525:. It has been suggested that players' positive reception of Thane and his religion is related to the fact that they are clearly recognized as alien by players, which does not invite comment on real world religions and spirituality, whereas the same cannot be said of a more critically received character in the series, human
455:
has been described as "complex and contradictory - as any real religion", and the use of fictional religion is said to "render the topic of religion more accessible (and perhaps less controversial)" to the reader, who is "encouraged to think about both the merits and the problematic dimensions
152:, fictional religions were a trope that Stableford argues was introduced with some delay, as some writers, particularly in the early 20th century, did not want to offend the readers with themes that were considered morally suspect. By 1940s and 1950s this started to change, for example with
545:) more or less openly announce their "invented" status, and a number of them have been inspired by works of fiction or pop culture, or even incorporate elements of published fiction; some of them have been also called "fiction-based religions" as well as "
495:(1980) which presented his detailed guidelines for the construction of fictional religion for games, effectively recommending that any fictional religion that is to be taken seriously by the readers (or players) has to be crafted with the "
90:
Religious themes have long been a significant theme of fiction. One of those themes is that of a fictional religion: a fictional belief system created for the purposes of literature, film or games. Many fictional religions are found in the
398:
In fantasy novels, individual belief in a deity or deities is generally treated favorably. By contrast, the organized religions that are part of the fantasy world are often depicted as corrupt: for example "omnianism" in Terry
Pratchett's
32:
refers to a fictional belief system created for the purposes of literature, film, or game. Fictional religions can be complex and inspired by or build on existing religions. Two of the better known and influential examples are the
366:(1963) features a humorous fictional religion, bokonism, and is often cited as a classic in the genre's satirical criticism of religion. Conversely, some fictional religions are sympathetic to real-life religions: the
1906:
471:
has been described as "something like the official fictional religion of fantasy, science fiction, and horror, a grab bag for writers in need of unthinkably vast, and unthinkably indifferent, eldritch entities".
119:, sharpened by the dissatisfaction writers usually feel with regard to the imperfections of their own religious culture". Stableford suggests that the tradition of speculative fiction (or specifically,
1899:
1052:"Muhammad Abd al-Rahman (Phillip) Barker: Bridging Cultural Divides through Fantasy/Science-Fiction Role-Playing Games and Fictional Religion: Muhammad Abd Al-Rahman (Phillip) Barker"
1621:
2005:
133:(1516). Stableford also suggests that "the most striking and memorable images of fictional religion" are those that are horrific or comic, noting for example that portrayal of
115:, referring to "hypothetical" or "imaginary" religions in science fiction, notes that their accounts "inevitably raise questions similar to those addressed by sociologists and
1892:
251:
In addition to fictional religions of the humans, some works discuss the concept of alien religions. Works featuring alien religions or institutions include, among others,
1018:
137:
in speculative fiction is usually negative and used to contrast such societies with liberal ones; the latter are usually more positively framed, citing the example of
741:
537:
Stableford notes that "thinkers and writers who could not set aside their own propensity for faith" created not just literary images, but real world new
853:
52:
Some fictional religions have gained real followers in the real world and some works of fiction have inspired new religious movements (for example, the
2010:
292:
176:(1943). Heinlein stories juxtapose "evil fake religion" against a "well-intentioned fake religion", while Leiber's story portrays a "virtuous fake
395:
has criticized the science fiction genre for oversimplifying religion, which he claims is always negatively depicted as "ridiculous and false".
606:
1723:
597:, also commonly classified as a parody religion, celebrates several holidays in honor of characters from fiction and popular culture, such as
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42:
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series. Fantasy works that tie to the real world often portray known organized religions as power-hungry and lament the thinning of
226:(1965), have "planted myths and rituals in a variety of cultures, just in case a stranded Bene Gesserit would need to control them".
188:
can be seen in stories in which humans use invented religion to influence (educate or control) more primitive alien societies (ex.
2071:
726:
432:
229:
The concept of fictional religions can also be found in non-American science fiction works; for example in Polish short story by
1985:
903:
1995:
499:'s level of realism". Some fictional religions in role-playing games have been controversial due to accusations of encouraging
2015:
1482:
526:
521:) has been praised as "relatable and touching." Thane, in particular, has been praised for pioneering characterization as an
1252:
158:
659:
film series, are some of the most recent examples of this type of interaction between fiction and religion. As claimed by
449:
series; 1996-) and represent an example of complex world building. The fictional post-Christian religion from
Pratchett's
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of religion" in general, without being distracted by considering those issues in terms of real-world religions.
391:(1938), the religious practices on Mars and Venus are invented, but dovetail into and endorse Christian belief.
1962:
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1531:Álvarez-Ossorio, Alfonso; Lozano, Fernando; Soldevila, Rosario Moreno; Rosillo-Lopez, Cristina (2023-03-20).
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2020:
1859:"Science Fiction as Scripture: Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land and the Church of All Worlds"
594:
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281:(1972). Some works feature religions in the context of "instrumentality of future tyranny", such as in
172:
1360:, American Literature Readings in the 21st Century, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 27–45,
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are more ‘real’ and provide a more meaningful basis for life than existing ‘real life’ religions".
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1802:"Fiction-based religion: Conceptualising a new category against history-based religion and fandom"
1801:
1354:""No Damn Cat, and No Damn Cradle": The Fundamental Flaws in Fundamentalism according to Vonnegut"
806:
370:
cosmology has been read as coded
Christian theology. Others are explicitly pro-religious: in some
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1280:"O mesjaszu i sarmatach, czyli Polska przyszłości w opowiadaniu Jacka Dukaja „Crux" (2003)"
641:, emerging around 2001 and espousing "the values of the monastic, honour-bound and ethical
244:", where formation of a new religion is shown, one mixing Christian themes with the Polish
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Elaheh, Soofastaei; Hardev, Kaur; Baizura, Bahar Ida; Ali, Mirenayat Sayyed (2016).
123:) designing "better religious cultures and organizations" can be traced at least to
1254:
Religion in
Science Fiction: The Evolution of an Idea and the Extinction of a Genre
598:
514:
460:
328:
222:
167:
1649:
Cooperative Gaming: Diversity in the Games
Industry and How to Cultivate Inclusion
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1166:"10 Fictional Religions From Movies and TV That Don't Involve Jedi or the Force"
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CHAPTER 19. From Star Wars to
Jediism: The Emergence of Fiction-based Religion
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Game of
Thrones - A View from the Humanities Vol. 1: Time, Space and Culture
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367:
341:
340:’’ (1998) describes conflict between fictional future religious faiths in a
333:
245:
134:
61:
961:"Researching Religion, Digital Games and Gamers: (E-)Merging Methodologies"
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1674:"The Lord is My Shepard. Confronting Religion in the Mass Effect Trilogy"
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purposes, and at other times, they are "thoughtful extrapolations in the
663:: "Jediism and Matrixism embrace the notion that the values depicted in
1067:
638:
602:
148:
Religious themes have been often found in works of science fiction. In
100:
57:
1826:
1622:"America's Dark Theologian: The Religious Imagination of Stephen King"
1306:
1597:
Didactics and the Modern
Robinsonade: New Paradigms for Young Readers
347:
104:
1508:"On Religion in SF and Fantasy: An Interview with Orson Scott Card"
593:; the church's mythology includes science fiction to this day. The
579:' name is inspired by a fictional religion of the same name in the
1331:"Reflection of postmodernism in Kurt Vonnegut's Selected fictions"
1468:
Planet Narnia: The Seven
Heavens in the Imagination of C.S. Lewis
1335:Научный результат. Вопросы теоретической и прикладной лингвистики
631:, 1993) has also led to some real-world new religious movements.
768:"Book Review: Fictional Religion: Keeping the New Testament New"
538:
304:, 1960), or in settings of interstellar civilizations (Simmons'
1888:
1483:"Bent But Not Yet Broken: C.S. Lewis' Out of the Silent Planet"
405:; other novels treating organized religion in this way include
1439:
The Gospel according to Star Wars: Faith, Hope, and the Force
959:
Heidbrink, Simone; Knoll, Tobias; Wysocki, Jan (2015-12-17).
902:
Schultz, Jeffrey D.; West, John G.; MacLean, Iain S. (1999).
963:. In Cheruvallil-Contractor, Sariya; Shakkour, Suha (eds.).
507:). In video games, the portrayal of alien religions in the
291:(1955). Others feature religions formed or evolved in the
1593:
as a Post-Christian
Robinsonade for a Postcolonial World"
1402:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–5,
271:(1989); alien missionaries visit Earth in, among others,
1678:
Online - Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet
493:
Create a Religion In Your Spare Time for Fun and Profit
475:
Fictional religion can also be found in games, whether
1222:"A Complete Guide to the Religions of Game of Thrones"
609:
and its mythology is influenced by, among others, the
553:
mythology written by L. Ron Hubbard draws heavily on
1672:
Irizarry, Joshua A.; Irizarry, Ita T. (2014-02-15).
2034:
1976:
1920:
64:); others have been intended from the beginning as
1725:Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith
965:Digital Methodologies in the Sociology of Religion
932:The Routledge Companion to Literature and Religion
541:, of various popularity. Some existing religions (
1019:Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia
1194:"7 Most Detailed Fictional Video Game Religions"
561:, founded in 1957, incorporates into its canon
487:, a linguist and game designer (creator of the
1758:, Fordham University Press, pp. 376–389,
1352:Thomas, Paul L. (2009), Simmons, David (ed.),
742:Religious debates over the Harry Potter series
505:religious objections to Dungeons & Dragons
1900:
905:Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics
854:"Science fiction, religion and transcendence"
8:
1643:Cole, Alayna; Zammit, Jessica (2020-07-15).
1915:Religion and philosophy in popular culture
1907:
1893:
1885:
1825:
1800:Davidsen, Markus Altena (December 2013).
1305:
1295:
103:genres. Sometimes, they are intended for
1400:Encyclopedia of Latin American Religions
1445:(2nd ed.). Westminster John Knox.
758:
180:as a remedy for an evil fake godliness"
1752:Davidsen, Markus Altena (2016-06-15),
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682:Devil in the arts and popular culture
523:openly religious video game character
419:, associated with the concept of the
7:
1358:New Critical Essays on Kurt Vonnegut
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952:
766:Champagne, Claudia M. (March 2014).
737:Religion in The Chronicles of Narnia
692:Hell in the arts and popular culture
111:" or "earnest visions of better ".
649:, founded in 2004 and inspired by
459:Significantly associated with the
354:practice "a future form of Islam".
184:In some stories from that period,
14:
2006:New religious movements and cults
1589:and Pantheism: Terry Pratchett's
858:Science Fiction: A Critical Guide
513:series (related to characters of
1722:Cusack, Carole M. (2016-05-06).
1645:"Development and Representation"
811:Journal of Contemporary Religion
727:Reincarnation in popular culture
216:, a secretive organization from
1408:10.1007/978-3-319-08956-0_559-1
860:, Routledge, pp. 110–130,
1599:. Liverpool University Press.
1481:Mikalatos, Matt (2021-09-08).
1284:Literatura i Kultura Popularna
908:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
807:"Religion and Science Fiction"
1:
1251:Hrotic, Steven (2014-07-31).
805:Locke, Simon (October 2013).
772:Christianity & Literature
1818:10.1080/14755610.2013.838798
1620:Bialecki, Jon (2019-01-01).
823:10.1080/13537903.2013.832514
1928:List of fictional religions
1863:Literature & Aesthetics
1110:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy
1050:Inloes, Amina (July 2018).
929:Knight, Mark (2016-04-28).
712:List of fictional religions
491:setting), wrote an article
433:Several fictional religions
86:List of fictional religions
2127:
1857:Cusack, Carole M. (2009).
1583:Höing, Anja (2019-09-06).
1470:. Oxford University Press.
1436:McDowell, John C. (2017).
1398:, in Gooren, Henri (ed.),
1394:Cusack, Carole M. (2018),
784:10.1177/014833311406300214
651:Lana & Lilly Wachowski
586:Stranger in a Strange Land
445:series (also known as the
312:’s series that begun with
83:
2080:
1764:10.1515/9780823255580-021
1690:10.11588/rel.2014.0.12168
967:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
707:List of fictional deities
702:List of demons in fiction
697:List of angels in fiction
665:cinematic science fiction
621:'s fictional religion of
372:Christian science fiction
117:psychologists of religion
1963:Religion and video games
1595:. In Kinane, Ian (ed.).
1297:10.19195/0867-7441.25.14
866:10.4324/9781003163299-10
722:Paganism in Middle-earth
388:Out of the Silent Planet
301:A Canticle for Leibowitz
150:American science fiction
74:Flying Spaghetti Monster
43:religion of Middle Earth
2057:Humor about Catholicism
1366:10.1057/9780230100817_3
595:Church of the SubGenius
575:. Founded in 1968, the
543:new religious movements
320:artificial intelligence
308:, or Frank Herbert and
1943:Philosophy of religion
1466:Ward, Michael (2008).
442:A Song of Ice and Fire
80:In speculative fiction
72:and the Church of the
2011:Seventh-day Adventism
1506:Allen, Moira (2000).
852:Woodman, Tom (1979),
717:Inspirational fiction
551:Church of Scientology
529:and her religiosity.
350:from Frank Herbert's
318:, 1979) or featuring
186:criticism of religion
109:sociology of religion
22:hypothetical religion
1806:Culture and Religion
1626:Religion and Society
732:Religion in Futurama
628:Parable of the Sower
577:Church of All Worlds
572:Illuminatus! Trilogy
429:Thomas Burnett Swann
95:, in particular, in
54:Church of All Worlds
2111:Fictional religions
1537:. Springer Nature.
1278:Kozak, Ewa (2019).
1146:sf-encyclopedia.com
747:Theological fiction
625:(introduced in the
563:Robert Anton Wilson
437:George R. R. Martin
417:religious diversity
288:This Fortress World
207:The Shrouded Planet
93:speculative fiction
1933:Fictional religion
1068:10.1111/muwo.12225
591:Robert A. Heinlein
315:The Jesus Incident
297:Walter M. Miller’s
253:George R.R. Martin
190:L. Sprague de Camp
159:"If This Goes On—"
154:Robert A. Heinlein
139:The Culture series
26:imaginary religion
18:fictional religion
2098:
2097:
2090:Philosophy portal
2001:Latter Day Saints
1991:EST and The Forum
1773:978-0-8232-5558-0
1735:978-1-317-11325-6
1658:978-1-000-09366-7
1606:978-1-78962-415-1
1544:978-3-031-15489-8
1512:Writing-World.com
1417:978-3-319-08956-0
1375:978-0-230-10081-7
1264:978-1-4725-3427-9
1257:. A&C Black.
1029:978-1-135-92374-7
1010:Stableford, Brian
974:978-1-4725-7118-2
942:978-1-135-05110-5
915:978-1-57356-130-3
875:978-1-003-16329-9
619:Octavia E. Butler
533:In the real world
425:the fantasy works
407:Ursula K. Le Guin
324:Clifford D. Simak
198:Robert Silverberg
173:Gather, Darkness!
30:invented religion
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1968:Religious satire
1953:Pseudophilosophy
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469:H. P. Lovecraft
447:Game of Thrones
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1543:
1523:
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1473:
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1451:
1428:
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1386:
1374:
1344:
1321:
1270:
1263:
1238:
1210:
1182:
1157:
1122:
1081:
1062:(3): 387–418.
1035:
1028:
1012:(2006-09-06).
980:
973:
948:
941:
921:
914:
894:
874:
844:
817:(3): 553–554.
797:
778:(2): 305–308.
757:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
672:
669:
611:Cthulhu Mythos
534:
531:
527:Ashley William
497:anthropologist
465:Cthulhu Mythos
258:A Song for Lya
194:Ultrasonic God
81:
78:
68:(for example,
35:Cthulhu Mythos
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2123:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2088:
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2082:
2079:
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2072:Reincarnation
2070:
2068:
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2043:
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2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1977:Religions and
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
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1925:
1923:
1921:Main articles
1919:
1910:
1905:
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1748:
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1737:
1731:
1728:. Routledge.
1727:
1726:
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1716:
1714:
1712:
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1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
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1660:
1654:
1651:. CRC Press.
1650:
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1452:9780664262839
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1298:
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1286:(in Polish).
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1057:
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1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1022:. Routledge.
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
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993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
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970:
966:
962:
955:
953:
949:
944:
938:
935:. Routledge.
934:
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922:
917:
911:
907:
906:
898:
895:
885:
881:
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661:Carole Cusack
658:
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635:
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629:
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612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
582:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
560:
559:Discordianism
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:
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502:
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396:
394:
390:
389:
384:
382:
381:Space Trilogy
377:
373:
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365:
364:
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358:Kurt Vonnegut
356:
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283:James E. Gunn
280:
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264:
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259:
254:
249:
247:
241:
236:
232:
228:
225:
224:
219:
218:Frank Herbert
215:
214:Bene Gesserit
212:
209:
208:
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199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
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175:
174:
169:
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146:
144:
143:Iain M. Banks
140:
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131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
87:
79:
77:
75:
71:
70:Discordianism
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2021:Spiritualism
1996:Hare Krishna
1986:Bahá'í Faith
1979:philosophies
1932:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1785:, retrieved
1754:
1724:
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1629:
1625:
1615:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1565:. 2011-07-21
1562:
1553:
1533:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1438:
1431:
1421:, retrieved
1399:
1389:
1379:, retrieved
1357:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1253:
1230:. Retrieved
1228:. 2017-07-12
1225:
1202:. Retrieved
1200:. 2023-02-16
1197:
1174:. Retrieved
1172:. 2017-11-15
1169:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:
1114:. Retrieved
1108:
1059:
1055:
1017:
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931:
924:
904:
897:
887:, retrieved
857:
847:
814:
810:
800:
775:
771:
761:
654:
632:
626:
599:Monty Python
584:
571:
536:
515:Mordin Solus
508:
492:
477:role-playing
474:
461:horror genre
458:
450:
446:
440:
410:
400:
397:
386:
380:
363:Cat's Cradle
361:
355:
351:
345:
329:Project Pope
327:
313:
305:
299:
295:conditions (
286:
276:
266:
256:
250:
227:
221:
211:
205:
196:", 1951 and
181:
171:
168:Fritz Leiber
166:(1941), and
164:Sixth Column
163:
157:
147:
128:
89:
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29:
25:
21:
17:
15:
2016:Scientology
1684:: 235–236.
1341:(8): 61–66.
1290:: 249–259.
1105:Grant, John
1101:Clute, John
1093:Clute, John
567:Robert Shea
519:Thane Krios
510:Mass Effect
503:(see also:
310:Bill Ransom
263:Dan Simmons
261:(1974) and
248:ideology.
238: [
231:Jacek Dukaj
162:(1940) and
135:theocracies
125:Thomas More
45:created by
1827:1887/48123
1787:2023-06-03
1632:: 176–179.
1587:Communitas
1569:2023-06-03
1517:2023-06-04
1492:2023-06-04
1423:2023-05-31
1381:2023-06-03
1307:11331/2971
1232:2023-06-02
1204:2023-06-02
1176:2023-06-02
1151:2023-05-31
1116:2023-06-05
1097:"Religion"
1014:"Religion"
889:2023-06-05
753:References
656:The Matrix
643:Jedi Order
637:-inspired
589:(1961) by
421:Golden Age
402:Small Gods
376:C.S. Lewis
374:, such as
84:See also:
1875:2200-0437
1844:143778202
1836:1475-5610
1782:234468469
1698:1861-5813
1585:"Between
1316:0867-7441
1076:172060093
884:233625277
839:143046830
831:1353-7903
792:0148-3331
647:Matrixism
634:Star Wars
623:Earthseed
501:occultism
368:Star Wars
342:posthuman
334:Greg Egan
332:, 1981).
246:Sarmatism
105:satirical
62:Matrixism
2105:Category
2067:Muhammad
1198:TheGamer
1107:(eds.).
1095:(1997).
687:God game
671:See also
557:tropes.
412:Earthsea
344:context.
306:Hyperion
268:Hyperion
210:, 1957).
178:Satanism
41:and the
1563:Gizmodo
1487:Tor.com
1226:Gizmodo
1170:Gizmodo
645:", and
639:Jediism
603:Dracula
555:pulp SF
549:". The
489:Tékumel
338:Oceanic
101:fantasy
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583:novel
463:, the
452:Nation
423:(e.g.
383:series
348:Fremen
130:Utopia
2062:Jesus
2042:Devil
1869:(2).
1840:S2CID
1778:S2CID
1443:(PDF)
1099:. In
1072:S2CID
880:S2CID
835:S2CID
539:cults
481:video
336:’s ‘‘
242:]
2052:Hell
1871:ISSN
1832:ISSN
1768:ISBN
1730:ISBN
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