1623:
1152:
983:
57:
1297:
1800:
1567:. He made complex arrangements intended to prevent fratricidal warfare and preserve the Polish state's formal unity, but after Bolesław's death, the implementation of the plan failed and a long period of fragmentation was ushered in. For nearly two centuries, the Piasts would spar with each other, the clergy, and the nobility for the control over the divided kingdom. The stability of the system was supposedly assured by the institution of the senior or high duke of Poland, based in Kraków and assigned to the special
2355:(r. 1333–1370). Unlike his father, the new king demonstrated no attraction for the hardships of military life. Casimir's contemporaries did not give him much of a chance of overcoming the country's mounting difficulties or succeeding as a ruler. But from the beginning, Casimir acted prudently, and in 1335, he purchased the claims of King John of Bohemia to the Polish throne. In 1343, Casimir settled several high-level arbitration disputes with the Teutonic Order by a territorial compromise that culminated in the
2171:, which specified a broad range of freedoms of religious practices, movement, and trading for the Jews. It also created a legal precedent for the official protection of Jews from local harassment and exclusion. The act exempted the Jews from enslavement or serfdom and was the foundation of future Jewish prosperity in the Polish kingdom; it was later followed by many other comparable legal pronouncements. Following a series of expulsions of Jews from Western Europe, Jewish communities were established in
1879:
689:
2466:": the state within its actual boundaries, as well as past or potential boundaries. Casimir established or strengthened kingdom-wide institutions (such as the powerful state treasury) independent of the regional, class, or royal court-related interests. Internationally, the Polish king was very active diplomatically; he cultivated close contacts with other European rulers and was a staunch defender of the interests of the Polish state. In 1364, he sponsored the
2200:
1195:
1717:
831:
2479:
2008:
2128:
princes remained strong, and for economic and cultural reasons, some of them gravitated toward Poland's neighbors. The kingdom lost
Pomerania and Silesia, the most highly developed and economically important regions of the original ethnically Polish lands, which left half of the Polish population outside the kingdom's borders. The western losses had to do with the failure of the unification efforts undertaken by the
2340:
1554:
1342:
1950:
1010:
1247:
2405:
2644:
471:
2218:, pursued a lifelong, persistently challenging struggle with powerful adversaries with persistence and determination. When he died as the king of a partially reunited Poland, he left the kingdom in a precarious situation. Although the area under King Władysław's control was limited and many unresolved issues remained, he may have saved Poland's existence as a state.
2616:(the Piotrków–Wiślica Statutes) from 1346 to 1362. Accordingly, conflict resolution relied on legal proceedings domestically, while bilateral or multilateral negotiations and treaties were increasingly important in international relations. By this time, the network of cathedral and parish schools had become well developed. In 1364, Casimir the Great established the
157:
483:
1591:. The first four provinces were given to his four sons, who became independent rulers. The fifth province, the Seniorate Province of Kraków, was to be added to the senior among the princes who, as the Grand Duke of Kraków, was the representative of the whole of Poland. This principle broke down already within the generation of Bolesław III's sons, when
119:
2574:
106:
2101:
1937:, then the last pagan state in Europe. Teutonic wars with Poland and Lithuania continued for most of the 14th and 15th centuries. The Teutonic state in Prussia, increasingly populated by German settlers beginning in the 13th century, but still retaining a majority Baltic population, had been claimed as a
2156:
Despite the territorial truncation, 14th-century Poland experienced a period of accelerated economic development and increasing prosperity. This included further expansion and modernization of agricultural settlements, the development of towns and their greater role in briskly growing trade, mining
2127:
were the last two rulers of the Piast dynasty, who ruled over a reunified kingdom of Poland in the 14th century. Their rule was not a return to the Polish state as it existed before the period of fragmentation, because of the loss of internal cohesion and territorial integrity. The regional Piast
801:
was assured by the persistent territorial expansion of the early Piast rulers. Beginning with a very small area around
Gniezno (before the town itself existed), the Piast expansion lasted throughout most of the 10th century and resulted in a territory approximating that of present-day Poland. The
1225:
was recovered from the Czechs. Casimir was aided by recent adversaries of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire and Kievan Rus', both of whom disliked the chaos in Poland left after the dismemberment of the country beginning in the reign of
Mieszko II. Casimir introduced a more mature form of
2148:
was not to be fully incorporated into the Polish state in the near future. Casimir stabilized the western and northern borders, tried to regain some of the lost territories, and partially compensated the losses by new eastern expansion that placed within his kingdom regions that were
1786:
The social status was becoming increasingly based on the size of feudal land possessions. Those included the lands controlled by the Piast princes, their rivals the great lay land owners and church entities, and the knightly class. The work force ranged from hired "free" people to
826:
state during the later part of the 10th century), Mieszko's state reached its mature form, including the main regions regarded as ethnically Polish. The Piast lands totaled about 250,000 km (96,526 sq mi) in area, with an approximate population of under one million.
1960:
As the disadvantages of political division were becoming increasingly apparent in various segments of the society, some of the Piast dukes began to make serious efforts aimed at the reunification of the Polish state. Important among the earlier attempts were the activities of the
1864:. The titular Duke of Poland promised to provide a "just and noble law according to the council of bishops and barons." Such legal guarantees and privileges included the lower level land owners and knights, who were evolving into the lower and middle nobility class known later as
1177:
was murdered in 1032, whereas his brother Otto died in unclear circumstances in 1033, events that permitted
Mieszko to recover his authority partially. The first Piast monarchy then collapsed with Mieszko's death in 1034. Deprived of a government, Poland was ravaged by an
2283:, who had also claimed the Polish crown. John undertook an expedition aimed at Kraków in 1327, which he was compelled to abort; in 1328, he waged a crusade against Lithuania, during which he formalized an alliance with the Teutonic Order. The Order was in a state of
1283:
executed; subsequently Bolesław was forced to abdicate the Polish throne due to pressure from the
Catholic Church and the pro-imperial faction of the nobility. Stanisław would become the second martyr and patron saint of Poland (known in English as St. Stanislav),
2523:
With the death of
Casimir the Great, the period of hereditary (Piast) monarchy in Poland came to an end. The land owners and nobles did not want a strong monarchy; a constitutional monarchy was established between 1370 and 1493 that included the beginning of the
1169:(r. 1025–1034) tried to continue the expansionist politics of his father. His actions reinforced old resentment and hostility on the part of Poland's neighbors, and his two dispossessed brothers took advantage of it by arranging for invasions from Germany and
1833:, weakened and depopulated many of the small Polish principalities, as the country was becoming progressively more subdivided. Depopulation and increasing demand for labor caused a massive immigration of West European peasants into Poland, mostly
2588:, the Polish nobility decided that Jadwiga, Louis's youngest daughter, should become the next "King of Poland"; Jadwiga arrived in 1384 and was crowned at the age of eleven. The failure of the union of Poland and Hungary paved the way for the
2539:), the Polish nobility was granted extensive concessions and agreed to extend the Anjou succession to Louis's daughters, as Louis had no sons. Louis's neglect of Polish affairs resulted in the loss of Casimir's territorial gains, including
1791:
attached to the land, to slaves (either purchased, forced into slavery after capture in war or forced into slavery as prisoners). The upper layer of the feudal lords, first the Church and then others, was able to acquire economic and
3755:
1437:
1091:
turned out to be much more difficult, and it resulted in a series of wars (1002–1005, 1007–1013, 1015–1018). From 1003 to 1004, Bolesław intervened militarily in Czech dynastic conflicts. After his forces were removed from
1730:
The 13th century brought fundamental changes to the structure of Polish society and its political system. Because of constant internal conflicts, the Piast dukes were unable to stabilize Poland's external borders. Western
2504:), Louis engaged in succession negotiations with Polish knights and nobility starting in 1351. They supported him, exacting in return further guarantees and privileges for themselves; the formal act was negotiated in
2461:
Casimir the Great considerably solidified the country's position in both foreign and domestic affairs. Domestically, he integrated and centralized the reunited Polish state and helped develop what was considered the
1360:, who attacked Bolesław's Poland in 1109. Bolesław was able to defend his realm due to his military abilities, determination and alliances, and also because of a societal mobilisation across the social spectrum (see
351:
341:
331:
1117:
1213:(r. 1039–1058), known to history as the Restorer. After returning from exile in 1039, Casimir rebuilt the Polish monarchy and the country's territorial integrity through several military campaigns: in 1047,
1651:
Intellectual and artistic activity was concentrated around the institutions of the Church, the courts of the kings and dukes, and emerged around the households of the rising hereditary elite. Written
1333:, finally forced Władysław to remove his hated protégé, Poland was divided among the three of them from 1098, and after the father's death, from 1102 to 1106, it was divided between the two brothers.
322:
2740:
2608:
churches, castles, urban fortifications and homes of wealthy city residents. The most notable examples of architecture from the medieval period in Poland are the many churches representing the
703:
2438:
Allied with
Denmark and Western Pomerania (Gdańsk Pomerania was granted to the Order as an "eternal charity"), Casimir was able to impose some corrections on the western border. In 1365,
1870:. The period of fragmentation weakened the rulers and established a permanent trend in Polish history, whereby the rights and role of the nobility were expanded at the monarch's expense.
960:, ca. 980. When fighting the Czechs in 990, Mieszko was helped by the Holy Roman Empire. By about the year 990, when Mieszko I officially submitted his country to the authority of the
1271:, also known as the Generous (r. 1058–1079), developed Polish military strength and waged several foreign campaigns between 1058 and 1077. As an active supporter of the papacy in its
2087:
style predominated in the 13th century; native elements in art forms were increasingly important, with significant advances taking place in agriculture, manufacturing and crafts.
1905:, who lived in a territory adjacent to his lands; substantial border warfare was taking place and Konrad's province was suffering from Prussian invasions. On the other hand, the
3772:
2233:
in the period 1304–1306. Václav III's murder in 1306 terminated the
Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty and its involvement in Poland. Afterwards, Władysław completed the takeover of
1356:(r. 1102–1138) became the duke of Poland by defeating his half-brother Zbigniew in 1106–1107. Zbigniew had to leave the country, but received support from Holy Roman Emperor
2047:, the social impact of the Church was considerably broader in the 13th century, as networks of parishes were established and cathedral-type schools became more common. The
2132:
dukes and the German expansion processes. These included the Piast principalities developing (or falling into) dependencies in respect to the German political structures,
2064:
2059:
characterized the period, as well as other written records, laws and documents. More of the clergy were of local origin; others were expected to know the Polish language.
1644:. However, it would be a few generations from the time of Mieszko's conversion until significant numbers of native clergymen appeared. After the establishment of numerous
2662:
304:
114:
2612:
style; medieval sculpture, painting and ornamental smithery are best revealed in the furnishings of churches and liturgical items. Polish law was first codified in the
2500:
assumed the Polish throne. As
Casimir's actual commitment to the Anjou succession seemed problematic from the beginning (in 1368 the Polish king adopted his grandson,
2024:
An important factor in the unification process was the Polish Church, which remained a single ecclesiastical province throughout the fragmentation period. Archbishop
2881:
2912:
2367:
were recovered by
Casimir. At that time, Poland started to expand to the east and through a series of military campaigns between 1340 and 1366, Casimir annexed the
2241:. In 1308, Pomerania was conquered by the Brandenburg state. In a recovery effort, Władysław agreed to ask for help from the Teutonic Knights; the Knights brutally
1933:. As virtually all of the Western Baltic pagans became converted or exterminated (the Prussian conquests were completed by 1283), the Knights confronted Poland and
1230:
and relieved the burden of financing large army units from the duke's treasury by settling his warriors on feudal estates. Faced with the widespread destruction of
1796:, which it exempt to a significant degree from court jurisdiction and economic obligations such as taxation that had previously been imposed by the ruling dukes.
627:. The resulting internal fragmentation eroded the initial Piast monarchical structure in the 12th and 13th centuries and caused fundamental and lasting changes.
1364:). Zbigniew, who later returned, died in mysterious circumstances, perhaps in the summer of 1113. Bolesław's other major achievement was the conquest of all of
858:
traveler, according to whom Mieszko was one of four Slavic "kings" established in central and southern Europe in the 960s. In 965, Mieszko, who was allied with
767:
513:
1655:
began to be generated in the late 10th century; leaders such as Mieszko II and Casimir the Restorer were considered literate and educated. Along with the
1461:
2004:
and became King of Poland in 1300. Václav's heavy-handed policies soon caused him to lose whatever support he had earlier in his reign; he died in 1305.
1080:
effectively served as an essential anchor and an institution to fall back on for the Piast state, helping it to survive in the troubled centuries ahead.
2454:
district was taken outright in 1368. The latter action severed the land connection between Brandenburg and the Teutonic state and connected Poland with
623:, the last duke of the early period, succeeded in defending his country and recovering territories previously lost. Upon his death in 1138, Poland was
2470:, in which a number of monarchs participated, which was concerned with the promotion of peaceful cooperation and political balance in Central Europe.
742:. Accelerated rebuilding of old tribal fortified settlements, construction of massive new ones and territorial expansion took place during the period
2284:
3082:
Makk, Ferenc (1993). Magyar külpolitika (896–1196) ("The Hungarian External Politics (896–1196)"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. pp. 48–49.
2242:
1564:
624:
2327:(and a great loss to Poland) was his success in forcing most of the Piast Silesian principalities, often ambivalent about their loyalties, into
1131:
Bolesław's expansionist policies were costly to the Polish state and were not always successful. He lost, for example, the economically crucial
609:
in 1042. In the process, the royal dignity for Polish rulers was forfeited, and the state reverted to the status of a duchy. Duke Casimir's son
2435:. Later, until his death, he pursued the Polish claim to Silesia legally by petitioning the pope; his successors did not continue his efforts.
1930:
1430:
1124:. In 1025, shortly before his death, Bolesław I finally succeeded in obtaining the papal permission to crown himself, and he became the first
3677:
3513:
3489:
3164:
2984:
2694:
2428:
1992:
from 1294) and was assassinated soon after his coronation. A more extensive unification of Polish lands was accomplished by a foreign ruler,
1988:
became the first Piast duke crowned as King of Poland since Bolesław II, but he ruled over only a part of the territory of Poland (including
1069:
594:
238:
2347:(1333–1370) is shown within the red line; Silesia (yellow) and Pomerania (purple) were lost, while the kingdom had expanded to the southeast
1845:
were often utilized as its legal bases. German immigrants were also important in the rise of the cities and the establishment of the Polish
441:
2584:
The Hungarian-Polish union lasted for twelve years and ended in war. After Louis's death in 1382 and a power struggle that resulted in the
921:
386:
273:
1636:
From the time of the conversion of Poland's ruling elite to Christianity in the 10th century, foreign churchmen had been arriving and the
1423:
850:
of the Polans tribal union known from contemporary written sources. A detailed account of aspects of Mieszko's early reign was given by
2620:, the second oldest university in Central Europe. While many still traveled to Southern and Western Europe for university studies, the
1857:) especially in the urban centers of Silesia and other regions of western Poland, were an increasingly influential minority in Poland.
1841:
occurred in the 1220s. The German, Polish and other new rural settlements represented a form of feudal tenancy with legal immunity and
2055:
were the leading monastic orders at this time, and they interacted closely with the general population. A proliferation of narrative
1125:
749:–950. The Polish state developed from these tribal roots in the second half of the century. According to the 12th-century chronicler
672:
582:
416:
406:
396:
376:
3729:
3702:
3355:
3272:
3210:
3087:
2961:
2936:
2908:
2877:
2822:
2781:
2728:
1238:
and replaced the old Piast capitals of Poznań and Gniezno; Kraków would function as the capital of the realm for several centuries.
2577:
1861:
1198:
667:
were lost after the fragmentation, and Poland began expanding to the east. The period ended with the reigns of two members of the
2720:
2486:
2211:
2120:
2109:
2033:
1909:
themselves were at that time being subjected to increasingly forced, but largely ineffective Christianization efforts, including
1826:
652:
2657:
2601:
2409:
1830:
1822:
1626:
798:
723:
506:
280:
214:
2432:
1447:
1388:
1371:(of which the remaining eastern part had been lost by Poland from after the death of Mieszko II), a task begun by his father
1325:, an advisor from the ranks of the Polish nobility who acted much as the power behind the throne. When Władysław's two sons,
598:
3007:
2773:
2028:
of Gniezno was an ardent proponent of Poland's reunification; he performed the crowning ceremonies for both Przemysł II and
1622:
874:
that is considered to be the founding event of the Polish state. In the aftermath of Mieszko's victory over a force of the
2613:
2501:
2160:
1854:
1571:
that was not to be subdivided. Following his concept of seniorate, Bolesław divided the country into five principalities:
219:
207:
1151:
1088:
1061:
859:
570:
in 966, which established a major cultural boundary in Europe based on religion. He also completed a unification of the
1592:
982:
3721:
2463:
2308:
2001:
1357:
937:
250:
2249:
1491:
1280:
1279:. In 1079, there was an anti-Bolesław conspiracy or conflict that involved the Bishop of Kraków. Bolesław had Bishop
1045:
led to his elevation as patron saint of Poland and resulted in the creation of an independent Polish province of the
693:
614:
2179:
and elsewhere in western and southern Poland in the 13th century. Another series of communities were established at
1025:
One of the most important concerns of Bolesław's early reign was building up the Polish church. Bolesław cultivated
702:–chapel complex of Poland's first Christian ruling couple have been found beneath the church in the foreground. The
2080:
2044:
1853:) and customs that the Poles adopted. From that time, the Germans, who created early strong establishments (led by
1740:
1637:
1496:
898:
883:
499:
461:
285:
202:
136:
56:
1296:
2423:
principalities in 1339, unsuccessfully tried to recover the region by conducting military activities against the
2230:
1663:
941:
879:
224:
2585:
2226:
2100:
2029:
1993:
1934:
1557:
1179:
953:
1596:
1372:
1353:
1346:
1330:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1261:
771:, a chronicle of events in Germany. Widukind reported that Mieszko's forces were twice defeated in 963 by the
620:
2427:(the rulers of Bohemia) between 1343 and 1348, but then blocked the attempted separation of Silesia from the
1531:
3694:
2617:
2589:
2497:
2398:
2394:
2356:
1760:
1688:
1576:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1272:
1268:
1254:
1183:
1077:
1018:
995:
847:
668:
610:
590:
578:
197:
79:
2323:). After 1329, a peace agreement with Brandenburg also assisted his efforts. A lasting achievement of King
3156:
3071:
2814:
2567:
2532:
2351:
After the death of Władysław I, the old monarch's 23-year-old son became King Casimir III, later known as
1799:
1250:
1109:
1105:
606:
554:, the son of Siemomysł, who is now considered the proper founder of the Polish state at about 960 AD. The
192:
1361:
1186:. The country suffered territorial losses, and the functioning of the Gniezno archdiocese was disrupted.
2789:
2509:
2413:
2352:
2344:
2312:
2204:
2124:
1684:
1054:
1046:
656:
613:
revived the military assertiveness of Bolesław I, but became fatally involved in a conflict with Bishop
2865:
2785:
2467:
2164:
1878:
1771:
and had far reaching negative consequences for the integrity of the western border. In the south-east,
1511:
688:
2810:
2712:
2896:
2536:
2304:
2222:
2060:
2014:
1997:
1648:
in the 12th and 13th centuries, Christianization of the populace was accomplished on a larger scale.
1501:
1471:
780:
3689:
2761:
2621:
2605:
2513:
2424:
2372:
2316:
2300:
2288:
2257:
2084:
2011:
1965:
1894:
1756:
1735:
broke its political ties with Poland in the second half of the 12th century and from 1231 became a
1611:
1604:
1600:
1584:
1536:
1486:
1476:
1365:
1210:
1065:
1014:
949:
917:
810:
tribes and first formed a tribal federation, then later a centralized state. After the addition of
758:
630:
551:
255:
2260:
was put down. This event may have had a limiting impact on the emerging political power of towns.
2629:
2493:
1969:
1793:
1772:
1588:
1568:
1402:
of the region was initiated in earnest, an effort crowned by the establishment of the Pomeranian
1392:
1326:
1221:, a Polish noble who tried to detach the region from the rule of the Polish monarch, and in 1054
1166:
1155:
1101:
1058:
1026:
999:
945:
863:
762:
692:
Important early stages in the history of the Polish state and church took place on the island of
602:
109:
2765:
1481:
1314:
After Bolesław's exile, the country found itself under the unstable rule of his younger brother
1300:
1030:
1013:
Poland (992–1025); area within dark pink color represents the borders at the end of the rule of
739:
671:
between 1370 and 1384. The consolidation in the 14th century laid the base for the new powerful
2199:
1194:
3725:
3698:
3509:
3485:
3351:
3268:
3206:
3160:
3083:
2980:
2957:
2952:
2932:
2904:
2873:
2818:
2777:
2724:
2690:
2667:
2547:
2482:
2455:
2191:
further east in the 14th century. King Casimir received Jewish refugees from Germany in 1349.
2168:
1973:
1910:
1732:
1672:
1630:
1614:; this original early Piast monarchy configuration had not survived the fragmentation period.
1541:
1506:
1466:
1159:
1132:
1084:
1042:
991:
925:
890:
871:
851:
586:
567:
531:
145:
85:
65:
17:
2974:
1610:
The external borders left by Bolesław III at his death closely resembled the borders left by
1415:
3343:
2391:
2383:
2375:
1914:
1898:
1850:
1818:
1811:
1807:
1716:
1580:
1572:
1399:
1276:
1113:
1064:
came as a pilgrim to visit St. Adalbert's grave and lent his support to Bolesław during the
1050:
1038:
803:
711:
645:
634:
245:
2928:
2689:(The Chronicle of the Slavs, Volume II: The Polans), p. 95, Wydawnictwo EGIS, Kraków 2008,
830:
3015:
2802:
2563:
2324:
2280:
2268:
2129:
2113:
2048:
1977:
1962:
1882:
1842:
1676:
1668:
1257:
750:
2360:
2292:
2157:
and metallurgy. A great monetary reform was implemented during the reign of Casimir III.
2025:
1954:
1679:
clergymen spreading Church literacy; some of his prominent writings had been produced in
1275:
with the German emperor, Bolesław crowned himself king in 1076 with the blessing of Pope
2632:(ca. early 14th century) constitute possibly the oldest extant Polish prose manuscript.
3714:
2892:
2559:
2478:
2276:
2264:
2184:
2007:
1985:
1981:
1743:, which in 1307 extended its Pomeranian possessions even further east, taking over the
1724:
1607:
fought for power and territory in Poland, and in particular over the throne of Kraków.
1319:
1231:
1170:
971:
957:
906:
835:
807:
719:
535:
487:
187:
182:
61:
2404:
3766:
3746:
3684:
3501:
2947:
2649:
2609:
2555:
2253:
2237:, entering Kraków, and took the lands north of there, through Kuyavia all the way to
2234:
2137:
1906:
1902:
1886:
1003:
987:
839:
811:
754:
641:
527:
475:
260:
36:
2525:
1917:
soon overstepped their authority and moved beyond the area granted them by Konrad (
1657:
1285:
1121:
1087:
but when Emperor Otto III died in 1002, Bolesław's relationship with his successor
966:
867:
791:
563:
559:
177:
2339:
1553:
1341:
1140:
547:
2508:
in 1355. After his coronation, Louis returned to Hungary; he left his mother and
574:
tribal lands that was fundamental to the existence of the new country of Poland.
2133:
2105:
1949:
1846:
1834:
1764:
1720:
1700:
1641:
1083:
Bolesław at first chose to continue his father's policy of cooperation with the
1009:
823:
597:, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned in 1025 as the first
172:
3716:
The Rise of the Polish Monarchy: Piast Poland in East Central Europe, 1320–1370
1563:
Before he died, Bolesław III Wrymouth divided the country, in a limited sense,
1246:
726:, with the Polans settling in the flatlands around the emerging strongholds of
2639:
2543:
2328:
2150:
2052:
2018:
1945:
Reunification attempts and the reigns of Przemysł II and Václav II (1232–1305)
1926:
1922:
1918:
1780:
1218:
878:
in 967, which was led by Wichmann, the first missionary bishop was appointed:
3129:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 182–187, Andrzej Pleszczyński
2439:
2320:
2238:
1989:
1849:(city dwelling merchants) class; they brought with them West European laws (
1752:
1645:
1368:
1227:
1173:
in 1031. Mieszko was defeated and forced to leave Poland. Mieszko's brother
936:
and its mouth. After the death of Otto I, and then again after the death of
929:
875:
815:
664:
644:
pagans, which led to centuries of Poland's warfare with the Knights and the
558:
then remained in power in the Polish lands until 1370. Mieszko converted to
2172:
1748:
1744:
1235:
1202:
1037:
bishop in exile and missionary who was killed in 997 while on a mission in
978:
The reign of Bolesław I and establishment of a Kingdom of Poland (992–1025)
731:
2856:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 146–167, Zofia Kurnatowska
2451:
1866:
1838:
1803:
1661:
act, the most important written document and source of the period is the
1380:
1376:
1322:
1143:; the region had previously been conquered with great effort by Mieszko.
961:
910:
571:
539:
2927:(VIII w. – 1370) (History of Piast Poland (8th century – 1370)), p. 77,
1383:, except for the directly incorporated southern part, became Bolesław's
534:. The dynasty was founded by a series of dukes listed by the chronicler
156:
2551:
2447:
2420:
2397:
population. Supported by Hungary, the Polish king in 1338 promised the
2364:
2272:
2215:
2145:
2141:
1938:
1788:
1768:
1759:
became independent of the Polish dukes from 1227. In mid-13th century,
1736:
1384:
1222:
1214:
1174:
1136:
1097:
1093:
1073:
902:
819:
735:
660:
555:
2604:
were undertaken during Casimir's reign, including the construction of
2573:
2492:
Immediately after Casimir's death in 1370, the heirless king's nephew
2540:
2517:
2443:
2368:
2296:
2188:
2176:
2076:
2072:
2067:, was the most recognized representative in the intellectual sphere.
2056:
1776:
1696:
1680:
1652:
1034:
1017:(992); dark red border comprises the area at the end of the reign of
894:
889:
Mieszko's state had a complex political relationship with the German
776:
772:
698:
543:
3747:
Półksiężyc, orzeł, lew i smok. Uwagi o godłach napieczętnych Piastów
928:. The victories over Wichmann and Odo allowed Mieszko to extend his
530:
between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the
118:
2299:. Władysław was helped by his alliances with Hungary (his daughter
105:
3690:
God's Playground: A History of Poland. Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795
2625:
2572:
2477:
2403:
2338:
2267:. In 1320, he became the first king of Poland crowned in Kraków's
2198:
2099:
2006:
1948:
1925:). In the following decades, they conquered large areas along the
1877:
1798:
1715:
1692:
1621:
1552:
1403:
1340:
1295:
1245:
1193:
1150:
1008:
981:
829:
727:
687:
684:
Mieszko I and the adoption of Christianity in Poland (ca. 960–992)
638:
2163:
was taking place in Poland since very early times. In 1264, Duke
970:), he had transformed Poland into one of the strongest powers in
905:
from the western part of his lands. Mieszko fought wars with the
2505:
2387:
2382:
there attracted newcomers of several nationalities, was granted
2379:
2180:
2096:
The reunited kingdom of the last Piast rulers; Jewish settlement
1112:, took place. The conflicts with Germany ended in 1018 with the
933:
913:
882:. The action counteracted the intended eastern expansion of the
48:
2719:(History of Poland until 1505), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe (
1860:
In 1228, the Acts of Cienia were passed and signed into law by
1783:, a territory that had changed hands on a number of occasions.
1419:
3418:
3416:
1242:
Bolesław II and the conflict with Bishop Stanisław (1058–1079)
855:
44:
1379:
was subdued in a bloody takeover and Western Pomerania up to
722:
gave rise to a tribal predecessor of the Polish state in the
2628:, became increasingly more common in written documents. The
1767:
to the Margraviate, which made possible the creation of the
1147:
Mieszko II and the collapse of the Piast kingdom (1025–1039)
1116:
on favorable terms for Bolesław. In the context of the 1018
3573:(Chronology of Polish History), pp. 74–75, Krzysztof Stopka
2401:
the Polish throne in the event he dies without male heirs.
1972:, who was killed in 1241 while fighting the Mongols at the
2079:, a Silesian monk, was one of the finest achievements of
757:. In existing sources from the 10th century, Piast ruler
3267:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2006,
3070:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 168–183,
2214:(r. 1305–1333), who began as an obscure Piast duke from
1671:, a foreign cleric from the court of Bolesław Wrymouth.
3288:(Chronology of Polish History), p. 37, Krzysztof Stopka
3103:(Chronology of Polish History), p. 33, Krzysztof Stopka
2554:
forcefully annexed the central Polish lands separating
1041:. Bolesław skillfully took advantage of his death: his
948:. After the death of Doubravka in 977, Mieszko married
601:. The first Piast monarchy collapsed with the death of
3314:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 196–209
2838:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 144–159
2307:
in 1320) and Lithuania (in a pact of 1325 against the
1234:
after the Czech incursion, Casimir moved his court to
1182:, and in 1039, there was an invasion by the forces of
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3463:
3461:
3350:; Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Books, 2007,
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3221:
3219:
1108:, the niece of Emperor Otto III and future mother of
3508:, Eights Edition, pp. 116–117. London: Times Books.
3426:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 129–141, 154–155
2419:
Casimir, who formally gave up his rights to several
1941:
and protected by the popes and Holy Roman Emperors.
1318:(r. 1079–1102). Władysław was strongly dependent on
581:
converted the population to Christianity, created a
3310:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
3125:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
3066:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
3044:
3042:
3040:
3026:
3024:
2852:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
2834:Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek,
2528:, the dominant bicameral parliament of the future.
2195:
The reign of Władysław I the Elbow-high (1305–1333)
1775:was unable to preserve Poland's supremacy over the
1190:
Reunification of Poland under Casimir I (1039–1058)
72:
34:
3713:
3254:(Atlas of Polish History), 14th ed., pp. 4 & 5
2083:. The construction of churches and castles in the
1683:monasteries in Poland. Among the preeminent early
585:in 1025 and integrated Poland into the prevailing
3484:, Volume I. New York: Columbia University Press.
3447:
3445:
3062:
3060:
3058:
2663:History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty
1723:or German settlement in the east, miniature from
1209:Poland made a recovery under Mieszko's son, Duke
2167:of Greater Poland granted the privileges of the
1817:Civil strife and foreign invasions, such as the
886:, which was established at about the same time.
870:followed on 14 April 966, an event known as the
866:, a Christian princess. Mieszko's conversion to
2225:, Władysław returned from exile and challenged
1100:. In 1013, the marriage between Bolesław's son
2335:The reign of Casimir III the Great (1333–1370)
1076:were established on this occasion. The Polish
718:, lit. "people of the fields") in what is now
2848:
2846:
2844:
2531:During the reign of Louis I, Poland formed a
2275:. The coronation was hesitantly agreed to by
1431:
577:Following the emergence of the Polish state,
507:
8:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2474:The reign of Louis I and Jadwiga (1370–1399)
753:, the Polans were ruled at this time by the
655:, then strengthened and expanded by his son
3665:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 173–177
3639:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 169–173
3619:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 160–171
3547:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 155–160
3471:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 145–154
3439:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 141–144
3397:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 128–129
3334:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 116–128
3301:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 111–115
3242:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 104–111
3229:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 101–104
2772:(Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)),
2390:, the main Polish centre in the midst of a
605:in 1034, followed by its restoration under
3773:History of Poland during the Piast dynasty
3193:(History of Poland until 1505), p. 100–101
3180:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 98–100
2979:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
2956:, p. 325, 1998 New York, HarperPerennial,
2562:, previously granted by King Louis to his
2550:in 1387. In 1396, Jadwiga and her husband
2386:in 1356, and had thus begun its career as
1449:Feudal fragmentation of Poland (1138–1320)
1438:
1424:
1416:
514:
500:
130:
55:
3116:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 93–96
3052:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 88–93
3034:(History of Poland until 1505), pp. 80–88
2741:"The history of Ostrów Tumski stronghold"
1120:, Bolesław took over the western part of
924:of the Saxon Eastern March in 972 in the
862:at the time, married the duke's daughter
27:Period of Polish history from 960 to 1370
3142:(History of Poland until 1505), p. 96–98
2140:of the Polish ruling circles. The lower
2036:at various stages of the duke's career.
1406:Diocese after Bolesław's death in 1140.
932:possessions west to the vicinity of the
651:In 1320, the kingdom was restored under
3506:The Times Complete History of the World
2809:(Chronology of Polish History), p. 29,
2678:
1375:and completed by Bolesław around 1123.
1292:Reign of Władysław I Herman (1079–1102)
144:
133:
3155:(History of Poland: The Middle Ages),
2600:In the 14th century, many large scale
2144:was controlled by the Teutonic Order.
1410:Fragmentation of the realm (1138–1320)
893:, as Mieszko was a "friend", ally and
806:tribe conquered and merged with other
775:tribes acting in cooperation with the
31:
3678:Bibliography of the history of Poland
3482:God's Playground: A History of Poland
3205:(Atlas of Polish History), 14th ed.,
2870:Trade and urban development in Poland
2291:). As a result, the Knights captured
1640:was developing as a part of European
846:Initially a pagan, Mieszko I was the
595:Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Gniezno
7:
3749:" (Piast heraldic emblems on seals)
3648:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3595:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3582:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3556:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3451:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3367:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
3263:Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki,
2903:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
2872:, Cambridge University Press, 1993,
2311:and the marriage of Władysław's son
1901:to help him fight the pagan, Baltic
1712:State and society; German settlement
3014:(There could have been no Poland),
2319:, daughter of the Lithuanian ruler
2279:in spite of the opposition of King
1874:Relations with the Teutonic Knights
1837:; the early waves from Germany and
1629:(late 1240–1241) culminated in the
790:to 992), his tribal state accepted
617:and was expelled from the country.
3213:, PPWK Warszawa–Wrocław 1998, p. 5
2263:In 1313–1314, Władysław conquered
1462:Frederick I's expedition to Głogów
1253:is all that remains of the second
25:
2015:Cathedral of St. John the Baptist
1337:Reign of Bolesław III (1102–1138)
1158:shown allegorically with Duchess
3006:An interview with the historian
2976:A history of Polish Christianity
2721:Polish Scientific Publishers PWN
2642:
1929:coast and established their own
1638:culture of early Medieval Poland
822:(both taken by Mieszko from the
481:
469:
155:
117:
104:
3408:A Traveller's History of Poland
3348:A Traveller's History of Poland
2687:Kronika Słowian, tom II Polanie
2658:Poland in the Early Middle Ages
2546:, which was recovered by Queen
2485:was the great-granddaughter of
2256:leadership seeking rule by the
1180:anti-feudal and pagan rebellion
3312:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
3127:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
3068:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
2854:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
2836:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
2788:, pp. 147–149, Adam Żurek and
2770:U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038)
2153:, thus ethnically non-Polish.
1135:in 1005 together with its new
1057:. In the year 1000, the young
724:early part of the 10th century
18:Feudal fragmentation of Poland
1:
3153:Historia Polski-średniowiecze
2624:, along with the predominant
2614:Statutes of Casimir the Great
2590:union of Lithuania and Poland
1913:sponsored by the papacy. The
794:and became the Polish state.
784:
743:
115:Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
100:
3663:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3637:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3617:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3545:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3469:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3437:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3424:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3395:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3332:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3299:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3240:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3227:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3191:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3178:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3140:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3114:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3050:Historia Polski do roku 1505
3032:Historia Polski do roku 1505
2717:Historia Polski do roku 1505
2410:Collegiate church in Wiślica
2245:and kept it for themselves.
860:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
3722:University of Chicago Press
3650:A Concise History of Poland
3597:A Concise History of Poland
3584:A Concise History of Poland
3558:A Concise History of Poland
3453:A Concise History of Poland
3369:A Concise History of Poland
3265:A Concise History of Poland
2901:A Concise History of Poland
2535:. In the pact of 1374 (the
2464:Crown of the Polish Kingdom
2002:Przemysł's daughter Richeza
1205:(built in the 11th century)
1096:in 1018, Bolesław retained
696:. Remnants of the original
659:. The western provinces of
538:in the early 12th century:
532:history of the Polish state
239:Prehistory and protohistory
3789:
3675:
3571:Kalendarium dziejów Polski
3286:Kalendarium dziejów Polski
3101:Kalendarium dziejów Polski
2973:Kłoczowski, Jerzy (2000).
2925:Dzieje Polski piastowskiej
2807:Kalendarium dziejów Polski
2487:Władysław I the Elbow-high
2243:took over Gdańsk Pomerania
2212:Władysław I the Elbow-high
2121:Władysław I the Elbow-high
2110:Władysław I the Elbow-high
2104:A fragment of a sandstone
1741:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1687:religious orders were the
1675:was one of the pioneering
1345:Poland during the rule of
938:Holy Roman Emperor Otto II
653:Władysław I the Elbow-high
526:The period of rule by the
462:Timeline of Polish history
2252:instigated by the city's
1699:founded in 1044) and the
1664:Gesta principum Polonorum
1627:Mongol invasion of Poland
1457:
1387:, to be ruled locally by
899:Holy Roman Emperor Otto I
566:in an event known as the
113:
103:
95:
54:
43:
3252:Atlas historyczny Polski
3203:Atlas historyczny Polski
2774:Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie
2586:Greater Poland Civil War
2343:Poland during ruling of
2125:Casimir III, "the Great"
1558:Collegiate church in Tum
1492:Mayor Albert's Rebellion
1391:, the first duke of the
1352:After a power struggle,
1072:and several subordinate
920:in 963–964 and Margrave
880:Jordan, bishop of Poland
799:Mieszko's emerging state
783:. Under Mieszko's rule (
706:is located on the right.
615:Stanislaus of Szczepanów
3712:Knoll, Paul W. (1972).
3695:Oxford University Press
3480:Davies, Norman (2005).
2602:brick building projects
2498:Capetian House of Anjou
2331:between 1327 and 1329.
2287:from 1327 to 1332 (see
1862:Władysław III Laskonogi
1810:became a member of the
1303:is the burial place of
1281:Stanisław of Szczepanów
1273:Investiture Controversy
1184:Bretislaus I of Bohemia
1078:ecclesiastical province
761:was first mentioned by
669:Capetian House of Anjou
332:Early elective monarchy
299:10th century–1385
3157:Wydawnictwo Literackie
2815:Wydawnictwo Literackie
2581:
2533:Polish-Hungarian union
2489:
2431:by Holy Roman Emperor
2416:
2399:Hungarian ruling house
2348:
2221:Supported by his ally
2208:
2117:
2021:
1957:
1890:
1814:
1727:
1633:
1593:Władysław II the Exile
1565:among four of his sons
1560:
1349:
1311:
1264:
1206:
1162:
1110:Casimir I the Restorer
1106:Richeza of Lotharingia
1022:
1006:
972:central-eastern Europe
843:
707:
637:to help him fight the
625:divided among his sons
3569:Ed. Andrzej Chwalba,
3284:Ed. Andrzej Chwalba,
3099:Ed. Andrzej Chwalba,
2760:Various authors, ed.
2576:
2481:
2414:Casimir III the Great
2407:
2342:
2202:
2103:
2065:influential chronicle
2010:
1952:
1881:
1806:, established by the
1802:
1719:
1625:
1597:Bolesław IV the Curly
1556:
1354:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1347:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1344:
1309:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1299:
1249:
1197:
1154:
1055:Archbishop of Gniezno
1012:
985:
944:, a pretender to the
942:Henry the Quarrelsome
884:Magdeburg Archdiocese
833:
814:, the country of the
797:The viability of the
691:
657:Casimir III the Great
646:German Prussian state
215:Territorial evolution
3745:Górczyk, Wojciech, "
3072:Andrzej Pleszczyński
3012:Polski mogło nie być
2685:Witold Chrzanowski,
2618:University of Kraków
2537:Privilege of Koszyce
2303:was married to King
2223:Charles I of Hungary
2134:settler colonization
2034:Władysław I Łokietek
1994:Václav II of Bohemia
1761:Bolesław II the Bald
1269:Bolesław II the Bold
1217:was taken back from
950:Oda von Haldensleben
940:, Mieszko supported
838:territory under the
781:Wichmann the Younger
768:Res gestae saxonicae
675:that was to follow.
611:Bolesław II the Bold
591:Bolesław I the Brave
80:Bolesław I the Brave
2882:Google Print, p. 47
2429:Gniezno Archdiocese
2425:House of Luxembourg
2258:House of Luxembourg
2250:rebellion in Kraków
2085:Gothic architecture
2063:, the author of an
2032:. Świnka supported
1966:Henry I the Bearded
1895:Konrad I of Masovia
1883:Henry IV of Wrocław
1605:Casimir II the Just
1601:Mieszko III the Old
1251:St. Leonard's Crypt
1199:St. Andrew's Church
1070:Gniezno Archdiocese
1066:Congress of Gniezno
1033:, a well-connected
1002:body back from the
990:at the entrance to
918:Saxon Eastern March
842:in the 10th century
631:Konrad I of Masovia
305:Jagiellonian period
251:Bronze and Iron Age
35:Kingdom of Poland (
3661:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3635:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3615:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3543:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3467:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3435:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3422:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3406:John Radzilowski,
3393:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3330:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3297:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3238:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3225:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3189:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3176:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3151:Stanisław Szczur,
3138:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3112:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3048:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3030:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
3010:, Piotr Bojarski,
2923:Jerzy Wyrozumski,
2913:Google Print, p. 6
2790:Wojciech Mrozowicz
2723:), Warszawa 1986,
2630:Holy Cross Sermons
2582:
2568:Władysław of Opole
2552:Jagiełło (Jogaila)
2490:
2468:Congress of Kraków
2417:
2408:Foundation of the
2349:
2229:and his successor
2209:
2207:at Wawel Cathedral
2165:Bolesław the Pious
2118:
2022:
1970:Henry II the Pious
1958:
1891:
1815:
1728:
1634:
1569:Seniorate Province
1561:
1373:Władysław I Herman
1350:
1316:Władysław I Herman
1312:
1305:Władysław I Herman
1265:
1207:
1167:Mieszko II Lambert
1163:
1027:Adalbert of Prague
1023:
1007:
956:, Margrave of the
868:Latin Christianity
852:Ibrâhîm ibn Ya`qûb
844:
763:Widukind of Corvey
708:
603:Mieszko II Lambert
579:a series of rulers
488:History portal
377:Partitioned Poland
342:Deluge and decline
110:Civitas Schinesghe
3759:
3527:Europe: A History
3514:978-0-00-788089-8
3490:978-0-231-12817-9
3382:Europe: A History
3165:978-83-08-04135-2
2986:978-0-521-36429-4
2953:Europe: A History
2866:Francis W. Carter
2813:. Copyright 1999
2786:Zofia Kurnatowska
2695:978-83-7396-749-6
2668:Slavery in Poland
2578:St. Mary's Church
2502:Casimir of Słupsk
2456:Farther Pomerania
2353:Casimir the Great
2205:Casimir the Great
2169:Statute of Kalisz
2161:Jewish settlement
2061:Wincenty Kadłubek
1998:Přemyslid dynasty
1974:Battle of Legnica
1911:Northern Crusades
1733:Farther Pomerania
1673:Bruno of Querfurt
1667:, a chronicle by
1631:Battle of Legnica
1550:
1549:
1160:Matilda of Swabia
1133:Farther Pomerania
1085:Holy Roman Empire
992:Gniezno Cathedral
926:Battle of Cedynia
891:Holy Roman Empire
872:Baptism of Poland
834:Expansion of the
710:The tribe of the
679:10th–12th century
673:kingdom of Poland
587:culture of Europe
583:kingdom of Poland
568:Baptism of Poland
524:
523:
476:Poland portal
453:
452:
425:
424:
360:
359:
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281:Early Middle Ages
129:
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125:
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86:Jadwiga of Poland
66:Kingdom of Poland
16:(Redirected from
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3344:John Radzilowski
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2799:
2793:
2776:, Wrocław 2002,
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2713:Jerzy Wyrozumski
2710:
2697:
2683:
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2647:
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2645:
2494:Louis of Hungary
2446:became Poland's
2384:municipal rights
2357:Treaty of Kalisz
2289:Battle of Płowce
2248:In 1311–1312, a
2239:Gdańsk Pomerania
2081:medieval science
2071:, a treatise on
1990:Gdańsk Pomerania
1899:Teutonic Knights
1851:Magdeburg rights
1843:German town laws
1819:Mongol invasions
1812:Hanseatic League
1808:Teutonic Knights
1773:Leszek the White
1757:Gdańsk Pomerania
1452:
1450:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1400:Christianization
1362:Battle of Głogów
1262:Władysław Herman
1114:Peace of Bautzen
1051:Radim Gaudentius
986:An image on the
789:
786:
748:
745:
704:Poznań Cathedral
635:Teutonic Knights
589:. Mieszko's son
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509:
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417:Communist Poland
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352:Three partitions
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286:Christianization
203:Military history
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3672:Further reading
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3016:Gazeta Wyborcza
3008:Tomasz Jasiński
3005:
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2972:
2971:
2967:
2946:
2942:
2931:, Kraków 1999,
2922:
2918:
2897:Hubert Zawadzki
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2803:Andrzej Chwalba
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2622:Polish language
2598:
2476:
2337:
2325:John of Bohemia
2285:war with Poland
2281:John of Bohemia
2269:Wawel Cathedral
2203:Sarcophagus of
2197:
2114:Wawel Cathedral
2098:
2093:
2042:
1978:Henry IV Probus
1947:
1876:
1835:German settlers
1714:
1709:
1669:Gallus Anonymus
1620:
1551:
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1482:Gąsawa massacre
1453:
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1444:
1412:
1393:Griffin dynasty
1339:
1301:Płock Cathedral
1294:
1258:Wawel Cathedral
1244:
1192:
1149:
1118:Kiev expedition
980:
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751:Gallus Anonymus
746:
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562:of the Western
520:
482:
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455:
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421:1945–1989
411:1939–1945
401:1918–1939
397:Second Republic
391:1914–1918
381:1795–1918
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346:1648–1764
336:1572–1648
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309:1385–1572
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3740:External links
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3685:Davies, Norman
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2309:Teutonic State
2277:Pope John XXII
2265:Greater Poland
2196:
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2130:Silesian Piast
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2000:, who married
1986:Greater Poland
1963:Silesian dukes
1946:
1943:
1931:monastic state
1915:Teutonic Order
1893:In 1226, Duke
1875:
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1794:legal immunity
1725:Sachsenspiegel
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1267:Casimir's son
1243:
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1232:Greater Poland
1191:
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1126:king of Poland
1031:Slavník family
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952:, daughter of
946:imperial crown
909:, the Czechs,
907:Polabian Slavs
720:Greater Poland
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593:established a
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3167:, pp. 106–107
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2948:Norman Davies
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901:and paid him
900:
896:
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869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
841:
840:Piast dynasty
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821:
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812:Lesser Poland
809:
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795:
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755:Piast dynasty
752:
741:
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694:Ostrów Tumski
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528:Piast dynasty
517:
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3078:
3067:
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3018:July 7, 2007
3011:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2975:
2968:
2951:
2943:
2924:
2919:
2900:
2888:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2835:
2830:
2806:
2797:
2769:
2756:
2745:. Retrieved
2735:
2716:
2686:
2681:
2599:
2583:
2530:
2526:general sejm
2522:
2491:
2460:
2450:, while the
2437:
2418:
2376:area of Rus'
2361:Dobrzyń Land
2350:
2293:Dobrzyń Land
2262:
2247:
2220:
2210:
2159:
2155:
2136:and gradual
2123:and his son
2119:
2091:14th century
2068:
2043:
2026:Jakub Świnka
2023:
1959:
1955:Jakub Świnka
1897:invited the
1892:
1889:, about 1300
1865:
1859:
1816:
1785:
1729:
1707:13th century
1689:Benedictines
1662:
1658:Dagome iudex
1656:
1650:
1635:
1609:
1562:
1413:
1397:
1351:
1313:
1266:
1208:
1164:
1130:
1122:Red Ruthenia
1082:
1024:
967:Dagome iudex
965:
888:
845:
796:
792:Christianity
766:
715:
709:
697:
650:
633:invited the
629:
621:Bolesław III
619:
576:
564:Latin Church
560:Christianity
556:ruling house
525:
460:
434:Contemporary
407:World War II
323:Early Modern
295:Piast period
294:
193:Coat of arms
178:Polonization
96:
29:
3720:. Chicago:
3652:, pp. 42–44
3599:, pp. 26–34
3586:, pp. 14–26
3560:, pp. 23–24
3455:, pp. 15–34
3410:, pp. 39–41
3371:, pp. 14–16
2743:. Poznań.pl
2345:Casimir III
2271:instead of
2151:East Slavic
2106:sarcophagus
2069:Perspectiva
2053:Franciscans
1982:Przemysł II
1980:. In 1295,
1953:Archbishop
1855:patriciates
1765:Lubusz Land
1721:Ostsiedlung
1701:Cistercians
1646:monasteries
1642:Christendom
1389:Wartislaw I
1366:Mieszko I's
1277:Gregory VII
1171:Kievan Rus'
848:first ruler
446:1989–
387:World War I
274:Middle Ages
173:Polonophile
146:History of
3693:. Oxford:
2766:Adam Żurek
2747:2009-09-19
2674:References
2566:ally Duke
2512:'s sister
2433:Charles IV
2329:allegiance
2231:Václav III
2108:depicting
2049:Dominicans
2045:Culturally
1968:, his son
1927:Baltic Sea
1923:Kulmerland
1585:Sandomierz
1522:Lubusz 1st
1255:Romanesque
1156:Mieszko II
1019:Bolesław I
1000:Adalbert's
934:Oder River
930:Pomeranian
788: 960
747: 920
97:Chronology
73:Monarch(s)
3687:(2005) .
2580:in Kraków
2514:Elizabeth
2440:Drezdenko
2373:Volodymyr
2359:of 1343.
2321:Gediminas
2305:Charles I
2301:Elizabeth
2254:patrician
2227:Václav II
1935:Lithuania
1831:1287/1288
1827:1259/1260
1823:1240/1241
1753:Pomerelia
1612:Mieszko I
1537:Zawichost
1497:Yaroslavl
1487:Chmielnik
1477:Drohiczyn
1369:Pomerania
1288:in 1253.
1286:canonized
1228:feudalism
1211:Casimir I
1141:Kołobrzeg
1137:bishopric
1043:martyrdom
1015:Mieszko I
1004:Prussians
876:Velunzani
864:Doubravka
818:, and of
816:Vistulans
759:Mieszko I
665:Pomerania
607:Casimir I
552:Mieszko I
550:. It was
548:Siemomysł
256:Antiquity
246:Stone Age
225:Statehood
3767:Category
3529:, p. 429
3504:(2010),
3384:, p. 366
3358:, p. 260
2992:12 April
2817:Kraków,
2792:, p. 226
2636:See also
2421:Silesian
2395:Orthodox
2116:, Kraków
2051:and the
1921:Land or
1867:szlachta
1839:Flanders
1779:area of
1763:granted
1685:monastic
1681:eremitic
1512:Trojanów
1377:Szczecin
1331:Bolesław
1327:Zbigniew
1323:Sieciech
1089:Henry II
1074:dioceses
1062:Otto III
996:Bolesław
994:depicts
962:Holy See
954:Dietrich
911:Margrave
699:palatium
642:Prussian
572:Lechitic
540:Siemowit
198:Monarchs
137:a series
135:Part of
3756:English
3751:Histmag
3492:, p. 66
2596:Culture
2548:Jadwiga
2518:regents
2510:Casimir
2496:of the
2365:Kuyavia
2313:Casimir
2273:Gniezno
2216:Kuyavia
2146:Masovia
2142:Vistula
2040:Culture
2019:Wrocław
1996:of the
1919:Chełmno
1885:in the
1847:burgher
1769:Neumark
1751:areas.
1739:of the
1677:Western
1618:Culture
1581:Masovia
1573:Silesia
1542:Mozgawa
1507:Legnica
1472:Goźlice
1467:Bogucin
1358:Henry V
1223:Silesia
1219:Miecław
1215:Masovia
1175:Bezprym
1102:Mieszko
1098:Moravia
1094:Bohemia
1059:Emperor
1039:Prussia
1029:of the
1021:(1025)
998:buying
916:of the
903:tribute
820:Silesia
804:Polanie
765:in his
736:Gniezno
716:Polanie
661:Silesia
448:present
82:(first)
64:of the
3728:
3701:
3512:
3488:
3354:
3275:, p. 9
3271:
3209:
3163:
3086:
2983:
2960:
2935:
2907:
2876:
2821:
2780:
2727:
2693:
2606:Gothic
2541:Halych
2444:Santok
2369:Halych
2317:Aldona
2297:Kujawy
2189:Grodno
2177:Kalisz
2173:Kraków
2077:Witelo
2073:optics
2057:annals
2012:Gothic
1976:, and
1777:Halych
1749:Słupsk
1745:Sławno
1697:Tyniec
1653:annals
1589:Kraków
1532:Ujście
1527:Gdańsk
1502:Jazdów
1236:Kraków
1203:Kraków
1068:; the
1047:Church
895:vassal
856:Jewish
836:Polans
808:Slavic
779:exile
773:Veleti
732:Poznań
712:Polans
639:Baltic
544:Lestek
369:Modern
166:Topics
148:Poland
139:on the
88:(last)
2929:Fogra
2626:Latin
2558:from
2452:Wałcz
2448:fiefs
1789:serfs
1693:abbey
1691:(the
1517:Kłeck
1404:Wolin
1381:Rügen
1165:King
1049:with
1035:Czech
922:Odo I
824:Czech
777:Saxon
728:Giecz
37:Piast
3726:ISBN
3699:ISBN
3510:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3207:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3084:ISBN
2994:2011
2981:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2819:ISBN
2801:Ed.
2778:ISBN
2764:and
2725:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2544:Rus'
2506:Buda
2442:and
2392:Rus'
2388:Lwów
2380:Lviv
2363:and
2295:and
2187:and
2181:Lviv
1939:fief
1829:and
1781:Rus'
1747:and
1737:fief
1603:and
1587:and
1385:fief
1329:and
1307:and
1104:and
914:Gero
854:, a
738:and
663:and
546:and
208:Wars
188:Name
183:Flag
49:1385
2412:by
2315:to
2112:in
2075:by
2017:in
1984:of
1821:in
1755:or
1695:in
1260:of
1201:in
1139:in
1053:as
897:of
45:960
3769::
3724:.
3697:.
3624:^
3604:^
3534:^
3460:^
3444:^
3415:^
3346:,
3319:^
3218:^
3057:^
3039:^
3023:^
2950:,
2911:,
2899:,
2895:,
2880:,
2868:,
2843:^
2805:,
2784:,
2768:,
2715:,
2701:^
2592:.
2570:.
2520:.
2458:.
2183:,
2175:,
1825:,
1703:.
1599:,
1595:,
1583:,
1579:,
1575:,
1395:.
1128:.
974:.
785:c.
744:c.
734:,
730:,
648:.
542:,
3758:)
3754:(
3734:.
3707:.
3516:.
3090:.
2996:.
2825:.
2750:.
2462:"
2371:–
1439:e
1432:t
1425:v
964:(
714:(
515:e
508:t
501:v
47:–
39:)
20:)
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