136:
435:). He was to officiate until the Pope had appointed a bishop acceptable to both citizens and lords. In a letter to the Pope they explained their reasons for this unusual procedure were that Walram was allegedly responsible for two murders as well as other crimes in the past. By contrast, Eric of Hoya had led a supposedly blameless life and had had an academic education. A minority of thirteen canons and all the clergy of the city supported this position. In Osnabrück, John of Hoya, succeeded his brother
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621:, which supported his enemies. Walram and Dietrich initially lacked the means to defend themselves against it. In July, a body of troops belonging to the archbishop arrived in Dülmen. Through a tactical mistake by Count John of Hoya, Duke Frederick's troops were alone when an allied army led by Dietrich of Moers, Walram of Moers, Rudolf of Utrecht, Bernard II of Bentheim,
635:
would help to expel Bishop Rudolf from
Utrecht. A short time later the latter died after he had ceded his rights to Ahaus and Ottenstein to Conrad of Diepholz. With his death, the allies of the House of Moers and Conrad of Diepholz lost their strongest supporter. The latter became Bishop of Osnabrück, but did not give up his aim of becoming the bishop in Münster as well.
577:
Diepholz declared a feud against their opponents. Walram pledged the latter the remaining settlements he owned - Ahaus and
Ottenstein - to Rudolf of Utrecht. In the diocese itself, sympathy grew for Conrad of Diepholz, whose candidature appeared to be an increasingly attractive alternative to the former aspirants. The estates sought therefore, on 6 October 1452 in
664:
homage to him. In return, the new bishop agreed to recognize the existing privileges of the town. The new bishop also recognized the enfeoffment of the estates of Dülmen and
Stromberg to the Duke of Cleves. The latter also received compensation of 11,000 Rhenish guilders. In early November, the new bishop arrived in Münster, swore the oath of office and the
647:. The strong support of Philip of Burgundy for Hoya's cause meant that the towns now aligned themselves more firmly on the side of John of Hoya than they had in recent years. Eric of Hoya was proposed as bishop by two of the canons. However, the majority of the canons chose Conrad of Diepholz. Both sides asked Rome for a decision.
412:), but this brought him into conflict with the House of Hoya. John of Hoya had not forgotten that Dietrich of Moers was exchanged for members of his family. In particular, he had not forgotten his own six years imprisonment in connection with the fighting around Osnabrück. He wanted to make his brother, Eric of Hoya, successor.
598:
enemy camp and took a number of towns. Against the background of the triumphant advance of his opponent, in 1454 John of Hoya forced the re-election of the town council in Münster which was sympathetic to his cause. The majority of the council came from the guilds and the common people, only a few hereditary patricians (
529:. Those affected appealed again to the University of Erfurt. The university judged the measures taken by Walram and the Archbishop of Cologne to be invalid. Philip of Burgundy intervened on behalf of the Hoya faction, writing a letter to Rome. Before taking any further steps, Rome decided to wait and see what position
638:
In the
Diocese of Münster, Walram of Moers continued to be opposed by John of Hoya. However, Dietrich of Moers did not pursue the matter with any great effort. So the fighting continued in the form of a minor war. In addition, negotiations took place which led to no result. One major success in early
407:
Within the diocese, the estates were in open revolt by Henry's death. From now on, the aspirations of the House of Moers ran into resistance. Despite that, Dietrich did everything possible to continue to occupy Münster with a member of his family. As a successor he had provided his brother Walram of
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only had half of the
Council. In the end it was clear that the diocese had just become an object in the power game between noble families. The Emperor and Pope had lost any real influence. In the era of Henry and Walrams of Moers, some of the bishops had virtually lost any sense of their calling in
634:
John of Hoya noticed that the mood in Münster was turning against him. He offered to transfer all the towns and castles to Cleves. But John of Cleves now had other plans. He wanted to give the diocese to Simon of Lippe, while Eric of Hoya was to get the
Diocese of Osnabrück. He thus hoped that this
597:
This pitched the conflict into a new phase. Rudolf of
Utrecht declared a feud against the town of Münster and its three allies on 7 July 1453. He succeeded in capturing the town of Vreden which, shortly thereafter was retaken by John of Hoya. Rudolf of Utrecht took advantage of disputes in the
568:
Nicholas of Cusa was probably expected to instruct the Pope to replace both the earlier episcopal candidates with Conrad of
Diepholz. Nicholas of Cusa, however, expressed opposition to the Hoyas. With the fall of Vreden, Walram also lost his last town in the Diocese of Moers. He notified Cusa on 21
427:
on 15 July 1450. But John of Hoya campaigned for his brother, Eric. He won over the citizens of the city of Münster and the nobility to his cause. Within the city he was mainly supported by the guilds and the commoners, while the hereditary patricians on the council did not want confrontation.
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On 23 October 1457 the Treaty of
Kranenburg was signed that ended the conflict. It stipulated that Eric of Hoya should receive a lifetime income equivalent to that of the Cologne provost office. The city of Münster undertook to recognize the new bishop, to allow him to enter the town and to pay
609:
The allies around Walram of Moers and the Bishop of
Utrecht managed to obtain assurances from the Pope, that all complaints from the opposite side to the Pope about spiritual penalties imposed by Walram were invalid. Those who aligned themselves with Walram were assured that they would receive
576:
by his uncle, Bishop Rudolf of Utrecht. From now on the Hoyas encountered increasingly strong military action, for example at the Siege of Ahaus. At the start of 1452 a mercenary arm defeated Hoya and the Münster troops and took large numbers of prisoners. On 2 February the supporters of
581:, to reach a compromise, in order to get rid of both Walram of Moers and Eric of Hoya. All episcopal decisions since the death of Bishop Henry were declared null and void. In any case, these peace attempts failed. One reason was probably that John of Cleves continued to support Eric of Hoya.
505:
hoped thereby to weaken the power of the Archbishop of Cologne. On 11 June 1451, the Treaty of Haus Dülmen was signed, sealing an alliance between Cleves and John of Hoya. As a reward for his support in the battle against Walram of Moers Cleves was given the estates of Dülmen and
327:(r. 1392–1424), had expanded their territory and got rid of smaller internal lordships. By contrast it was clear that the bishops in the 13th and 14th centuries had largely lost control of their capital, Münster. The city acted independently almost as if it were a rich
588:
to his brother Eric, so that the latter could prove himself as regent. Although the mayors of the towns opposed this, they eventually had to accept it under pressure from their townsfolk. Eric of Hoya was thereupon rendered homage in all the towns.
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and Conrad of Diepholz attacked and inflicted a crushing defeat on their opponents in the Battle of Varlar. The Duke was captured. One more vigorous attack might have brought total success, but the allies were hampered by internal disputes.
639:
1456 was the conquest of Coesfeld by John of Hoya. Then, in October 1456, Walram of Moers died in Arnhem. John of Hoya now relied on the support of the Duke of Burgundy. On behalf of Eric of Hoya he appealed for support to
650:
John of Hoya sought to strengthen his position in Münster by obtained citizenship in early 1457 and joining the Blacksmiths' Guild. A short time later he was elected to the Council. However, the Pope decided upon
655:, who had been totally uninvolved in the previous disputes. John of Hoya looked in vain to the support of Cleves and Burgundy once more. But even Conrad of Diepholz's aspiration to maintain his position failed.
276:, attempted to secure episcopal seats for their sons. Even less powerful families took the opportunity to increase their influence, at least occasionally, over an ecclesial territory. To this group belonged the
460:
on trade goods. The supporters of Walram in the cathedral chapter were prepared to negotiate in this eventuality. An agreement was reached that the Hoyas largely honoured, according to which at the next
525:
on Walram. After Walram had also received Papal confirmation, he removed several of his opponents from their high church offices and had the supporters of his opponent placed under a Papally-ordained
348:, into the Münster bishopric against the will of the city of Münster. After the archbishop, due to internal diocesan disputes, had secured the Bishopric of Osnabrück for Eric of Hoya (German:
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which had been enfeoffed to him was returned to the diocese. After the peace treaty, life in the diocese quickly returned to normal. The dominant position that the patrician's (
584:
John of Hoya, who had previously left the town, returned to Münster. Supported by the lower levels of the town of Münster, John of Hoya transferred the diocesan regency in 1453
494:. Their judgement was that the estates did not have to accept the decision of the Pope because the Pope would not have known of Walram's unsuitability for the post.
316:, the family was able to secure the majority of the bishop's seats in the northwest German area. Their main rival in the Bishopric of Münster was the Hoya family.
368:. The warlike stance of Henry in supporting his brother did not help the diocese, rather it resulted in a sharp increase in its debt and a decline in prosperity.
467:
all the estates would appeal to the Pope to award the office of bishop to Eric of Hoya. In return the canons were guaranteed their former rights and income. The
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January 1452 of his willingness to renounce the bishopric, provided it was possible to remove keep the Hoyas out and to make Conrad of Diepholz bishop instead.
415:
Dietrich of Moers gave away large bribes to win a majority in the cathedral chapter for his brother. He had, until recently been a supporter of the
352:), he placed Henry there as administrator. He oriented his policy sharply towards his brother's interests and supported him strongly during the
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absolution from any excommunication. Coesfeld was the first town to take advantage of the offer. This became the Walram's residence.
439:
to become the administrator. Thus, the position of the family was further strengthened in the battle for the Diocese of Münster.
448:) under his control. In order to reduce his own costs as far as possible, he seized the estates of the bishop and income of the
953:
679:) had long held on Münster's town council was broken, as the guilds secured the right to be represented by their members. The
602:) were represented. In Münster resistance to the harsh rule of the Hoyas started to increase. Moreover, in October 1454, the
371:
In addition to the two main rivals for the episcopacy, there were other contenders. The town of Osnabrück strongly supported
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with a request for assistance. With his help John of Hoya attacked, plundering and destroying, the area of Coesfeld and the
260:
The Diocese of Münster was one of the largest and most important ecclesial territories in the northwest German area. In the
67:
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the bishop's thrones in the region were predominantly filled by members of comital families or the families of hereditary
365:
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Because John of Cleves was temporarily unable to provide support due to his wedding, John of Hoya turned to Duke
289:
758:
Burgund und das Reich: Spätmittelalterliche Außenpolitik am Beispiel der Regierung Karls des Kühnen (1465–1477).
135:
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514:, an uncle of the duke, in Rome. Following the signing of the treaty, Cleves declared war on Walram of Moers.
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had appointed Walram of Moers as bishop. The town of responded to this by asking for a legal opinion from the
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which had opposed him. Meanwhile, in ignorance of the unanimous support of the estates for Hoya, Pope
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at their respective heads. In addition, there were also external allies. Within the diocese the
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and Minden, saw the counts of Moers as intruders in their own area of interest. Apart from the
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423:. Dietrich succeeded in getting the majority of the cathedral chapter on side at a meeting in
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Meanwhile, in the diocese, the feud broke out in the form of smaller operations. Most of the
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The Prince-Bishopric of Münster (section of an 18th-century map of the Westphalian Circle)
510:. Cleves was not just a valuable military ally. Also important was his advocacy through
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After the death of Bishop Otto IV, Dietrich of Moers succeeded in getting his brother,
341:, knights and towns had gained influence and sharply reduced the power of the bishops.
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was subsequently dominated by the Hoya faction; Walram only possessed the area around
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Cusa failed in his attempt to prevent an outbreak of fighting on behalf of the Pope.
399:). He supported the candidacy, but arrived too late to actively promote his nephew.
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202:, was a dispute that took place between 1450 and 1457 over the appointment to the
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John of Hoya was elected by the secular estates as the diocesan administrator (
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Earlier, John of Hoya had secretly left the town. Eric of Hoya died in 1458.
364:, Münster and Osnabrück, the House of Moers ruled Paderborn and parts of the
919:, Leipzig, 1890 (= publications from the Royal Prussian State Archives, 42).
526:
333:
240:
885:
Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Köln. Das Bistum Münster 7,3: Die Diözese.
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Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Köln. Das Bistum Münster 7,1: Die Diözese.
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John of Cleves was one of the most important supporters of the Hoya party.
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As administrator, John of Hoya brought most of Münster's royal castles (
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faith to serve God and neighbour, but were simply out for themselves.
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391:) in Osnabrück and a nephew of the Prince-Bishop of Utrecht,
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demanded the restoration of the old council constitution.
210:. The cause was the death of the previous prince-bishop,
27:
Dispute concerning dominion over the Bishopric of Münster
643:, who was hoping that Burgundy would help him win the
517:
On the same day news arrived in Münster that Emperor
356:. The House of Hoya, who also held the bishoprics of
226:. They were supported by their families with Count
308:were foremost in this regard. Especially after
34:
8:
935:; Internet portal "Westfälische Geschichte".
497:The Hoya family were also supported by the
214:. The opposing candidates were his brother
913:Westfalen und Rheinland im 15. Jahrhundert
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31:
304:. In the mid-15th century, however, the
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482:In January 1451, John of Hoya captured
419:, before he changed sides to the Roman
280:, who occupied the bishop's throne in
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456:). In addition, he introduced an
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630:Minor war and more negotiations
615:Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg
296:this was true of the houses of
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760:Munich, 2002, pp. 43–46.
756:On the role of Burgundy see:
917:Die Münsterische Stiftsfehde
272:). These families, like the
206:, and hence the rule of the
471:approved this arrangement.
366:Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht
140:Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht
68:Prince-Bishopric of Münster
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653:John of Palatinate-Simmern
204:bishop's throne in Münster
891:, New Series, Vol. 37,3;
863:, New Series, Vol. 37,1;
572:The latter was supported
533:would take in this case.
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319:Internally, some of the
196:Münsterische Stiftsfehde
331:city. In addition, the
288:were successful in the
954:15th-century conflicts
666:electoral capitulation
593:Spread of the conflict
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362:Archdiocese of Cologne
290:Bishopric of Osnabrück
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146:Commanders and leaders
841:Kohl (1999), 183–184.
832:Kohl (1999), 182–183.
814:Kohl (1999), 181–182.
769:Kohl (1999), 177–178.
735:Kohl (1999), 176–177.
717:Kohl (1999), 175–176.
708:Kohl (1999), 171–175.
699:Kohl (1999), 170–171.
659:Outcome and aftermath
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403:Start of the conflict
381:Koenraad van Diepholt
314:Archbishop of Cologne
183:Münster Diocesan Feud
121:Electorate of Cologne
35:Münster Diocesan Feud
908:), pp. 485–490.
880:), pp. 170–184.
778:Kohl (1999), 178-179
537:Outbreak of fighting
492:University of Erfurt
329:imperially immediate
232:Dietrich II of Moers
131:Lordship of Diepholz
932:Westfalen 1450–1555
397:Rudolf van Diepholt
377:Konrad von Diepholz
294:Bishopric of Minden
284:several times. The
949:History of Münster
641:Pope Callistus III
619:County of Bentheim
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521:had conferred the
512:Philip of Burgundy
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410:Walraven van Meurs
393:Rudolf of Diepholz
373:Conrad of Diepholz
274:counts of the Mark
236:Rudolf of Diepholz
234:and Prince-Bishop
224:Conrad of Diepholz
174:Rudolf of Diepholz
170:Conrad of Diepholz
897:978-3-11-017592-9
869:978-3-11-016470-1
823:Kohl (1999), 182.
805:Kohl (1999), 181.
796:Kohl (1999), 180.
787:Kohl (1999), 179.
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346:Henry II of Moers
339:cathedral chapter
310:Dietrich of Moers
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79:Belligerents
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312:had become
58:1450 – 1457
943:Categories
848:Literature
688:References
574:inter alia
563:Ottenstein
425:Hausdülmen
302:Schaumburg
270:Edelherren
256:Background
681:Erbmänner
677:Erbmänner
600:Erbmänner
527:interdict
508:Stromberg
454:Domherren
389:Dompropst
379:, Dutch:
375:(German:
292:. In the
282:Paderborn
188:‹See Tfd›
604:Hansetag
579:Coesfeld
395:(Dutch:
298:Diepholz
266:noblemen
63:Location
586:de jure
523:regalia
501:. Duke
469:Landtag
464:Landtag
250:Münster
208:diocese
895:
867:
559:Vreden
358:Verden
334:Stände
241:Stände
222:, and
192:German
118:
555:Ahaus
421:curia
893:ISBN
865:ISBN
561:and
300:and
181:The
55:Date
945::
740:^
668:.
565:.
557:,
218:,
194::
899:(
871:(
452:(
387:(
268:(
185:(
20:)
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