Field sobriety testing - Knowledge (XXG)

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examined officer training manuals and went on ride-alongs with the DUI or special enforcement teams of several police departments. Burns observed numerous tests which had been devised, adopted, and modified by officers, with no records of origin or validation of the tests. Burns also observed inconsistent practices, such as some departments not using tests at all. Burns compiled a list of around 15 to 20 tests. She conducted a series of pilot studies, statistical analyses, and practical considerations, and reduced this list to three "recommended" tests: the One-Leg Stand, Walk-and-Turn, and Alcohol Gaze Nystagmus. By 1981, officers in the United States began using this battery of standardized sobriety tests to help make decisions about whether to arrest suspected impaired drivers. As the Los Angeles Police Department was among the first to use these field tests, the law enforcement community sometimes referred to them as the "California tests". The tests were used in real-world conditions and reported as being able to determine intoxication above the then-effective

777:. Conditions affecting mobility, physical ailments and age adversely affect performance on FSTs. One of the main problems with the walk-and-turn test is that some of the signs of alcohol impairment may stem from other physical problems. Along with that, there are other signs of physical impairment that can stem from various causes, including fatigue, an injury or illness, and nervousness. Those who are physically inactive, elderly, or obese may have trouble completing the walk-and-turn test without flaw. The NHTSA used to say that those who are 50 pounds or more overweight may have difficulty performing the test, and that the suspect must walk along a real line. Later NHTSA manuals removed the weight comment, and also inserted the phrase 'imaginary line' at the instruction phase, even though original research always used a visible line. The fact that officers are no longer required to provide a line for the suspect to walk along may affect the outcome of the test, and often adds to the scrutiny received from critics. 766:, this is 3.4, a factor considered a slight to moderate probability increase. This factor includes all the officer's observations and judgement during the traffic stop. Studies generally reproduce this likelihood ratio for officer's judgement, ranging from 3.8-4.4. Considering only performance on the SFSTs, a re-analysis of the 1998 data shows that likelihood ratios are highest at 1.50 for 0.05% BAC and 1.87 for 0.01% BAC. In the opinion of the re-analysis authors, these tests are so weak that they do not substantially change the certainty of intoxication beyond the uncertainty of the original guesstimate. 257:(NHTSA) was formed in 1970. In the early 1970s, Marcelline Burns was writing her Ph.D. thesis in psychology, in California, and she was guided to the idea of researching sobriety tests by Herb Moskowitz, her psychology thesis review professor. The NHTSA had issued several requests for proposals (RFPs). Burns submitted a grant proposal in response to an RFP focused on creating standardized pre-arrest tools for police officers to use to decide which drivers were impaired. The NHTSA funded her proposal, and Burns and Moskowitz began the research in 1975. 842:

a second breath test will be taken and used as evidence against the driver when charged with the offence. If a person is suspected to be under the influence of an illegal drug, they will be required to supply a urine sample. If the urine sample is positive, then the urine is sent for more testing to determine the exact drug taken (confirmation of being illegal or prescribed). A similar process to being over the legal BAC level is undertaken using the evidence to penalise the user.

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time they must keep their arms to their side and count each step out loud. While the suspect performs this test, the officer is attempting to observe if the suspect fails to follow instructions; is having difficulty keeping their balance; stops walking in order to regain their balance; takes an incorrect number of steps; or fails to walk the line heel-to-toe.

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for 'probable cause' for an arrest. Evidential tests are performed in the 'arrest' stage, although the terminology may vary. Regardless of the terminology, in order to sustain a conviction based on evidential tests, 'probable cause' must be shown (or the suspect must volunteer to take the evidential test without implied consent requirements being invoked).

1144: 449:> 0.06% at 4–6 clues; a 0.05 – 0.059% at 2–4 clues; a 0.03 – 0.049% at 0–4 clues and a < 0.03% at 0–2 cues or clues. The police may also then check for Vertical Gaze Nystagmus, which is used to test for high blood alcohol levels and/or the presence of certain drugs. 676:

The Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS) is sometimes categorised as part of 'field sobriety testing', although it is not part of the series of performance tests. The PBT (or PAS) uses a portable breath tester, but its primary use is for screening and establishing

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The NHTSA training lists several alternative tests. The term "non-standardized" is used (in contrast to SFSTs), but it is also referenced by the NHTSA as "other sobriety tests". Some of these tests have been scientifically studied and found reliable, while others have not, but in general they do not

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The second test that is usually administered is the Walk and Turn Test, or WAT Test. This test measures the suspect's ability to maintain their balance, walk in a straight line, and follow directions. To perform the test, the suspect will take nine heel-to-toe steps along a straight line during which

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To determine impairment in countries such as Australia, a simple breath or urine test is often taken. If police suspect that a driver is under the influence of a substance such as alcohol, then the driver will undergo a breath test. If over the legal limit of 0.05g per 100 millilitres of blood, then

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Another criticism of standardized field sobriety tests is the statistical evidence behind them, and the ability of the test to actually judge for impairments related to alcohol. One study involved completely sober individuals who were asked to perform the standardized field sobriety tests, and their

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The first test that is typically administered is the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus or HGN test, which is administered by the police officer checking the test subject's eyes. During this test, the officer looks for involuntary jerking of the suspect's eyes as they gaze toward the side. The officer checks

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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed a model system for managing Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) training. They have published several training manuals associated with FSTs. FSTs and SFSTs are promoted as, "used to determine whether a subject is impaired",

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Commentary varies on taking SFSTs in Canada. Some sources, especially official ones, indicate that the SFSTs are mandatory, and required under § 254(2)(a) of the Criminal code, whereas other sources are silent on FST testing. The assertion regarding mandatory compliance with SFSTs is based on

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The NHTSA recommends administering the HGN test as the first of the SFSTs, but does not state the reason. FSTs are voluntary, so consideration is given to encourage suspects to comply with requests to participate in the tests. The HST is characterized by the tester performing a visible activity, so

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In the US, the legal procedure is 'police stop' (Police stop requiring "reasonable suspicion" or another qualified reason for a police stop), 'probable cause', and 'arrest'. FSTs are requested in the 'police stop' phase, and are used to provide tangible evidence sufficient to meet the requirements

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Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test (PBT) may be a condition of probation, and for commercial drivers under "drug screening" requirements. Some US states, notably California, have statutes on the books

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The other standardized test is the One Leg Stand (OLS). The OLS test requires the suspect to stand on one leg for 30 seconds and also measures balance, coordination, and similar to the WAT test, divides the suspect's attention. The officer is looking for any of the four possible clues: Sways while

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During a traffic stop, upon suspicion of DUI, the officer will administer one or more field sobriety tests. FSTs are considered "divided attention tests" that test the suspect's ability to perform the type of mental and physical multitasking that is required to operate an automobile. Nevertheless,

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In most countries, driver's licence suspensions, fines and prison sentences for DUI offenders are used as a deterrent. Anyone who is convicted of driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs can be heavily fined and/or given a prison sentence. In some jurisdictions, impaired drivers

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with no need to prove impairment. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15% or 0.20%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. The US state of Colorado has a

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Burns began by conducting a literature survey. No researchers in the US, including her, had any significant background in roadside testing. Her survey did find research by Pentillä, Tenhu, and Kataja, who did a retrospective study of the 15 tests then in use by Finnish law enforcement. Burns also

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to make people aware of the danger of driving while impaired and the potential fines and criminal charges, discourage impaired driving, and encourage drivers to take taxis or public transport home after using alcohol or drugs. In some jurisdictions, the bar that served an impaired driver may face

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The walk-and-turn test is composed of two phases: the Instruction Phase and Walking Phase. During the test, the individual is directed to take nine steps along a straight line. The individual is supposed to walk heel to toe, and while looking down at a real or imaginary line, count the steps out

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While the original research indicated that 6 out of 6 clues (or cues) meant that a person was more likely above 0.08% at the time of the test, subsequent research conducted by the NHTSA has indicated that a "Hit" occurred when the number of reported signs for a given BAC fell within the range: a

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A suspect requested to participate in a Field Sobriety Test is likely to be told that the purpose is to determine whether the suspect is impaired; however, FST tests are widely regarded as having, as their primary purpose, gaining tangible evidence for use against the suspect. The evidence is

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On the subject of standardization, Burns stated that the tests must be administered in a standardized way in order to have meaning as objective measures. That is, the instructions must be given properly, and the critical elements of the test must be preserved, for the scientific studies to

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scores range from 0.6 to 0.74, which are considered low to abysmal by most but "highly reliable" by some. It is almost impossible to tell whether or not a police officer used proper procedures for administering or judging the field sobriety test when a case is brought to court without

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Traffic accidents are predominantly caused by driving under the influence; for people in Europe between the age of 15 and 29, DUI is one of the main causes of mortality. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration alcohol-related crashes cause approximately US$ 37

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performances were videotaped. "After viewing the 21 videos of sober individuals taking the standardized field tests, the police officers believed that forty-six percent of the individuals had 'too much to drink'". One author alleges that FSD analysis reports do not meet scientific

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support for an arrest and possibly screening, in some jurisdictions, the HGN test may be used as corroborating evidence at the trial stage. US jurisdictions differ on whether trial use of the HGN test requires that an expert establish a reliable foundation, as required under the

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Nevertheless, it is unclear whether there has ever been a prosecution under this interpretation of "failure to comply with a demand" as applied to SFSTs. Canada Criminal Code § 254(1) and (5) addresses this, but only with respect to chemical testing (breath, blood, etc.)

639:, and thus they do not need to be scientifically validated. In Ohio, only the standardized tests will be admitted into evidence, provided they were administered and objectively scored "in substantial compliance" with NHTSA standards (ORC 4511.19(D)(4)(b)). Such tests include: 252:

In the United States, drunk driving laws were enacted as early as 1906. However, prior to the early 1980's, drunk driving was regarded as a "folk crime", routinely committed by both good and bad citizens alike, and the crime was rarely prosecuted successfully. The US

762:(71.1%), which are independent of prevalence, if these are held constant but only 1% of drivers tested had BAC over 0.08%, the arrest accuracy using SFSTs would fall to 3.3% (due to a large number of false arrests) and the overall accuracy to 71.3%. Calculating the 754:, and these are both affected by the prevalence rate. For example, the 1998 NHTSA study reports that the officer's decisions (Figure 4) had an overall accuracy of 90.6%, and an arrest accuracy of 89.7%. But 72% of drivers tested had BAC over 0.08%. Calculating 476:

loud. The test subject's arms must remain at their side. Reaching the ending point, the individual must turn around using a series of small steps, and return to the starting point. The proper instruction, according to the NHTSA Guidelines, is as follows:

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the suspect is less likely to decline at that stage. The completion of one test increases the likelihood that the suspect will participate in follow-up FSTs. The suspect may also perceive the HGN (as administered) as having a scientific foundation.

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In all US jurisdictions, participation in a Field Sobriety Test is voluntary. (Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under

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standards: "The reports for all three studies issued by NHTSA are lacking much of the material and analysis expected in a scientific paper, and none have been published in peer-reviewed journals" (Rubenzer 2008; Rubenzer 2011).

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The use of Field Sobriety Tests (FST) during DUI stops is controversial. One of the common challenges of field sobriety tests is that FSTs are considered subjective - the judgment is left up to the discretion of the police officer.

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Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory.

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demand, by establishing that there is reasonable and probable cause which lies at the "point where credibly-based probability replaces suspicion". It is likely that, if FSTs are being used, some equivalent to

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THE TESTS ARE ADMINISTERED IN THE PRESCRIBED, STANDARDIZED MANNER; THE STANDARDIZED CLUES ARE USED TO ASSESS THE SUSPECT’S PERFORMANCE AND THE STANDARDIZED CRITERIA ARE EMPLOYED TO INTERPRET THAT PERFORMANCE.

1642:, NOLO Press ("As a general rule (and unlike chemical testing), there is no legal penalty for refusing to take these tests although the arresting officer can typically testify as to your refusal in court.") 330:, but rather the police determine whether "clues" are observed during the test. Nevertheless, some of the literature will still include comments that a suspect "fails" one or more of these tests. 326:. The tests were not validated for people with medical conditions, injuries, 65 years or older, and 50 pounds or greater overweight. According to the NHTSA, a suspect does not "pass" or "fail" a 635:

have as much evidence as the SFSTs. Nevertheless, these tests are common in North America, because the primary purpose of FSTs is to establish probable cause to sustain an arrest and invoke the

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or BAC; but this can also be expressed as a breath test measurement, often referred to as a BrAC. A BAC or BrAC measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the

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The statistics used by many of the studies, "arrest accuracy" and "overall accuracy", do not quantify the probability that drivers who fail the SFSTs are impaired. The arrest accuracy measures

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In cases in which a PBT (or PAS) is administered first, the HGN may be administered after completion of other SFSTs, as the purpose of administering the HGN first is obviated by the PBT/PAS.

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The Counting Test (counting backwards from a number ending in a number other than 5 or 0 and stopping at a number ending other than 5 or 0. The series of numbers should be more than 15).

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When you turn on the ninth step, keep your front foot on the line and turn taking several small steps with the other foot (demonstrate) and take 9 heel-to-toe steps back down the line.

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in a straight line). This test is designed to measure a person's ability to follow directions and remember a series of steps while dividing attention between physical and mental tasks.

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United States law on DUI primarily falls under state law, but is still subject to federal Constitutional requirements. Thus, in all jurisdictions, participation in FSTs is voluntary.

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Additionally, their applicability to large segments of the population is limited. As noted above, these tests can be problematic for people with non-obvious disabilities affecting

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off the ground, foot pointed out, both legs straight and look at the elevated foot. Count out loud in the following manner: 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004 and so on until told to stop.

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The One-Leg Stand test is composed of two stages: the Instruction Phase and Balancing Phase. The proper instruction, according to the NHTSA Guidelines, is as follows:

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Ensure you look at your feet, count each step out loud, keep your arms at your side, ensure you touch heel-to-toe and do not stop until you have completed the test.

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In Canada, PBT refusal may be considered a 'refusal' offense under Canada Criminal Code § 254. The status of PBT refusal in Australia is unclear, although in

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of those statutes has not been tested. (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise not engaging in discussion or "justifying" a refusal with the police.)

254: 1772: 1165: 1005: 278:" ("reasonable grounds" in Canada). A secondary purpose, is to provide supporting corroborative tangible evidence for use against the suspect for use at trial. 191:), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely. People who receive multiple DUI offenses are often people struggling with 487:

Put your left foot on the line, then place your right foot on the line ahead of your left, with the heel of your right foot against the toe of your left foot.

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for three clues in each eye, which gives six clues for this test. The clues are: lack of smooth pursuit of the eyes, distinct and sustained

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meaningfully validate the results of the tests. Up through 2009, NHTSA manuals stated: (emphasis and capitalization as originally supplied)

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If the suspect does not understand some part of the instructions, only the part in which the suspect does not understand should be repeated

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who injure or kill another person while driving may face heavier penalties. In addition, many countries have prevention campaigns that use

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An Act Defining Motor Vehicles and Providing for the Registration of Same, 1906 N.J. Laws ch. 113, §§ 19, 35, p. 177, 186 (April 12, 1906)

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The Preliminary Alcohol Screening Test, PAS Test or PBT, (breathe into a "portable or preliminary breath tester", PAS Test or PBT).

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recordings. For example, an officer may have had some bias towards a suspect and judged the test more critically than necessary.

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in Canada) as a prerequisite for requiring a chemical blood alcohol test. FSTs are generally regarded as a curiosity elsewhere.

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The three tests chosen to constitute the "Standardized Field Sobriety Tests" (SFSTs), which have been validated by NHTSA, are:

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When I tell you to begin, take 9 heel-to-toe steps on the line (demonstrate) and take 9 heel-to-toe steps back down the line.

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There are six cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test, they are as follows:

1953: 646:, or the Modified-Position-of-Attention Test, (feet together, head back, eyes closed for thirty seconds, measure swaying). 241: 228: 1198: 346:

Test, which involves following an object with the eyes (such as a pen) to determine characteristic eye movement reaction.

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or the equivalent, in some jurisdictions, FST performance can be introduced as corroborating evidence of impairment.

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There are eight cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the Walk & Turn Test; they are as follows:

3084: 3047: 2825: 2076: 1968: 1605:"The high reported accuracy of the standardized field sobriety test is a property of the statistic not of the test" 851: 686: 171:, referred to as Driving Under the Influence (DUI), or Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), is the crime of driving a 2983: 2649: 2538: 2091: 2000: 1943: 747: 604:

There are four cues or clues that a police officer is looking for on the One-Leg Stand Test; they are as follows:

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in damages annually. DUI and alcohol-related crashes produce an estimated US$ 45 billion in damages every year.

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There are some reports that refusal to submit to an SFST can result in the same penalties as impaired driving.

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important in the establishment of probable cause for arrest. Since 'probable cause' is necessary under US law (

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The Finger Count Test (touch each finger of hand to thumb counting with each touch (1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1)).

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Similar considerations apply under the Canadian requirement to establish "reasonable grounds" for making an

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Walking the Line: Understanding the History and Development of the NHTSA Standardized Field Sobriety Tests

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but FST tests are widely regarded having, as their primary purpose, establishing tangible evidence of "

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The Finger-to-Nose Test (tip head back, eyes closed, touch the tip of nose with tip of index finger).

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Alcohol and Drug Impaired Driving - Tests, Criminal Charges, Penalties, Suspensions and Prohibitions

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IF ANY ONE OF THE STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TEST ELEMENTS IS CHANGED, THE VALIDITY IS COMPROMISED.

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civil liability. In some countries, non-profit advocacy organizations, a well-known example being

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Breathalyzer § Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)

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at the eyes' maximum deviation and nystagmus starting before the eyes reach 45 degrees.

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Validation of the standardized field sobriety test battery at BACs below 0.10 percent

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Most law enforcement agencies use this three-test battery on all DUI traffic stops.

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Improperly or Illegally Obtained Evidence: The Exclusionary Evidence Rule in Canada

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these tests can be problematic for people with non-obvious disabilities affecting

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see "Phase III—Pre-arrest Screening and Administration of Field Sobriety Tests"

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The Standardized Field Sobriety Tests: A Review of Scientific and Legal Issues

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The Alphabet Test (recite all or part of the alphabet, forwards or backwards).

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When I tell you to, I want you to raise one leg, either one, approximately 6

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DWI Detection and Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) Participant Manual

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Stuster, Jack; Burns, Marcelline (March 1999). Anacapa Sciences, inc (ed.).

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is necessary to sustain a conviction based on a demand for a chemical test.

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What are my rights if the police think I’ve been taking drugs and driving?

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Preliminary Breath Test (PBT) or Preliminary Alcohol Screening test (PAS)

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are primarily used in national states that require the police establish

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Stand with your feet together and your arms at your side (demonstrate).

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Back to the basics: Challenging the accuracy of field sobriety tests

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balancing, uses arms for balance, hopping and puts their foot down.

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DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test

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DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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Development and field test of psychophysical tests for DWI arrest

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Keep your head still and follow the stimulus with your eyes only.

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requirements or to establish "reasonable grounds" for making an

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IT IS NECESSARY TO EMPHASIZE THIS VALIDATION APPLIES ONLY WHEN:

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).

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The use of field sobriety tests in drunk driving enforcement

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The use of field sobriety tests in drunk driving enforcement

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I am going to check your eyes. (Please remove your glasses)

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NHTSA: Standardized Field Sobriety Tests Powerpoint slides

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Drunk driving in the United States § Issues with FSTs

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penalizing PBT refusal for drivers under 21; however the

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Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

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Impaired driving in Canada § Field_sobriety_tests

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Do you understand? (must receive affirmative response)

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Distinct and sustained nystagmus and maximum deviation

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Search and Seizure Field Guide, Wash. Cty., OR (2008)

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Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

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The Robustness of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test

1365:"Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus: The Science and the Law" 147:) are primarily used in the United States, to meet " 3151: 3105: 3075: 2999: 2883: 2727: 2699: 2592: 2583: 2549:

List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

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Admissibility of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evidence

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Instructor Guide - DWI Detection and SFST Refresher

704:it appears to mandate submission to PBTs under the 1810:Stops and Arrests - American Civil Liberties Union 1739:, Steps to Justice (advises that FST is mandatory) 1715:. Australian Drug Foundation. 2014. Archived from 1681:. Australian Drug Foundation. 2014. Archived from 1447:for test results "generally accepted as reliable". 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 2554:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States 1959:Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism 1175:, Aug-1998 (Contract No. DTNH22-95-C-05192) 305:While the primary purpose of FSTs is to document 1773:What must I legally do when police pull me over? 1635: 1633: 1603:Kane, Greg; Kane, Elizabeth (29 November 2021). 1459:"Standardized Field Sobriety Testing Procedures" 1330:, American Prosecutors Research Institute (2002) 1283:, Idaho Prosecuting Attorneys Association (2015) 2936:Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility 1064: 1062: 1049:, Jun-1977, (Contract No. DOT-HS-5-01242) 982:(Thesis). University of Southern Florida Tampa. 366: 1093:, Mar-1981 (Contract No. DOT-HS-8-01970) 255:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1833: 1251: 1249: 915:(Alonso, Pastor, Montoro & Esteban, 2015) 798:) to sustain an arrest and invocation of the 624:Total cues: 4 cues – Decision point: 2/4 cues 553:Total cues: 8 cues – Decision point: 2/8 cues 443:Total Cues: 6 Cues - Decision Point: 4/6 Cues 286:) to sustain an arrest and invocation of the 43:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 2498:International Women's Collaboration Brew Day 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1484:"Traffic laws - Operation of motor vehicles" 1354:, "Defender Training" 2017 Spring Conference 401:Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Instructions (HGN) 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1519:Refusing a Breath Test in Western Australia 1340: 1338: 1336: 1292:Hunter et al. v. Southam Inc at p. 114, 115 1266: 1264: 3139:Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 2709:List of countries with alcohol prohibition 2589: 1863: 1840: 1826: 1818: 2041:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption 1585: 1583: 1508:'Criminal Code', RSC 1985, c C-46, s 254. 677:probable cause for arrest, to invoke the 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 790:requirements are considered mandatory.) 27:Battery of tests used by police officers 2679:Legal drinking age in the United States 1464:. New Jersey (US) police reference card 908: 750:, while the overall accuracy is called 581:Maintain position until told otherwise. 490:Do not start until I tell you to do so. 1749:Breathalyzer and roadside tests (Ont.) 1211: 1209: 1207: 526:Can’t keep balance during instructions 437:Onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees 127:to determine if a person suspected of 2662:List of dry communities by U.S. state 1703: 1701: 1699: 1669: 1667: 7: 2175:List of methanol poisoning incidents 422:Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Evaluation 387:Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus Test (HGN) 2896:Alcohol consumption recommendations 2821:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day 1591:Standardized Field Sobriety Testing 1118:. U.S. Department of Transportation 1042:Psychophysical Tests for DWI Arrest 1004:Dichter, Jonathan; Kapsack, Bruce. 976:Gurney, Jon D. (12 November 2021). 952:. ABCActionNews.com. Archived from 591:Do you understand the instructions? 505:Do you understand the instructions? 416:Do you understand the instructions? 2620:Alcohol packaging warning messages 2232:Alcohol use among college students 1894:Drunk driving in the United States 1084:V. Tharp, M. Burns, H. Moskowitz, 229:drivers who have consumed cannabis 123:), are a battery of tests used by 25: 3179:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 3159:Index of alcohol-related articles 2602:Administrative License Suspension 334:Standardized Field Sobriety Tests 117:standardized field sobriety tests 3212: 3211: 2613:Alcoholic beverage control state 2409:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate 1216:Standardized Field Sobriety Test 1142: 1010:. James Publishing. Appendix B. 888: 34: 2222:Alcohol in association football 572:One-Leg Stand test instructions 481:Walk-and-Turn test instructions 452:While the purpose is obtaining 2434:List of deaths through alcohol 2252:Epidemiology of binge drinking 2056:Subjective response to alcohol 1: 2919:Sweat alcohol content monitor 1954:Alcoholism in rural Australia 1675:"Blood alcohol concentration" 1225:, AAA (US) "DUI Justice Link" 1047:DOT HS 802 424 1040:M. Burns & H. Moskowitz, 600:One-Leg Stand Test evaluation 517:Walk-and-Turn test evaluation 242:Mothers Against Drunk Driving 2842:Adult Children of Alcoholics 2630:Drunk driving law by country 2046:Long-term effects of alcohol 1964:Disease theory of alcoholism 1949:Alcoholism in family systems 1939:Alcohol and Native Americans 1792:(full text of criminal code) 1535:search for "preliminary test 1369:Department of Transportation 1240:, 2000-R-0873 (9-Nov-2000); 781:Field sobriety test refusals 775:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) 324:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) 3243:Driving under the influence 2569:International whisk(e)y day 1883:Driving under the influence 1274:Field Sobriety Tests Review 282:is necessary under US law ( 263:blood alcohol concentration 57:, discuss the issue on the 3259: 3085:Christian views on alcohol 2691:List of alcohol laws of US 1969:High-functioning alcoholic 1074:, 2000-R-0873 (9-Nov-2000) 1007:Innovative DUI Trial Tools 849: 715: 669: 3207: 2984:Alcoholic spirits measure 2969:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 2650:Ignition interlock device 2539:Drunken monkey hypothesis 2372:Routes of administration 2001:Alcohol congener analysis 1944:Alcoholism in adolescence 1808:, distributed by ACLU as 1612:Law, Probability and Risk 827:probable cause for arrest 748:positive predictive value 547:Incorrect number of steps 276:probable cause for arrest 223:maximum blood content of 149:probable cause for arrest 1235:Connecticut OLR report, 1173:DOT HS-808 839 1091:DOT HS-805 864 1069:Connecticut OLR report, 712:Limitations and accuracy 559:One Leg Stand test (OLS) 467:Walk and Turn Test (WAT) 349:The Walk-and-Turn Test ( 187:and those prescribed by 153:alcohol-impaired driving 3164:Alcohol and spaceflight 2906:Alcohol server training 2779:Managed alcohol program 2357:Binge drinking devices 2051:Pharmacology of ethanol 1399:NHTSA, "Session VIII", 1131:unframed "print" format 725:Inter-rater reliability 594:You may begin the test. 115:), also referred to as 2769:Alcohol rehabilitation 2737:Alcohol detoxification 2640:Field sobriety testing 2525:Health effects of wine 2493:International Beer Day 2257:Holiday heart syndrome 1201:, NHTSA (rev. 10/2015) 1166:J. Stuster, M. Burns, 431:Lack of smooth pursuit 413:Do not move your head. 384: 356:The One-Leg-Stand Test 105: 3021:Disulfiram-like drugs 2561:Ritual use of alcohol 2530:Wine and food pairing 2515:Apéritif and digestif 2166:Adulterated moonshine 2013:Blood alcohol content 1975:Seeing pink elephants 1531:Road Traffic Act 1974 706:Road Traffic Act 1974 609:Sways while balancing 541:Uses arms for balance 216:blood alcohol content 96: 3090:Alcohol in the Bible 3077:Religion and alcohol 3043:General anaesthetics 2836:Alcoholics Anonymous 2794:List of mixed drinks 2247:Alcohol intoxication 2162:Adulterated alcohol 1429:" (September, 2007). 1256:Field Sobriety Tests 1179:alt. link, photocopy 612:Uses arms to balance 342:The Horizontal Gaze 131:is intoxicated with 109:Field sobriety tests 63:create a new article 55:improve this article 3169:Gateway drug effect 2955:Low-alcohol drinks 2784:Non-alcoholic drink 2719:Temperance movement 2701:Alcohol prohibition 2424:Gilbert Paul Jordan 2414:Dionysian Mysteries 2198:on college campuses 2193:Alcohol advertising 1911:Public intoxication 1624:10.1093/lpr/mgab004 1593:, Patrick T. Barone 1488:Ohio Laws and Rules 818:National procedures 800:implied consent law 683:approved instrument 637:implied consent law 328:field sobriety test 295:approved instrument 288:implied consent law 98:Sobriety checkpoint 18:Field sobriety test 3001:Addiction medicine 2944:Get Your Sexy Back 2884:Alcohol limitation 2860:Sober living house 2826:Twelve-step groups 2759:Brief intervention 2752:Open-container law 2714:Neo-prohibitionism 2674:Legal drinking age 2480:Alcoholic beverage 2381:Alcohol inhalation 2296:Drinking in public 2274:Blackout Wednesday 2132:Beverage-specific 1849:Alcohol and health 1521:, gotocourt.com.au 1425:2016-10-18 at the 1350:2018-11-23 at the 1326:2017-09-19 at the 1307:2018-04-01 at the 1279:2018-06-15 at the 1221:2018-06-15 at the 1138:2020-07-31 at the 831:reasonable grounds 535:Misses heel-to-toe 197:alcohol dependence 185:recreational drugs 175:while impaired by 106: 3225: 3224: 3147: 3146: 3097:Islam and alcohol 3031:Calcium carbimide 2901:Alcohol education 2789:List of cocktails 2764:Designated driver 2742:Alcohol-free zone 2645:Hip flask defence 2579: 2578: 2520:Hangover remedies 2464:Whiskey Rebellion 2454:Six o'clock swill 2242:Austrian syndrome 2181:Surrogate alcohol 2171:Denatured alcohol 2143:Red wine headache 1795:(full text, .pdf) 1561:see, e.g., p. 295 1017:978-1-949517-37-8 702:Western Australia 695:Constitutionality 91: 90: 83: 65:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 3250: 3215: 3214: 3014:Chlordiazepoxide 2964:Low-alcohol beer 2608:Alcohol monopoly 2590: 2510:Drinking culture 2503:Women in brewing 2386:Vodka eyeballing 2353:Passive drinking 1864: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1819: 1812: 1803: 1797: 1789:Canada Code §254 1786: 1780: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1705: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1671: 1662: 1656: 1643: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1609: 1600: 1594: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1563: 1551: 1538: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1463: 1454: 1448: 1436: 1430: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1408:, pp. 18–19 1407: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1361: 1355: 1342: 1331: 1318: 1312: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1268: 1259: 1253: 1244: 1232: 1226: 1213: 1202: 1196: 1183: 1163: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1107: 1101: 1081: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1037: 1022: 1021: 1001: 984: 983: 973: 967: 964: 958: 957: 946: 940: 939: 937: 936: 922: 916: 913: 898: 893: 892: 764:likelihood ratio 220:criminal offense 210:With alcohol, a 169:Impaired driving 164:Impaired driving 129:impaired driving 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 38: 37: 30: 21: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3203: 3184:Self-medication 3143: 3101: 3071: 3009:Benzodiazepines 2995: 2879: 2865:Sobering center 2850:Sober companion 2831:Al-Anon/Alateen 2723: 2695: 2585: 2575: 2468: 2397: 2337:In vino veritas 2331:Hair of the dog 2149: 2065:Adverse effects 2060: 2029: 1979: 1925: 1869: 1868:Alcohol-related 1859: 1851: 1846: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1800: 1787: 1783: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1720: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1686: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1657: 1646: 1638: 1631: 1607: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1581: 1570: 1566: 1552: 1541: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1437: 1433: 1427:Wayback Machine 1417: 1413: 1405: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1378: 1376: 1375:on 23 June 2018 1363: 1362: 1358: 1352:Wayback Machine 1343: 1334: 1328:Wayback Machine 1319: 1315: 1309:Wayback Machine 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1281:Wayback Machine 1269: 1262: 1254: 1247: 1233: 1229: 1223:Wayback Machine 1214: 1205: 1197: 1186: 1171:, NHTSA report 1164: 1155: 1143: 1140:Wayback Machine 1121: 1119: 1109: 1108: 1104: 1089:, NHTSA report 1082: 1078: 1067: 1060: 1045:, NHTSA report 1038: 1025: 1018: 1003: 1002: 987: 975: 974: 970: 965: 961: 948: 947: 943: 934: 932: 924: 923: 919: 914: 910: 905: 894: 887: 873: 854: 848: 839: 820: 808: 788:implied consent 783: 720: 714: 679:implied consent 674: 668: 632: 561: 529:Starts too soon 469: 389: 336: 315: 271: 269:Use and Purpose 250: 166: 161: 125:police officers 87: 76: 70: 67: 52: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3256: 3254: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3199:French paradox 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3081: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3055:Sulfonic acids 3052: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2989:Standard drink 2986: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2953: 2951:Liquor license 2948: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2823: 2818: 2816:Temperance bar 2813: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2522: 2517: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2237:Binge drinking 2234: 2229: 2227:Alcohol powder 2224: 2219: 2217:Alcohol myopia 2214: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2130: 2125: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2025:Wine chemistry 2022: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2005: 2004: 2003: 1993: 1991:Beer chemistry 1987: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1798: 1781: 1777:Globe and Mail 1765: 1753: 1751:, legalline.ca 1741: 1729: 1709:"Drug testing" 1695: 1663: 1644: 1629: 1595: 1579: 1564: 1539: 1523: 1511: 1500: 1475: 1449: 1431: 1411: 1391: 1356: 1332: 1313: 1294: 1285: 1260: 1245: 1227: 1203: 1184: 1153: 1102: 1076: 1058: 1023: 1016: 985: 968: 959: 956:on 2014-11-11. 941: 917: 907: 906: 904: 901: 900: 899: 872: 869: 847: 844: 838: 835: 819: 816: 807: 804: 782: 779: 771:proprioception 713: 710: 667: 664: 663: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 631: 628: 627: 626: 620: 619: 618:Puts foot down 616: 613: 610: 606: 605: 602: 596: 595: 592: 589: 582: 579: 575: 574: 560: 557: 556: 555: 549: 548: 545: 542: 539: 538:Steps off line 536: 533: 530: 527: 523: 522: 519: 513: 512: 509: 508:You may begin. 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 484: 483: 468: 465: 454:probable cause 446: 445: 439: 438: 435: 432: 428: 427: 424: 418: 417: 414: 411: 408: 404: 403: 388: 385: 383: 382: 377: 358: 357: 354: 347: 335: 332: 320:proprioception 314: 311: 307:probable cause 300:probable cause 280:Probable cause 270: 267: 249: 246: 165: 162: 160: 157: 89: 88: 49:of the subject 47:worldwide view 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3255: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3174:Mood disorder 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3048:Nitrous oxide 3046: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2959:Fermented tea 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2855:Sober curious 2853: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2544:Ladies' night 2542: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2444:Rum Rebellion 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2376:Alcohol enema 2374: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2326:Flaming drink 2324: 2322: 2321:Dutch courage 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2306:Drunk walking 2304: 2302: 2301:Drunk dialing 2299: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2279:Drinking game 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2188:Alcohol abuse 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2155:Social issues 2152: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2092:breast cancer 2090: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2020:Fusel alcohol 2018: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1889:Drunk driving 1887: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1719:on 2015-04-16 1718: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1685:on 2015-04-16 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271:accord, p. 29 1267: 1265: 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