361:"As part of Japan's effort to become a leader in the computer industry, the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology has launched a revolutionary ten-year plan for the development of large computer systems which will be applicable to knowledge information processing systems. These Fifth Generation computers will be built around the concepts of logic programming. In order to refute the accusation that Japan exploits knowledge from abroad without contributing any of its own, this project will stimulate original research and will make its results available to the international research community."
43:
508:
stopped funding large-scale computer research projects, and the research momentum developed by the FGCS Project dissipated. However MITI/ICOT embarked on a neural-net project which some called the Sixth
Generation Project in the 1990s, with a similar level of funding. Per-year spending was less than
346:
At the time typical workstation machines were capable of about 100k LIPS. They proposed to build this machine over a ten-year period, 3 years for initial R&D, 4 years for building various subsystems, and a final 3 years to complete a working prototype system. In 1982 the government decided to go
653:
In summary, the Fifth-Generation project was revolutionary, and accomplished some basic research that anticipated future research directions. Many papers and patents were published. MITI established a committee which assessed the performance of the FGCS Project as having made major contributions in
194:
Third generation: Integrated circuits (silicon chips containing multiple transistors). 1964. A pioneering example is the ACPX module used in the IBM 360/91, which, by stacking layers of silicon over a ceramic substrate, accommodated over 20 transistors per chip; the chips could be packed together
186:
Second generation: Transistors. 1956. The era of miniaturization begins. Transistors are much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, and generate less heat. Discrete transistors are soldered to circuit boards, with interconnections accomplished by stencil-screened conductive patterns on the
509:
1% of the entire R&D expenditure of the electronics and communications equipment industry. For example, the project's highest expenditure year was 7.2 million yen in 1991, but IBM alone spent 1.5 billion dollars (370 billion yen) in 1982, while the industry spent 2150 billion yen in 1990.
464:
world during the 1980s, the
Japanese had developed a strong reputation. The launch of the FGCS project spread the belief that parallel computing was the future of all performance gains, producing a wave of apprehension in the computer field. Soon parallel projects were set up in the US as the
271:
Throughout these multiple generations up to the 1970s, Japan built computers following U.S. and
British leads. In the mid-1970s, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry stopped following western leads and started looking into the future of computing on a small scale. They asked the
654:
computing, in particular eliminating bottlenecks in parallel processing software and the realization of intelligent interactive processing based on large knowledge bases. However, the committee was strongly biased to justify the project, so this overstates the actual results.
808:
622:
Another problem was that existing CPU performance quickly overcame the barriers that experts anticipated in the 1980s, and the value of parallel computing dropped to the point where it was for some time used only in niche situations. Although a number of
276:(JIPDEC) to indicate a number of future directions, and in 1979 offered a three-year contract to carry out more in-depth studies along with industry and academia. It was during this period that the term "fifth-generation computer" started to be used.
719:
It appears, however, that these new technologies do not cite FGCS research. It is not clear if FGCS was leveraged to facilitate these developments in any significant way. No significant impact of FGCS on the computing industry has been demonstrated.
883:
Shapiro E. A subset of
Concurrent Prolog and its interpreter, ICOT Technical Report TR-003, Institute for New Generation Computer Technology, Tokyo, 1983. Also in Concurrent Prolog: Collected Papers, E. Shapiro (ed.), MIT Press, 1987, Chapter
167:. While earlier generations focused on increasing the number of logic elements within a single CPU, it was widely believed at the time that the fifth generation would achieve enhanced performance through the use of massive numbers of CPUs.
322:
The aim was to build parallel computers for artificial intelligence applications using concurrent logic programming. The project imagined an "epoch-making" computer with supercomputer-like performance running on top of large
425:. The statement proved in a computation is an existential statement. The proof is constructive, and provides values for the existentially quantified variables: these values constitute the output of the computation.
478:
657:
Many of the themes seen in the Fifth-Generation project are now being re-interpreted in current technologies, as the hardware limitations foreseen in the 1980s were finally reached in the 2000s. When
611:
and problem solving language for AI applications. This never happened cleanly; a number of languages were developed, all with their own limitations. In particular, the committed choice feature of
641:
The FGCS workstations had no appeal in a market where general purpose systems could replace and outperform them. This is parallel to the Lisp machine market, where rule-based systems such as
136:. Although FGCS was ahead of its time, its ambitious goals ultimately led to commercial failure. However, on a theoretical level, the project significantly contributed to the development of
552:
The FGCS project and its findings contributed greatly to the development of the concurrent logic programming field. The project produced a new generation of promising
Japanese researchers.
470:
291:, particularly in its written form, presented and still presents obstacles for computers. As a result of these hurdles, MITI held a conference to seek assistance from experts.
627:
of increasing capacity were designed and built over the project's lifespan, they generally found themselves soon outperformed by "off the shelf" units available commercially.
351:(ICOT) through joint investment with various Japanese computer companies. After the project ended, MITI would consider an investment in a new "sixth generation" project.
541:
written in Prolog. Shapiro's work on
Concurrent Prolog inspired a change in the direction of the FGCS from focusing on parallel implementation of Prolog to the focus on
545:
as the software foundation for the project. It also inspired the concurrent logic programming language
Guarded Horn Clauses (GHC) by Ueda, which was the basis of
505:
121:
967:
564:(PIM) were eventually produced: PIM/m, PIM/p, PIM/i, PIM/k, PIM/c. The project also produced applications to run on these systems, such as the parallel
175:
In the late 1960s until the early 1970s, there was much talk about "generations" of computer hardware, then usually organized into three generations.
537:
as its basic control mechanisms. Shapiro described the language in a Report marked as ICOT Technical Report 003, which presented a
Concurrent Prolog
607:
A primary problem was the choice of concurrent logic programming as the bridge between the parallel computer architecture and the use of logic as a
132:. The project aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and to establish a platform for future advancements in
612:
534:
260:
224:
908:
638:
enabled locally stored databases to become distributed; and even simple research projects provided better real-world results in data mining.
597:. The highly parallel computer architecture was eventually surpassed in speed by less specialized hardware (for example, Sun workstations and
868:
238:
214:
61:
53:
273:
79:
504:
The project ran from 1982 to 1994, spending a little less than ¥57 billion (about US$ 320 million) total. After the FGCS Project,
987:
482:
195:
onto a circuit board to achieve unprecedented logic densities. The IBM 360/91 was a hybrid second and third-generation computer.
490:
264:
242:
179:
First generation: Thermionic vacuum tubes. Mid-1940s. IBM pioneered the arrangement of vacuum tubes in pluggable modules. The
466:
228:
549:, the programming language that was finally designed and implemented by the FGCS project as its core programming language.
370:
The target defined by the FGCS project was to develop "Knowledge
Information Processing systems" (roughly meaning, applied
203:) or mechanical relays (such as the Mark I), and the post-third-generation computers based on Very Large Scale Integrated (
962:
594:
144:
526:
137:
125:
977:
525:, a novel programming language that integrated logic programming and concurrent programming. Concurrent Prolog is a
982:
565:
332:
283:, the automotive industry, consumer electronics, and computer memory. MITI decided that the future was going to be
561:
608:
578:
246:
110:
828:"Research consortia as a vehicle for basic research: The case of a fifth generation computer project in Japan"
339:. They envisioned building a prototype machine with performance between 100M and 1G LIPS, where a LIPS is a
569:
538:
441:
371:
279:
Prior to the 1970s, MITI guidance had successes such as an improved steel industry, the creation of the oil
133:
972:
284:
701:
662:
445:
437:
457:
429:
939:
378:. Logic programming approach as was characterized by Maarten Van Emden – one of its founders – as:
428:
Logic programming was thought of as something that unified various gradients of computer science (
931:
827:
790:
685:
677:
336:
199:
Omitted from this taxonomy is the "zeroth-generation" computer based on metal gears (such as the
160:
615:
interfered with the logical semantics of the languages. The project found that the benefits of
864:
616:
573:
542:
375:
288:
232:
129:
101:
31:
923:
858:
839:
780:
666:
218:
582:
422:
143:
The term "fifth generation" was chosen to emphasize the system's advanced nature. In the
17:
670:
302:
164:
843:
147:, there had been four prior "generations" of computers: the first generation utilized
956:
705:
935:
645:
could run on general-purpose computers, making expensive Lisp machines unnecessary.
794:
689:
590:
518:
418:
354:
737:
630:
The project also failed to incorporate outside innovations. During its lifespan,
589:
The FGCS Project did not meet with commercial success for reasons similar to the
658:
624:
494:
280:
148:
693:
681:
461:
328:
152:
708:
companies like Nvidia and AMD began introducing large parallel systems like
433:
417:
The Axioms typically used are universal axioms of a restricted form, called
341:
673:
about the periodic doubling of transistor counts) began to be threatened.
785:
768:
635:
530:
444:). It seemed that logic programming was a key missing connection between
324:
188:
927:
697:
498:
254:
200:
180:
713:
522:
486:
294:
The primary fields for investigation from this initial project were:
894:
642:
598:
474:
250:
156:
826:
Odagiri, Hiroyuki; Nakamura, Yoshiaki; Shibuya, Minorul (1997).
709:
479:
European
Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology
204:
631:
601:
546:
36:
30:
Not to be confused with the fifth-generation computer project
809:"The semantics of predicate logic as a programming language."
357:
captured the rationale and motivations driving this project:
301:
Computer technologies to process large-scale data bases and
210:
There was also a parallel set of generations for software:
665:
and other problems became more important. The ability of
392:
More technically, it can be summed up in two equations:
298:
Inference computer technologies for knowledge processing
120:) was a 10-year initiative launched in 1982 by Japan's
382:
The use of logic to express information in a computer.
115:
669:
to produce ever-faster single CPU systems (linked to
388:
The use of logical inference to solve these problems.
471:
Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation
860:
Prolog and its Applications: A Japanese perspective
661:of CPUs began to move into the 3–5 GHz range,
385:
The use of logic to present problems to a computer.
688:at the high end. Ordinary consumer machines and
349:Institute for New Generation Computer Technology
807:Van Emden, Maarten H., and Robert A. Kowalski.
274:Japan Information Processing Development Center
769:"The fifth generation project — a trip report"
374:). The chosen tool to implement this goal was
335:to define and access the data using massively
895:Inconsistency Robustness in Logic Programming
619:were largely negated using committed choice.
8:
347:ahead with the project, and established the
310:Distributed functional computer technologies
122:Ministry of International Trade and Industry
692:began to have parallel processors like the
676:In the early 21st century, many flavors of
762:
760:
586:, as well as bioinformatics applications.
483:European Computer‐Industry Research Centre
313:Super-computers for scientific calculation
821:
819:
817:
784:
754:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987)
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
811:Journal of the ACM 23.4 (1976): 733-742.
729:
613:concurrent constraint logic programming
857:MIZOGUCHI, FUMIO (14 December 2013).
738:"Roger Clarke's Software Generations"
517:In 1982, during a visit to the ICOT,
448:and parallel computer architectures.
124:(MITI) to develop computers based on
7:
634:became mainstream in computers; the
533:synchronization and guarded-command
267:(such as object-oriented languages).
968:History of artificial intelligence
52:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
684:architectures at the low-end and
191:was a second-generation computer.
94:Fifth Generation Computer Systems
680:began to proliferate, including
411:Proof of a statement from axioms
265:high-level programming languages
243:high-level programming languages
183:was a first-generation computer.
62:guide to writing better articles
41:
907:Hendler, James (1 March 2008).
460:field during the 1970s and the
229:Low-level programming languages
467:Strategic Computing Initiative
1:
844:10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00008-5
686:massively parallel processing
337:parallel computing/processing
327:(as opposed to a traditional
307:High-performance workstations
145:history of computing hardware
27:Five generation of a computer
909:"Avoiding Another AI Winter"
752:The Fifth Generation Fallacy
543:concurrent logic programming
513:Concurrent logic programming
456:After having influenced the
138:concurrent logic programming
126:massively parallel computing
562:Parallel Inference Machines
116:
1004:
566:database management system
489:, a collaboration between
333:logic programming language
29:
773:Communications of the ACM
767:Shapiro, Ehud Y. (1983).
527:process oriented language
481:(ESPRIT), as well as the
105:
18:Fifth Generation Computer
916:IEEE Intelligent Systems
863:. Springer. p. ix.
609:knowledge representation
579:automated theorem prover
988:Supercomputing in Japan
477:, and in Europe as the
442:artificial intelligence
372:Artificial Intelligence
134:artificial intelligence
56:used on Knowledge (XXG)
570:legal reasoning system
363:
285:information technology
60:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
786:10.1145/358172.358179
663:CPU power dissipation
446:knowledge engineering
438:computer architecture
359:
963:Classes of computers
945:on 12 February 2012.
521:invented Concurrent
473:(MCC), in the UK as
458:consumer electronics
430:software engineering
928:10.1109/MIS.2008.20
750:J. Marshall Unger,
263:: "Non-procedural"
161:integrated circuits
117:daigosedai konpyūta
978:Parallel computing
678:parallel computing
556:Commercial failure
187:reverse side. The
163:; and the fourth,
983:Research projects
870:978-1-4899-7144-9
649:Ahead of its time
617:logic programming
595:Thinking Machines
529:, which embodies
376:logic programming
366:Logic programming
342:Logical Inference
289:Japanese language
261:Fourth generation
233:Assembly language
225:Second generation
130:logic programming
114:
90:
89:
82:
54:encyclopedic tone
16:(Redirected from
995:
947:
946:
944:
938:. Archived from
913:
904:
898:
891:
885:
881:
875:
874:
854:
848:
847:
823:
812:
805:
799:
798:
788:
764:
755:
748:
742:
741:
734:
423:definite-clauses
239:Third generation
219:Machine language
215:First generation
119:
109:
107:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
64:for suggestions.
45:
44:
37:
21:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
996:
994:
993:
992:
953:
952:
951:
950:
942:
911:
906:
905:
901:
892:
888:
882:
878:
871:
856:
855:
851:
832:Research Policy
825:
824:
815:
806:
802:
766:
765:
758:
749:
745:
736:
735:
731:
726:
651:
558:
515:
497:in France, and
454:
368:
320:
303:knowledge bases
287:. However, the
173:
165:microprocessors
86:
75:
69:
66:
59:
50:This article's
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1001:
999:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
955:
954:
949:
948:
899:
886:
876:
869:
849:
838:(2): 191–207.
813:
800:
779:(9): 637–641.
756:
743:
728:
727:
725:
722:
650:
647:
593:companies and
557:
554:
514:
511:
453:
450:
415:
414:
404:
390:
389:
386:
383:
367:
364:
319:
318:Project launch
316:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
299:
269:
268:
258:
236:
222:
197:
196:
192:
184:
172:
169:
151:; the second,
88:
87:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1000:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:MITI projects
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
958:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
903:
900:
896:
893:Carl Hewitt.
890:
887:
880:
877:
872:
866:
862:
861:
853:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
804:
801:
796:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
761:
757:
753:
747:
744:
739:
733:
730:
723:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:Graphics card
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:game consoles
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
648:
646:
644:
639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
584:
580:
576:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:Five running
555:
553:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:indeterminacy
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
459:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
412:
408:
405:
402:
401:Set of axioms
398:
395:
394:
393:
387:
384:
381:
380:
379:
377:
373:
365:
362:
358:
356:
352:
350:
345:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
317:
312:
309:
306:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
266:
262:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:: Structured
240:
237:
234:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
206:
202:
193:
190:
185:
182:
178:
177:
176:
170:
168:
166:
162:
159:; the third,
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
112:
103:
99:
95:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2019
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
940:the original
919:
915:
902:
889:
879:
859:
852:
835:
831:
803:
776:
772:
751:
746:
732:
718:
675:
659:clock speeds
656:
652:
640:
629:
625:workstations
621:
606:
591:Lisp machine
588:
581:
572:
559:
551:
519:Ehud Shapiro
516:
503:
501:in Germany.
493:in Britain,
455:
427:
419:Horn-clauses
416:
410:
406:
400:
396:
391:
369:
360:
355:Ehud Shapiro
353:
348:
340:
321:
293:
278:
270:
209:
207:) circuits.
198:
174:
149:vacuum tubes
142:
97:
93:
91:
76:
67:
51:
897:ArXiv 2009.
671:Moore's Law
604:machines).
568:Kappa, the
539:interpreter
407:Computation
344:Per Second.
281:supertanker
153:transistors
957:Categories
922:(2): 2–4.
724:References
694:Intel Core
682:multi-core
577:, and the
485:(ECRC) in
462:automotive
331:) using a
329:filesystem
171:Background
106:第五世代コンピュータ
434:databases
325:databases
111:romanized
936:35914860
667:industry
636:internet
574:HELIC-II
531:dataflow
469:and the
245:such as
231:such as
189:IBM 7090
102:Japanese
795:5955109
698:AMD K10
499:Siemens
452:Results
397:Program
255:FORTRAN
201:IBM 407
181:IBM 650
113::
934:
867:
793:
714:OpenCL
700:, and
523:Prolog
487:Munich
157:diodes
32:Kronos
943:(PDF)
932:S2CID
912:(PDF)
791:S2CID
643:CLIPS
599:Intel
475:Alvey
251:COBOL
865:ISBN
712:and
710:CUDA
702:Cell
632:GUIs
583:MGTP
506:MITI
495:Bull
440:and
253:and
205:VLSI
155:and
128:and
98:FGCS
92:The
924:doi
840:doi
781:doi
716:.
602:x86
547:KL1
491:ICL
421:or
959::
930:.
920:23
918:.
914:.
884:2.
836:26
834:.
830:.
816:^
789:.
777:26
775:.
771:.
759:^
704:.
696:,
436:,
432:,
409:=
399:=
249:,
227::
217::
140:.
108:,
104::
100:;
926::
873:.
846:.
842::
797:.
783::
740:.
413:.
403:.
257:.
247:C
235:.
221:.
96:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
58:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.