1082:
1831:(1939; English 1961) a feudal order not limited solely to the nobility. It is his radical notion that peasants were part of the feudal relationship that sets Bloch apart from his peers: while the vassal performed military service in exchange for the fief, the peasant performed physical labour in return for protection â both are a form of feudal relationship. According to Bloch, other elements of society can be seen in feudal terms; all the aspects of life were centred on "lordship", and so we can speak usefully of a feudal church structure, a feudal courtly (and anti-courtly) literature, and a feudal economy.
1511:
693:
319:
40:
59:
5764:
750:
5754:
1625:
1019:
5774:
1923:, is described as the most complete form of medieval rule, completing conventional feudal structure of lordship and vassalage with the personal association among the nobility. But the applicability of this concept to cases outside of the Holy Roman Empire has been questioned, as by Susan Reynolds. The concept has also been questioned and superseded in German
1893:, Duby excavated the complex social and economic relationships among the individuals and institutions of the MĂąconnais region and charted a profound shift in the social structures of medieval society around the year 1000. He argued that in early 11th century, governing institutionsâparticularly comital courts established under the
2446:
1955:, she argued that the word is only a construct with no basis in medieval reality, an invention of modern historians read back "tyrannically" into the historical record. Supporters of Brown have suggested that the term should be expunged from history textbooks and lectures on medieval history entirely. In
1967:
Too many models of feudalism used for comparisons, even by
Marxists, are still either constructed on the 16th-century basis or incorporate what, in a Marxist view, must surely be superficial or irrelevant features from it. Even when one restricts oneself to Europe and to feudalism in its narrow sense
901:
Without debate the
Assembly enthusiastically adopted equality of taxation and redemption of all manorial rights except for those involving personal servitudeâwhich were to be abolished without indemnification. Other proposals followed with the same success: the equality of legal punishment, admission
737:
Once the commendation ceremony was complete, the lord and vassal were in a feudal relationship with agreed obligations to one another. The vassal's principal obligation to the lord was to provide aid or military service. Using whatever equipment the vassal could obtain by virtue of the revenues from
845:
and comital control, linking vassals to their lords; but in other regions, the system led to significant confusion, all the more so as vassals could and frequently did pledge themselves to two or more lords. In response to this, the idea of a "liege lord" was developed (where the obligations to one
679:
version of feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations of the warrior nobility based on the key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. In broad terms a lord was a noble who held land, a vassal was a person granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known
1810:
in 1066. Round argued that the
Normans had brought feudalism with them to England, while Maitland contended that its fundamentals were already in place in Britain before 1066. The debate continues today, but a consensus viewpoint is that England before the Conquest had commendation (which embodied
1497:
used the term "feudal system" to describe a social and economic system defined by inherited social ranks, each of which possessed inherent social and economic privileges and obligations. In such a system, wealth derived from agriculture, which was arranged not according to market forces but on the
1590:
He also took it as a paradigm for understanding the power-relationships between capitalists and wage-labourers in his own time: "in pre-capitalist systems it was obvious that most people did not control their own destinyâunder feudalism, for instance, serfs had to work for their lords. Capitalism
1061:
was unknown and the system it describes was not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period. This section describes the history of the idea of feudalism, how the concept originated among scholars and thinkers, how it changed over time, and modern debates
906:
Originally the peasants were supposed to pay for the release of seigneurial dues; these dues affected more than a quarter of the farmland in France and provided most of the income of the large landowners. The majority refused to pay and in 1793 the obligation was cancelled. Thus the peasants got
1554:
for his own purposes, and even drove some of the bishops out of the church and placed his own laymen in their seats, Fouracre discounts Martel's role in creating political change, that it was simply a military move in order to have control in the region by hording land through tenancies, and
774:
In its origin, the feudal grant of land had been seen in terms of a personal bond between lord and vassal, but with time and the transformation of fiefs into hereditary holdings, the nature of the system came to be seen as a form of "politics of land" (an expression used by the historian
805:
families had done before them) lesser lords usurped/privatized a wide range of prerogatives and rights of the state, including travel dues, market dues, fees for using woodlands, obligations, use the lord's mill and, most importantly, the highly profitable rights of justice, etc. (what
738:
the fief, the vassal had to answer calls to military service by the lord. This security of military help was the primary reason the lord entered into the feudal relationship. In addition, the vassal could have other obligations to his lord, such as attendance at his court, whether
1048:
bound by manorialism, and the estates of the Church. Thus the feudal order embraces society from top to bottom, though the "powerful and well-differentiated social group of the urban classes" came to occupy a distinct position to some extent outside the classic feudal hierarchy.
761:
this might be a fairly mundane matter of agricultural policy, but also included sentencing by the lord for criminal offences, including capital punishment in some cases. Concerning the king's feudal court, such deliberation could include the question of declaring war. These are
1815:
introduced a modified and stricter northern French feudalism to
England incorporating (1086) oaths of loyalty to the king by all who held by feudal tenure, even the vassals of his principal vassals (holding by feudal tenure meant that vassals must provide the quota of
413:
means "goods", implying "a movable object of value". Bloch explains that by the beginning of the 10th century it was common to value land in monetary terms but to pay for it with objects of equivalent value, such as arms, clothing, horses or food. This was known as
1586:
and principally by means of labour, produce and money rents. He deemed feudalism a 'democracy of unfreedom', juxtaposing the oppression of feudal subjects with a holistic integration of political and economic life of the sort lacking under industrial capitalism.
902:
of all to public office, abolition of venality in office, conversion of the tithe into payments subject to redemption, freedom of worship, prohibition of plural holding of benefices ... Privileges of provinces and towns were offered as a last sacrifice.
880:
Most of the military aspects of feudalism effectively ended by about 1500. This was partly since the military shifted from armies consisting of the nobility to professional fighters thus reducing the nobility's claim on power, but also because the
1846:). His classic definition of feudalism is widely accepted today among medieval scholars, though questioned both by those who view the concept in wider terms and by those who find insufficient uniformity in noble exchanges to support such a model.
1984:
notes that in the 21st century historians of Japan rarely invoke feudalism; instead of looking at similarities, specialists attempting comparative analysis concentrate on fundamental differences. Ultimately, critics say, the many ways the term
644:
without allocating land to these mounted troops. Mounted soldiers began to secure a system of hereditary rule over their allocated land and their power over the territory came to encompass the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres.
1535:(or leases) for his followers, in return for their military service. Martel's military ambitions were becoming more expensive as it changed into a cavalry force, thus the need to maintain his followers through the despoiling of church lands.
876:
rule where a king and one royal court held almost all the power. Feudal nobles regardless of ethnicity generally thought of themselves as arbiters of a politically free system, so this often puzzled them before the fall of most feudal laws.
1436:
The concept of a feudal state or period, in the sense of either a regime or a period dominated by lords who possess financial or social power and prestige, became widely held in the middle of the 18th century, as a result of works such as
309:
countries, such as Poland and
Lithuania, with scholars observing that the medieval political and economic structure of those countries bears some, but not all, resemblances to the Western European societies commonly described as feudal.
1483:". Enlightenment authors generally mocked and ridiculed anything from the "Dark Ages" including feudalism, projecting its negative characteristics on the current French monarchy as a means of political gain. For them "feudalism" meant
3660:
1591:
seems different because people are in theory free to work for themselves or for others as they choose. Yet most workers have as little control over their lives as feudal serfs." Some later
Marxist theorists (e.g.
3057:
418:, a term that took on the general meaning of paying for something in lieu of money. This meaning was then applied to land itself, in which land was used to pay for fealty, such as to a vassal. Thus the old word
1901:
during the 9th and 10th centuries receded and gave way to a new feudal order wherein independent aristocratic knights wielded power over peasant communities through strong-arm tactics and threats of violence.
652:
in these empires. However, once the infrastructure to maintain unitary power was re-establishedâas with the
European monarchiesâfeudalism began to yield to this new power structure and eventually disappeared.
1968:
it is extremely doubtful whether feudo-vassalic institutions formed a coherent bundle of institutions or concepts that were structurally separate from other institutions and concepts of the time.
722:. During homage, the lord and vassal entered into a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command, whilst the lord agreed to protect the vassal from external forces.
3173:
Encyc. Brit. op.cit. It was a standard part of the feudal contract (fief , fealty , faith ) that every tenant was under an obligation to attend his overlord's court to advise and support him;
552:, which literally means "the returned", and was used especially for 'land that has been conquered from enemies that did not fight'). Samarrai's theory is that early forms of 'fief' include
1838:
defined feudalism from a narrow legal and military perspective, arguing that feudal relationships existed only within the medieval nobility itself. Ganshof articulated this concept in
969:, feudalism was abolished with the law of 5 December 1861 n.Âș 342 were all feudal bonds abolished. The system lingered on in parts of Central and Eastern Europe as late as the 1850s.
5217:
1827:, arguably the most influential 20th-century medieval historian, approached feudalism not so much from a legal and military point of view but from a sociological one, presenting in
734:
owed by a vassal to his feudal lord. "Fealty" also refers to an oath that more explicitly reinforces the commitments of the vassal made during homage; such an oath follows homage.
684:, consisting of military and non-military service. The obligations and corresponding rights between lord and vassal concerning the fief form the basis of the feudal relationship.
259:, which had some feudal characteristics (sometimes called "semifeudal"). Some have taken the feudalism analogy further, seeing feudalism (or traces of it) in places as diverse as
5583:
893:
explains how at an early stage of the French
Revolution, on just one night of 4 August 1789, France abolished the long-lasting remnants of the feudal order. It announced, "The
80:
from the 9th to 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.
5719:
981:
1963:
expanded upon Brown's original thesis. Although some contemporaries questioned
Reynolds's methodology, other historians have supported it and her argument. Reynolds argues:
1566:
also uses the term in the 19th century in his analysis of society's economic and political development, describing feudalism (or more usually feudal society or the feudal
3529:'Writing about Charles Martel', in Law, laity and solidarities : essays in honour of Susan Reynolds / edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. Nelson and Jane Martindale
3587:'Writing About Charles Martel' in Law, Laity and Solidarities : Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds / Edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. Nelson and Jane Martindale
3558:'Writing About Charles Martel' in Law, Laity and Solidarities : Essays in Honour of Susan Reynolds / Edited by Pauline Stafford, Janet L. Nelson and Jane Martindale
757:
It could also involve the vassal providing "counsel", so that if the lord faced a major decision he would summon all his vassals and hold a council. At the level of the
508:
The term "féodal" was first used in 17th-century French legal treatises (1614) and translated into
English legal treatises as an adjective, such as "feodal government".
3054:
1529:
laid the foundation for feudalism during the 8th century. Brunner believed Martel to be a brilliant warrior who secularized church lands for the purpose of providing
1514:
The Frankish domains in the time of Charles Martel (boundaries approximate), primarily modern day France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Czech Republic and Austria
158:(1994), there has been ongoing inconclusive discussion among medieval historians as to whether feudalism is a useful construct for understanding medieval society.
5232:
5803:
3185:, p.18, quoted by Encyc. Brit, op.cit., p. 388: "It was the principle of the feudal system that every tenant should attend the court of his immediate superior".
1989:
has been used have deprived it of specific meaning, leading some historians and political theorists to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.
680:
as a fief. In exchange for the use of the fief and protection by the lord, the vassal provided some sort of service to the lord. There were many varieties of
493:
in the documents. The first attested instance of this is from 984, although more primitive forms were seen up to one-hundred years earlier. The origin of the
5309:
5067:
1976:
has also been applied to non-Western societies, in which institutions and attitudes similar to those of medieval Europe are perceived to have prevailed (see
992:
were held for the election of a local parliament and the appointment of a government. The "revolution" is a consequence of the juridical intervention of the
4494:
2808:
1423:
2507:
30:
This article is about the classic, medieval, Western European form of feudalism. For feudalism in other societies, as well as that of the Europeans, see
2041:
889:
of the 1790s. Even when the original feudal relationships had disappeared, there were many institutional remnants of feudalism left in place. Historian
5808:
1951:
as an anachronism that imparts a false sense of uniformity to the concept. Having noted the current use of many, often contradictory, definitions of
1044:
offers a wider definition than Ganshof's and includes within the feudal structure not only the warrior aristocracy bound by vassalage, but also the
1781:
302:
has been deprived of specific meaning by the many ways it has been used, leading them to reject it as a useful concept for understanding society.
4386:
Keshri VR, Bhaumik S (2022) . The feudal structure of global health and its implications for decolonisation . BMJ Global Health Available online
938:
abolished feudalism with the law of 2 August 1806, then implemented with a law of 1 September 1806 and a royal decree of 3 December 1808. In the
1488:
923:
5187:
4021:
3860:
3815:
3773:
3734:
2785:
894:
1081:
2598:
5777:
955:
5643:
5618:
5558:
5107:
5009:
3182:
1890:
4863:
3451:
5734:
3975:
3130:
2262:
1920:
788:
666:
5269:
4359:
Sutherland, D. M. G. (2002). "Peasants, Lords, and Leviathan: Winners and Losers from the Abolition of French Feudalism, 1780-1820".
984:
entered into full force putting an end to what was left of the Scottish feudal system. The last feudal regime, that of the island of
5739:
4458:
4151:
4053:
4001:
3643:
3600:
3571:
3542:
3511:
3486:
3434:
3328:
3277:
3038:
3010:
2576:
2487:
2420:
2367:
4446:
4418:
4408:
3150:
2387:
2295:
3408:
Jerzy Topolski, Continuity and discontinuity in the development of the feudal system in Eastern Europe (Xth to XVIIth centuries)"
5060:
4994:
4589:
1550:
was the gifting of land to the church, done for various spiritual and legal purposes. Although Charles Martel did indeed utilize
919:
855:
966:
624:
scribes often used etymologically "fanciful roots" to support outlandish claims that something was of Arabian or Muslim origin.
5237:
5019:
4622:
4487:
3922:
1416:
951:
5603:
5543:
5515:
5274:
4806:
4639:
4577:
4299:
3726:
2316:
1803:
1344:
931:
5520:
4261:(1967). "Economic Relationships in the Decline of Feudalism: An Examination of Economic Interdependence and Social Change".
2771:
1467:, 1739). In the 18th century, writers of the Enlightenment wrote about feudalism to denigrate the antiquated system of the
5689:
5014:
4923:
3846:
3801:
3759:
2634:
1510:
1269:
927:
681:
515:, seeking to describe economic systems, effectively coined the forms "feudal government" and "feudal system" in his book
4430:
2392:
692:
203:, though Ganshof himself noted that his treatment was only related to the "narrow, technical, legal sense of the word."
3082:
1823:
In the 20th century, two outstanding historians offered still more widely differing perspectives. The French historian
294:
has also been appliedâoften pejorativelyâto non-Western societies where institutions and attitudes similar to those in
5699:
5053:
4973:
4968:
4584:
4466:
4452:
3422:
3146:
2972:
2479:
2425:
1774:
256:
5392:
1886:
2562:
5818:
5694:
5684:
5648:
5490:
5029:
5024:
4480:
2451:
1757:
1480:
1409:
989:
833:), counts were able to maintain control of their lands into the 12th century or later. Thus, in some regions (like
378:, but these words are not attested in this meaning in Germanic sources, or even in the Latin of the Frankish laws.
306:
2314:
Brown, Elizabeth A. R. (October 1974). "The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe".
5813:
5417:
5180:
4999:
4753:
4714:
3078:
2817:
2191:
2138:
2067:
1906:
1835:
1799:
780:
676:
534:
386:
184:
84:
817:
This "fragmentation of powers" was not, however, systematic throughout France, and in certain counties (such as
5668:
3156:
2519:
2515:
1454:
260:
47:
2447:
Reframing the Feudal Revolution: Political and Social Transformation Between Marne and Moselle, c. 800âc. 1100
885:
reduced the nobility's hold over the lower classes. Vestiges of the feudal system hung on in France until the
5823:
5372:
5342:
5154:
5144:
5004:
4662:
3961:
3852:
3705:
3122:
2777:
2359:
710:) to someone, he had to make that person a vassal. This was done at a formal and symbolic ceremony called a
1996:
notes that "Western civilization and world civilization textbooks now shy away from the term 'feudalism'."
5729:
5485:
5259:
5087:
4828:
4657:
3807:
1767:
284:
4122:
Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works, and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth century
5548:
5397:
4908:
4403:
2603:
2290:
2118:
2026:
1977:
1944:
1812:
1284:
763:
711:
670:
612:), which was used by the Muslim invaders and occupiers at the time, resulting in a plurality of forms â
517:
147:
31:
5440:
5367:
4773:
3100:
3029:
Cheyette, Fredric L. (2005). "FEUDALISM, EUROPEAN.". In Horowitz, Maryanne Cline; Gale, Thomas (eds.).
2848:
541:
1555:
expelling the bishops who he did not agree with, but it did not specifically create feudalism.
5767:
5709:
5505:
5412:
5382:
5173:
4963:
4958:
4898:
4833:
4738:
3635:
2254:
2083:
1476:
1223:
1179:
1073:
1001:
784:
662:
429:
215:
112:
76:, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in
4088:
Brown, Elizabeth (1974). "The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe".
4067:
Abels, Richard (2009). "The Historiography of a Construct: "Feudalism" and the Medieval Historian".
600:
was established. It is possible, Samarrai says, that French scribes, writing in Latin, attempted to
318:
5653:
5633:
5613:
5578:
5510:
5422:
5289:
5102:
4928:
4858:
4801:
4718:
4544:
4436:
1898:
1894:
1169:
1114:
993:
943:
860:
Around this time, rich, "middle-class" commoners chafed at the authority and powers held by feudal
214:(1939), includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three
111:(1939), includes not only the obligations of the warrior nobility but the obligations of all three
5753:
4426:
2383:
467:
Initially in medieval Latin European documents, a land grant in exchange for service was called a
5798:
5757:
5593:
5568:
5470:
5347:
5299:
5294:
5284:
5222:
5034:
4938:
4722:
4674:
4669:
4572:
4562:
4519:
4511:
4368:
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4245:
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4105:
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3365:
3174:
2949:
2752:
2744:
2695:
2333:
2011:
1567:
1334:
1174:
970:
830:
818:
637:
621:
323:
3068:, ed. Belle S. Tuten and Tracey L. Billado (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010), 135-155 at 145-149.
1802:, both historians of medieval Britain, arrived at different conclusions about the character of
791:
in the same period or later: Counties and duchies began to break down into smaller holdings as
766:; depending on the period of time and location in Europe, feudal customs and practices varied.
298:
Europe are perceived to prevail. Some historians and political theorists believe that the term
39:
5495:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5362:
5352:
5337:
5204:
4913:
4888:
4868:
4848:
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4710:
4679:
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4295:
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4197:
4049:
4017:
3997:
3971:
3856:
3811:
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3730:
3639:
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3357:
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3318:
3283:
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2736:
2687:
2656:
2608:
2572:
2483:
2363:
2258:
2225:
2016:
1916:
1911:
1657:
1604:
1595:) have applied this label to include non-European societies, grouping feudalism together with
1449:
1209:
1184:
974:
939:
915:
886:
822:
51:
3803:
Covenant and commonwealth : from Christian separation through the Protestant Reformation
5714:
5663:
5658:
5598:
5563:
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4627:
4617:
4552:
4524:
4270:
4229:
4138:
4097:
4076:
3938:
Richard Abels, "The Historiography of a Construct: 'Feudalism' and the Medieval Historian."
3675:
3627:
3349:
3314:
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2728:
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2325:
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1930:
1691:
1636:
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1518:
1470:
1364:
1088:
890:
633:
593:
276:
272:
242:
188:
143:
88:
4129:
Friday, Karl (2010). "The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan".
3455:
1465:
An Historical Account of the Ancient Parliaments of France or States-General of the Kingdom
783:" or "mutation" and a "fragmentation of powers" (Bloch) that was unlike the development of
58:
5724:
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2160:
1807:
1795:
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1724:
1643:
1616:
1164:
1095:
826:
715:
696:
601:
451:
351:
268:
4336:
4157:
3160:
3055:"Reflections on Feudalism: Thomas Madox and the Origins of the Feudal System in England,"
2430:
1294:
640:
in the 9th century AD, which lacked the bureaucratic infrastructure necessary to support
4415:
2533:
2397:
305:
The applicability of the term feudalism has also been questioned in the context of some
5628:
5573:
5527:
5480:
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5227:
5149:
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4878:
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1960:
1924:
1858:
1632:
1526:
1324:
1299:
1214:
1149:
1124:
743:
739:
700:
446:
390:
151:
5792:
5387:
4989:
4788:
4249:
4142:
4117:
4080:
3967:
3957:
3344:
Forster, Robert (1967). "The Survival of the Nobility during the French Revolution".
3269:
2999:
2756:
2719:
2247:
2207:
2078:
2061:
2036:
1993:
1854:
1684:
1539:
1354:
1339:
935:
331:
280:
264:
252:
3066:
Feud, Violence and Practice: Essays in Medieval Studies in Honor of Stephen D. White
1881:), and working from the extensive documentary sources surviving from the Burgundian
461:
5553:
5450:
5254:
5122:
4948:
4778:
4649:
4567:
3881:
3828:
3786:
3477:
Fouracre, Paul (2020). "The Successor States, 550-750". In Mossman, Stephen (ed.).
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2231:
2155:
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2031:
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1579:
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1289:
997:
807:
526:
62:
1876:
1582:
based upon the exploitation of the peasants who farm these lands, typically under
749:
4353:
Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution
4343:
2637:[Did feudalism exist in Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages?].
505:
has not been well established, but there are multiple theories, described below.
65:
in Slovakia. Medieval castles are often a traditional symbol of a feudal society.
5704:
5407:
5314:
5196:
5097:
4933:
4811:
4796:
4768:
4604:
4258:
3918:
2967:
2838:"fee, n.2." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2017. Web. 18 August 2017.
2046:
1981:
1882:
1717:
1600:
1575:
1438:
1279:
1259:
1219:
1199:
1013:
950:
feudalism ceased by virtue of the edicts of 7 March, and 19 July 1797 issued by
882:
758:
295:
227:
124:
77:
43:
5279:
4696:
4233:
4010:
3679:
2651:
2088:
2021:
1824:
1710:
1669:
1650:
1624:
1571:
1494:
1379:
1119:
1041:
1018:
776:
649:
589:
577:
512:
470:
394:
207:
108:
17:
4194:
The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland: Or, The Story of the Land League Revolution
3744:
3361:
2740:
2691:
2660:
2612:
1853:
was never formally a student in the circle of scholars around Marc Bloch and
620:
derived. Samarrai, however, also advises to handle this theory with care, as
5588:
4309:
4209:
4181:
3765:
3287:
2676:"The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century"
2051:
1680:
1665:
1592:
1563:
1329:
1314:
1139:
873:
792:
573:
537:
first introduced the word "feudalism" and the notion of the feudal pyramid.
327:
4317:
4201:
3870:
3353:
3996:
Tr. L.A. Manyon. Two volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
2881:
Boundaries of the ancient Near Eastern world: a tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon
1574:. For Marx, what defined feudalism was the power of the ruling class (the
237:
Outside its European context, the concept of feudalism can be extended to
5623:
5500:
5377:
4953:
4748:
4387:
3263:
2568:
2128:
2112:
1731:
1703:
1661:
1531:
1319:
1304:
1239:
1144:
1129:
959:
947:
869:
865:
838:
834:
797:
731:
597:
569:
146:
by the people who lived during the Middle Ages. Since the publication of
92:
779:). The 11th century in France saw what has been called by historians a "
5264:
5165:
5076:
4823:
4634:
4372:
4282:
4109:
3397:
A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Age of Napoleon
2748:
2714:
2699:
2675:
2337:
2149:
2143:
2056:
1867:
tradition. In a published version of his 1952 doctoral thesis entitled
1742:
1738:
1699:
1676:
1583:
1542:
theorizes that the church itself held power over the land with its own
1499:
1389:
1374:
1309:
1254:
1249:
1229:
1154:
1045:
1027:
641:
238:
223:
120:
4241:
3369:
2635:"Czy istniaĆ feudalizm w Europie Ćrodkowo-Wschodniej w Ćredniowieczu?"
1915:(personal interdependency state), understanding it in contrast to the
1491:
abolished the "feudal regime" in August 1789, this is what was meant.
568:
and others, the plurality of forms strongly suggesting origins from a
5045:
3720:
2098:
1817:
1746:
1695:
1479:, when writers valued reason and the Middle Ages were viewed as the "
1369:
1189:
1159:
1134:
1023:
719:
398:
247:
219:
196:
116:
100:
4472:
4455:. Cornell University Press, 1942. Classic introduction to Feudalism.
4274:
4101:
4041:, Tr. Caroline Higgitt. New York and London: Holmes and Meier, 1991.
4034:
Paris: Le Seuil, 2001 (complete history of the meaning of the term).
3923:"The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan"
2732:
2329:
632:
Feudalism, in its various forms, usually emerged as a result of the
2773:
God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795
5112:
2506:
Jessee, W. Scott (1996). Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (eds.).
2210:, 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976.
1509:
1234:
1017:
908:
802:
748:
691:
317:
174:
was in use by the end of the 18th century, paralleling the French
57:
38:
241:
social structures in other regions, most often in discussions of
191:
of the warrior nobility that revolved around the key concepts of
1484:
1244:
1109:
996:, which declared the local constitutional system as contrary to
985:
861:
842:
707:
200:
192:
104:
96:
5169:
5049:
4476:
2954:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society 718â1050
1909:
subordinated the feudal state as secondary to his concept of a
962:, feudalism was abolished only with an edict of 5 August 1848.
753:
France in the late 15th century: a mosaic of feudal territories
3479:
Debating Medieval Europe: the Early Middle Ages, c. 450-c.1050
1927:
because of its bias and reductionism towards legitimating the
1523:
The Equestrian Service and the Beginnings of the Feudal System
142:
and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal
3963:
The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000
4465: (archived 26 February 2009), by Robert Harbison, 1996,
2883:. "Notices on Pe'ah, Fay' and Feudum" by Alauddin Samarrai.
1870:
La société aux XIe et XIIe siÚcles dans la région mùconnaise
138:(fief), which was used during the Medieval period, the term
3661:"The Young Marx on Feudalism as the Democracy of Unfreedom"
3481:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 35â62.
3033:. Vol. 2. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 828â831.
2230:. George Foster Longsdorf. pp. 365, 1901 – via
1897:
monarchyâthat had represented public justice and order in
1820:
required by the king or a money payment in substitution).
926:, a provision that was later extended to various parts of
897:
abolishes the feudal system entirely." Lefebvre explains:
576:, one of the least Germanic areas of Europe and bordering
460:, which can be translated as "Louis forbade that military
222:, and those who lived off their labour, most directly the
187:(1944), feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and
3205:
3203:
521:(1776). The phrase "feudal system" appeared in 1736, in
127:; this is sometimes referred to as a "feudal society".
4046:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted.
3320:
The French Revolution: Vol. 1, from Its Origins To 1793
2903:(3 volumes), 2nd edition 1875â78, Vol. 1, pg. 251, n. 1
4459:"The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay"
3848:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
3589:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 18.
3560:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 19.
3531:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 19.
2421:"The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay"
2356:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
1980:). Japan has been extensively studied in this regard.
1957:
Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
1842:("What is feudalism?", 1944; translated in English as
841:), the vassal/feudal system was an effective tool for
588:) can be dated to 899, the same year a Muslim base at
370:
is unclear. It may come from a Germanic word, perhaps
1834:
In contradistinction to Bloch, the Belgian historian
525:, published nine years after the death of its author
450:(840) by Astronomus. In that text is a passage about
4345:
The Attack on Feudalism in Eighteenth-century France
4153:
The Problem of Feudalism: An Historiographical Essay
1000:, and, following a series of legal battles, imposed
980:
More recently in Scotland, on 28 November 2004, the
846:
lord are regarded as superior) in the 12th century.
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
468:
464:(which they popularly call "fodder") be furnished."
455:
5677:
5536:
5431:
5323:
5203:
4982:
4787:
4603:
4543:
4510:
982:
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
4009:
3506:(1st ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 1â11.
3302:Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century
2998:
2715:"The Problem of Feudalism in Lithuania, 1506-1548"
2246:
1811:some of the personal elements in feudalism) while
2887:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998.
4439:, by Fredric Cheyette (Amherst), excerpted from
4292:Eastern Europe 1740â1985: Feudalism to Communism
1578:) in their control of arable land, leading to a
930:following the invasion by French troops. In the
87:(1944), describes a set of reciprocal legal and
46:of a knight (miniature from the statutes of the
3103:. "The term 'fief': A possible Arabic origin",
1965:
899:
814:"). Power in this period became more personal.
426:, meaning the exact opposite: landed property.
422:meaning movable property would have changed to
27:Legal and military structure in medieval Europe
3425:(2001). "Perspectives on the Medieval World".
1919:. This form of statehood, identified with the
1875:Society in the 11th and 12th centuries in the
5181:
5061:
4488:
4220:(1962). "Feudalism in Japan-A Reassessment".
4156:. Western Kentucky University. Archived from
3149:(1942). "Classic introduction to Feudalism".
2931:
2929:
2927:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2501:
2499:
1775:
1417:
907:their land free, and also no longer paid the
580:(Muslim Spain). Further, the earliest use of
389:in 1870, being supported by, amongst others,
8:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
1928:
1868:
1862:
1615:
1468:
1458:
1442:
714:, which was composed of the two-part act of
350:'fee, feud', first attested in a charter of
175:
3096:
3094:
3024:
3022:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2599:"Feudal Government Alive and Well in Tonga"
1794:In the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
1498:basis of customary labour services owed by
988:, was abolished in December 2008, when the
150:'s "The Tyranny of a Construct" (1974) and
130:Although it is derived from the Latin word
5188:
5174:
5166:
5068:
5054:
5046:
4495:
4481:
4473:
4222:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2349:
2347:
1782:
1768:
1614:
1424:
1410:
1069:
1040:The phrase "feudal society" as defined by
457:annona militaris quas vulgo foderum vocant
432:proposes that the origin of 'fief' is not
170:was in use by at least 1405, and the noun
3300:"The End of Feudalism" in J.H.M. Salmon,
2650:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
1460:Histoire des anciens Parlements de France
3894:
3265:Pictorial History of the American People
3084:The History of Manchester: In Four Books
2549:having some characteristics of feudalism
2469:
2467:
2309:
2307:
2305:
397:. Kern derived the word from a putative
123:, all of whom were bound by a system of
107:. A broader definition, as described by
95:and revolved around the key concepts of
4174:Decline of English Feudalism, 1215â1540
4048:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
4037:Poly, Jean-Pierre and Bournazel, Eric,
3502:Fouracre, Paul (2000). "Introduction".
3233:
3221:
3209:
3194:
2478:. Translated by Manyon, L. A. Chicago:
2249:The Foundations of Western Civilization
2173:
1353:
1268:
1198:
1072:
922:with a decree of 11 August 1789 by the
354:in 884, which is related to Old French
230:. This order is often referred to as a
4441:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
4388:https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/9/e010603
3592:
3563:
3534:
3031:New Dictionary of the History Of Ideas
2512:Reader's Companion to Military History
1487:privileges and prerogatives. When the
1089:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
850:End of European feudalism (1500â1850s)
330:, was depicted with his noble arms in
251:, and sometimes in discussions of the
206:A broader definition, as described in
4016:. London; New York: Longmans, Green.
3722:Europe and the people without history
3257:
3255:
2901:The Constitutional History of England
2803:
2801:
2680:The Slavonic and East European Review
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2042:List of feudal wars 12thâ14th century
942:the abolishing law was issued by the
801:took control of local lands, and (as
572:. The first use of these terms is in
444:, the earliest attested use being in
183:According to a classic definition by
7:
5804:9th-century establishments in Europe
4039:The Feudal Transformation, 900â1200.
3906:
3410:Journal of European Economic History
2597:McDonald, Hamish (17 October 2007).
648:These acquired powers significantly
5773:
5218:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
5010:History of the Mediterranean region
4437:"Feudalism: the history of an idea"
3384:The A to Z of the French Revolution
3001:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
1475:, or French monarchy. This was the
918:, following the French Revolution,
5310:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
2564:Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook
706:Before a lord could grant land (a
667:Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire
25:
5740:Historiography in the Middle Ages
4342:Mackrell, John Quentin Colborne.
4294:. University of Minnesota Press.
616:and othersâfrom which eventually
226:, which was bound by a system of
5809:1861 disestablishments in Europe
5772:
5763:
5762:
5752:
4995:Bibliography of European history
4590:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
4143:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00664.x
4081:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00610.x
4008:Ganshof, François Louis (1952).
2227:The Cyclopedic Dictionary of Law
1943:In 1974, the American historian
1905:In 1939, the Austrian historian
1623:
1538:Responding to Brunner's thesis,
1080:
975:Russia finally abolished serfdom
958:, specifically on the island of
856:Abolition of feudalism in France
622:Medieval and Early Modern Muslim
544:suggests an Arabic origin, from
529:, in 1727. In 1771, in his book
5238:Christianity in the Middle Ages
5233:Decline of Hellenistic religion
5020:History of Western civilization
4623:Christianity in the Middle Ages
4361:The Journal of Economic History
4333:The Fall of Feudalism in France
3702:Marx: A Very Short Introduction
1857:, that came to be known as the
1463:(1737; published in English as
1447:(1748; published in English as
770:The feudal revolution in France
381:One theory about the origin of
5516:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
4864:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
4807:Christianity in the modern era
4578:Christianity in late antiquity
4409:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
4032:L'avenir d'un passé incertain.
3727:University of California Press
2317:The American Historical Review
2296:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
1939:Challenges to the feudal model
1861:, Duby was an exponent of the
1345:Peerages in the United Kingdom
342:comes from the medieval Latin
273:India until the Mughal dynasty
1:
5690:Disability in the Middle Ages
5363:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
5295:Rise of the Venetian Republic
5015:History of the European Union
3800:Elazar, Daniel Judah (1996).
3599:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3570:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3541:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3323:. Columbia U.P. p. 130.
3272:: Gallery Books. p. 13.
2198:. Translated into English by
1885:, as well as the dioceses of
1607:, as 'tributary' societies .
1570:) as the order coming before
1546:. The most commonly utilized
1270:Feudal land tenure in England
1031:
636:of an empire: such as in the
4431:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
4254:; compares Europe and Japan.
3659:Halikias, Dimitrios (2023).
3262:Slosson, Preston W. (1985).
2393:Internet Medieval Sourcebook
2224:Shumaker, Walter A. (1901).
872:, and preferred the idea of
307:Central and Eastern European
4974:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4585:Crisis of the Third Century
4467:Western Kentucky University
3761:Companion to Historiography
3179:Historic Peerage of England
3105:Studies in Medieval Culture
2973:Online Etymology Dictionary
2480:University of Chicago Press
2426:Western Kentucky University
1840:Qu'est-ce que la féodalité?
1804:Anglo-Saxon English society
1489:French Constituent Assembly
967:Kingdom of LombardyâVenetia
83:The classic definition, by
5840:
5491:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
5030:Military history of Europe
5025:Maritime history of Europe
4090:American Historical Review
3719:Wolf, Eric Robert (2010).
3454:. usna.edu. Archived from
2921:, Vol. 1, 1964. pp.165â66.
2713:Backus, Oswald P. (1962).
2452:Cambridge University Press
2196:Qu'est-ce que la féodalité
1011:
990:first democratic elections
853:
746:, or at the king's court.
660:
29:
5748:
5418:Mongol invasion of Europe
5083:
5000:Genetic history of Europe
4355:(Penn State Press, 2010).
4234:10.1017/S001041750000150X
4150:Harbison, Robert (1996).
3942:(2009) 7#3 pp: 1008â1031.
3758:Bentley, Michael (2006).
3680:10.1017/S0018246X23000493
3504:The Age of Charles Martel
3119:War in Human Civilization
3087:. J. Murray. p. 359.
2818:Oxford English Dictionary
2674:SkwarczyĆski, P. (1956).
2652:10.12775/KH.2013.120.4.01
2561:L. Shelton Woods (2002).
2419:Harbison, Robert (1996).
2152:, an Indian feudal system
2139:Mandala (political model)
2068:Nulle terre sans seigneur
1800:Frederic William Maitland
810:called collectively the "
531:The History of Manchester
475:(Latin). Later, the term
387:Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern
366:. The ultimate origin of
346:, the adjectival form of
234:, echoing Bloch's usage.
3412:(1981) 10#2 pp: 373â400.
3247:Capetian France 987â1328
3157:Cornell University Press
3107:, 4.1 (1973), pp. 78â82.
2855:, 1( 1870), pp. 189-201.
2516:Houghton Mifflin Company
2354:Reynolds, Susan (1994).
1617:Feudal titles and status
1525:(1887), maintained that
1455:Henri de Boulainvilliers
1066:Evolution of the concept
742:, baronial, both termed
650:diminished unitary power
261:Spring and Autumn period
5373:Investiture Controversy
5343:Second Bulgarian Empire
5005:History of Christianity
4421:18 October 2014 at the
4061:Historiographical works
3853:Oxford University Press
3706:Oxford University Press
3700:Singer, Peter (2000) .
3585:Fouracre, Paul (2007).
3556:Fouracre, Paul (2007).
3527:Fouracre, Paul (2007).
3123:Oxford University Press
3053:Elizabeth A. R. Brown,
2778:Oxford University Press
2770:Davies, Norman (2005).
2360:Oxford University Press
1002:parliamentary democracy
973:was abolished in 1856.
920:feudalism was abolished
5730:Post-classical history
5486:Fall of Constantinople
5393:CapetâPlantagenet feud
5260:First Bulgarian Empire
4829:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3808:Transaction Publishers
3668:The Historical Journal
3429:. Getty Publications.
2853:De taal- en letterbode
2639:Kwartalnik Historyczny
2444:West, Charles (2013).
2245:Noble, Thomas (2002).
2192:François Louis Ganshof
2146:, a Thai feudal system
1970:
1929:
1869:
1863:
1836:François Louis Ganshof
1515:
1502:to landowning nobles.
1469:
1459:
1443:
1037:
946:on 10 August 1812. In
904:
754:
703:
701:Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
677:François Louis Ganshof
584:(as a replacement for
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
469:
456:
335:
185:François Louis Ganshof
176:
85:François Louis Ganshof
66:
55:
5128:Agricultural/Agrarian
4909:Industrial Revolution
4404:Elizabeth A. R. Brown
4337:full text online free
4172:Bean, J.M.W. (1968).
3630:(2001). "Feudalism".
3245:Elizabeth M. Hallam.
2879:Meir Lubetski (ed.).
2633:Dygo, Marian (2013).
2604:Sydney Morning Herald
2291:Elizabeth A. R. Brown
2206:, with a foreword by
2119:Feudalism in Pakistan
2027:English feudal barony
1978:Examples of feudalism
1945:Elizabeth A. R. Brown
1912:Personenverbandsstaat
1813:William the Conqueror
1513:
1285:English feudal barony
1021:
854:Further information:
764:examples of feudalism
752:
726:comes from the Latin
712:commendation ceremony
695:
671:Examples of feudalism
614:feo, feu, feuz, feuum
518:The Wealth of Nations
511:In the 18th century,
321:
148:Elizabeth A. R. Brown
61:
50:, founded in 1352 by
42:
32:Examples of feudalism
5710:Medieval reenactment
5506:Renaissance Humanism
5413:Medieval Warm Period
5383:Republic of Florence
5197:European Middle Ages
4964:European debt crisis
4959:European integration
4899:Age of Enlightenment
4739:Republic of Florence
4290:Okey, Robin (1986).
4160:on 29 February 2008.
3929:8.2 (2010): 179â196.
3636:The Teaching Company
3632:The High Middle Ages
3354:10.1093/past/37.1.71
3268:(Revised ed.).
3125:. pp. 332â343.
3060:6 March 2023 at the
2780:. pp. 165â166.
2538:Webster's Dictionary
2522:on 12 November 2004.
2474:Bloch, Marc (1961).
2433:on 29 February 2008.
2255:The Teaching Company
2084:Statutes of Mortmain
1477:Age of Enlightenment
1444:De L'Esprit des Lois
1180:Feudal fragmentation
924:Constituent Assembly
785:feudalism in England
663:Feudalism in England
499:and why it replaced
430:Archibald Ross Lewis
218:: the nobility, the
216:estates of the realm
189:military obligations
115:: the nobility, the
113:estates of the realm
89:military obligations
72:, also known as the
5423:Kingdom of Portugal
5290:Old Church Slavonic
5275:Anglo-Saxon England
4929:Revolutions of 1848
4859:Early modern France
4640:Anglo-Saxon England
4545:Classical antiquity
3197:, pp. 522â523.
3163:on 9 February 2012.
2950:Lewis, Archibald R.
1947:rejected the label
1619:
1115:Ecclesiastical fief
1030:in feudal England,
994:European Parliament
956:Kingdom of Sardinia
952:Charles Emmanuel IV
944:Sicilian Parliament
487:, began to replace
409:means "cattle" and
5604:In popular culture
5569:Crusading movement
5441:Hundred Years' War
5300:Civitas Schinesghe
5285:Carolingian Empire
5270:Kingdom of Croatia
5223:Barbarian kingdoms
5077:Types of societies
5035:Crusading movement
4939:Russian Revolution
4774:Hundred Years' War
4670:Maritime republics
4573:Early Christianity
4563:Hellenistic period
4520:Paleolithic Europe
4448:Medieval Feudalism
4348:(Routledge, 2013).
4263:History and Theory
4218:Hall, John Whitney
3346:Past & Present
3175:Sir Harris Nicolas
3152:Medieval Feudalism
3117:Gat, Azar (2006).
2400:on 18 October 2014
2012:Barons in Scotland
1883:monastery of Cluny
1568:mode of production
1516:
1335:Customary freehold
1175:Feudal maintenance
1038:
971:Slavery in Romania
954:, although in the
755:
704:
682:feudal land tenure
638:Carolingian Empire
540:Another theory by
336:
324:Reinmar von Zweter
67:
56:
5819:Political systems
5786:
5785:
5695:Basic topics list
5496:Swiss mercenaries
5446:Wars of the Roses
5353:Kingdom of Poland
5338:Holy Roman Empire
5205:Early Middle Ages
5163:
5162:
5043:
5042:
4969:COVID-19 pandemic
4914:French Revolution
4889:Habsburg monarchy
4869:Cossack Hetmanate
4849:Portuguese Empire
4839:Absolute monarchy
4834:Thirty Years' War
4729:Holy Roman Empire
4654:Bulgarian Empire
4613:Early Middle Ages
4530:Bronze Age Europe
4504:History of Europe
4331:Herbert, Sydney.
4118:Cantor, Norman F.
4044:Reynolds, Susan,
4030:Guerreau, Alain,
4023:978-0-8020-7158-3
3909:, pp. 15â51.
3862:978-0-1982-0648-4
3817:978-1-4128-2052-3
3775:978-1-1349-7024-7
3736:978-0-520-26818-0
3628:Daileader, Philip
3427:Medieval Panorama
3315:Lefebvre, Georges
3101:Alauddin Samarrai
3005:. HarperCollins.
2995:Cantor, Norman F.
2956:. pp. 76â77.
2787:978-0-19-925339-5
2595:Cf. for example:
2253:. Chantilly, VA:
2017:Bastard feudalism
1921:Holy Roman Empire
1917:territorial state
1792:
1791:
1658:Lord of the manor
1605:pre-Columbian era
1450:The Spirit of Law
1434:
1433:
1210:Lord of the manor
1185:Bastard feudalism
1074:English feudalism
940:Kingdom of Sicily
932:Kingdom of Naples
916:Kingdom of France
895:National Assembly
887:French Revolution
812:seigneurie banale
781:feudal revolution
657:Classic feudalism
542:Alauddin Samarrai
326:, a 13th-century
257:medieval Ethiopia
156:Fiefs and Vassals
52:Louis I of Naples
48:Order of the Knot
16:(Redirected from
5831:
5814:Economic systems
5776:
5775:
5766:
5765:
5756:
5715:Medieval studies
5559:Church and State
5433:Late Middle Ages
5325:High Middle Ages
5243:Christianization
5213:Migration Period
5190:
5183:
5176:
5167:
5145:Proto-Industrial
5070:
5063:
5056:
5047:
4904:Great Divergence
4819:Age of Discovery
4764:Late Middle Ages
4734:High Middle Ages
4645:Byzantine Empire
4628:Christianization
4618:Migration Period
4553:Classical Greece
4525:Neolithic Europe
4497:
4490:
4483:
4474:
4376:
4321:
4286:
4253:
4213:
4185:
4166:End of feudalism
4161:
4146:
4125:
4113:
4096:(4): 1063â1068.
4084:
4075:(3): 1008â1031.
4027:
4015:
3981:
3943:
3936:
3930:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3665:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3624:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3450:Abels, Richard.
3447:
3441:
3440:
3423:Bartlett, Robert
3419:
3413:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3387:
3386:(2013) pp 293â94
3382:Paul R. Hanson,
3380:
3374:
3373:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3259:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3159:. Archived from
3147:Stephenson, Carl
3143:
3137:
3136:
3114:
3108:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3075:
3069:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3004:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2939:, 1961, pg. 106.
2933:
2922:
2915:
2904:
2894:
2888:
2877:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2518:. Archived from
2503:
2494:
2493:
2471:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2429:. Archived from
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2396:. Archived from
2380:
2374:
2373:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2324:(4): 1063â1088.
2311:
2300:
2284:
2269:
2268:
2252:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2211:
2189:
2134:Indian feudalism
1934:
1872:
1866:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1725:Domestic servant
1637:Territorial lord
1627:
1620:
1519:Heinrich Brunner
1506:Heinrich Brunner
1474:
1462:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1365:Avera and inward
1099:
1084:
1070:
1036:
1033:
891:Georges Lefebvre
730:and denotes the
634:decentralization
604:the Arabic word
594:La Garde-Freinet
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
459:
385:was proposed by
277:Antebellum South
179:
144:political system
21:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5744:
5725:Neo-medievalism
5673:
5609:Itinerant court
5532:
5427:
5348:Georgian Empire
5333:Norman Conquest
5319:
5265:Frankish Empire
5199:
5194:
5164:
5159:
5155:Post-industrial
5093:Hunter-gatherer
5079:
5074:
5044:
5039:
4978:
4944:Interwar period
4919:Napoleonic Wars
4783:
4754:Mongol invasion
4707:Crown of Aragon
4599:
4539:
4535:Iron Age Europe
4506:
4501:
4463:Wayback Machine
4453:Carl Stephenson
4423:Wayback Machine
4396:
4383:
4358:
4351:Markoff, John.
4328:
4302:
4289:
4275:10.2307/2504421
4259:Nell, Edward J.
4257:
4216:
4190:Davitt, Michael
4188:
4171:
4168:
4149:
4131:History Compass
4128:
4116:
4102:10.2307/1869563
4087:
4069:History Compass
4066:
4063:
4024:
4007:
3994:Feudal Society.
3989:
3987:Further reading
3984:
3978:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3940:History Compass
3937:
3933:
3927:History Compass
3917:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3855:. p. 397.
3843:Reynolds, Susan
3841:
3840:
3836:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3806:. Vol. 2.
3799:
3798:
3794:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3768:. p. 126.
3757:
3756:
3752:
3737:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3626:
3625:
3608:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3562:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3407:
3403:
3399:(1996) pp 12â13
3395:John Merriman,
3394:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3304:(1979) pp 19â26
3299:
3295:
3280:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3172:
3168:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3099:
3092:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:Wayback Machine
3052:
3048:
3041:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2968:"Feudal (n.d.)"
2966:
2965:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2895:
2891:
2878:
2859:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2788:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2733:10.2307/3000579
2712:
2711:
2707:
2686:(83): 292â310.
2673:
2672:
2668:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2579:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2330:10.2307/1869563
2313:
2312:
2303:
2285:
2272:
2265:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2200:Philip Grierson
2190:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:Zemene Mesafint
2108:
2103:
2007:
2002:
1941:
1808:Norman Conquest
1796:J. Horace Round
1788:
1644:Tenant-in-chief
1613:
1561:
1508:
1430:
1394:
1349:
1264:
1194:
1101:
1100:
1096:Bayeux Tapestry
1093:
1092:
1068:
1062:about its use.
1055:
1034:
1016:
1010:
928:Italian kingdom
911:to the church.
858:
852:
772:
690:
673:
659:
630:
608:(the plural of
548:(the plural of
523:Baronia Anglica
452:Louis the Pious
360:feo, feu, fieu,
352:Charles the Fat
316:
269:Parthian Empire
164:
91:of the warrior
78:medieval Europe
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5837:
5835:
5827:
5826:
5824:Social systems
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5720:Misconceptions
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5528:Little Ice Age
5525:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5481:Western Schism
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5235:
5230:
5228:Late antiquity
5225:
5220:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5088:Pre-industrial
5084:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5050:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:Russian Empire
4891:
4886:
4884:British Empire
4881:
4879:Dutch Republic
4876:
4874:Swedish Empire
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Spanish Empire
4851:
4846:
4844:Ottoman Empire
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4759:Serbian Empire
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4595:Late antiquity
4592:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4558:Roman Republic
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4456:
4444:
4434:
4413:
4395:
4394:External links
4392:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4300:
4287:
4269:(3): 313â350.
4255:
4214:
4186:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4147:
4137:(2): 179â196.
4126:
4114:
4085:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4022:
4005:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:978-0140290141
3976:
3958:Wickham, Chris
3953:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3931:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3861:
3834:
3816:
3810:. p. 76.
3792:
3774:
3750:
3735:
3711:
3692:
3674:(2): 281â304.
3651:
3644:
3606:
3577:
3548:
3519:
3512:
3494:
3487:
3469:
3458:on 5 July 2017
3442:
3435:
3414:
3401:
3388:
3375:
3336:
3329:
3306:
3293:
3278:
3251:
3238:
3236:, p. 523.
3226:
3224:, p. 522.
3214:
3212:, p. 518.
3199:
3187:
3166:
3138:
3132:978-0199236633
3131:
3109:
3090:
3070:
3046:
3039:
3018:
3011:
2986:
2959:
2941:
2923:
2919:Feudal Society
2905:
2897:William Stubbs
2889:
2857:
2840:
2831:
2797:
2786:
2762:
2727:(4): 639â659.
2705:
2666:
2625:
2588:
2577:
2553:
2525:
2495:
2488:
2476:Feudal Society
2463:
2457:
2436:
2411:
2375:
2368:
2343:
2301:
2270:
2264:978-1565856370
2263:
2237:
2212:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Protofeudalism
2071:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1961:Susan Reynolds
1940:
1937:
1925:historiography
1859:Annales school
1829:Feudal Society
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
1687:
1673:
1672:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1633:Lord paramount
1629:
1628:
1612:
1609:
1597:imperial China
1560:
1557:
1527:Charles Martel
1507:
1504:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1300:Knight-service
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1215:Manorial court
1212:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1150:Subinfeudation
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:Allodial title
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1054:
1053:Historiography
1051:
1012:Main article:
1009:
1008:Feudal society
1006:
851:
848:
771:
768:
689:
686:
658:
655:
629:
626:
447:Vita Hludovici
440:), but rather
391:William Stubbs
315:
312:
285:American South
232:feudal society
212:Feudal Society
166:The adjective
163:
160:
152:Susan Reynolds
26:
24:
18:Feudal society
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5836:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5779:
5771:
5769:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5388:Scholasticism
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:Rise of Islam
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5123:Horticultural
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Art of Europe
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4789:Modern period
4786:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
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4550:
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4536:
4533:
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4528:
4526:
4523:
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4518:
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4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4491:
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4484:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4381:Global Health
4380:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4054:0-19-820648-8
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4006:
4003:
4002:0-226-05979-0
3999:
3995:
3992:Bloch, Marc,
3991:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3968:Penguin Books
3965:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3897:, p. 11.
3896:
3895:Reynolds 1994
3891:
3888:
3883:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3712:
3708:. p. 91.
3707:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3645:1-5658-5827-1
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3513:9781315845647
3509:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3488:9781526117328
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3436:0-89236-642-7
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:(37): 71â86.
3347:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3330:9780231085984
3326:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3279:0-8317-6871-1
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:John Whitaker
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3040:0-684-31379-0
3036:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3012:9780060170332
3008:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2914:
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2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2890:
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2882:
2876:
2874:
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2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2820:
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2814:
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2804:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2720:Slavic Review
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2641:(in Polish).
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2578:9781576074169
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2489:0-226-05979-0
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:. Cambridge:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2384:Halsall, Paul
2379:
2376:
2371:
2369:0-19-820648-8
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
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2327:
2323:
2319:
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2256:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:F. M. Stenton
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Quia Emptores
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2062:Neo-feudalism
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Feudal duties
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1994:Richard Abels
1990:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:FĂŒhrerprinzip
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:Theodor Mayer
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1855:Lucien Febvre
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
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1797:
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1773:
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1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:Landed gentry
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1611:Later studies
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:class society
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:Paul Fouracre
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:Ancien RĂ©gime
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:Feudal duties
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:Landed gentry
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
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1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1029:
1026:on the royal
1025:
1022:Depiction of
1020:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Joachim Murat
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
857:
849:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
804:
800:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
769:
767:
765:
760:
751:
747:
745:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
698:
694:
687:
685:
683:
678:
672:
668:
664:
656:
654:
651:
646:
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:transliterate
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
535:John Whitaker
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
509:
506:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
472:
465:
463:
458:
453:
449:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
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332:Codex Manesse
329:
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311:
308:
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288:
286:
282:
281:Jim Crow laws
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:ancient Egypt
262:
258:
254:
253:Zagwe dynasty
250:
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94:
90:
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75:
74:feudal system
71:
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5549:Architecture
5521:Great Famine
5511:Universities
5451:Hussite Wars
5368:Great Schism
5357:
5255:Papal States
5132:
4949:World War II
4802:Early modern
4779:Kalmar Union
4743:
4650:Papal States
4568:Roman Empire
4447:
4440:
4427:Paul Halsall
4416:"Feudalism?"
4407:
4364:
4360:
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4332:
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4228:(1): 15â51.
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4173:
4158:the original
4152:
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4093:
4089:
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4045:
4038:
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3993:
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3950:Bibliography
3939:
3934:
3926:
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3902:
3890:
3882:Google Books
3880:– via
3874:. Retrieved
3847:
3837:
3829:Google Books
3827:– via
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3802:
3795:
3787:Google Books
3785:– via
3779:. Retrieved
3760:
3753:
3721:
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3671:
3667:
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3580:
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3456:the original
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3396:
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3383:
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3309:
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3264:
3246:
3241:
3234:Wickham 2010
3229:
3222:Wickham 2010
3217:
3210:Wickham 2010
3195:Wickham 2010
3190:
3178:
3169:
3161:the original
3151:
3141:
3121:. New York:
3118:
3112:
3104:
3083:
3073:
3065:
3049:
3030:
3000:
2989:
2979:16 September
2977:. Retrieved
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
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2935:Marc Bloch.
2918:
2917:Marc Bloch.
2900:
2892:
2880:
2852:
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2834:
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2816:
2810:
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2790:– via
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2669:
2642:
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2602:
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2581:– via
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2548:
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2537:
2534:"Semifedual"
2528:
2520:the original
2514:. New York:
2511:
2475:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2431:the original
2424:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:the original
2391:
2388:"Feudalism?"
2378:
2355:
2321:
2315:
2294:
2248:
2240:
2232:Google Books
2226:
2219:
2215:
2203:
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2156:Small castes
2124:Feudal Japan
2106:Non-European
2094:Vassal state
2066:
2032:Feudal baron
1991:
1986:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1910:
1904:
1874:
1851:Georges Duby
1848:
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1435:
1399:
1385:Scot and lot
1295:Knight's fee
1290:Feudal baron
1087:
1058:
1057:The idea of
1056:
1039:
998:human rights
979:
964:
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900:
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859:
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808:Georges Duby
796:
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773:
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675:The classic
674:
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243:feudal Japan
236:
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167:
165:
155:
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135:
131:
129:
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63:Orava Castle
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5778:WikiProject
5705:Medievalism
5544:Agriculture
5408:Manorialism
5403:Communalism
5398:Monasticism
5315:Reconquista
5305:Kievan Rus'
5103:Circumpolar
4934:World War I
4924:Nationalism
4812:Reformation
4797:Renaissance
4769:Black Death
4702:Kievan Rus'
4605:Middle Ages
4400:"Feudalism"
4367:(1): 1â24.
3919:Karl Friday
3876:17 November
3823:17 November
3781:17 November
3685:10 February
3452:"Feudalism"
2885:Pg. 248â250
2618:7 September
2508:"Feudalism"
2287:"Feudalism"
2047:Investiture
1982:Karl Friday
1895:Carolingian
1806:before the
1718:Free tenant
1601:Inca Empire
1576:aristocracy
1485:seigneurial
1439:Montesquieu
1280:Land tenure
1260:Free tenant
1220:Manor house
1200:Manorialism
1035: 1310
1014:Manorialism
883:Black Death
795:and lesser
744:court baron
405:, in which
328:Minnesinger
228:manorialism
125:manorialism
44:Investiture
5793:Categories
5700:Land terms
5654:Technology
5634:Philosophy
5614:Literature
5579:Demography
5280:Viking Age
5150:Industrial
4697:Viking Age
4512:Prehistory
4301:0816615616
3704:. Oxford:
2847:H. Kern, '
2776:. Oxford:
2645:(4): 667.
2404:4 November
2358:. Oxford:
2168:References
2089:Suzerainty
2022:Cestui que
1992:Historian
1825:Marc Bloch
1711:Husbandman
1670:Liege lord
1651:Mesne lord
1572:capitalism
1495:Adam Smith
1380:Feudal aid
1120:Crown land
1042:Marc Bloch
874:autocratic
793:castellans
789:in Germany
777:Marc Bloch
661:See also:
590:Fraxinetum
586:beneficium
578:Al-Andalus
513:Adam Smith
502:beneficium
490:beneficium
471:beneficium
454:that says
395:Marc Bloch
358:Provençal
245:under the
208:Marc Bloch
162:Definition
119:, and the
109:Marc Bloch
5799:Feudalism
5685:Dark Ages
5594:Household
5589:Hastilude
5358:Feudalism
5108:Subarctic
4744:Feudalism
4715:Catalonia
4250:145750386
4210:23299170M
4182:23803960M
4012:Feudalism
3907:Hall 1962
3766:Routledge
3745:905625305
3595:cite book
3566:cite book
3537:cite book
3462:30 August
3362:0031-2746
3183:Courthope
2937:Feudalism
2757:163444810
2741:0037-6779
2692:0037-6795
2661:0023-5903
2613:0312-6315
2543:8 October
2204:Feudalism
2115:(Chinese)
2052:Lehnsmann
1987:feudalism
1972:The term
1953:feudalism
1949:feudalism
1877:MĂąconnais
1864:Annaliste
1849:Although
1844:Feudalism
1681:Gentleman
1603:, in the
1593:Eric Wolf
1564:Karl Marx
1559:Karl Marx
1548:precarias
1544:precarias
1532:precarias
1521:, in his
1481:Dark Ages
1400:Feudalism
1330:Gavelkind
1315:Serjeanty
1140:Feoffment
1059:feudalism
1046:peasantry
977:in 1861.
866:overlords
798:seigneurs
728:fidelitas
688:Vassalage
574:Languedoc
462:provender
338:The word
314:Etymology
300:feudalism
292:feudalism
290:The term
239:analogous
224:peasantry
177:féodalité
172:feudalism
140:feudalism
121:peasantry
70:Feudalism
5768:Category
5735:Timeline
5624:Minstrel
5619:Medicine
5501:Chivalry
5456:Burgundy
5378:Crusades
5118:Pastoral
4983:See also
4954:Cold War
4749:Crusades
4719:Valencia
4419:Archived
4318:2718094M
4310:13644378
4192:(1904).
4124:. Quill.
4120:(1991).
3960:(2010).
3871:7397539M
3845:(1996).
3317:(1962).
3288:12782511
3270:New York
3081:(1773).
3058:Archived
2997:(1994).
2952:(1965).
2824:11 March
2569:ABC-CLIO
2194:(1944).
2129:Hacienda
2113:Fengjian
2000:See also
1959:(1994),
1899:Burgundy
1732:Vagabond
1704:Vavasour
1692:Franklin
1662:Overlord
1599:and the
1552:precaria
1325:Freehold
1320:Copyhold
1305:Baronage
1240:Overlord
1170:Affinity
1145:Seignory
1130:Appanage
960:Sardinia
948:Piedmont
839:Flanders
835:Normandy
831:Toulouse
823:Normandy
819:Flanders
740:manorial
732:fidelity
598:Provence
570:loanword
403:*fehu-ĂŽd
399:Frankish
368:feudÄlis
356:fé, fié,
344:feudÄlis
296:medieval
275:and the
93:nobility
5678:Related
5664:Warfare
5659:Theatre
5649:Slavery
5644:Science
5599:Hunting
5564:Cuisine
5537:Culture
5476:Castile
5471:England
5138:Complex
5113:Nomadic
5098:Montane
4824:Baroque
4723:Majorca
4635:Francia
4461:at the
4373:2697970
4335:(1921)
4283:2504421
4202:1595429
4110:1869563
3249:, p.17.
2749:3000579
2700:4204744
2338:1869563
2150:Samanta
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2057:Majorat
2005:General
1818:knights
1743:Villein
1700:Retinue
1677:Esquire
1584:serfdom
1453:), and
1390:Tallage
1375:Scutage
1310:Peerage
1255:Serfdom
1250:Peasant
1230:Demesne
1155:Feoffee
1028:demesne
965:In the
914:In the
803:comital
642:cavalry
628:History
442:foderum
283:in the
263:China,
248:shoguns
197:vassals
101:vassals
5758:Portal
5639:Poetry
5466:France
5133:Feudal
4711:Aragon
4690:Amalfi
4675:Venice
4663:Second
4443:(2004)
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4326:France
4316:
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2099:Ziamet
1974:feudal
1879:region
1751:Cottar
1747:Bordar
1696:Yeoman
1370:Socage
1190:Livery
1165:Homage
1160:Fealty
1135:Vassal
1024:socage
870:nobles
868:, and
724:Fealty
720:fealty
716:homage
697:Homage
669:, and
618:feudum
496:feudum
484:feodum
478:feudum
438:feodum
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376:*fehĂŽd
348:feudum
340:feudal
267:, the
220:clergy
168:feudal
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132:feodum
117:clergy
103:, and
5669:Women
5629:Music
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5574:Dance
5461:Milan
4680:Genoa
4658:First
4451:, by
4425:, by
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4279:JSTOR
4246:S2CID
4238:JSTOR
4106:JSTOR
3664:(PDF)
3366:JSTOR
3177:, in
2753:S2CID
2745:JSTOR
2696:JSTOR
2334:JSTOR
2289:, by
1891:Dijon
1887:MĂącon
1758:Slave
1500:serfs
1235:Glebe
909:tithe
862:lords
843:ducal
827:Anjou
759:manor
596:) in
582:feuum
566:feuum
481:, or
407:*fehu
401:term
322:Herr
201:fiefs
193:lords
105:fiefs
97:lords
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4306:OCLC
4296:ISBN
4198:OCLC
4050:ISBN
4018:ISBN
3998:ISBN
3972:ISBN
3878:2019
3857:ISBN
3825:2019
3812:ISBN
3783:2019
3770:ISBN
3741:OCLC
3731:ISBN
3687:2024
3640:ISBN
3601:link
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3508:ISBN
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3358:ISSN
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2826:2023
2811:n. 2
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