3212:. Fictitious capital contrasts with what Marx calls "real capital", which is capital actually invested in physical means of production and workers, and "money capital", which is actual funds being held. The market value of fictitious capital assets (such as stocks and securities) varies according to the expected return or yield of those assets in the future, which Marx felt was only indirectly related to the growth of real production. Effectively, fictitious capital represents "accumulated claims, legal titles, to future production" and more specifically claims to the income generated by that production.
3348:"though in 1857 he was himself still a magnate on the money market, complained bitterly that there were several large money capitalists in London who were strong enough to bring the entire money market into disorder at a given moment and in this way fleece the smaller money dealers most shamelessly. There were supposed to be several great sharks of this kind who could significantly intensify a difficult situation by selling one or two million pounds worth of
3288:
by the various modes in which the same capital, or perhaps even the same claim on a debt, appears in different forms in different hands. The greater portion of this 'money-capital' is purely fictitious. All the deposits, with the exception of the reserve fund, are merely claims on the banker, which, however, never exist as deposits." The expansion of the credit system can, in periods of capitalist expansion, be beneficial for the system; but in periods of
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exist twice, once as the capital-value of titles of ownership (stocks) on the one hand and on the other hand as the actual capital invested, or to be invested, in those enterprises." The capital "exists only in the latter form", while the stock or share "is merely a title of ownership to a corresponding portion of the surplus-value to be realised by it".
3359:"The biggest capital power in London is of course the Bank of England, but its position as a semi-state institution makes it impossible for it to assert its domination in so brutal a fashion. Nonetheless, it too is sufficiently capable of looking after itself... Inasmuch as the Bank issues notes that are not backed by the metal reserve in its vaults, it
2134:
3265:"The formation of a fictitious capital is called capitalisation." It represents a claim to property rights or income. Such claims can take many forms, for example, a claim on future government tax revenue or a claim issued against a commodity that remains, as yet, unsold. The stocks, shares and bonds issued by companies and traded on
3380:"Unless this depreciation reflected an actual stoppage of production and of traffic on canals and railways, or a suspension of already initiated enterprises, or squandering capital in positively worthless ventures, the nation did not grow one cent poorer by the bursting of this soap bubble of nominal money-capital."
3292:
and uncertainty, capitalists tend, Marx argues, to look to the security of the "money-commodity" (gold) as the ultimate measure of value. Marx tends to assume the convertibility of paper money into gold. However, the modern system of inconvertible paper money, backed by the authority of states, poses
3287:
The formation of fictitious capital is, for Marx, linked to the wider contradiction between the financial system in capitalism and its monetary basis. Marx writes: "With the development of interest-bearing capital and the credit system, all capital seems to double itself, and sometimes treble itself,
3283:
The stocks of railways, mines, navigation companies, and the like, represent actual capital, namely, the capital invested and functioning in such enterprises, or the amount of money advanced by the stockholders for the purpose of being used as capital in such enterprises...; but this capital does not
3276:, but once this capital is set in motion, the claims held by the owners of the share certificate, etc., are simply "marketable claims to a share in future surplus value production". The stock market "is a market for fictitious capital. It is a market for the circulation of property rights as such".
3331:
The price of fictitious capital is governed by a series of complex determinants. In the first instance they are governed by the "present and anticipated future incomes to which ownership entitles the holder, capitalised at the going rate of interest". But fictitious capital is also the object of
3332:
speculation. The market value of such assets can be driven up and artificially inflated, purely as a result of supply and demand factors which can themselves be manipulated for profit. The inflated value can just as rapidly be punctured if large amounts of capital are withdrawn.
3293:
greater problems. Here, in periods of crisis, "the capitalist class appears to have a choice between devaluing money or commodities, between inflation or depression. In the event that monetary policy is dedicated to avoiding both, it will merely end up incurring both".
3377:"The public stocks and canal and railway shares had already by the 23rd of October, 1847, been depreciated in the aggregate to the amount of £114,752,225." (Morris, Governor of the Bank of England, testimony in the Report on Commercial Distress, 1847-48 .)
3374:"To the extent that the depreciation or increase in value of this paper is independent of the movement of value of the actual capital that it represents, the wealth of the nation is just as great before as after its depreciation or increase in value.
3220:. Such ownership is real and legally enforced, as are the profits made from it, but the capital involved is fictitious; it is "money that is thrown into circulation as capital without any material basis in commodities or productive activity".
3279:
Since the value of these claims does not function as capital, is merely a claim on future surplus, "the capital-value of such paper is...wholly illusory... The paper serves as title of ownership which represents this capital.
3352:
and in this way taking an equivalent sum of banknotes (and thereby available loan capital) out of the market. The collaboration of three big banks in such a manoeuvre would suffice to turn a pressure into a panic."
313:
283:
3300:. The book argues government intervention allows fictitious capital to "assume proportions incompatible with the real production potential of economies," leading inevitably to crises such as the
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creates tokens of value that are not only means of circulation, but also forms additional - even if fictitious - capital for it
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A company may raise (non-fictitious) capital by issuing stocks, shares and bonds. This capital may then be used to generate
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3790:, "From Marx to Goldman Sachs: The Fictions of Fictitious Capital, and the Financialization of Industry".
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Marx cites the case of a Mr
Chapman who testified before the British Bank Acts Committee in 1857:
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in exploitation of labour power is disguised. Indeed, profit can be made by using only
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3704:"Nonfiction Book Review: Fictitious Capital: How Finance Is Appropriating Our Future"
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The term is also used by the economist Cédric Durand as the title of a 2017 book,
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3227:", although tangible assets may themselves under certain conditions also be
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3578:. RIPE Series in Global Political Economy. New York and London: Routledge.
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2015:
2010:
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to engage in (speculative) trade, not backed up by any tangible asset.
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Marx saw the origin of fictitious capital in the development of the
3838:
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314:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
3551:"Systemic Fear, Modern Finance and the Future of Capitalism"
3728:
Fictitious
Capital: How Finance Is Appropriating Our Future
3298:
Fictitious
Capital: How Finance Is Appropriating Our Future
284:
104:
The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
3316:
existing only on paper. This is an extreme form of the
3312:
Profit can be made purely from trading in a variety of
3223:
Fictitious capital could also be defined as "tradeable
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3576:Capital as Power. A Study of Order and Creorder
3854:
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64:The Condition of the Working Class in England
8:
59:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
3794:, Vol. 38, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 419-444.
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204:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
79:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
20:
3216:Fictitious capital could be defined as a
3208:. It is introduced in chapter 25 of the
3792:Critique. A journal of socialist theory
3433:
2200:
862:
814:
754:
32:
3519:Political Economy of Money and Finance
985:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3521:. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan.
1898:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
274:Change the World Without Taking Power
7:
3218:capitalisation on property ownership
229:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
159:Theses on the Philosophy of History
3320:in which the underlying source of
14:
249:Time, Labor and Social Domination
3148:
3136:
2144:
2132:
2120:
1956:21st-century communist theorists
299:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
214:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
134:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
40:
3611:"Capital, volume 3, chapter 29"
3246:of expected future cash flows.
658:Theory of historical trajectory
536:Dictatorship of the proletariat
239:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
139:History and Class Consciousness
94:Critique of the Gotha Programme
3269:are also fictitious capital.
456:Socially necessary labour time
354:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
244:The Sublime Object of Ideology
169:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
3206:critique of political economy
2940:Critique of political economy
2598:Critique of political economy
377:Critique of political economy
3831:. Penguin. pp. 674–675.
3242:, fictitious capital is the
2990:Periodizations of capitalism
414:Falling profit-rate tendency
194:The Society of the Spectacle
2686:Simple commodity production
1888:Capitalism Nature Socialism
404:Concrete and abstract labor
294:Capital in the Anthropocene
219:Social Justice and the City
114:The Accumulation of Capital
4117:
3763:. London: Verso. pp.
3678:. London: Verso. pp.
3464:, Pelican edition, p. 599.
2995:Perspectives on capitalism
164:Dialectic of Enlightenment
3642:. London: Verso. p.
3556:. Jerusalem and Montreal.
3485:. London: Verso. p.
309:Literature and Revolution
269:Late Victorian Holocausts
199:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
184:The Wretched of the Earth
3318:fetishism of commodities
3229:vastly inflated in price
2266:Economic interventionism
259:The Origin of Capitalism
129:The State and Revolution
3890:Accumulation of capital
3813:. Penguin. p. 674.
3725:Durand, Cédric (2017).
3210:third volume of Capital
3200:) is a concept used by
2935:Criticism of capitalism
960:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
603:Relations of production
486:Base and superstructure
339:Dialectical materialism
304:The Revolution Betrayed
124:Terrorism and Communism
119:Philosophical Notebooks
74:The Communist Manifesto
3225:paper claims to wealth
2965:Exploitation of labour
2676:Primitive accumulation
1903:Historical Materialism
648:Proletarian revolution
643:Primitive accumulation
638:Historical determinism
3143:Capitalism portal
2955:Culture of capitalism
2910:Capitalist propaganda
2666:Industrial Revolution
2656:Commercial Revolution
2139:Philosophy portal
1933:Science & Society
551:Democratic centralism
409:Factors of production
279:Caliban and the Witch
224:Women, Race and Class
3396:Capital accumulation
3118:Right-libertarianism
3048:Classical liberalism
3015:Venture philanthropy
2651:Capitalism and Islam
2646:Age of Enlightenment
2241:Capital accumulation
2151:Socialism portal
2127:Communism portal
1996:History of communism
1991:Economic determinism
1976:Criticism of Marxism
1966:Creative destruction
726:Marxism and religion
446:Scientific socialism
349:Philosophy of nature
234:Imagined Communities
99:Dialectics of Nature
4101:Capital (economics)
3706:. Publishers Weekly
3416:Stock market bubble
3391:Capital (economics)
3240:financial economics
3155:Business portal
2271:Economic liberalism
2261:Competitive markets
1883:Capital & Class
563:False consciousness
511:Commodity fetishism
501:Class consciousness
419:Means of production
254:The Age of Extremes
174:The Long Revolution
109:What Is to Be Done?
69:The German Ideology
4063:Marxist historical
3515:Lapavitsas, Costas
3421:Non-fungible token
3194:Fictitious capital
2915:Capitalist realism
2306:Goods and services
2286:Fictitious capital
2097:Worker cooperative
2075:Left-wing populism
2001:Left-wing politics
1938:Socialist Register
1928:Rethinking Marxism
721:Literary criticism
424:Mode of production
289:Capitalist Realism
149:The Black Jacobins
4096:Marxian economics
4083:
4082:
4075:Financial capital
3829:Capital, volume 3
3811:Capital, volume 3
3774:978-1-84467-095-6
3759:Limits to Capital
3738:978-1-78478-719-6
3689:978-1-84467-095-6
3674:Limits to Capital
3653:978-1-84467-095-6
3638:Limits to Capital
3572:Bichler, Shimshon
3543:Bichler, Shimshon
3528:978-0-312-21164-6
3496:978-1-84467-095-6
3481:Limits to Capital
3462:Capital: Volume 3
3447:Capital, volume 3
3356:Marx added that:
3244:net present value
3191:
3190:
3010:Spontaneous order
2980:History of theory
2623:New institutional
2593:Market monetarism
2528:Economic theories
2361:Supply and demand
2296:Free price system
2187:
2186:
2028:Political ecology
2006:Marxian economics
945:Council communism
913:
912:
840:Neue Marx-Lektüre
802:Regulation school
691:Cultural analysis
583:Lumpenproletariat
526:Cultural hegemony
516:Communist society
506:Classless society
441:Productive forces
179:Guerrilla Warfare
52:Theoretical works
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3314:financial claims
3250:Uses of the term
3198:fiktives Kapital
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3153:
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2945:Critique of work
2920:Capitalist state
2603:Critique of work
2486:Regulated market
2388:Economic systems
2341:Private property
2291:Financial market
2281:Entrepreneurship
2276:Economic surplus
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2102:Workers' council
1923:Race & Class
830:Frankfurt School
797:Neo-Gramscianism
770:Marxism–Leninism
752:
696:Cultural Studies
653:World revolution
598:Private property
144:Prison Notebooks
44:
21:
16:Marxist Doctrine
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3401:Economic bubble
3386:
3369:
3343:
3338:
3310:
3302:Great Recession
3290:economic crisis
3258:system and the
3252:
3187:
3147:
3135:
3128:
3127:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3000:Post-capitalism
2905:Anti-capitalism
2900:
2892:
2891:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2511:State-sponsored
2389:
2381:
2380:
2246:Capital markets
2211:
2183:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2107:
2106:
2080:Universal class
1971:Conflict theory
1951:
1943:
1942:
1918:New Left Review
1873:
1865:
1864:
1005:
995:
994:
925:
915:
914:
825:Budapest School
749:
748:Common variants
741:
740:
671:
663:
662:
628:
618:
617:
521:Critical theory
481:
471:
470:
451:Surplus product
379:
369:
368:
329:
319:
318:
189:Reading Capital
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:Organizational
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:Cross-cultural
3906:
3901:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3834:
3816:
3798:
3788:Michael Hudson
3780:
3773:
3744:
3737:
3717:
3695:
3688:
3659:
3652:
3623:
3591:
3585:978-0415496803
3584:
3559:
3534:
3527:
3502:
3495:
3466:
3453:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:Money creation
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3368:
3365:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3309:
3306:
3251:
3248:
3233:
3232:
3221:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Ordoliberalism
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Market economy
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:Related topics
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2769:State monopoly
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Liberalization
2323:
2318:
2316:Invisible hand
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:Businessperson
2228:
2226:Business cycle
2223:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2085:Vulgar Marxism
2082:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:Related topics
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1913:Monthly Review
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:Constellations
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
923:Other variants
921:
920:
917:
916:
911:
910:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
865:
864:
860:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
819:
818:
812:
811:
810:
809:
807:Third-worldist
804:
799:
794:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
767:
759:
758:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
716:Historiography
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
633:Class struggle
629:
624:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
588:Metabolic rift
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
482:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
437:
436:
431:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
380:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
364:Marxist ethics
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
209:Ways of Seeing
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4113:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3754:
3753:Harvey, David
3748:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3668:Harvey, David
3663:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3632:Harvey, David
3627:
3624:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3552:
3549:(July 2010).
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3476:
3475:Harvey, David
3470:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:Marx writes:
3367:Public stocks
3366:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3336:Illustrations
3335:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:surplus-value
3319:
3315:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:surplus value
3270:
3268:
3267:stock markets
3263:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Neoliberalism
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Authoritarian
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Globalization
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Crisis theory
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:Intellectuals
2783:
2782:
2775:
2774:Technological
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Institutional
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:Laissez-faire
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Authoritarian
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Surplus value
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Privatization
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Revolutionary
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Authoritarian
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
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1840:Moufawad-Paul
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978:
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968:
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958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Eurocommunism
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Austromarxism
933:
931:
928:
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918:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
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881:Communization
879:
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869:
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866:
861:
856:
855:Praxis School
853:
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621:
614:
613:Working class
611:
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395:
394:Crisis theory
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35:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4053:
4022:(short) vs.
3949:Intellectual
3828:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3791:
3783:
3758:
3747:
3727:
3720:
3708:. Retrieved
3698:
3673:
3662:
3637:
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3575:
3562:
3537:
3518:
3511:Itoh, Makoto
3505:
3480:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3347:
3344:
3330:
3325:
3313:
3311:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3253:
3235:In terms of
3234:
3217:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3020:Wage slavery
2960:Evergreening
2671:Mercantilism
2618:Neoclassical
2446:Mercantilist
2423:
2356:Rent seeking
2321:Visible hand
2285:
2023:Municipalism
1835:Bhattacharya
980:Situationist
955:Instrumental
608:State theory
573:Immiseration
568:Human nature
558:Exploitation
388:accumulation
18:
3939:Information
3914:Educational
3895:Circulating
3710:20 December
3460:Karl Marx,
3411:Speculation
3308:Speculation
3260:joint-stock
3103:Objectivism
3088:Libertarian
3005:Speculation
2925:Consumerism
2759:Progressive
2698:Development
2681:Physiocracy
2628:Supply-side
2436:Libertarian
2414:Free-market
2394:Anglo-Saxon
2376:Wage labour
2331:Marginalism
2301:Free market
2256:Corporation
1986:Communalism
1385:Wallerstein
975:Revisionist
706:Film theory
686:Criminology
681:Archaeology
593:Proletariat
578:Imperialism
491:Bourgeoisie
466:Wage labour
359:Reification
154:On Practice
4090:Categories
4054:Fictitious
4037:analytical
3979:Reputation
3944:Intangible
3934:Individual
3825:Marx, Karl
3807:Marx, Karl
3607:Marx, Karl
3442:Marx, Karl
3428:References
3237:mainstream
3083:Liberalism
3068:Humanistic
3053:Democratic
3032:Ideologies
2867:Schumpeter
2613:Monetarist
2544:Chartalism
2491:Regulatory
2466:Neoliberal
2419:Humanistic
2202:Capitalism
2043:Democratic
1908:Mediations
1520:Przeworski
1460:Poulantzas
1310:Sivanandan
1265:Bettelheim
1165:Horkheimer
1160:Mariátegui
1135:Pashukanis
1060:Liebknecht
990:Wertkritik
930:Analytical
790:Trotskyism
765:Autonomist
756:Structural
736:Philosophy
676:Aesthetics
461:Value-form
429:Capitalist
334:Alienation
327:Philosophy
84:Grundrisse
3969:Political
3919:Financial
3869:Types of
3731:. Verso.
3202:Karl Marx
3196:(German:
3123:Third Way
3113:Privatism
3073:Inclusive
3058:Dirigisme
2852:von Mises
2739:Illiberal
2719:Corporate
2714:Community
2661:Feudalism
2571:Keynesian
2561:Classical
2404:Corporate
2216:Austerity
2090:Economism
2053:Reformist
2033:Socialism
1981:Communism
1961:Anarchism
1815:Coulthard
1740:McDonnell
1700:Screpanti
1610:Rowbotham
1475:Harnecker
1285:Althusser
1225:Deutscher
1065:Kollontai
1055:Luxemburg
1035:Plekhanov
965:Nkrumaism
876:Classical
850:Political
775:Guevarism
731:Sociology
711:Geography
531:Democracy
479:Sociology
434:Socialist
399:Commodity
4070:Monopoly
4049:Variable
4044:Constant
3994:Symbolic
3964:Physical
3904:Cultural
3899:Floating
3885:Academic
3755:(2006).
3670:(2006).
3634:(2006).
3609:(1894).
3574:(2009).
3517:(1998).
3477:(2006).
3384:See also
3262:system.
2950:Cronyism
2862:Rothbard
2837:Marshall
2822:Friedman
2754:Merchant
2709:Consumer
2704:Advanced
2539:Austrian
2534:American
2461:National
2456:Monopoly
2409:Dirigist
2311:Investor
2221:Business
2210:Concepts
2194:a series
2192:Part of
2016:Old Left
2011:New Left
1878:Antipode
1872:Journals
1775:Heinrich
1750:Roediger
1745:Douzinas
1735:Hennessy
1690:Holloway
1605:Hartsock
1595:Eagleton
1580:Federici
1555:Bannerji
1530:Therborn
1510:Rancière
1505:Easthope
1485:Anderson
1480:Altvater
1380:O'Connor
1375:Mészáros
1370:Guattari
1325:Thompson
1315:Miliband
1295:Williams
1280:Hobsbawm
1255:Emmanuel
1235:Beauvoir
1200:Lefebvre
1145:Benjamin
1110:Bukharin
1090:Zinoviev
1085:Grossman
1070:Bogdanov
1045:Connolly
1025:Lafargue
970:Orthodox
940:Centrist
891:Leninism
886:Feminist
835:Humanist
816:Hegelian
344:Ideology
26:a series
24:Part of
4035:Marxist
4024:Patient
4013:By term
4004:Working
3999:Venture
3954:Natural
3878:By form
3871:capital
3765:276–277
3680:294–296
3616:26 June
3350:Consols
3341:Banking
3204:in his
3078:Liberal
3038:Anarcho
2975:History
2807:Malthus
2802:Ricardo
2764:Rentier
2749:Marxist
2729:Finance
2640:Origins
2608:Marxist
2556:Chicago
2516:Welfare
2476:Private
2431:Liberal
2251:Company
2236:Capital
2115:Outline
2068:Utopian
1845:Srnicek
1830:Toscano
1825:Seymour
1780:Prashad
1730:Sankara
1725:Berardi
1710:Hampton
1685:Burawoy
1655:Panitch
1650:Haraway
1640:Cleaver
1625:Brenner
1590:Balibar
1545:Postone
1535:Losurdo
1465:Vattimo
1435:Gonzalo
1430:Jameson
1420:Parenti
1360:Liebman
1355:Guevara
1245:Nkrumah
1240:Sombart
1215:Padmore
1185:Kalecki
1180:Marcuse
1140:Bordiga
1125:Gramsci
1080:Trotsky
1040:Du Bois
1030:Kautsky
906:Western
785:Titoism
670:Aspects
626:History
546:Radical
384:Capital
89:Capital
34:Marxism
4026:(long)
4020:Liquid
3989:Social
3984:Sexual
3974:Public
3771:
3735:
3686:
3650:
3582:
3525:
3493:
3256:credit
2877:Weaver
2872:Veblen
2847:Walras
2842:Pareto
2832:Keynes
2734:Global
2501:Social
2471:Nordic
2441:Market
2351:Profit
2063:Social
2048:Market
1850:Horvat
1805:Fisher
1800:Linera
1795:Lordon
1785:Kelley
1770:Marcos
1765:Ghandy
1755:Foster
1680:Fraser
1675:Wright
1665:Jessop
1660:Clarke
1645:Bishop
1635:Massey
1615:Mouffe
1565:Newton
1560:Spivak
1550:Rodney
1515:Berman
1470:Badiou
1450:Laclau
1445:Harvey
1440:Dussel
1400:Debord
1395:Tronti
1365:Heller
1350:Castro
1345:Berger
1330:Bauman
1320:Cabral
1305:Mandel
1300:Freire
1290:Hinton
1270:Draper
1250:Sweezy
1220:Sartre
1210:Adorno
1175:Brecht
1130:Galiev
1105:Korsch
1100:Lukács
1075:Stalin
1020:Morris
1015:Engels
1003:People
780:Maoism
701:Ethics
541:Soviet
264:Empire
3929:Human
3924:Fixed
3554:(PDF)
2887:Coase
2882:Weber
2827:Hayek
2792:Smith
2724:Crony
2586:Post-
2506:State
2496:Rhine
2451:Mixed
2371:Value
2336:Money
1860:Saito
1855:Hamza
1720:Žižek
1705:Tamás
1670:Davis
1630:Davis
1620:Geras
1585:Wolff
1570:Sakai
1525:Cohen
1500:Sison
1495:Vogel
1455:Bahro
1425:Negri
1415:Nairn
1340:Kosik
1335:Fanon
1275:Jones
1230:Hoxha
1205:James
1190:Fromm
1120:Serge
1095:Bloch
1050:Lenin
871:Black
496:Class
3769:ISBN
3733:ISBN
3712:2020
3684:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3618:2008
3580:ISBN
3523:ISBN
3491:ISBN
2857:Rand
2817:Marx
2797:Mill
2744:Late
2576:Neo-
1820:Malm
1790:Dean
1760:West
1715:Cano
1695:Rose
1600:Kurz
1575:Wood
1540:Ture
1490:Löwy
1410:Hall
1405:Amin
1390:Mies
1260:Hill
1170:Dutt
1155:Basu
1010:Marx
901:Post
863:Both
845:Open
3644:276
3093:Neo
3063:Eco
2812:Say
2581:New
2549:MMT
2481:Raw
1195:Cox
1150:Mao
896:Neo
4092::
3827:.
3809:.
3767:.
3682:.
3646:.
3594:^
3570:;
3545:;
3513:;
3489:.
3487:95
3444:.
3304:.
2196:on
1810:Li
1115:Ho
28:on
3897:/
3862:e
3855:t
3848:v
3777:.
3741:.
3714:.
3692:.
3656:.
3620:.
3588:.
3531:.
3499:.
3450:.
3231:.
3182:e
3175:t
3168:v
2178:e
2171:t
2164:v
390:)
386:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
