210:
exposure to harmful content which is distributed on online streaming and digital platforms. It is important to note that what is deemed to be harmful content may differ from one jurisdiction to the next. Harmful content is a value laden concept and it is important for it to reflect the societal values and norms of that country. The amendments therefore extend the current rating system and content regulatory regime to digital and online content providing services. This enhances the protection of children and limit consumer concerns and confusion.
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publications were in pre-packaged magazines and books. With developments in technology however, content has moved to online streaming or digital platforms. Consumers, and particularly children, now can access content which may not have been appropriately classified and labelled through such online streaming and digital platforms.
882:
Policy recently issued by the Film and
Publication Board (FPB) of South Africa is such a regulation. It's as if the fabled prude Mrs. Grundy had been brought forward from the 18th century, stumbled across hustler.com on her first excursion online, and promptly cobbled together a law to shut the Internet down. Yes, it's that bad.
825:
ruling party, who condemned the artist, the artwork, and all media outlets who had published images of the painting. Shortly after, the Film and
Publication board sent five assessors to provide a rating for the artwork, a move that was harshly criticized for being well outside its mandate, and beyond
201:
Since its inception 28 years ago, the FPB has had the responsibility of classifying films, games and certain publications in line with South
African values and norms under the overarching application of the Bill of Rights. This approach has a distinct difference from the censorship regime used by the
238:
The classification of a film or publication would trigger various prohibitions on possessing, exhibiting, distributing or advertising the film or publication. Different ratings were devised, the most serious of which was "X18", which prohibited anyone without a specific licence from distributing the
205:
The role of the FPB has previously been distinct as regulating the distribution of content, which was easily identifiable, falls within the jurisdiction of FPB. Films were either distributed via VHS, disc (DVD and Blu-ray) and in cinema format, games were likewise distributed in disc format whereas
881:
Only once in a while does an
Internet censorship law or regulation come along that is so audacious in its scope, so misguided in its premises, and so poorly thought out in its execution, that you have to check your calendar to make sure 1 April hasn't come around again. The Draft Online Regulation
846:
In March 2015, the FPB gazetted a notice inviting public comment on a Draft Online
Regulation policy, which sought sweeping new powers to police and regulate all aspects of content on the internet. In this draft policy, the FPB sought to classify all manner of content, including, for instance,
209:
The Film and
Publications Amendment Act, 11 of 2019 (FPA Act) as amended came into operation on 1 March 2023. The purpose of the amendments in the FPA Act therefore is to close the regulatory gap that currently exists in the expanded market. Consumers, and children in particular, run a risk of
217:
It must be acknowledged that there is a need to improve coordination in regulating the creation, possession and distribution of audio-visual services and certain publications and by same ensure the protection of children and consumers from harmful and illegal digital and online content on all
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In the event that such film, game or publication is in a digital form or format intended for distribution online using the internet or other mobile platforms, the distributor may bring an application to the Board for the conclusion of an online distribution agreement, in terms of which the
1511:
829:
During the classification proceedings, there were allegations that the FPB was acting outside its statutory remit, and that specific members had made statements or asked questions implying that it was entitled to censor political opinions and restrict freedom of the press.
213:
In addition to objects captured in section 2 (a) to (c) of the FP Act, the FPA Act inserts the following objects of the legislation: criminalising the possession, production and distribution of child pornography; and creating offences for non-compliance with the FP Act.
234:
rule. The Board's function would be to receive complaints, or applications to evaluate a film or publication, and classify it according to its suitability for different audiences. These publications could include movies, television programs, computer games, and music.
833:
This decision was later appealed following a public backlash, and amidst accusations of state-led censorship. Upon appeal in
October 2012, the FPB set aside its original rating, thereby effectively de-classifying the painting. This had taken place
861:
Any person who intends to distribute any film, game, or certain publication in the
Republic of South Africa shall first comply with section 18(1) of the Act by applying, in the prescribed manner, for registration as film or game and publications
1505:
892:
The EFF also went on to point out that the FPB had effectively put the burden on South
African ISPs to remove offending content, or replace said content with FPB-approved (and labelled) content, even on platforms such as YouTube,
869:
distributor, upon payment of the fee prescribed from time to time by the
Minister of DOC as the Executive Authority, may classify its online content on behalf of the Board, using the Board's classification Guidelines and the Act.
904:
In the response to what is understood as one of the most draconian pieces of internet legislation seen in the world, the FPB has been on the receiving end of a growing online backlash, proliferated through social media such as
455:
Cannot be legally sold, rented or exhibited anywhere in South Africa. The FPB has the authority to classify any content as XX if it contains extreme violence, cruelty, extreme sexual violence, bestiality, incest etc...
246:
scientific, documentary, dramatic, artistic, literary or religious films and publications), and the media (in that those holding a broadcasting licence were exempt from the duty to apply for classification).
218:
platforms. Co-ordination and collaboration amongst and between organs of state and industry is required to ensure future-proof regulation regime for the audio-visual services and publication sector.
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the remit of the purpose of the FPB. Despite this, the FPB issued an "16N" rating, which meant that the Gallery could no longer publicly show the painting if there were children in the building.
1392:
538:
the degree to which a player gets personally involved, and the level of excitement created in the players as they engage with the various game levels in order to gain incentives and rewards
436:
Adults only. Only licensed, adults-only designated businesses may distribute this content, and never to minors. X18 content may not be broadcast on public media such as television or radio.
360:
Material is not suitable for children under 10, but a caregiver or parent may decide if children between 10 and 12 years old may access the material (used only for films and games).
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Material is not suitable for children under 7, but a caregiver or parent may decide if children between 7 and 9 years old may access the material (used only for films and games).
148:
115:
851:, which would require all such content to first be classified by the FPB at a charge and labelled as FPB-approved before it would be allowed to be legally published online.
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1581:
1625:**The BBFC still exists as a motion picture rating system. Additionally, it continues to rate video games containing pornographic, or having external video material.
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1385:
1108:
702:
scenes or language that is biased or prejudiced with regard to race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation or other identifiable group characteristics
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instructional details of illegal and dangerous acts that may be life-threatening and that are detailed enough to be re-enacted or self-instructional
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coalition, who advocate open government and whistleblowing, have championed the cause against FPB's draft proposal.
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An appeals process was also defined under the Act, allowing rulings made by the FPB to be contested and challenged.
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Banned. It includes child pornography, incitement to hatred against people of an identifiable group etc...
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804:
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Apartheid government to advance the then state’s discriminatory and dehumanising political agenda.
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Specifically, the following sections from the draft detail the broadness of the powers FPB seek:
520:
disrespectful, or irreverent expressions about any religion" that are not considered hate speech
100:
88:
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the painting was famously defaced and sold, which rendered the ruling moot on practical terms.
1546:
1109:"FPB Classification of 'The Spear' Artwork as Displayed at the Goodman Gallery (PDF document)"
264:
agreed to obey the FPB's classification rules in the distribution of content in South Africa.
257:
agreed to obey the FPB's classification rules in the distribution of content in South Africa.
322:
All ages allowed, but some parental guidance is recommended for younger or sensitive viewers
261:
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Certain key exemptions from prohibitions were made to the scientific community (in regard to
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The Film and Publication Board was established directly under the directive set out in the
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dangerous acts or techniques that may be copied or imitated, especially by children
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821:, but with fully exposed genitalia. The painting drew swift condemnation from the
686:
135:
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914:
814:
1308:"Africa's Worst New Internet Censorship Law Could be Coming to South Africa"
664:
583:
347:
231:
28:
1192:
South African Press Association & Witness Reporter (11 October 2012).
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In 2012, the Goodman Gallery in Cape Town, showcased a painting by artist
328:
906:
1333:"Stop the Film and Publications Board's attempt to censor the Internet!"
910:
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254:
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Additionally, the FPB provides the following content classifications:
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404:
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366:
309:
290:
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scenes involving sex, sexual conduct or sexually-related activity
656:
1517:
1374:
1115:. Centurion, Gauteng, South Africa: Film and Publication Board
822:
1200:. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: The Witness. Archived from
1282:"Plans to censor SA internet called out as unconstitutional"
1194:"The Spear: Classification of painting overturned on appeal"
239:
content, which had to be conducted within "adult premises".
1363:
1107:
Film and Publication Board (South Africa) (22 May 2012).
1060:"Zuma painting against Ubuntu, African morality, culture"
1169:. Johannesburg, South Africa: City Press. Archived from
230:, shortly after South Africa achieved independence from
1136:"'The Spear': It's classified, and now up to the ombud"
979:"Netflix agrees to abide by FPB rules in South Africa"
953:"Netflix agrees to abide by FPB rules in South Africa"
1251:"Government Gazette Notice for Comment - 182 of 2015"
719:
motion sickness and reactions to low frequency sound
149:
Department of Communications and Digital Technologies
175:
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1223:South African Press Association (10 October 2012).
186:
170:
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144:
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Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies
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96:
84:
46:
38:
1142:. Johannesburg, South Africa: Mail & Guardian
1622:*Not all of Europe uses the PEGI rating system.
879:
877:described the proposed legislation as follows:
1004:"Educator's Manual Online Safety for Children"
577:scenes of substance (drugs and alcohol) abuse
417:Not suitable for persons under the age of 18.
398:Not suitable for persons under the age of 16.
379:Not suitable for persons under the age of 13.
16:South African content classification authority
1386:
1161:City Press Staff Reporter (10 October 2012).
482:13M - Persons under 13 should be accompanied.
479:10M - Persons under 10 should be accompanied.
8:
1257:. Film and Publication Board. Archived from
303:All ages allowed (not used on video games).
272:The FPB has the following rating guideline:
21:
1393:
1379:
1371:
805:The Spear (painting) § Classification
785:physical and psychological violent scenes
1458:Game Rating and Administration Committee
1231:. Johannesburg, South Africa: Times Live
1163:"Appeal tribunal declassifies The Spear"
488:
274:
1610:List of banned video games in Australia
1086:"ANC to go to court over Zuma painting"
926:
847:user-submitted videos to sites such as
476:10 - Not suitable for persons under 10.
1670:Government departments of South Africa
1576:Recreational Software Advisory Council
655:noise below a frequency of 100 to 150
20:
518:"insensitive, demeaning, derogatory,
7:
1645:1996 establishments in South Africa
1690:Video game content ratings systems
1675:Entertainment rating organizations
228:Films and Publications Act of 1996
14:
1402:Video game content rating systems
1012:Western Cape Education Department
763:scenes involving sexual violence
1464:Game Software Rating Regulations
768:
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162:Films and Publications Act, 1996
27:
1416:Australian Classification Board
1306:Jeremy, Malcolm (21 May 2015).
1134:de Wet, Phillip (30 May 2012).
1660:Communications in South Africa
1494:National Audiovisual Institute
1280:Oxford, Adam (10 March 2015).
977:Duncan McLeod (3 March 2020).
951:Duncan McLeod (3 March 2020).
887:Electronic Frontier Foundation
875:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1:
1685:Motion picture rating systems
1482:Indonesian Game Rating System
1062:. The New Age. Archived from
128:, online regulation executive
1605:List of AO-rated video games
613:Imitative Acts or Techniques
42:, online regulation overview
935:"FPB Annual Report 2022/23"
69:; 28 years ago
55:; 28 years ago
1711:
1680:Mass media in South Africa
1650:Censorship in South Africa
1225:"'The Spear' declassified"
1038:Film and Publication Board
802:
22:Film and Publication Board
1665:Communications ministries
1618:
817:in a pose reminiscent of
716:Photo Pattern Sensitivity
472:Former ratings include:
195:
191:
103: 125 million 2022/23
26:
1695:Video game organizations
1588:Videogame Rating Council
1565:Korea Media Rating Board
813:. It depicted President
680:scenes involving nudity
1530:Video Standards Council
1655:Cinema of South Africa
1572:(United Arab Emirates)
890:
842:Online Regulation Bill
463:refused classification
1428:Chilean Rating System
913:. In particular, the
535:Competitive Intensity
638:use of bad language
108:Minister responsible
1204:on 11 November 2013
652:Low frequency noise
552:Criminal Techniques
260:On 13 March, 2023,
134:Zamantungwa Mkosi,
64:- Publication Board
23:
1173:on 10 October 2012
89:Centurion, Gauteng
1632:
1631:
1547:3DO Rating System
1058:Mosomane, Phuti.
789:
788:
599:scenes of horror
470:
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253:On 3 March 2020,
199:
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145:Parent department
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1532:(United Kingdom)
1520:(Europe, Israel)
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1364:Official website
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1034:"Classification"
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1339:. 10 March 2015
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760:Sexual Violence
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1261:on 13 May 2015
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1286:htxt.africa
983:TechCentral
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136:Chairperson
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1337:Right2Know
1235:11 October
1208:11 October
1177:11 October
1113:FPB.gov.za
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515:Blasphemy
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1561:(online)
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1434:ClassInd
1140:mg.co.za
1043:5 August
1018:5 August
907:Facebook
885:—
782:Violence
635:Language
355:10-12 PG
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1598:Related
1555:** (UK)
1430:(Chile)
1424:(Japan)
1312:eff.org
911:Twitter
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268:Ratings
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677:Nudity
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495:Rating
336:7-9 PG
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47:Formed
1007:(PDF)
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938:(PDF)
895:Vimeo
866:5.1.2
859:5.1.1
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