Filbinger affair - Knowledge (XXG)

158:, who, as a prisoner in a British prisoner of war camp, had torn swastikas from his clothing and refused to comply with an order to move, saying: "You've done it now. You Nazi dogs, you are to blame for this war. I'll tell the English what Nazi dogs you are, then my time will come." On June 1, 1945, naval judge Filbinger sentenced him to six months in prison, citing a "high degree of moral deterioration." Petzold had "acted in a destructive and inciting manner for manliness." The term "manliness" came from Prussian military tradition and determined soldier training and military law under National Socialism. In the final phase of the war, Wehrmacht judges, particularly those of the Navy, had justified thousands of death sentences for mostly minor service or disciplinary offenses with a "danger to manliness." 694:

race, for the population and public health, ." Filbinger continued: "Pests on the people as a whole, however, whose obvious criminal tendencies will repeatedly cause criminal acts, will be rendered harmless." The previous criminal law had failed in this regard because it examined the influences of heredity, upbringing and the environment on the "mental life of the criminal" in order to rehabilitate the "mostly incorrigible" offender, instead of "concerning an impressive and harsh punishment and effective protection of the whole". However, the new law will only have an impact on the people through "living judges"; it therefore requires "the new lawyer who dispenses justice to the people based on knowledge and solidarity with the people", not just according to formal facts and laws.

617:(MfS) stated that its Main Directorate for Intelligence had been observing Filbinger since his great election victory in 1976 as a candidate for the office of Federal President, which he won with the slogan "Freedom instead of Socialism". Filbinger then met with one of the two authors, Günter Bohnsack, on 30 April 1993 and then published the transcript of the conversation, signed by him, as an appendix to his memoirs entitled The Truth from the Stasi Files. It stated: "We fought Filbinger through active measures, i.e., we collected material, and launched fake or falsified material to the West." Bohnsack did not say what this material was, when it was created, or who wrote it. Unnamed colleagues had told him, he explained to Filbinger in the presence of a witness from the 853:(Latin for "things said in passing") that the Nazi justice system had abused the death penalty in an unprecedented manner. Its jurisprudence had "not without reason often been described as 'blood justice' in view of the excessive imposition of death sentences." A "large number of former Nazi judges" who continued their careers in the Federal Republic "should have been held criminally responsible for perverting the course of justice in conjunction with capital crimes... The fact that this did not happen represents a serious failure of the German criminal justice system." Lawyers and military historians welcomed this as a departure from old ways of looking at things and a "self-critical assessment of the way the Nazi military justice system was dealt with." 910:, Sergej Lochthofen, reported on an interview he had conducted in 1978 with a submarine mate. The mate told him that he had witnessed two death sentences handed down to Filbinger during the war as a trial observer in Norway, both of which were carried out shortly afterwards. In one case, Filbinger had accused an Alsatian of high treason because he saw himself as a Frenchman, not a German, and therefore did not want to take part in the murder. In the second case, he had accused a sailor who, according to a report from a comrade, had been listening to "enemy radio stations". Lochthofen's report on this was not published in the GDR, allegedly in order not to "interfere in the internal affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany". 464:

sentence, but at the same time presented the judge with interrogation results that made a pardon legally possible. In the appeal proceedings, as the prosecutor, he then achieved a conversion to a prison sentence. These statements now seemed all the more implausible after he had declared for months that he had not requested or passed another death sentence, and then claimed that he had forgotten the sentences because they were irrelevant. He was now considered in the media to be a "man who forgets a death sentence."

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interpreted as an attempt to flee abroad. Following the judge, Filbinger applied for the death penalty for Gröger on the basis of the "Führer Directive" because of character weaknesses and previous convictions in the military certificate of good conduct. Defense attorney Werner Schön asked for mercy on his behalf: the court had admitted that according to the applicable military law there had been no attempt to flee abroad. He thus accused the prosecutor and the judge of barely concealed

338:, dated April 27, 1943. The Führer directive demanded the death penalty for attempted escapes abroad and for offenders with a serious criminal record, but also named mitigating circumstances in which a prison sentence would suffice: "juvenile rashness, incorrect treatment at work, difficult domestic circumstances, or other not dishonorable motives." The Dönitz decree, on the other hand, demanded the death penalty for any desertion that was the "failure of treacherous weaklings." 799: 254:(A Love in Germany) from February 17, 1978, Rolf Hochhuth described Filbinger as "Hitler's naval judge, who even prosecuted a German sailor under Nazi laws while he was still in British captivity after Hitler's death." He was "such a terrible lawyer that one has to assume - because the naval judges were smarter than those of the army and air force, they destroyed the files at the end of the war - that he is only free thanks to the silence of those who knew him." 303: 138: 204:, who had contacts with resistance groups, and had "acted out of the spirit that inspired this circle, accepting the risks that this entailed." Nevertheless, he felt that his actions at the time were a "serious omission" in view of what was necessary. He saw this aptly expressed in the Stuttgart confession of guilt of October 1945, the key sentence of which he quoted. He then described the church struggle of the Catholic bishops and the 229:'s speech from 1969. Filbinger's appearance and speech presented "a completely different picture". In contrast to him, Heinemann acknowledged the communist resistance, pointed out the undemocratic, German nationalist tradition of the July 20 assassins, described the division of Germany as a consequence of their coming too late and failing, and finally named his own shortcomings during the Nazi era in concrete biographical terms. 238: 630:

Filbinger.'" - "Anyone who mutinied endangered the whole thing." Parts of the CDU still agree with this view today. In 1978, Helmut Kohl spoke of a "new denazification campaign" and repeated this in his memoirs in 2004, but also emphasized there that Filbinger could have survived the affair "with a human word of regret to the relatives of the victims." He had advised him to do this at the time, but in vain.

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death penalty for "undermining military morale" as a general preventive measure, and as a Wehrmacht judge he himself had imposed death sentences. From 1949 onwards he defended former Wehrmacht and SS members in around 150 trials and influenced West German jurisprudence until 1995 with his thesis that the Nazi military justice system had represented constitutional principles against National Socialism.

525:, then leader of the CDU parliamentary group in the Baden-Württemberg state parliament, called a special meeting of his party on July 27, at which the participants once again assured Filbinger of their "critical solidarity". However, after the announcement of the fourth death sentence on August 3, the state committees tried to persuade Filbinger to resign and began the search for a successor. 774:

duties". In the absence of "manliness", the death penalty could be waived under Nazi military law. Wette attributes Filbinger's failure to consider this to his disdain for Gröger: because of his previous military convictions, he was "of no value to the fighting national community". In contrast, Forstmeier's statement shows that he certainly had room for maneuver to avoid a death sentence.

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magazine in 1935 of 'blood community', 'pests of the people as a whole' and 'racially valuable parts of the German people'. If he had actually seen through the Nazi ideology, this was all the worse. Because then he would have put himself in the service of the unjust state, contrary to his convictions. But perhaps he was still an incorrigible Nazi even after the end of the war...

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military lawyer. In his office, he then behaved as "humanely" "as he was allowed to." He could well have forgotten two death sentences that were not enforceable anyway. Mann asked whether Hochhuth in 1978 "went through a list of German politicians, studied biographical facts and then decided on the files of a naval judge - or whether he received hints from somewhere else."

353:." When confirmation of the verdict from Berlin initially failed to arrive, Filbinger made several written and telephone inquiries, thus pushing Gröger's execution forward with unusual determination. On February 27, 1945, the High Command of the Navy (OKM) in Berlin confirmed the death sentence and rejected the request for clemency. The written statement arrived at the 749:

followed the verdict. The execution could no longer be delayed after the verdict had been confirmed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. Hürten mentioned another naval prosecutor who, after a death sentence had been passed, had sent a petition to the Commander-in-Chief and, although he received a reprimand, had managed to have the verdict overturned.

894:'s birthday. Like Filbinger, this character of a lawyer also believes that what was once right cannot be wrong today. The drama was inspired by the Filbinger affair and dealt with the theme that the old Nazis have not changed. Although it was not directly based on the affair, it was seen as a response to it and the issues associated with it. 564:" and thereby invited even more intensive research into his past. However, it was not his work as a naval judge, but rather the uncovered attempts to cover up the matter that became his snare. Only refraining from lying could have limited the damage to the person involved in the scandal; only being caught doing so makes him uncontrollable. 660:

justification, which showed no self-critical reflection of his activities, in the eyes of the sensitized public, embodies an almost ideal type of conservative-authoritarian habitus that promises success in both dictatorship and democracy, which was characterized by a 'pathologically good conscience' (Erhard Eppler) and - as the

602:, founded in December 1938. Filbinger's alleged role in Stauffenberg's attempted coup in 1944 is based only on his own statement regarding Alexander von Hase's unpublished letter. As a result of the Filbinger affair, historians discovered that Paul von Hase himself had been involved in the Wehrmacht's death sentences. 778:

and could not contradict the fleet commander's legal instructions. Only the defense attorney was allowed to make a request for clemency, and only the judge had to present reasons for clemency to the court. Criminal charges filed against Filbinger in 2004 for involvement in death sentences were not pursued further.

503:" as NSDAP members. The "Radical Decree", whose stricter application Filbinger had ordered in Baden-Württemberg and which he had tried to enforce as a federal law via the Bundesrat, should be reconsidered as a result of the affair. He should admit "mistakes" because "the self-righteous" cannot be defended. 830:

in Freiburg/Breisgau demonstrated in detail in 1987 that the Wehrmacht justice system was responsible for over 30,000 death sentences and tens of thousands of executions in "seamless adaptation to Nazi legal theory". Without Hochhuth's attack on Filbinger, the authors say, this would hardly have been

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The Filbinger affair intensified the empirical research into the Wehrmacht justice system that had begun around 1966. In 1977, former Luftwaffe judge Otto Peter Schweling and Erich Schwinge had described it as an "anti-National Socialist enclave of the rule of law" and justified the death penalty for

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In contrast, in November 2003, Günther Gillessen, following Hürten and Franz Neubauer, again emphasized the circumstances of the trial at the time: Filbinger had only taken over the case after the investigation into mitigating circumstances had been completed, so he could not help prepare the charges

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spoke of a "manhunt" against Filbinger. In 1987, he followed Filbinger's memoirs: the death sentence against Gröger had been decided, and his rescue had been "impossible from the outset." Filbinger was not a supporter of Hitler, but of a "liberal constitutional state" that opposed his deployment as a

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It is pointless to argue about whether Filbinger was a supporter of Hitler at heart. It is also irrelevant whether Hans Filbinger joined the SA and the NSDAP purely as an opportunist and for career reasons, and whether he was just trying to pander to the National Socialists when he spoke in a student

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In his eulogy at the state ceremony on April 11, 2007, Baden-Württemberg's then Prime Minister Günther Oettinger took up Filbinger's claim that no one had died as a result of his verdicts, and described him as an "opponent of National Socialism." This sparked outrage and opposition from many victims'

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In the decades that followed, Filbinger attempted to achieve his rehabilitation. To this end, he published his memoirs in 1987, among other things. With the title The Reviled Generation, he declared himself the spokesman for the generation of the Nazi era. In them, he detailed earlier statements that

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in September 1935, later influenced his verdicts as a naval judge and that even after the German capitulation he was "still very attached to the National Socialist way of thinking". According to military historian Frank Roeser in 2007, the National Socialists only allowed reliable lawyers to work as

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published excerpts from an essay by Filbinger from March/April 1935, in which he explained the National Socialist criminal law reform that had been prepared at the time in a memorandum by the Prussian Minister of Justice. It was National Socialism, it said, that made the "effective reconstruction of

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Filbinger maintained until the end of his life that he had been the victim of a media campaign and that he had done nothing wrong, so that he did not have to admit guilt. He explained in various interviews in 2002 and 2003: "I should have said openly at the time: 'Not a single person died because of

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made several declarations of honor for him; the federal CDU unanimously supported him externally until the beginning of July. Internally, it was not his behavior as a naval judge that was criticized, but the form of his public defense: it was too focused on the legal level and did not take the moral

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on March 15. On the same day, Filbinger ordered the execution, thereby shortening the usual three-day period until the execution. He appointed himself as the senior officer, as was usual for prosecutors. On March 16 at 2:05 p.m. he announced the judge's order to the convicted man and had Gröger sign

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On July 13, 1978, the court confirmed the previous ruling and allowed the statements "terrible lawyer", "Hitler's naval judge" and "Filbinger persecuted a German sailor with Nazi laws while he was still in British captivity" as free expressions of opinion. His verdict against Petzold and the request

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with the title "What was right then... - Soldiers and civilians before the Wehrmacht courts," based on the well-known Filbinger quote. It shows the results of two years of research into the unjust justice of the Nazi era, similar to the Wehrmacht exhibition in Austria and Germany. Federal President

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account. Filbinger had refrained from doing this in Gröger's case because, as he confirmed to Augstein, he did not consider the order to be unlawful. Because of his anti-Nazi stance, he had "let hopeless cases pass without hesitation in order to be able to act successfully in more promising cases."

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Whether and to what extent Filbinger had contributed to Gröger's execution became a central issue in the affair. Gröger's former defense attorney Werner Schön stated in a letter to the editor on May 4, 1978 that he did not remember Filbinger's involvement; he had probably only played an extra role.

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instead of the individual's civil liberties. As a "blood community," according to National Socialist opinion, this community must also be "kept pure and the racially valuable components of the German people systematically developed." Therefore, the memorandum contains "protective provisions for the

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This proved Filbinger's previous false statements. He now described the death sentences as "phantom sentences" that could not and should not be carried out and that he had therefore forgotten. He told the then Federal Archivist Heinz Boberach that if a fourth death sentence against him surfaced, he

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After Gerd Bucerius took up the sentence in the Zeit on June 9, 1978 and related it to "Hitler's laws," Filbinger clarified in the subsequent issue on June 16, 1978: He had not said the sentence like that, but that the Der Spiegel journalists had interpreted his reaction to their accusation that he

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On May 10, 1978 and more frequently, Filbinger claimed: "There is not a single death sentence that I have pronounced in my capacity as a judge." Besides, he said that he had not "participated in any other proceedings that resulted in a death sentence" except for Gröger. On May 15, 1978, Der Spiegel

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Erich Schwinge responded with a legal opinion that the Gröger case could not be blamed on Filbinger, either legally or morally. Schwinge was a leading military criminal lawyer during the Nazi era. In his legal commentary on the Military Penal Code, which was tightened in 1940, he had called for the

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commented on the incidents with reference to the Petzold case, which became known in 1972: "... anyone who sentences a soldier in a prison camp to six months in prison after the end of the war for 'rebellion against discipline and order' and for 'moral deterioration' has little in common with those

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Filbinger did not submit any files on these cases; they were not found later either. But both of them testified in writing several times that Filbinger had saved their lives. Adolf Harms, Filbinger's colleague as a naval judge and who had worked at the same military court since 1944, testified that

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On June 29, 1979, the director Claus Peymann, whom Filbinger had previously forced to resign, performed the play Before Retirement, A Comedy of German Soul by Thomas Bernhard for the first time in Stuttgart. The main character is a former concentration camp commander and later court president who,

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said after examining the original files on the Gröger case in April 2007: "Filbinger did not have to demand the death penalty, but he still played along in the proceedings. That was good to secure his position as naval chief of staff judge. We know from other cases that there was no pressure to do

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described the Filbinger case as a "shameful example" of the "second guilt" that many Germans had brought upon themselves by repressing and denying their involvement in National Socialism and its crimes after 1945. For Neele Kerkmann and Torben Fischer, Filbinger, through "his immovable attitude of

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On Filbinger's 90th birthday in 2003, historians examined the topic again. Florian Rohdenburg found during research in the Federal Archives that prosecutors and judges in the Nazi military justice system were never punished if they submitted applications or passed judgments that deviated from the

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In a commemorative speech in Brettheim in 1960, Filbinger distanced himself from National Socialist injustice. There, a court martial had hanged the "men of Brettheim" - a farmer who had disarmed members of the Hitler Youth and two officials who did not want to sentence him to death for this - in

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On the afternoon of August 7, 1978, Filbinger resigned from his office as Prime Minister. He stated: "This is the result of a smear campaign that has never existed in this form in the Federal Republic before. I have been seriously injustice. That will become apparent, if it has not already become

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On August 3, 1978, the State Ministry of Baden-Württemberg announced the fourth death sentence, but described the course of events as follows: On August 17, 1943, sailor Herbert Günther Krämer was sentenced to eight years in prison for continued looting, then to death. Filbinger had requested the

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On July 27, 1978, an employee of the Federal Archives happened to find an older court file that was not part of the files of naval courts in which Filbinger's involvement had been known up to that point. During the subsequent systematic review of the court's case files, another death sentence was

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and desertion. On March 15, 1945, Bigalske shot the commander of the harbor patrol boat NO 31 and then fled to neutral Sweden with the rest of the crew. On April 17, 1945, Filbinger sentenced Chief Helmsman Alois Steffen to death for desertion and undermining military morale. Steffen had followed

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presented to Filbinger on May 4. Sommer's lawyer Heinrich Senfft presented it in his plea on May 9, referring to the 1972 verdict and asking who had forced Filbinger, given his alleged anti-Nazi views and his commitment to those sentenced to death, to apply for the death sentence this time and to

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so. Filbinger would not even have had to fear disciplinary proceedings if he had decided differently..." For example, Reich Military Court Judge Hans-Ulrich Rottka was only dismissed for his frequent requests for a more detailed examination of the charges in order to avoid hasty death sentences.

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followed him and said that Filbinger could have told his superiors that he still considered the first-instance judgment against Gröger to be sufficient. In a statement for the second trial, Gröger's military superior had described him as a "hopeless weakling" who "will never fulfill his military

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Aware of the impending publication, Filbinger stated on May 4, 1978 that desertion was punishable by death worldwide in 1945 and was "pursued with particular vigor" on all fronts. The fleet commander had therefore demanded the death penalty for Gröger and had therefore not accepted any different

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Contrary to his duty, Filbinger had not informed Gröger's lawyer of the execution date. The lawyer should have been able to assist his client and decades later expressed his astonishment at Filbinger's failure to do so. Gröger's relatives received no news of his execution. His mother Anna Gröger

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for obstruction of justice. Hochhuth had previously retracted this part of his statements: they were absurd, since no judge of the Nazi era in the Federal Republic had ever been punished for unjust verdicts. The court permitted the remaining statements as free and partly fact-based expression of

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for Nazi crimes on August 14, 1978 with the accusation: "Collecting material, snooping, looking for dirt, shooting, inciting, character assassination, shooting down was a popular method of the Nazis, whose docile pupils the Reds are today." He called for a general amnesty for Nazi perpetrators.

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1943 for looting against a young sailor who had taken some items of little value from a drugstore while cleaning up after air raids on Hanover. The judge had accepted the application. Because the superior military lawyers thought the sentence was excessive, they had commuted it to a prison camp

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On May 8, Rudolf Augstein referred to the War Criminal Procedure Code in force from 1938 to 1945, which strictly limited the judges' authority to issue instructions and required prosecutors to present legal objections to an instruction and to record them in writing if these were not taken into

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with it, as Filbinger wanted to include in the transcript. He and Brehmer had not fabricated any documents containing Filbinger's death sentences and passed them on to Western contacts. West German journalists therefore saw the protocol as an attempt to create the impression of falsified death

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According to Helmut Kramer, Filbinger tried to conceal the fact that as a prosecutor he had "demanded an unjust death sentence and thus put the court under pressure". He was one of the "terrible lawyers", but only a typical follower among around 2,500 to 2,800 military judges of the Nazi era.

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In an essay published in 1980, historian Heinz Hürten said that Filbinger could only request the death penalty because of Gröger's attempts at deception that were uncovered during the trial. As prosecutor, he was also not allowed to influence the judicial review of a request for clemency that

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Filbinger was assigned to the case on January 15, 1945, instead of the previous prosecutor after his preliminary investigation. In the main hearing the following day, the court viewed it negatively that Gröger had claimed an Iron Cross and an Eastern Medal as his own. Now his escape plan was

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Filbinger also stated that only by maintaining the discipline of the soldiers in the naval justice system was the navy able to rescue millions of East German refugees across the Baltic Sea in the spring of 1945. His lawyer Gerhard Hammerstein falsely claimed in a letter to the editor of the

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For Filbinger's critics, he had brought about his own resignation. Theo Sommer criticized the fact that he showed no remorse towards the victims' relatives as being rigid and unrepentant: "He rejects any sense of guilt..." His attitude to the anti-terror laws being discussed at the time was

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He had tried to evade being a naval judge "by any means possible" and had offered to work as a submarine soldier, knowing "that this service was considered a suicide mission." Throughout the Nazi era, he had also "visibly lived out" his "anti-Nazi sentiments" and had therefore experienced

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was published in 1987, which dealt with the role of the Nazi justice system and how the West German justice system dealt with it. In 1988, Heinrich Senfft pointed out in a book on political justice in Germany that the death sentences passed by Nazi judges were not atoned for after 1945.

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in the Berlin Reichstag building on July 19, 1974. He first described the background to the assassination attempt and the participants' pangs of conscience. He then explained that during the Nazi era he had been part of the Freiburg circle of friends around the Catholic writer

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The court did not have to follow the judge's instructions and there were certainly legal arguments against the death penalty. But the prosecutor could only have requested a lesser sentence with new facts. However, these had already been clarified in Gröger's first trial.

860:. The law on the repeal of Nazi unjust verdicts in criminal justice, passed on July 23, 2002, retrospectively rehabilitated all those convicted as deserters from the Wehrmacht. On September 8, 2009, the Bundestag also unanimously repealed all Nazi verdicts for so-called 697:

Filbinger explained in 1978 that he had only reported on the views of his then teacher Erik Wolf, without adopting them. Political scientists and historians nevertheless suspect that elements of the National Socialist ethnic and racial theory, which was reflected in the

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On July 11th, the Federal Archives announced that it had already informed Filbinger on May 24th about further discoveries of files relating to his 1945 verdicts, including the "phantom verdicts". The leading bodies of the CDU and CSU then distanced themselves from him.

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attributes it to a liberalization of the CDU at the time, which, for example, hindered Filbinger's commitment to the Radical Decree. The political scientist Klaus Kamps describes the resignation as a result of Filbinger's failed "scandal management": He reacted with a

366:. After two rejections, the CDU Social Minister of Lower Saxony, Hermann Schnipkoweit, granted Anna Gröger a pension as a relative of a Nazi victim on September 24, 1979, by classifying the death sentence for her son as "an obvious injustice under the circumstances." 638:, claimed in the Bundestag in 1997 that Filbinger had been overthrown by a "remotely controlled Stasi campaign" and had since been "completely rehabilitated". Anyone who disputes this is exposing themselves as an "accomplice of the Stasi". Klaus Voss, editor of the 334:, overturned the sentence on June 1, 1944, "because the death penalty should have been imposed." He justified this with Gröger's previous convictions, a "Führer directive" on desertion dated April 14, 1940, and a decree by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy (ObdM), 299:

for a verdict against Gröger were not appropriate "for a judge who emphasizes his opposition to the Nazi regime". Although he acted in both proceedings "within the framework of the law in force at the time," he must still accept today's questions about his conduct.

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not to print any of Hochhuth's statements about him. In the course of this process, the Federal Archives in Kornelimünster granted the lawyers on both sides access to the files of the naval courts in which Filbinger had worked. In April 1978, Hochhuth found the

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apparent." Filbinger had previously spoken to Spiegel journalist Felix Huby of a "left-wing assassination cartel". He saw himself as the victim of a "campaign by left-liberal media" throughout his life. His supporters in the state CDU, his predecessor

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As Gröger's prosecutor, he had referred to the Führer Directive of 1940, which allowed for a certain amount of discretion. Therefore, it was often understood to mean that "justice had been done back then" and that formally correct judgments made in an

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and took part in at least 234 criminal proceedings. In 169 cases he was directly responsible for the verdict and sentencing as presiding judge, and in 63 cases indirectly as prosecutor or investigator. After the end of the war, he was a British

395:. He claimed that the lawyers involved had no room for maneuver, including himself, and at the same time declared himself to be an opponent of the Nazis and a victim of Nazi persecution who had risked his life for his anti-Nazi convictions. 208:, which had developed since 1933 into a "total front of resistance" and was aimed at "the National Socialist system itself." Some relatives of executed resistance fighters had already protested against Filbinger's right to speak beforehand. 880:

said at the opening of the exhibition: "The decades-long debates about the motives of the accused obscured the view of the justice system that convicted them. The Wehrmacht courts were an instrument of the National Socialist unjust state."

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had testified to this during the denazification process in 1946. For this Christian circle, opposition to the Hitler regime was a "natural prerequisite". He described his service in the Nazi naval justice system as an "aristocratic form of

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At the end of March 1979, Filbinger also resigned from his position as one of seven deputy federal chairmen. The Baden-Württemberg CDU appointed him honorary chairman in 1979. He remained on the CDU federal executive board until 1981.

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back to life". Filbinger sued for the injunction against making these statements. He no longer remembers the case, but as a "religious personality" he "actively opposed this regime on many occasions". In 1933 he was excluded from the

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for anti-Nazi views and later became a member of a well-known anti-regime circle in Freiburg. In addition, as an impartial naval judge, he secured a retrial for the priest Karl Heinz Möbius, who had been sentenced to death for

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and the rehabilitation of the victims of the Nazi military justice system. Filbinger's behavior during the Nazi era is today seen as an example of the failure of many perpetrators and accomplices among the lawyers of the time.

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On May 12, 1978, Die Zeit published details of the trial of 22-year-old sailor Walter Gröger. In 1943, he had hidden for four weeks in Oslo with a Norwegian friend, Marie Lindgren, and considered fleeing with her to neutral

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This chapter of his biography first became a media topic in 1972, but was not publicly debated nationwide until 1978. Files from 41 cases in which Filbinger was involved, which had previously been ignored, were found in the

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The right-wing conservative Weikersheim Study Center, founded by Filbinger in 1979 and headed until 1997, portrayed him as an opponent of the Nazis on its website until 2011. The president of Weikersheim who succeeded him,

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in the Navy in 1943 and 1945. He had previously denied three of them and then claimed to have forgotten them, but maintained that they were legal. In the face of growing public criticism, he lost the support of the

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he had "a decidedly negative attitude" toward the Nazi regime. The court upheld Filbinger's claim on August 3, 1972, because it considered the statements quoted by Petzold to be improbable and suspected a mix-up.

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Gefahr für die Manneszucht. Zur Geschichte der Verfolgung von Nichtanpassung, Verweigerung und Widerstand der Deutschen Wehrmacht im Spiegel der Spruchtätigkeit von Marinegerichten in Wilhelmshaven (1939–1945).

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As was customary in the West German judiciary up to that point, Filbinger formally equated the Wehrmacht criminal law with the military law of the attacked states, interpreted the last phase of the lost

901:, but more generally addressed the role of Wehrmacht judges during the Nazi era. It was criticized in some quarters as being out of step with the times, sensationalist and artistically worthless. 323:. She told a police officer friend about it, who had Gröger arrested on December 6, 1943. He was sentenced to eight years in prison and loss of military service status on March 14, 1944, for " 460:, who was kept informed about the archive search, sent Filbinger a list of all the death sentences that had been found so far, without any details, from which the fourth discovery emerged. 648:

Andreas Molau saw Filbinger as a "victim of a campaign of hate". His witness Guido Forstmeier defended him in Weikersheim in 2000 and after his death in 2007 in the right-wing extremist

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the following day that Filbinger's clinging to his office was damaging the "spirit of democracy". Some media (FAZ, July 14, Der Spiegel, July 17) made the expected resignation a topic.

752: 2758: 407:: "My statement did not refer to the despicable Nazi laws, but to the death penalty for desertion in the field, which had been threatened in the Military Penal Code since 1872." 419:, then SPD parliamentary group leader and opposition leader in the Baden-Württemberg state parliament, therefore attested that Filbinger had a "pathologically good conscience". 2546: 672:, Oettinger took back the term "opponent" on April 16. In this context, Filbinger's behavior during the Nazi era and his handling of the reports about it were examined again. 495:

From July 3rd, public opinion increasingly turned against Filbinger. Party friends now also publicly criticized his handling of the allegations. In an article on July 10th,

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After Hochhuth's partial success in court, the opposition state SPD demanded Filbinger's resignation as Prime Minister from May 27. The state CDU unanimously rejected this.

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in the field." His escape plan was not considered attempted desertion abroad because he had retrieved his uniform and thus signaled his intention to return to the troops.

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This change gradually made it possible to rehabilitate the victims of the Nazi military justice system and compensate their families, which was demanded above all by the

1818: 2674: 1207: 737:

On May 12, Zeit editor Theo Sommer asked whether "effort, courage, perhaps even a little cleverness could have been enough to avert what only seemed inevitable?"

598:

Reinhold Schneider is known as an opponent of National Socialism. But he, Karl Färber and his circle of friends were not members of the Christian-market liberal

519:

told party friends on July 29 that Filbinger could not be blamed for his behavior at the end of the war, but "you don't conduct trials with rats and blowflies."

492:

level into account. The fact that he did not express any regret about the events at the end of the war was seen by some CDU members as narrow-minded and clumsy.

438:

reported on two death sentences that he had passed as presiding judge. On April 9, 1945, he sentenced Corporal Bigalske to death for murder in conjunction with

415:

would continue to apply in a constitutional state. This thesis of legal continuity, which was common in the post-war decades, now had the effect of a scandal.

668:

relatives, associations, parties and celebrities across the country; some historians spoke of historical falsification. After clear criticism from Chancellor

2692: 827: 1189: 511:

wrote on July 12 that despite the "Nibelung gymnastics of the CDU", Filbinger's political days were "of course numbered"; Matthias Walden commented on

472:

In the Hochhuth trial on May 9, 1978, Heinrich Senfft had given Filbinger the choice of announcing further verdicts himself or "resigning." On May 12,

443:

Bigalske to Sweden with the harbor patrol boat NO 21 and a crew of 15. Both sentences could not be carried out because the convicted persons had fled.

614: 211:

During the speech, hecklers such as "Nazi", "hypocrite", "Nazi judge" were heard until the shouters were expelled from the hall. The weekly newspaper

823:

juvenile deserters who could even have been acquitted under Hitler's decree. Filbinger has been defending herself with her argumentation since 1978.

803: 3145: 2740: 703:

military judges for them, and it was possible to refuse this position without any disadvantages for oneself. Judge Helmut Kramer wrote in May 2007:

610:

on April 4, 1995 that "the sailor G." (Gröger) deserted during the course of this rescue operation. Desertion had endangered the rescue operation.

3211: 868: 582:

he had been a member of a resistant circle of friends in Freiburg around Reinhold Schneider since 1938. The later Catholic-conservative publicist

2707:

Schutz der „Volksgemeinschaft" vor „Glück", der „Denkweise des Liberalen", und „gutem Essen an beliebigem Ort" oder: Hans Filbinger war ein Nazi.

422:

On July 8, 1978, Filbinger admitted at a press conference that he had not shown his concern about the Gröger case in a timely and clear manner.

3226: 3078: 717:

court declared the court martial verdict in a trial against the murderers in 1960 to be legally valid after hearing the convicted war criminal

375:

verdicts from the outset. The prosecutor had therefore had to apply for this and could not influence Gröger's proceedings as a representative.

3190: 3166: 3125: 3101: 3064: 3056: 3010: 2976: 2964: 2943: 2922: 2901: 2584: 2515: 2495: 2474: 2440: 2419: 2399: 2353: 2332: 2293: 2279: 2258: 2230: 2209: 2155: 2134: 1977: 1928: 1554: 1538: 1517: 1454: 1305: 1238: 1110: 1096: 1082: 1061: 1046: 1032: 1013: 994: 976: 955: 941: 68: 1412: 555:

Hans Mathias Kepplinger attributes Filbinger's resignation to demands made by conservative media at the time, while contemporary historian

2878: 2532: 1159: 1265:""Er hat die Manneszucht zersetzt": So urteilte Hans Filbinger, heute Ministerpräsident in Stuttgart, als Marinerichter nach Kriegsende" 195:

In memory of the assassination attempt on July 20, 1944, Filbinger, as President of the Federal Council, gave a speech on resistance to

171: 2050: 1168: 847:(BGH), which had for a long time largely prevented the prosecution of lawyers from the Nazi era, stated on November 16, 1995 in an 2127:

Von Ratten, Schmeißfliegen und Heuschrecken: judenfeindliche Tiersymbolisierungen und die postfaschistischen Grenzen des Sagbaren.

640: 476:

had asked: "Shouldn't Filbinger resign - or go to Mother Gröger in Langenhagen and make the same purifying bow to the past that

2915:

Die deutsche Militärjustiz in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. Überarbeitet, eingeleitet und herausgegeben von Erich Schwinge.

618: 387:

as "defense of the fatherland" and thus legitimized the excessive application of Nazi martial law and thus the continuation of

104:

in 1940. In March 1943 he was appointed to the naval justice system. He worked in five military courts in northern Germany and

2862: 742: 176: 2721: 2706: 591:". The conspirators of July 20, 1944 had "intended him for use after the successful assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler". 1999: 1981: 1231:

Lexikon der ‚Vergangenheitsbewältigung' in Deutschland. Debatten- und Diskursgeschichte des Nationalsozialismus nach 1945.

857: 2657: 1681: 1148:

Gefährlicher Rückfall ins Mittelalter. Anmerkungen zu einem Kongress von Hans Filbinger („Studienzentrum Weikersheim").

819:'s counter-initiative to generally abolish the statute of limitations for murder found a cross-party majority in 1979. 79: 2367:»Die innere Befreiung«. Reinhold Schneider und der innerdeutsche Widerstand gegen Hitler und den Nationalsozialismus. 1531:„In jedem Einzelfall ... bis zur Todesstrafe". Der Militärstrafrechtler Erich Schwinge. Ein deutsches Juristenleben. 745:

on May 26, "whether a less eager obsession with getting things done could not have saved the convicted man's life."

2561: 1122: 358:

the receipt. At 4:02 p.m. he had him shot. He was present and, as senior officer, probably gave the order to fire.

3221: 3216: 877: 2762:(Memento of November 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive) Lecture in Freiburg im Breisgau, September 14, 2003, PDF. 456:

sentence. The sailor did not survive serving this sentence. On August 1, 1978, Federal Minister of the Interior

74:

His attempts at rehabilitation, which continued until his death on April 1, 2007, and a controversial eulogy by

2186: 925: 844: 721:

and Erich Schwinge as expert witnesses. In response, Filbinger described the hangings as a "crying injustice".

546: 258: 1103:

Konflikt, Kultur und Interpretation: eine Diskursanalyse des öffentlichen Umgangs mit dem Nationalsozialismus.

362:

found out about it in 1954, but the exact circumstances were not revealed until 1978 through Hochhuth, as was

165:

in 1972, Petzold explained that Filbinger had praised "our beloved Führer" before his trial, who "brought the

1675:

Presseerklärung der Landesregierung Baden-Württembergs vom 4. Mai 1978, zitiert bei Rosemarie von Knesebeck:

499:

wrote about personal guilt despite being formally right and concluded that communists had the same right to "

906: 552: 349:

On January 22, 1945, Chief Judge of the Navy Adolf Harms sentenced Gröger to death as the "only appropriate

126: 1743: 1136: 811: 661: 561: 343: 1131: 782: 2272:

Politisches Kommunikationsmanagement. Grundlagen und Professionalisierung moderner Politikvermittlung.

3139: 2412:

Paul von Hase: Von der Alexander-Kaserne nach Plötzensee. Eine deutsche Soldatenbiographie 1885-1944.

645: 635: 75: 48: 1142: 1075:

Vergangenheitsbewältigung in der Bundesrepublik. Kontinuität und Wandel in den späten 1970er Jahren.

78:

for him kept the memory of the affair alive. It influenced the coming to terms with the past in the

2615: 699: 690: 542: 516: 798: 434:

asked Filbinger about his involvement in other death sentences. On July 3, 1978, the ARD magazine

412: 71:, of which he had been a member since 1951. He then resigned as Prime Minister on August 7, 1978. 2251:

Geschichtspolitik und kollektives Gedachtnis: Erinnerungskulturen in Theorie und Praxis, Band 41.

404: 262: 201: 196: 2628: 2894:

Ahnden oder amnestieren? Westdeutsche Justiz und Vergangenheitspolitik in den sechziger Jahren.

3186: 3180: 3162: 3121: 3105: 3097: 3060: 3052: 3006: 2972: 2960: 2939: 2918: 2897: 2580: 2511: 2491: 2470: 2436: 2415: 2395: 2392:

Der ‚Freiburger Kreis'. Widerstand und Nachkriegsplanung 1933–1945. Katalog einer Ausstellung.

2349: 2328: 2275: 2254: 2226: 2205: 2151: 2130: 1973: 1924: 1812: 1550: 1534: 1513: 1450: 1301: 1234: 1106: 1092: 1078: 1057: 1042: 1028: 1009: 1002:

Der furchtbare Jurist. Marinerichter Hans Karl Filbinger und sein pathologisch gutes Gewissen.

990: 972: 951: 937: 718: 686: 541:

consistent with his applications and rulings as a naval judge: "He remains subservient to the

530: 512: 488: 384: 302: 205: 122: 1458: 891: 649: 607: 599: 226: 137: 3059:; Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (ed.), Berlin Publisher, Berlin 2017, 897:

In October 1979, Hochhuth's play Juristen was published, which, following on from his book

1874:

Filbingers Tätigkeit als Marinerichter im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Ein dokumentarischer Bericht.

1607:

Filbingers Tätigkeit als Marinerichter im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Ein dokumentarischer Bericht.

1146: 1039:

Richter und andere Bürger. 150 Jahre politische Justiz und neudeutsche Herrschaftspolitik.

431: 331: 266: 110: 59: 2695:– Excerpt from an essay by law student Hans Filbinger on the tasks of Nazi criminal law). 522: 496: 225:

compared the speeches and showed the differences between Filbinger's memorial speech and

2087: 832: 816: 656: 363: 335: 63: 44: 36: 2658:

https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/dokumentation-oettingers-rede-im-wortlaut-1.416391

2106: 2066: 2030: 1945: 1853: 1798: 1722: 1656: 1623: 1330: 1264: 934:

Hans Filbinger – Der Fall und die Fakten: Eine historische und politologische Analyse.

237: 3205: 2488:

Die geschmähte Generation: Politische Erinnerungen. Die Wahrheit aus den Stasi-Akten.

849: 770: 669: 592: 556: 416: 403:

had bent the law in the Gröger case that way. On September 1, 1978, he stated in the

222: 52: 1164:

Die Zeit, 12th Mai 1978; aktualisierter Nachdruck, 30. März 2007 / 16th April 2007.

1054:

In Sachen Filbinger gegen Hochhuth. Die Geschichte einer Vergangenheitsbewältigung.

810:

After Filbinger's resignation, Franz Josef Strauß opened a Bundestag debate on the

738: 534: 477: 457: 3144:

Die Zeit, February 22, 1980; Hellmuth Karasek: . In: . No. 43, 1979, p. 237, 239 (

1124:

Baden-Württembergs Ministerpräsident muss 1978 zurücktreten: Die Filbinger-Affäre.

2957:

Die Wehrmachtjustiz im Dienste des Nationalsozialismus. Zerstörung einer Legende.

3049:„Was damals Recht war ...": Soldaten und Zivilisten vor Gerichten der Wehrmacht. 2599: 2111: 2071: 2035: 1950: 1858: 1803: 1727: 1661: 1628: 1335: 1269: 861: 622: 484: 473: 287: 150: 101: 2846:

Der Fall Filbinger. Ein Rückblick auf die Kampagne und die historischen Fakten.

2675:

Filbinger ein „NS-Gegner"? Oettinger: „Halte meine Formulierung nicht aufrecht"

595:'s son, Alexander von Hase, confirmed this to him in a letter on June 7, 1978. 117:

and was then employed as a naval judge to supervise camps until February 1946.

51:. It began in February 1978 with Filbinger's injunction against the playwright 2014:

Der Sturz des baden-württembergischen Ministerpräsidenten Hans Filbinger 1978.

1833:

Der Sturz des baden-württembergischen Ministerpräsidenten Hans Filbinger 1978.

588: 583: 500: 452: 166: 2867:(Memento of April 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive) Netzeitung, May 21, 2004. 2844: 2816: 2325:„Mit reinem Gewissen": Wehrmachtrichter in der Bundesrepublik und ihre Opfer. 1427: 761: 388: 354: 350: 324: 1757: 2969:

Was damals Recht war ... NS-Militär- und Strafjustiz im Vernichtungskrieg.

1447:

Schwarz, Rot, Gold. Kleine Geschichte Deutscher Nationalsymbole nach 1945.

1417:

Commemorative speech on July 20, 1944, Berlin, July 19, 1974 (PDF; 79 kB).

1371:

Horst Bieber, Joachim Holtz, Joachim Schilde, Hans Schueler, Theo Sommer:

1158:

Horst Bieber, Joachim Holtz, Joachim Schilde, Hans Schueler, Theo Sommer:

987:

Recht ist, was den Waffen nützt: Justiz und Pazifismus im 20. Jahrhundert.

2346:

Hans Filbinger, ein Mann in unserer Zeit: Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag.

1375:

Die Zeit, May 12, 1978; updated reprint, March 30, 2007 / April 16, 2007.

929: 508: 435: 392: 213: 40: 1543:„Ich trage aber nicht Verantwortung dafür" – Erich Schwinge (1903–1994). 179:", in the spring of 1945, in which Möbius was acquitted. For Lieutenant 1797:

Bartsch, Matthias; Ludwig, Udo; Pfister, René; Verbeet, Markus (2007),

1208:

Nachruf auf Hans Filbinger: Ministerpräsident, Marinerichter, Mitläufer

714: 3003:

Niemals gegen das Gewissen: Plädoyer des letzten Wehrmachtsdeserteurs.

2613:

Klaus D. Voss (Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung No. 15, April 14, 2007):

2562:

Dossier: „Wer meutert, gefährdet das Ganze." Zitate von Hans Filbinger

2247:

Die Erforschung von Geschichtspolitik unter Aspekten des Spatial turn.

100:

during his legal training in 1937 and volunteered as a soldier in the

1006:

Die großen Polit-Skandale. Eine andere Geschichte der Bundesrepublik.

872: 439: 320: 105: 3182:

Die großen Polit-Skandale: Eine andere Geschichte der Bundesrepublik

537:

and right-wing conservative and new right authors shared this view.

399:

quoted him as follows: "What was legal then cannot be wrong today!"

1545:

In: Stefan Chr. Saar, Andreas Roth, Christian Hattenhauer (Hrsg.):

379:"significant disadvantages" professionally since his student days. 2465:

Christian von Ditfurth (Hrsg.), Günter Bohnsack, Herbert Brehmer:

797: 751: 301: 265:

on May 23, 1978, prohibiting the claim that he had only escaped a

236: 136: 97: 18: 2551:(Memento from February 11, 2013 in the web archive archive.today) 183:, he averted an impending death sentence by delaying the trial. 114: 2388:

Widerstand gegen die nationalsozialistische Diktatur 1933–1945.

2088:

Uneinsichtig bis zum Ende: Filbinger wird zur Belastung der CDU

1966:

Journalistik. Theorie und Praxis aktueller Medienkommunikation.

864:, which had until then been subject to individual case review. 804:

Memorial to the unknown Wehrmacht deserter, Petersberg Fortress

2490:

3., ergänzte und erweiterte Auflage. Bechtle, Esslingen 1994,

1679:, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, S. 31; Auszüge in Hans Filbinger: 1547:

Recht als Erbe und Aufgabe. Heinz Holzhauer zum 21. April 2005

826:

In contrast, Fritz Wüllner and Manfred Messerschmidt from the

129:

by June 13, 1978, but he did not release them for inspection.

3036:

NS-Justiz: Bundestag rehabilitiert sogenannte Kriegsverräter.

2467:

Auftrag: Irreführung. Wie die Stasi Politik im Westen machte.

2373:

Reinhold-Schneider-Stiftung, Heft 35, Hamburg 1988, p. 66–77.

794:

Historical and legal analysis of the Wehrmacht justice system

245: 270:

opinion. This initially seemed to be the end of the affair.

62:

were discovered that Filbinger had requested or passed as a

3159:

Grau. Eine Lebensgeschichte aus einem untergegangenen Land.

2055:

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), 13. April 2007, p. 2.

950:

2.,modified and revised edition. Roderer, Regensburg 2007,

890:

even as a pensioner, puts on his old uniform every year on

676:

Debate about Filbinger's relationship to National Socialism

2294:

Hans Filbinger: Ein Täter, der sich als Opfer stilisierte.

246:

Filbinger's trial against Rolf Hochhuth and the time 1978

1931:, p. 106 f.; Rosemarie von dem Knesebeck (Hrsg.): 1533:

Hamburger Stiftung für Sozialgeschichte, Hamburg 1989,

1510:

Erinnerungsarbeit. Grundlage einer Kultur des Friedens.

1021:

Filbinger. NS-Militärjustiz und deutsche Kontinuitäten.

685:

German law" possible intellectually and protected the "

626:

sentences and thus make themselves into Stasi victims.

2643: 1891:

Lexikon der ‚Vergangenheitsbewältigung' in Deutschland

2310:

In: Heinz Hürten, Wolfgang Jäger, Hugo Ott (Hrsg.):

1880:, Springe 2006, p. 43–64, here p. 46 f. and 60. 1373:

Dokumentation: Erschießen, Sargen, Abtransportieren.

1161:

Dokumentation: Erschießen, Sargen, Abtransportieren.

3120:University of South Carolina Press, Columbia 1991, 1173:

Die Zeit, 12th Mai 1978; Nachdruck 13th April 2007.

55:, who had publicly called him a "terrible lawyer". 2384:Opposition und Widerstand auf liberaler Grundlage. 2191:Zeitungsverlag Waiblingen (ZVW), 5. Dezember 2018. 1089:Karrieren im Zwielicht. Hitlers Eliten nach 1945 . 675: 621:. He denied that the MfS had supplied Hochhuth in 2648:In:Calendar page, Deutsche Welle, August 7, 2009. 2566:N-tv, April 12, 2007, accessed February 17, 2023. 2148:Die CDU in Baden-Württemberg und ihre Geschichte. 273:However, Filbinger also wanted to legally compel 132: 2799:Die Tätigkeit Hans Filbingers als Marinerichter. 2662:Oettingers Rede beim Staatsakt am 11. April 2007 35:in 1978 was a controversy about the behavior of 1970:Medientechnik, Medienfunktionen, Medienakteure. 1772:Vergangenheitsbewältigung in der Bundesrepublik 1155:, 32 Jahrgang, Heft 9 (1985), p. 834–836 (PDF). 705: 2632:Blick nach Rechts,April 24, 2007 (with costs). 2547:Wie Filbinger seine Vergangenheit geschönt hat 2386:In: Peter Steinbach, Johannes Tuchel (Hrsg.): 257:Following Filbinger's renewed injunction, the 218:who rebelled against the order of that time." 2390:Bonn 2004, S. 167–184; Ernst Schulin et al.: 1632:, 1 July, no. 19, pp. 140–144, 1978 480:did in Warsaw for the entire German people?" 133:Filbinger's trial against Der Spiegel in 1972 92:Military judges during and after World War II 8: 2938:Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2006, 2817:„Ich las das Buch in fünf Stunden der Nacht" 2531:". In: Der Spiegel. No. 17, 1995, p. 26 f. ( 2253:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2009, 2200:Barbara Junge, Julia Naumann, Holger Stark: 1889:Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (Hrsg.): 1817:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1624:"Filbinger: Der Verurteilte erklärte nichts" 1229:Torben Fischer, Matthias N. Lorenz (Hrsg.): 713:1945 shortly before the end of the war. The 451:discovered. Filbinger had applied for it as 3096:Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2002, 2936:Desertion im Recht des Nationalsozialismus. 2115:, 1 July, no. 29, pp. 26–29, 1978 1954:, 1 July, no. 32, pp. 29–31, 1978 1731:, 1 July, no. 20, pp. 23–27, 1978 1339:, 1 July, no. 20, pp. 23 ff, 1978 1273:, 1 July, no. 16, pp. 49 ff, 1972 1023:In: Dieter Schröder, Rolf Surmann (Hrsg.): 904:In 2014, the former editor-in-chief of the 2971:Klartext-Verlagsgesellschaft, Essen 1996, 2616:Opfer einer Hetze. Zum Tode von Filbinger. 2312:Hans Filbinger – Der ‚Fall' und die Fakten 2051:Hans Filbinger. In den Strömungen der Zeit 2039:, 1 July, no. 28, pp. 28 f, 1978 1665:, 1 July, no. 39, pp. 51 f, 1979 1133:07.08.1978 - Rücktritt von Hans Filbinger. 985:In: Helmut Kramer, Wolfram Wette (Hrsg.): 3092:Franziska Schössler, Ingeborg Villinger: 2821:Welt am Sonntag, July 26, 1987 (reprint). 2508:Lothar Späth: Wandlungen eines Rastlosen. 1190:|"High German Aide, and Ex-Nazi, Resigns" 1153:Die Neue Gesellschaft / Frankfurter Hefte 725:Debate about Filbinger's scope for action 3051:Be.bra-Verlag, Berlin-Brandenburg 2008, 2832:Hans Filbinger – Der Fall und die Fakten 2803:Hans Filbinger – Der Fall und die Fakten 2741:Hans Filbinger – ein Furchtbarer Jurist. 2722:Solche Lügen dürfen nicht stehen bleiben 2691:. In: Der Spiegel. No. 21, 1978, p. 33 ( 2018:Hans Filbinger – Der Fall und die Fakten 1837:Hans Filbinger – Der Fall und die Fakten 1723:"Affäre Filbinger: Was Rechtens war ..." 1549:. Publisher Erich Schmidt, Berlin 2005, 1331:"Affäre Filbinger: Was Rechtens war ..." 1233:2. Auflage, Transcript, Bielefeld 2009, 928:, Hrsg.), Heinz Hürten, Wolfgang Jäger, 867:On June 22, 2007, the Berlin Foundation 613:In 1992, two former officers in the GDR 3094:Politik und Medien bei Thomas Bernhard. 2323:Wolfram Wette, Joachim Perels (Hrsg.): 1921:Archivar zwischen Akten und Aktualität. 1862:, 1 July, no. 19, pp. 132–137 1182: 869:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 664:adds - a 'pathologically bad memory'." 2955:Manfred Messerschmidt, Fritz Wüllner: 2660:Süddeutsche Zeitung, 12. April 2007: 2527:Hartmut Palmer: Furchtbare Juristen: „ 2327:Aufbau publishing house, Berlin 2011, 1810: 3047:Ulrich Baumann, Magnus Koch (Hrsg.): 2752: 2750: 2734: 2732: 2600:tenographischer Bericht: 175. Sitzung 2241: 2239: 2067:"Die Zeit der Schuldlosen ist Utopie" 2031:"Wie lange noch mit erhobenem Haupt?" 1993: 1991: 1989: 1854:"Erleuchtung beim Stichwort Schweden" 1847: 1845: 1807:, 1 July, no. 16, pp. 36–38 1613:, Springe 2006, p. 43–64, here p. 61. 1367: 1365: 1363: 1052:Rosemarie von dem Knesebeck (Hrsg.): 7: 2773:Spontan falsche Antwort am Telephon. 2604:15. Mai 1997, p. 15833 (PDF S. 142). 2075:, 1 July, no. 28, pp. 32 f 1436:26. July 1974 (subject to a charge). 1300:Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Bremen 1995, 1225: 1223: 1221: 1105:Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1996, 190: 3161:Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2014, 3024:Filbinger – eine deutsche Karriere. 2689:Die Blutsgemeinschaft rein erhalten 1935:, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, p. 163. 1923:Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2004, 1594:Filbinger – eine deutsche Karriere. 1581:Filbinger – eine deutsche Karriere. 1056:Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, 1025:Der lange Schatten der NS-Diktatur. 172:German National Academic Foundation 3179:Ramge, Thomas (17 February 2003). 2454:Filbinger, eine deutsche Karriere. 2348:Universitas-Verlag, München 1983, 1933:In Sachen Filbinger gegen Hochhuth 1878:Filbinger – eine deutsche Karriere 1699:, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, p. 48. 1697:In Sachen Filbinger gegen Hochhuth 1677:In Sachen Filbinger gegen Hochhuth 1646:, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983, p. 36. 1644:In Sachen Filbinger gegen Hochhuth 1611:Filbinger – eine deutsche Karriere 1413:Die Reinigung des deutschen Namens 969:Filbinger. Eine deutsche Karriere. 14: 2852:No. 408/November 2003, No. 67–74. 2175:, Frankfurt am Main 2003, p. 137. 1910:, Frankfurt am Main 2003, p. 148. 1758:Zum Fall Filbinger: Klarstellung. 1357:, Frankfurt am Main 2003, p. 143. 1320:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 31, Fn. 10. 871:opened a traveling exhibition in 96:Filbinger became a member of the 2967:, p. 16; Manfred Messerschmidt: 1091:Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001, 1008:Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2003, 989:Aufbau Publishing, Berlin 2004, 936:Hase & Koehler, Mainz 1980, 828:Military History Research Office 724: 250:In an advance copy of his novel 191:Filbinger's memorial speech 1974 148:On April 10, 1972, the magazine 3038:Welt Online, September 8, 2009. 2801:In: Bruno Heck et al. (Hrsg.): 2146:Paul Ludwig Weihnacht (Hrsg.): 2016:In: Bruno Heck et al. (Hrsg.): 1835:In: Bruno Heck et al. (Hrsg.): 1774:, Marburg 2006, p. 56, Fn. 209. 1068:Contemporary historical context 430:On May 8, 1978, Spiegel editor 16:Controversy during the Nazi era 3212:Germany politics-related lists 3118:Understanding Thomas Bernhard. 2433:Die Wehrmachtjustiz 1933-1945. 2204:Elefanten Press, Berlin 1997, 1541:, p. 58–60; Stefan Chr. Saar: 1508:Bernhard Nolz, Wolfgang Popp: 1: 3227:Political scandals in Germany 3083:Der Spiegel 27, July 1, 1979. 3001:Ludwig Baumann, Norbert Joa: 2775:Die Zeit Nr. 32, May 4, 1978. 2744:Wolfenbüttel, April 13, 2007. 2579:Droemer Knaur, München 2007, 2371:Reinhold Schneider 1903-1958. 2274:Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2007, 2225:Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2009, 1972:Springer VS, Wiesbaden 1995, 1839:, Mainz 1980, p. 109 and 168. 1799:"Pathologisch gutes Gewissen" 1744:Hinrichtungen vor Kriegsende? 1695:Rosemarie von dem Knesebeck: 1642:Rosemarie von dem Knesebeck: 858:Evangelical Church in Germany 831:investigated in more detail. 641:Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung 545:... He has remained a man of 144:, editorial office in Hamburg 58:As the case progressed, four 2925:, pp. 48, 243, 347 and more. 2879:Er hätte auch anders gekonnt 2863:Strafanzeige gegen Filbinger 2726:Welt Online, April 16, 2007. 2710:Kritiknetz.de (PDF; 193 kB). 2544:Netzeitung, 12. April 2007: 2297:Welt Online, 22. April 2007. 2150:Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1978, 2000:Die Bürde der Vergangenheit. 1570:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 18–22. 1170:Die Bürde der Vergangenheit. 760:As early as August 6, 1978, 2896:Wallstein, Göttingen 1997, 2830:Bruno Heck et al. (Hrsg.): 2510:Orell Füssli, Zürich 2006, 2435:Schöningh, Paderborn 2005, 2249:In: Harald Schmid (Hrsg.): 1876:In: Wolfram Wette (Hrsg.): 1657:"Filbinger: Letzte Lektion" 1609:In: Wolfram Wette (Hrsg.): 1486:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 22 f. 1287:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 16 f. 1139:, 7. August 2013 (Podcast). 615:Ministry for State Security 330:The judge, General Admiral 221:The contemporary historian 177:undermining military morale 80:Federal Republic of Germany 3243: 2414:LIT Verlag, Münster 2001, 2158:, p. 23 f. und Fn. 40, 41. 2129:UVK-Verlag, München 2014, 2065:Norbert Blüm, MdB (1978), 1512:LIT Verlag, Münster 2000, 971:Zu Klampen, Springe 2006, 806:, Erfurt, unveiled in 1995 577:Attempts at rehabilitation 369: 43:and his handling of it as 2992:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 10. 2990:Richter und andere Bürger 2959:Nomos, Baden-Baden 1987, 2788:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 23. 2786:Richter und andere Bürger 2308:Hans Filbinger 1933–1940. 2221:Hans Mathias Kepplinger: 2187:Die Wahrheit über Bienzle 2173:Die großen Polit-Skandale 1908:Die großen Polit-Skandale 1893:, Bielefeld 2009, p. 220. 1787:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 19. 1785:Richter und andere Bürger 1761:Die Zeit, 16th Juny 1978. 1712:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 24. 1710:Richter und andere Bürger 1568:Richter und andere Bürger 1499:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 37. 1497:Richter und andere Bürger 1484:Richter und andere Bürger 1473:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 18. 1471:Richter und andere Bürger 1401:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 21. 1399:Richter und andere Bürger 1388:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 16. 1386:Richter und andere Bürger 1355:Die großen Polit-Skandale 1318:Richter und andere Bürger 1285:Richter und andere Bürger 1254:, Nördlingen 1988, p. 23. 1252:Richter und andere Bürger 1004:(1978) In: Thomas Ramge: 899:Eine Liebe zu Deutschland 426:Death sentences announced 314:The case of Walter Gröger 252:Eine Liebe in Deutschland 3079:Aus glücklichen SS-Tagen 2934:Kristina Brümmer-Pauly: 2883:Spiegel, April 12, 2007. 1964:Siegfried Weischenberg: 1852:Rudolf Augstein (1978), 1041:Greno, Nördlingen 1988, 948:Der öffentliche Rufmord. 926:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung 845:Federal Court of Justice 553:Communications scientist 259:Stuttgart Regional Court 3005:Herder, Freiburg 2014, 2876:Manfred Messerschmidt: 2805:, Mainz 1980, p. 78–80. 2577:Erinnerungen 1990–1994. 2469:Carlsen, Hamburg 1992, 2456:Springe 2006, p. 25–27. 2452:Wolfram Wette (Hrsg.): 2431:Manfred Messerschmidt: 2394:Ploetz, Freiburg 2001, 2344:Lothar Bossle (Hrsg.): 2003:Die Zeit, 12. Mai 1978. 1747:Die Zeit, 9. Juni 1978. 1686:Die Zeit, 12. Mai 1978. 1682:Deshalb stelle ich fest 1592:Wolfram Wette (Hrsg.): 1579:Wolfram Wette (Hrsg.): 1196:, August 8, 1978, p.A-7 967:Wolfram Wette (Hrsg.): 39:(1913–2007) during the 2917:Elwert, Marburg 1977, 2913:Otto Peter Schweling: 2849:Die Politische Meinung 1101:Michael Schwab-Trapp: 1077:Tectum, Marburg 2006, 1027:Unrast, Münster 1999, 878:Richard von Weizsäcker 812:statute of limitations 807: 769:court's instructions. 757: 710: 370:Filbinger's statements 310: 242: 145: 24: 3067:(exhibition catalog). 3026:Springe 2006, p. 163. 2629:Filbingers Kronzeuge. 2596:Deutscher Bundestag: 2486:Hans Karl Filbinger: 2169:Der furchtbare Jurist 2020:, Mainz 1980, p. 113. 1946:"Filbinger: Ofen aus" 1904:Der furchtbare Jurist 1351:Der furchtbare Jurist 801: 783:Manfred Messerschmidt 755: 344:perversion of justice 309:, Press House Hamburg 305: 291:order its execution. 240: 161:In an interview with 140: 23:Hans Filbinger (1978) 22: 3140:Porträt eines Jägers 2679:FAZ, 16. April 2007. 2644:Filbingers Rücktritt 2314:, Mainz 1980, p. 30. 2171:, in: Thomas Ramge: 1906:, in: Thomas Ramge: 1596:Springe 2006, p. 75. 1583:Springe 2006, p. 57. 1449:Beck, München 2005, 1353:, in: Thomas Ramge: 907:Thüringer Allgemeine 837:Schreckbare Juristen 646:right-wing extremist 636:Wolfgang von Stetten 3157:Sergej Lochthofen: 3137:Benjamin Henrichs: 3116:Stephen D. Dowden: 2843:Günther Gillessen: 2834:, Mainz 1980, p. 79 2759:Der Fall Filbinger. 2365:Wolfgang Frühwald: 2223:Politikvermittlung. 1016:(Buchauszug online) 885:Artistic processing 781:Military historian 700:Nuremberg Race Laws 662:Süddeutsche Zeitung 543:authoritarian state 3076:Hellmuth Karasek: 2529:Sauber in die Urne 1872:Ricarda Berthold: 1605:Ricarda Berthold: 1194:The New York Times 808: 758: 687:national community 517:Franz Josef Strauß 405:Rheinischer Merkur 311: 263:interim injunction 243: 241:Rolf Hochhuth 2009 202:Reinhold Schneider 197:National Socialism 146: 25: 3192:978-3-593-37069-9 3185:. Campus Verlag. 3167:978-3-498-03944-8 3126:978-0-87249-759-7 3102:978-3-8260-2138-1 3065:978-3-942240-26-0 3057:978-3-89809-079-7 3011:978-3-451-30984-7 2988:Heinrich Senfft: 2977:978-3-88474-487-1 2965:978-3-7890-1466-6 2944:978-3-8305-1208-0 2923:978-3-7708-0590-7 2902:978-3-89244-748-1 2892:Marc von Miquel: 2784:Heinrich Senfft: 2585:978-3-426-27408-8 2516:978-3-280-05203-7 2506:Marlis Prinzing: 2496:978-3-7628-0523-6 2475:978-3-551-85003-4 2441:978-3-506-71349-0 2422:, p. 183, Fn. 25. 2420:978-3-8258-5035-7 2400:978-3-87640-425-7 2354:978-3-8004-1052-1 2333:978-3-351-02740-7 2280:978-3-531-13280-8 2259:978-3-89971-575-0 2231:978-3-531-16421-2 2210:978-3-88520-621-7 2156:978-3-17-004679-5 2135:978-3-86764-556-0 1978:978-3-531-12378-3 1929:978-3-8334-0607-2 1783:Heinrich Senfft: 1708:Heinrich Senfft: 1566:Heinrich Senfft: 1555:978-3-503-07945-2 1539:978-3-927106-00-0 1518:978-3-8258-4611-4 1495:Heinrich Senfft: 1482:Heinrich Senfft: 1469:Heinrich Senfft: 1455:978-3-406-53514-7 1397:Heinrich Senfft: 1384:Heinrich Senfft: 1316:Heinrich Senfft: 1306:978-3-7752-5844-9 1283:Heinrich Senfft: 1250:Heinrich Senfft: 1239:978-3-89942-773-8 1215:, 2nd April 2007. 1127:SWR, 14. Mai 2020 1111:978-3-531-12842-9 1097:978-3-593-36790-3 1083:978-3-8288-9116-6 1062:978-3-499-14545-2 1047:978-3-89190-957-7 1037:Heinrich Senfft: 1033:978-3-89771-801-2 1014:978-3-593-37069-9 995:978-3-351-02578-6 977:978-3-934920-74-3 956:978-3-89783-589-4 942:978-3-7758-1002-9 719:Albert Kesselring 680:On May 22, 1978, 385:war of aggression 206:Confessing Church 156:Kurt Olaf Petzold 76:Günther Oettinger 49:Baden-Württemberg 3234: 3222:Military justice 3217:1978 in politics 3197: 3196: 3176: 3170: 3155: 3149: 3135: 3129: 3114: 3108: 3090: 3084: 3074: 3068: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3020: 3014: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2953: 2947: 2932: 2926: 2911: 2905: 2890: 2884: 2874: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2812: 2806: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2717: 2711: 2702: 2696: 2686: 2680: 2671: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2641:Arian Fariborz: 2639: 2633: 2625: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2594: 2588: 2573: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2542: 2536: 2525: 2519: 2504: 2498: 2484: 2478: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2429: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2382:Jürgen Frölich: 2380: 2374: 2363: 2357: 2342: 2336: 2321: 2315: 2304: 2298: 2291:Gerhard Besier: 2289: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2243: 2234: 2219: 2213: 2202:RechtsSchreiber. 2198: 2192: 2182: 2176: 2165: 2159: 2144: 2138: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2103: 2097: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2062: 2056: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2027: 2021: 2012:Wolfgang Jäger: 2010: 2004: 1995: 1984: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1942: 1936: 1919:Heinz Boberach: 1917: 1911: 1900: 1894: 1887: 1881: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1849: 1840: 1831:Wolfgang Jäger: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1754: 1748: 1741:Gerd Bucericus: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1719: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1687: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1653: 1647: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1620: 1614: 1603: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1577: 1571: 1564: 1558: 1527: 1521: 1506: 1500: 1493: 1487: 1480: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1443: 1437: 1424: 1418: 1410:Hans Filbinger: 1408: 1402: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1376: 1369: 1358: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1294: 1288: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1261: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1227: 1216: 1203: 1197: 1187: 946:Franz Neubauer: 892:Heinrich Himmler 802:Thomas Nicolai: 650:National-Zeitung 608:Badische Zeitung 533:, his successor 286:editor-in-chief 227:Gustav Heinemann 181:Guido Forstmeier 127:Federal Archives 29:Filbinger affair 3242: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3156: 3152: 3136: 3132: 3115: 3111: 3091: 3087: 3075: 3071: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022:Wolfram Wette: 3021: 3017: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2954: 2950: 2933: 2929: 2912: 2908: 2891: 2887: 2875: 2871: 2860: 2856: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2813: 2809: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2756:Wolfram Wette: 2755: 2748: 2738:Helmut Kramer: 2737: 2730: 2718: 2714: 2703: 2699: 2687: 2683: 2672: 2668: 2656: 2652: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2608: 2595: 2591: 2574: 2570: 2559: 2555: 2543: 2539: 2526: 2522: 2505: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2430: 2426: 2409: 2405: 2381: 2377: 2364: 2360: 2343: 2339: 2322: 2318: 2305: 2301: 2290: 2286: 2269: 2265: 2245:Knud Andresen: 2244: 2237: 2220: 2216: 2199: 2195: 2184:Peter Schwarz: 2183: 2179: 2166: 2162: 2145: 2141: 2124: 2120: 2107:"Vor dem Fall?" 2105: 2104: 2100: 2084: 2080: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2048: 2044: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2011: 2007: 1996: 1987: 1963: 1959: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1918: 1914: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1884: 1871: 1867: 1851: 1850: 1843: 1830: 1826: 1809: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1755: 1751: 1740: 1736: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1707: 1703: 1694: 1690: 1674: 1670: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1637: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1561: 1528: 1524: 1507: 1503: 1494: 1490: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1464: 1460:, p. 71 f. 1445:Peter Reichel: 1444: 1440: 1425: 1421: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1348: 1344: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1296:Norbert Haase: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1278: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1245: 1228: 1219: 1205:Reinhard Mohr: 1204: 1200: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1130:Jörg Beuthner: 1119: 983:Hans Filbinger. 981:Helmut Kramer: 916: 887: 796: 727: 678: 644:, and the then 600:Freiburg Circle 579: 574: 470: 432:Rudolf Augstein 428: 372: 332:Otto Schniewind 316: 267:prison sentence 248: 235: 193: 135: 111:prisoner of war 94: 89: 60:death sentences 17: 12: 11: 5: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3171: 3150: 3130: 3109: 3106:p. 231, Fn. 7. 3085: 3069: 3040: 3028: 3015: 2994: 2981: 2948: 2927: 2906: 2885: 2869: 2854: 2836: 2823: 2807: 2797:Heinz Hürten: 2790: 2777: 2771:Werner Schön: 2764: 2746: 2728: 2719:Frank Roeser: 2712: 2704:Clemens Heni: 2697: 2681: 2666: 2650: 2634: 2620: 2606: 2589: 2568: 2553: 2537: 2520: 2499: 2479: 2458: 2445: 2424: 2403: 2375: 2358: 2337: 2316: 2299: 2284: 2263: 2235: 2214: 2193: 2177: 2167:Thomas Ramge: 2160: 2139: 2125:Monika Urban: 2118: 2098: 2096:14. Juli 1978. 2078: 2057: 2042: 2022: 2005: 1985: 1957: 1937: 1912: 1902:Thomas Ramge: 1895: 1882: 1865: 1841: 1824: 1789: 1776: 1763: 1749: 1734: 1714: 1701: 1688: 1668: 1648: 1635: 1615: 1598: 1585: 1572: 1559: 1557:, pp. 332-349. 1529:Detlef Garbe: 1522: 1501: 1488: 1475: 1462: 1438: 1419: 1403: 1390: 1377: 1359: 1349:Thomas Ramge: 1342: 1322: 1309: 1289: 1276: 1256: 1243: 1217: 1198: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1165: 1156: 1143:Georg Geismann 1140: 1128: 1118: 1117:External links 1115: 1114: 1113: 1099: 1087:Norbert Frei: 1085: 1065: 1064: 1050: 1035: 1019:Rolf Surmann: 1017: 1000:Thomas Ramge: 998: 979: 959: 958: 944: 915: 912: 886: 883: 817:Herbert Wehner 795: 792: 726: 723: 677: 674: 657:Ralph Giordano 578: 575: 573: 570: 531:Gebhard Müller 489:Heiner Geißler 469: 466: 447:would resign. 427: 424: 371: 368: 364:Marie Lindgren 315: 312: 247: 244: 234: 231: 192: 189: 134: 131: 125:branch of the 123:Kornelimünster 93: 90: 88: 85: 64:military judge 45:Prime Minister 37:Hans Filbinger 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2601: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575:Helmut Kohl: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410:Roland Kopp: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270:Klaus Kamps: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2085:Theo Sommer: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1997:Theo Sommer: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1820: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1770:Jörg Musiol: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1520:, p. 105–107. 1519: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1428:Fehl am Platz 1423: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1167:Theo Sommer: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073:Jörg Musiol: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 965: 964: 963: 957: 953: 949: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922: 921: 920: 913: 911: 909: 908: 902: 900: 895: 893: 884: 882: 879: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 854: 852: 851: 850:obiter dictum 846: 841: 838: 834: 829: 824: 820: 818: 813: 805: 800: 793: 791: 787: 784: 779: 775: 772: 771:Wolfram Wette 766: 763: 754: 750: 746: 744: 741:asked in the 740: 735: 731: 722: 720: 716: 709: 704: 701: 695: 692: 688: 683: 673: 671: 670:Angela Merkel 665: 663: 658: 655:In contrast, 653: 651: 647: 643: 642: 637: 631: 627: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 603: 601: 596: 594: 593:Paul von Hase 590: 585: 576: 571: 569: 565: 563: 562:salami tactic 558: 557:Knud Andresen 554: 550: 548: 547:law and order 544: 538: 536: 532: 526: 524: 520: 518: 514: 510: 504: 502: 498: 493: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 467: 465: 461: 459: 454: 453:prosecutor in 448: 444: 441: 437: 433: 425: 423: 420: 418: 417:Erhard Eppler 414: 408: 406: 400: 396: 394: 390: 386: 380: 376: 367: 365: 359: 356: 352: 347: 345: 339: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 313: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 289: 285: 281: 280:Walter Gröger 276: 271: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 239: 232: 230: 228: 224: 223:Peter Reichel 219: 216: 215: 209: 207: 203: 198: 188: 184: 182: 178: 173: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 152: 143: 139: 130: 128: 124: 118: 116: 112: 107: 103: 99: 91: 86: 84: 81: 77: 72: 70: 65: 61: 56: 54: 53:Rolf Hochhuth 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 21: 3181: 3174: 3158: 3153: 3138: 3133: 3117: 3112: 3093: 3088: 3077: 3072: 3048: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3018: 3002: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2968: 2956: 2951: 2935: 2930: 2914: 2909: 2893: 2888: 2877: 2872: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2815: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2772: 2767: 2757: 2739: 2720: 2715: 2705: 2700: 2688: 2684: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2653: 2642: 2637: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2609: 2597: 2592: 2576: 2571: 2560: 2556: 2545: 2540: 2528: 2523: 2507: 2502: 2487: 2482: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2432: 2427: 2411: 2406: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2345: 2340: 2324: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2292: 2287: 2271: 2266: 2261:, p. 83–106. 2250: 2246: 2222: 2217: 2201: 2196: 2185: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2147: 2142: 2126: 2121: 2110: 2101: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2070: 2060: 2049: 2045: 2034: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2008: 1998: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1949: 1940: 1932: 1920: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1857: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1802: 1792: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1737: 1726: 1717: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1691: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1660: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1627: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1580: 1575: 1567: 1562: 1546: 1542: 1530: 1525: 1509: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1483: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1446: 1441: 1433: 1426: 1422: 1411: 1406: 1398: 1393: 1385: 1380: 1372: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1334: 1325: 1317: 1312: 1297: 1292: 1284: 1279: 1268: 1259: 1251: 1246: 1230: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1193: 1185: 1169: 1160: 1152: 1147: 1132: 1123: 1102: 1088: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1053: 1038: 1024: 1020: 1005: 1001: 986: 982: 968: 961: 960: 947: 933: 924:Bruno Heck ( 918: 917: 905: 903: 898: 896: 888: 866: 855: 848: 842: 836: 825: 821: 809: 788: 780: 776: 767: 759: 747: 739:Joachim Fest 736: 732: 728: 711: 706: 696: 691:strong state 689:" through a 681: 679: 666: 654: 639: 632: 628: 612: 604: 597: 580: 566: 551: 539: 535:Erwin Teufel 527: 523:Lothar Späth 521: 505: 497:Norbert Blüm 494: 482: 478:Willy Brandt 471: 462: 458:Gerhart Baum 449: 445: 429: 421: 413:unjust state 409: 401: 397: 381: 377: 373: 360: 348: 340: 329: 317: 306: 297: 293: 283: 282:case, which 279: 274: 272: 256: 251: 249: 220: 212: 210: 194: 185: 180: 162: 160: 155: 154:reported on 149: 147: 141: 119: 95: 87:Past history 73: 57: 32: 28: 26: 3169:, p. 267 f. 2904:, p. 363 f. 2814:Golo Mann: 2443:, p. 136 f. 2112:Der Spiegel 2072:Der Spiegel 2036:Der Spiegel 1951:Der Spiegel 1859:Der Spiegel 1804:Der Spiegel 1728:Der Spiegel 1662:Der Spiegel 1629:Der Spiegel 1336:Der Spiegel 1270:Der Spiegel 1213:Der Spiegel 1049:, p. 16–37. 862:war treason 833:Ingo Müller 682:Der Spiegel 623:East Berlin 584:Karl Färber 485:Helmut Kohl 474:Theo Sommer 468:Resignation 336:Karl Dönitz 288:Theo Sommer 163:Der Spiegel 151:Der Spiegel 142:Der Spiegel 102:German Navy 3206:Categories 3128:, S. 77]]. 2946:, p. 10 f. 2306:Hugo Ott: 1178:References 997:, p. 43ff. 914:Literature 589:emigration 389:war crimes 261:issued an 167:fatherland 2587:, p. 495. 2518:, p. 306. 2282:, p. 243. 2137:, S. 203. 2094:Die Zeit. 1434:Die Zeit, 1241:, S. 203. 919:Defending 762:Golo Mann 756:Golo Mann 572:Aftermath 355:Oslofjord 351:atonement 325:desertion 3013:, p. 60. 2356:, p. 17. 2335:, p. 26. 2233:, p. 24. 2212:, p. 83. 1968:Band 2: 1813:citation 962:Critical 930:Hugo Ott 835:'s book 509:Die Welt 436:Panorama 393:genocide 307:Die Zeit 284:Die Zeit 275:Die Zeit 214:Die Zeit 41:Nazi era 1982:p. 232. 715:Ansbach 233:Process 31:or the 3189: 3165: 3146:online 3124: 3100: 3063: 3055: 3009: 2975: 2963: 2942: 2921: 2900: 2693:online 2583: 2533:online 2514: 2494: 2473: 2439: 2418: 2398: 2352: 2331: 2278: 2257: 2229: 2208: 2154: 2133: 1976: 1927: 1553: 1537: 1516: 1453: 1304: 1237: 1109: 1095: 1081: 1060: 1045: 1031: 1012: 993: 975: 954: 940: 873:Vienna 501:repent 440:mutiny 321:Sweden 106:Norway 549:..." 98:NSDAP 3187:ISBN 3163:ISBN 3122:ISBN 3098:ISBN 3061:ISBN 3053:ISBN 3007:ISBN 2973:ISBN 2961:ISBN 2940:ISBN 2919:ISBN 2898:ISBN 2581:ISBN 2512:ISBN 2492:ISBN 2471:ISBN 2437:ISBN 2416:ISBN 2396:ISBN 2369:In: 2350:ISBN 2329:ISBN 2276:ISBN 2255:ISBN 2227:ISBN 2206:ISBN 2152:ISBN 2131:ISBN 2092:In: 1974:ISBN 1925:ISBN 1819:link 1551:ISBN 1535:ISBN 1514:ISBN 1451:ISBN 1432:In: 1302:ISBN 1235:ISBN 1151:In: 1107:ISBN 1093:ISBN 1079:ISBN 1058:ISBN 1043:ISBN 1029:ISBN 1010:ISBN 991:ISBN 973:ISBN 952:ISBN 938:ISBN 843:The 487:and 391:and 115:Oslo 27:The 3148:).. 1137:WDR 743:FAZ 619:MAD 513:ARD 113:in 69:CDU 47:of 3208:: 3104:, 2749:^ 2731:^ 2535:). 2238:^ 2109:, 2069:, 2033:, 1988:^ 1980:, 1948:, 1856:, 1844:^ 1815:}} 1811:{{ 1801:, 1725:, 1659:, 1626:, 1457:, 1362:^ 1333:, 1267:, 1220:^ 1192:, 1145:: 932:: 652:. 346:. 3195:. 3142:. 3081:. 2979:. 2881:. 2865:. 2819:. 2724:. 2677:. 2664:. 2646:. 2602:. 2598:S 2564:. 2549:. 2477:. 2189:. 2090:. 2053:. 1821:) 1684:. 1430:. 1415:. 1210:. 560:" 175:"

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