94:
296:") for spouses of legal residents in the United States, where marriage is one of the fastest and surest ways to obtain legal residence. Marriages, if legitimate, entitle the spouse to live and work in the United States, as in most other countries. In the United States, 2.3 million marriage visas were approved from 1998 through 2007, representing 25% of all green cards in 2007. Even if the non-resident spouse was previously an
36:
404:
2764:
1810:
280:
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370:, legislation on sham marriages was strengthened in 2012. Continuous controversy arose regarding the issue; Canadian officials have been accused both of being too harsh and harassing couples and of being too lenient in deciding what is a genuine relationship. In addition, there have been objections to the policy from
212:
Since the intersection of citizenship-by-marriage laws and affordable international travel in the latter half of the 20th century, sham marriages have become a common method to allow a foreigner to reside, and possibly gain citizenship, in the country of the spouse. The couple marries with knowledge
316:
In
Switzerland, sham marriages are punished with a monetary punishment or prison if crucial information is intentionally withheld from immigration authorities, or if somebody is married to circumvent immigration laws. Before 2005, being involved in a sham marriage was not punished, but the marriage
303:
Most marriages between residents and non-residents are undertaken properly, for reasons other than or in addition to residency status. That said, the practice of obtaining residency through marriage is illegal in the United States if the marriage itself is fraudulent. A marriage that is solely for
134:
While referred to as a "sham" or "fake" because of its motivation, the union itself is legally valid if it conforms to the formal legal requirements for marriage in the jurisdiction. Arranging or entering into such a marriage to deceive public officials is in itself a violation of the law of some
307:
Many of the arrangements are simple transactions between two individuals, often in exchange for money paid to the legal resident. In other cases the legal resident is an unwitting victim of a fraudulent marriage. In yet other cases the marriages are arranged by criminal enterprises, sometimes
362:
typically conducts an interview of marriage-based green card applicants, with additional scrutiny if they are from a developing country, have a different ethnicity or religion from their sponsor, have a large age gap with their sponsor, or have a history of prior marriage-based green card
213:
that the marriage is solely for the purpose of obtaining the favorable immigration status, and without intending to live as a couple. This is frequently arranged as a business transaction with payment of a sum of money, and occurs more commonly with foreigners already in the country.
251:
where one partner is from outside the
European Union. Instead, the couple were to be asked to apply for a licence; if a member of the clergy is not satisfied that a marriage is genuine, they must make that clear to the person responsible for granting the licence.
120:
Definitions of sham marriage vary by jurisdiction, but are often related to poverty. The essential point in the varying definitions is whether the couple intend to live in a real marital relationship, to establish a life together. A typical definition by the UK
129:
A sham marriage or civil partnership is one where the relationship is not genuine but one party hopes to gain an immigration advantage from it. There is no subsisting relationship, dependency, or intent to live as husband and wife or civil
259:
started in 2012, there has been criticism in the UK of heavy-handed action affecting genuine marriages. Genuine weddings have been interrupted, and dawn raids have been made to check whether couples are sharing a bed. People have been
291:
between a legal resident of the United States of
America and a person who would be ineligible for residency if they were not being married to the resident. The term derives from the availability of permanent resident documents
456:
240:. In August 2010, a senior registrar in Ireland estimated that 15 percent of civil marriages were bogus, for the purpose of gaining residency. Before 2010, people would need a marriage visa from their own country of origin.
357:
250,000 fine and five-year prison sentence on the citizen, and deportation of the foreigner. In the 2009 fiscal year, 506 of the 241,154 petitions filed were denied for suspected fraud, a rate of only 0.2%.
243:
In April 2011, the Border Agency issued guidance to clergy to help prevent sham marriages intended only to gain the right to reside. English and Welsh clergy may perform a marriage, according
271:
In 2013, the Home Office estimated that between 4,000 and 10,000 marriages per year were sham marriages entered for the purpose of gaining legal immigration status for the non-EU partner.
1277:
321:– with the usual consequence that the foreigner lost his permit and had to leave the country. Marriages for any other purpose than circumventing immigration laws (e.g. avoiding
359:
1132:
3610:
657:
374:, which argued that the new policy which requires the sponsor and the new spouse to live in a "genuine relationship" for two years endangers women who are victims of
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1300:
Bonjour&De Hart 2013, "A proper wife, a proper marriage. Constructions of 'us' and 'them' in Dutch family migration policy", European
Journal of Women's Studies
46:
1078:
333:
Matrimonial fraud is heavily increasing in India with mostly women committing the crime to legally exploit men as the Indian laws are gender favoured and the
1846:
1241:
780:
1325:
Academic article on how the distinction between interest and love informs immigration authorities categorizations of marriages as "sham" or "genuine":
222:
201:
556:
3592:
2405:
1311:
Academic article providing two telling examples of the fear of and resort to sham marriage in eighteenth-century
England. Castro Santana, A (2015).
2000:
857:
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if there is no purpose in remaining married. The reverse situation, in which a couple gets a divorce while continuing to live together, is called
378:. Although there is an exception to this rule in cases of abuse, the policy has been accused of being too weak (as abuse is difficult to prove).
308:
involving the complicity of corrupt immigration officials who accept payment for describing the marriage as legitimate in immigration paperwork.
117:
entered into without intending to create a real marital relationship. This is usually for the purpose of gaining an advantage from the marriage.
256:
3145:
912:
1053:
427:
158:, in which one spouse is unwittingly taken advantage of by the foreign spouse who feigns romantic interest, typically in order to obtain a
671:
1327:
Andrikopoulos 2021, "Love, money and papers in the affective circuits of cross-border marriages: beyond the ‘sham’/‘genuine’ dichotomy".
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93:
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purposes of obtaining legal residence is considered a sham, and is a crime in the United States for both participants.
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Academic article on political discourse & policies on forced and fraudulent marriages in the
Netherlands:
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as being suspicious were investigated; the Home Office refused to say how many were found to be sham.
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for months on wrongly being accused of being in a sham marriage. In 2018, 1,618 marriages reported by
189:, etc. For example, Hollywood studios had allegedly requested homosexual/homoromantic actors, such as
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58:
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deal primarily with the United
Kingdom, the United States, and Canada and do not represent a
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98:
884:"Hello, I Love You, Won't You Tell Me Your Name: Inside the Green Card Marriage Phenomenon"
672:"Owner of Thai Ginger admits to immigration fraud – paying people to 'marry' her relatives"
515: – Birthright of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship
154:
Sham marriages are sometimes considered distinct from a marriage fraud, which is a type of
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1278:"Canadian immigration changes force women to stay with sponsoring spouse for two years"
395:
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In United States immigration law, marriage not made in good faith and for purposes of
225:
undertaken to gain legal immigrant status. The fraud is investigated mostly by the UK
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509:—an attempted marriage which does not even meet the legal requirements for a marriage
506:
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143:
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There have been cases of people entering into a sham marriage to avoid suspicion of
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17:
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lead away the would-be bride in an operation to prevent a suspected sham marriage.
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941:
938:"For love or a green card? As tougher INS laws loom: Minnesotan tells her story"
403:
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men into marriages and later they file false complaints and aim for easy money.
200:
Sham marriages have also been used to avoid military conscription in the US and
190:
186:
175:
163:
122:
174:
Common reasons for sham marriages are to gain immigration, residency, work, or
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1918:
1889:
1768:
1678:
1622:
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1427:
1408:
1313:"Sham Marriages and Proper Plots: Henry Fielding's Shamela and Joseph Andrews"
409:
389:
385:
1090:
1033:
464:—often involving brides wishing to get immigration access to a mate's country
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2540:
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1943:
1913:
1901:
1487:
997:"Speedy Justice: The Absolute Essentiality in Divorce Cases in Karnataka"
512:
457:
Legal consequences of marriage and civil partnership in
England and Wales
1054:"Gurugram Woman Arrested For Filing "Fake" Rape Cases Against 8: Police"
3364:
3273:
3101:
2811:
2592:
2289:
1780:
1726:
1112:"Why Family Courts in India need to deliver speedy justice - CHD Group"
139:
3288:
2681:
2364:
2235:
2055:
1824:
1133:"Woman arrested for honey-trapping men she found on matrimonial site"
367:
337:
is women centered even in issues of justice. Women are resorting to
236:
Increases in sham marriage were reported in London boroughs such as
883:
449:—including marriages entered into and promoted primarily for their
3469:
3153:
3045:
2483:
2243:
1642:
1379:
441:
278:
92:
1347:
1079:"How laws meant to protect women are being abused daily in India"
913:"Pair arrested in green card marriage that resulted from Web ads"
3402:
3013:
2248:
1758:
1736:
1242:"Marriage fraud: Canadian immigration officials tread thin line"
631:
Canada, Immigration, Refugees and
Citizenship (9 October 2009).
502:
U.S. Diplomatic
Security Service (DSS) § Passport and visa fraud
2784:
1828:
1351:
898:"Man pleads not guilty in alleged Internet green card marriage"
498:—a romantic comedy set around what is initially a fake marriage
354:
29:
829:"Couples face 'insulting' checks in sham marriage crackdown"
2780:
1203:
54:
1260:"Backgrounder — Conditional Permanent Resident Status"
849:"Crackdown on sham marriages leaves migrants in limbo"
697:"Thai Ginger owner sentenced for sham-marriage scheme"
763:"Rise in sham marriages to beat UK immigration laws"
3649:
3626:
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1971:
1862:
1692:
1656:
1559:
1533:
1386:
781:"Registrar warns of rapid rise in 'sham marriages'"
581:
535:"A Bad Marriage Is Not the Same as a Sham Marriage"
975:"Federal Act on Foreign Nationals and Integration"
920:
847:
742:"Convictions for bogus marriages soar to 284: ICA"
633:"Protect yourself from marriage fraud - Canada.ca"
247:. They have been advised not to offer to publish
193:, to conceal their homosexuality in a so-called
674:. Bellevue Reporter. 2009-10-23. Archived from
2796:
1840:
1363:
562:. UK Government - Home Office. 19 August 2015
300:, marriage entitles the spouse to residency.
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
656:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1157:"Just Say No to Immigration Marriage Fraud"
2962:
2803:
2789:
2781:
2316:
1847:
1833:
1825:
1370:
1356:
1348:
1204:"Red Flags for "Marriage Fraud" in the US"
1178:"Investigating Marriage Fraud in New York"
940:. Minneapolis Star-Tribune. Archived from
438:—in which a sham marriage is the main plot
479:—of which "sham" marriages are a subgroup
360:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
317:was dissolved anyway if it manifested an
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
1329:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
557:"Criminal investigation: sham marriage"
525:
353:is a felony, subject to a penalty of a
957:"Immig officer & sis held in scam"
877:
875:
811:"Bishops act to tackle sham marriages"
649:
257:Home Office hostile environment policy
221:In the UK, sham marriage is a form of
27:False marriage of convenience for gain
860:from the original on 11 December 2022
7:
719:"PrimeTime: Marrying to Avoid Draft"
428:Bogus colleges in the United Kingdom
1020:Bhattacharjee, Sumit (2018-06-15).
846:Wright, Robert (9 September 2018).
25:
977:. Swiss Confederation. 2023-04-01
886:. Center for Immigration Studies.
2763:
2762:
1809:
1808:
1159:. The Law Office of Tanya M. Lee
1110:Damodar, Adv Juhi (2021-09-28).
1022:"Matrimonial frauds on the rise"
882:David Seminara (November 2008).
787:. 17 August 2010. Archived from
488:National Border Targeting Centre
402:
388:
34:
900:. Associated Press. 2007-12-31.
611:Federal Bureau of Investigation
533:Law Offices of Susan V. Perez.
178:rights for one of the spouses.
135:countries, for example the US.
2745:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
1131:Swamy,DHNS, H. M. Chaithanya.
955:Bill Hutchinson (2006-06-08).
582:"Victims of Immigration Fraud"
483:Marriage in the United Kingdom
138:After a period, couples often
1:
2354:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
717:Orvedahl, Reid (2001-02-01).
345:Legislation and investigation
3712:Wedding vow renewal ceremony
911:Scott Glover (2007-12-07).
699:. Seattle Times. 2010-02-19
287:A green card marriage is a
57:, discuss the issue on the
3764:
936:Greg Gordon (1997-09-27).
3239:"Indian" Wedding Blessing
2859:Marriage proposal planner
2818:
2758:
1799:
3667:Maiden and married names
3593:United States and Canada
477:Marriage of convenience
289:marriage of convenience
115:marriage of convenience
3505:Saint Thomas Christian
2342:Chinese ghost marriage
1077:Fernandes, Dr Edmond.
284:
249:banns for any marriage
229:and previously by the
132:
102:
3687:Self-uniting marriage
1443:Intellectual property
372:women's organizations
282:
127:
96:
3132:Wedding ring cushion
470:—a marriage without
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
3702:Wedding anniversary
3433:Pre-wedding customs
3335:Wedding cake topper
3309:Wedding videography
3299:Wedding photography
3269:Pounded rice ritual
2967:Western dress codes
2583:Royal intermarriage
2285:Mystery of Crowning
961:New York Daily news
791:on 22 February 2011
18:Fictitious marriage
3636:Honeymoon registry
3393:Anand Karaj (Sikh)
2914:Stag and doe party
2909:Bachelorette party
2899:Wedding invitation
2449:Marriage allowance
2079:Widow conservation
1856:Types of marriages
1791:White-collar crime
1657:Government-related
1305:2009-10-05 at the
1284:. 5 December 2012.
1266:. 26 October 2012.
1083:The Times of India
1001:www.daijiworld.com
447:Hollywood marriage
335:Judiciary of India
285:
103:
97:Officers from the
3725:
3724:
3717:Womanless wedding
3697:Knobstick wedding
3601:England and Wales
3325:Wedding breakfast
3304:Wedding reception
3244:Jumping the broom
3024:
3023:
3002:Black lounge suit
2874:Banns of marriage
2864:Marriage proposal
2778:
2777:
2512:
2511:
2499:Mixed-orientation
2349:Widow inheritance
2028:Marriage in Islam
2018:Clerical marriage
1822:
1821:
1560:Financial-related
1230:. 9 October 2009.
917:Los Angeles Times
815:homeoffice.gov.uk
769:. 7 January 2010.
423:Beard (companion)
418:Arranged marriage
376:domestic violence
351:immigration fraud
323:inheritance taxes
298:illegal immigrant
223:immigration fraud
195:lavender marriage
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3755:
3707:Wedding crashing
3548:Vőfély (Hungary)
3520:Vőfély (Hungary)
3224:Bedding ceremony
3171:child bridegroom
2963:
2924:Rehearsal dinner
2919:Marriage license
2894:Engagement party
2805:
2798:
2791:
2782:
2766:
2765:
2740:Mail-order bride
2317:
2187:Marriageable age
2001:Eastern Orthodox
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1812:
1811:
1387:Business-related
1372:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1331:47 (2): 343-360.
1286:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1248:. 29 April 2013.
1238:
1232:
1231:
1224:"Marriage fraud"
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983:
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952:
946:
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933:
927:
926:
924:
919:. Archived from
908:
902:
901:
894:
888:
887:
879:
870:
869:
867:
865:
851:
843:
837:
836:
835:. 14 April 2019.
825:
819:
818:
817:. 11 April 2011.
807:
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462:Mail-order bride
412:
407:
406:
398:
393:
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245:to the law there
231:UK Border Agency
160:residence permit
99:UK Border Agency
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3763:
3762:
3758:
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3752:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3692:Shotgun wedding
3645:
3622:
3597:United Kingdom
3563:Myanmar (Burma)
3529:
3490:Poruwa ceremony
3385:
3379:
3313:
3279:Trash the dress
3207:
3140:
3091:
3020:
2954:
2928:
2884:Bridal registry
2879:Wedding planner
2847:
2814:
2809:
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2723:
2703:
2640:
2587:
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2420:
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2215:Sister exchange
2201:
2175:
1967:
1907:Serial monogamy
1863:Legal scenarios
1858:
1853:
1823:
1818:
1795:
1752:honest services
1688:
1652:
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1317:English Studies
1307:Wayback Machine
1295:
1293:Further reading
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3641:Consummation
3423:Brunei Malay
3345:Groom's cake
3340:Cookie table
3330:Wedding cake
3284:Unity candle
3146:Participants
3137:Wishing well
3117:Wedding cord
3084:
3066:Opera gloves
3051:Evening gown
3039:Bridal crown
3034:Contemporary
2945:Gretna Green
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2573:Same-surname
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2074:Self-uniting
2054:
2038:Nikah mut'ah
1939:Nikah mut'ah
1572:lottery scam
1545:
1505:Tech support
1495:Racketeering
1328:
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3573:Philippines
3525:Zoroastrian
3384:By religion
3264:Polterabend
3254:Money dance
3234:First dance
3219:Ahesta Bero
3188:Flower girl
3159:child bride
2992:Semi-formal
2852:Pre-wedding
2833:Handfasting
2655:Concubinage
2626:Interracial
2616:Interethnic
2611:Inter-caste
2549:Consanguine
2477:Watta satta
2426:Convenience
2280:Handfasting
2069:Scientology
2043:Nikah 'urfi
1885:Nikah 'urfi
1722:Faked death
1715:Superdollar
1693:Other types
1633:Overpayment
1599:Credit card
1567:Advance-fee
1473:Health care
1282:thestar.com
1246:thestar.com
312:Switzerland
294:green cards
191:Rock Hudson
187:bisexuality
176:citizenship
123:Home Office
3748:Family law
3732:Categories
3535:By country
3386:or culture
3375:Place card
3370:Loving cup
3212:Traditions
3178:Bridesmaid
3166:Bridegroom
2869:Engagement
2823:Collective
2647:monogamous
2636:Morganatic
2631:Interfaith
2554:Avunculate
2526:Common-law
2444:Green card
2411:Tongyangxi
2327:Posthumous
2268:Ceremonial
2259:Tongyangxi
2116:Prajapatya
1919:Remarriage
1776:Scientific
1638:Securities
1623:Mismarking
1589:Chargeback
1584:Bankruptcy
1423:Employment
1404:Disability
1209:2021-01-02
1163:2012-05-23
1142:2024-08-30
1117:2024-08-30
1096:2024-09-05
1063:2024-08-30
1039:2024-08-30
1006:2024-09-05
981:2023-05-24
721:. ABC News
703:2011-04-11
682:2011-04-11
520:References
434:Green Card
410:Law portal
339:honey-trap
266:registrars
255:Since the
238:Wandsworth
170:Background
3662:Elopement
3628:Honeymoon
3583:Sri Lanka
3408:Ayyavazhi
3203:Officiant
3193:Groomsman
3183:Bridesman
3107:Las arras
3061:Debutante
3056:Ball gown
2997:Black tie
2980:White tie
2950:Las Vegas
2933:Locations
2828:Elopement
2692:Polyandry
2606:Hypergamy
2454:Predatory
2396:Hypergamy
2379:Financial
2295:Las Vegas
2275:Betrothal
2230:Abduction
2152:Ayyavazhi
2144:Paishacha
2123:Gandharva
1994:Josephite
1984:Christian
1972:Religious
1934:Hollywood
1929:Temporary
1880:Customary
1669:Electoral
1613:Insurance
1551:Paternity
1541:Fertility
1478:fertility
1458:Long firm
1378:Types of
1264:cic.gc.ca
1228:cic.gc.ca
1091:0971-8257
1034:0971-751X
1026:The Hindu
725:15 August
451:publicity
164:for money
130:partners.
125:in 2015:
59:talk page
3677:Newlywed
3606:Scotland
3568:Pakistan
3543:Ethiopia
3515:Timorese
3470:Mandaean
3440:Catholic
3249:Lychgate
3198:Page boy
3009:Informal
2959:Clothing
2838:Same-sex
2812:Weddings
2769:Category
2697:Polygyny
2687:Polygamy
2578:Homogamy
2541:Endogamy
2518:De facto
2504:Sororate
2494:Sologamy
2472:Exchange
2434:Lavender
2359:Levirate
2207:Arranged
2137:Rakshasa
2050:Levirate
1989:Catholic
1956:Putative
1951:Voidable
1944:Wedlease
1924:Same-sex
1914:Marriage
1902:Monogamy
1875:Covenant
1814:Category
1700:Affinity
1674:Medicare
1628:Mortgage
1546:Marriage
1510:Slamming
1488:quackery
1463:Odometer
1448:Internet
1399:Cramming
1303:Archived
1182:Ny Times
1058:NDTV.com
858:Archived
795:3 August
767:BBC News
652:cite web
586:voif.org
566:14 April
541:14 April
537:. HG.org
513:Jus soli
382:See also
262:detained
53:You may
3618:Vietnam
3611:history
3588:Ukraine
3553:Iceland
3495:Punjabi
3485:Persian
3455:Islamic
3428:Chinese
3365:Korovai
3274:Pyebaek
3102:Chuppah
3096:Objects
3078:Garters
2750:Walking
2709:Sexless
2593:Exogamy
2531:Plaçage
2337:Germany
2290:Wedding
2254:Shotgun
2089:Vivaaha
2064:Natural
2023:Islamic
1890:Plaçage
1781:Spyware
1764:Romance
1727:Forgery
1705:Charity
1684:Welfare
1664:Benefit
1618:Lottery
1603:carding
1394:Billing
1188:2 April
864:20 June
747:26 June
140:divorce
3578:Russia
3510:Shinto
3500:Quaker
3475:Mormon
3465:Jewish
3445:Hajong
3289:Walima
3086:Casual
2975:Formal
2682:Bigamy
2677:Plural
2559:Cousin
2386:Boston
2365:Yibbum
2332:France
2236:Raptio
2225:Forced
2095:Brahma
2056:Yibbum
2033:Misyar
2011:Quaker
2006:Mormon
1979:Jewish
1594:Cheque
1520:Weight
1500:Return
1433:Fixing
1089:
1032:
642:23 May
616:23 May
591:23 May
496:(film)
436:(film)
368:Canada
202:Israel
3743:Fraud
3650:Other
3558:India
3450:Hindu
3259:Music
3154:Bride
3046:Dress
2843:White
2728:Other
2660:Group
2484:Heqin
2465:Other
2416:Trial
2401:Naked
2391:Flash
2320:Death
2313:basis
2300:Proxy
2244:Heqin
2220:Flash
2192:Child
2170:Manus
2162:Yogic
2157:Vedic
2130:Asura
2109:Arsha
2102:Daiva
2084:Hindu
1897:Fleet
1870:Civil
1786:Vomit
1769:Bride
1608:Forex
1468:Phone
1418:Email
1380:fraud
560:(PDF)
453:value
442:Heqin
329:India
208:Fraud
113:is a
61:, or
3480:Odia
3460:Iyer
3403:Ayie
3398:Arab
3014:Suit
2672:Open
2665:Line
2645:Non-
2489:Love
2439:Sham
2406:Peer
2249:Miai
2197:Teen
1961:Void
1804:list
1759:Scam
1737:Hoax
1679:Visa
1601:and
1579:Bank
1525:Wine
1428:Food
1409:Drug
1190:2013
1087:ISSN
1030:ISSN
866:2019
797:2024
749:2014
727:2023
658:link
644:2018
618:2018
593:2018
568:2019
543:2019
355:US$
2180:Age
1648:Tax
1453:Job
366:In
162:or
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