:
891:
852:Northern Cheyenne
801:Native Americans
735:Henry W. Wessells
349:
348:
260:
259:
172:William Fetterman
121:
120:
66:4 miles north of
57:December 21, 1866
1739:
1677:
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1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1586:Grinnell, p. 209
1584:
1578:
1573:Hyde, George E.
1571:
1565:
1563:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1525:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1495:Smith, Shannon.
1492:
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1485:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1439:
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1426:
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1410:
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1126:
1120:
1113:
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1100:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1042:
993:Killed in action
907:
814:Native Americans
798:
793:Native Americans
724:Spencer carbines
446:Buffalo, Wyoming
390:Fort Phil Kearny
296:
286:
279:
272:
263:
212:
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196:
189:
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109:
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99:
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91:
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87:
68:Fort Phil Kearny
51:
50:
43:
19:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1692:Red Cloud's War
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1660:C. G. Coutant,
1659:
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1009:Charles Eastman
1000:
977:James Wheatleyâ€
971:
963:
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790:
788:Order of battle
778:court-martialed
755:
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684:Stephen Ambrose
607:
595:
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454:
425:
370:Red Cloud's War
354:Fetterman Fight
350:
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341:Ghost Dance War
336:Great Sioux War
326:Red Cloud's War
306:First Sioux War
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1481:978-0803279872
1480:
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1401:978-0806155821
1381:
1377:978-0826345042
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1358:978-1451654660
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1222:Vaughn, J. W.
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619:
611:
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592:
590:
588:
585:According to
578:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
558:18th Infantry
548:
544:
542:
537:
530:
528:
526:
516:
508:
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499:
493:
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447:
442:
438:
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418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Bozeman Trail
391:
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383:
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375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
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140:United States
130:
129:
124:
116:
113:
112:
107:
77:
73:
69:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
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1661:
1656:
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1619:
1613:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1521:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1490:
1471:
1465:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1330:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1259:
1240:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1046:
1024:Sitting Bull
1014:Chief Joseph
990:
980:Isaac Fisher
970:
962:
948:
930:
921:
894:
893:
879:
854:
832:Miniconjou:
824:
822:Lakota Sioux
812:
792:
791:
782:
774:
770:
765:
759:
756:
747:
743:
732:
728:
720:
716:
713:
692:
681:
673:
665:
661:
652:
632:
596:
584:
575:
571:
554:
534:
525:Tongue River
521:
498:mountain man
494:
487:
478:
466:
461:
441:Fort Laramie
434:
426:
414:
410:Great Plains
365:
361:
357:
353:
351:
316:Colorado War
209:
193:
177:
126:Belligerents
1732:Crazy Horse
1722:Last stands
1620:Crow Killer
1564:, p. 59-73.
1260:Jim Bridger
910:Expedition
840:Crazy Horse
753:Controversy
706:Drawing by
688:George Bent
562:2nd Cavalry
541:Crazy Horse
501:Jim Bridger
417:Crow Indian
398:Crazy Horse
388:, based at
225:Crazy Horse
101: /
89:106°50′21″W
1686:Categories
1030:References
969:Civilians
865:Wooden Leg
640:Miniconjou
423:Background
294:Sioux Wars
86:44°34′15″N
33:Sioux Wars
1325:, p. 128.
1082:See e.g.
913:Regiment
869:White Elk
739:frostbite
698:Aftermath
536:Red Cloud
474:Civil War
253:81 killed
217:Red Cloud
78:, Wyoming
1451:Archived
1019:Geronimo
998:See also
838:Oglala:
807:Leaders
378:Cheyenne
235:Strength
149:Cheyenne
62:Location
31:and the
27:Part of
1503:17 June
899:Captain
877:Arapaho
382:Arapaho
364:or the
360:or the
210:†
194:†
178:†
153:Arapaho
70:, near
1626:
1556:
1530:
1478:
1399:
1375:
1355:
1317:
1266:
1053:
804:Tribe
656:mooned
638:, and
605:Battle
599:Winkte
566:brevet
402:ambush
380:, and
374:Lakota
174:
145:Lakota
137:
114:Result
76:Banner
636:Brulé
243:1,000
72:Story
1624:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1505:2019
1476:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1051:ISBN
648:Hump
531:Trap
427:The
352:The
74:and
54:Date
1688::
1664:,
1395:.
1384:^
1248:^
1136:^
1095:^
1037:^
762:,
741:.
543:.
412:.
376:,
240:81
1632:.
1562:.
1536:.
1507:.
1484:.
1403:.
1379:.
1361:.
1323:.
1272:.
1237:"
1059:.
991:â€
982:â€
285:e
278:t
271:v
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