43:
224:
70:
230:
102:
833:
235:
91:
145:
The Vedas are scriptures of
Hinduism. They consist of four layers of texts: samhita, brahmana, aranyaka and upanishads (they also have Vedangas and appendices to these main layer of texts). The samhitas are dated to between 1500 and 1000 BCE. The Brahmanas and Aranyaka texts are probably from about
152:
The corpus of Vedic texts, as well all post-Vedic texts, are generally accepted to have been orally transmitted from generation to generation for over a millennium, till about the start of the common era. In
Sanskrit, they were written in many Indic scripts (such as South Indian Grantha script
148:
These oldest texts are in the archaic
Sanskrit language. The Vedic texts between 900 to 500 BCE are close to the classical Sanskrit, which was formalized by Panini. The Aranyaka hymns that cover a mix of topics: benedictions, mythologies, questions and riddles, drama and poems, philosophy and
171:
The photo above is of a 2D artwork of a text that is over 2,000 years old, from a manuscript that was produced in 1863 CE. Therefore
Wikimedia Commons PD-Art licensing guidelines apply. Any rights I have as a photographer is herewith donated to wikimedia commons under CC 4.0
57:
53:
47:
832:
827:
61:
42:
153:
above). The scripture was written on palm leaf manuscripts, copied for preservation in Hindu temples and monasteries. Later paper and cloth versions were produced, where the page size was similar to the heritage palm leaf-like long pages.
276:– You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
135:
1863 CE palm leaf manuscript, Jaiminiya
Aranyaka Gana, Samaveda (unidentified layer of texts), Sanskrit, Southern Grantha script, Malayali scribe Kecavan, sample ii.jpg
169:
The person who copied this manuscript wrote his name in the
Malayalam script as Kecavan (Kerala), while the main text script is Grantha.
666:
578:
508:
472:
922:
1005:
This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it.
283:
392:
420:
761:
724:
687:
632:
598:
562:
456:
428:
413:
400:
385:
659:
528:
492:
358:
341:
245:
1008:
If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file.
972:
860:
The following pages on the
English Knowledge (XXG) use this file (pages on other projects are not listed):
282:– If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the
242:
146:
1100 to 700 BCE, while the
Upanishads from about 900 to 200 BCE. Each Vedic layer consists of books.
435:
982:
952:
843:
110:
201:
932:
181:
864:
97:
217:
I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:
1054:
874:
869:
800:
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
85:
902:
509:
Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
325:
Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents
156:
The above image is from
Jaiminiya Aranyaka Gana of the
892:
962:
942:
912:
992:
129:
109:
Commons is a freely licensed media file repository.
75:(2,624 × 489 pixels, file size: 493 KB, MIME type:
436:http://commons.wikimedia.org/User:Ms_Sarah_Welch
293:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
90:
299:Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0
223:
8:
259:– to copy, distribute and transmit the work
1010:
802:
321:
885:The following other wikis use this file:
246:Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International
648:df61d1a1a3056d89d5c888be05e440cd82be7b61
1062:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
862:
775:
759:
738:
722:
701:
685:
646:
630:
612:
596:
576:
560:
542:
526:
506:
490:
470:
454:
372:
356:
339:
336:
317:
310:
7:
850:User created page with UploadWizard
791:
234:
229:
1003:
330:
324:
220:
216:
139:
122:
68:
329:
1014:Date and time of data generation
315:
270:Under the following conditions:
241:This file is licensed under the
233:
228:
222:
89:
31:
21:
312:
140:
14:
311:
26:
1:
579:original creation by uploader
36:
386:object of statement has role
337:Items portrayed in this file
1046:Date and time of digitizing
929:Usage on mzn.wikipedia.org
889:Usage on bcl.wikipedia.org
1084:
989:Usage on www.wikidata.org
979:Usage on th.wikipedia.org
969:Usage on te.wikipedia.org
959:Usage on sq.wikipedia.org
949:Usage on or.wikipedia.org
939:Usage on nn.wikipedia.org
919:Usage on kn.wikipedia.org
909:Usage on eo.wikipedia.org
899:Usage on ca.wikipedia.org
284:same or compatible license
1038:File change date and time
792:
191:
182:25 October 2018, 07:08:26
16:
314:
250:
96:This is a file from the
849:
197:
187:
180:
177:
149:mystical speculations.
132:
100:. Information from its
1049:07:08, 25 October 2018
1041:07:08, 25 October 2018
1017:07:08, 25 October 2018
828:14:13, 25 October 2018
103:description page there
46:Size of this preview:
1022:Horizontal resolution
660:determination method
1030:Vertical resolution
265:– to adapt the work
163:Language: Sanskrit
52:Other resolutions:
414:Wikimedia username
401:author name string
62:2,624 × 489 pixels
1071:
1070:
881:Global file usage
853:
493:copyright license
323:
207:
206:
118:
117:
98:Wikimedia Commons
32:Global file usage
1075:
1011:
840:
780:
743:
706:
669:
664:
457:copyright status
438:
433:
423:
418:
408:
405:
395:
390:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
286:as the original.
243:Creative Commons
237:
236:
232:
231:
226:
225:
193:
183:
166:Script: Grantha
144:
136:
130:
114:
93:
92:
86:
80:
78:
65:
58:640 × 119 pixels
48:800 × 149 pixels
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1072:
999:
903:Alfabet grantha
879:
861:
854:
846:
838:
794:
793:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
785:
784:
783:
781:
778:
768:
767:
766:
764:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:
748:
747:
746:
744:
741:
731:
730:
729:
727:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:
707:
704:
694:
693:
692:
690:
679:
678:
677:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:
665:
662:
653:
652:
651:
649:
639:
638:
637:
635:
624:
623:
622:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
615:
605:
604:
603:
601:
590:
589:
588:
587:
586:
585:
584:
583:
581:
569:
568:
567:
565:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
547:
545:
544:25 October 2018
535:
534:
533:
531:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
514:
513:
511:
499:
498:
497:
495:
484:
483:
482:
481:
480:
479:
478:
477:
475:
463:
462:
461:
459:
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:
443:
442:
441:
440:
439:
434:
431:
425:
424:
419:
416:
410:
409:
406:
403:
397:
396:
391:
388:
379:
378:
377:
375:
365:
364:
363:
361:
350:
349:
348:
347:
346:
344:
328:
327:
326:
309:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
249:
238:
219:
218:
213:
208:
173:
134:
127:
120:
119:
108:
107:
106:is shown below.
82:
76:
74:
67:
66:
54:320 × 60 pixels
51:
12:
11:
5:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1002:
998:
997:
996:
995:
987:
986:
985:
977:
976:
975:
967:
966:
965:
957:
956:
955:
947:
946:
945:
937:
936:
935:
927:
926:
925:
917:
916:
915:
907:
906:
905:
897:
896:
895:
883:
882:
878:
877:
872:
867:
865:Grantha script
859:
858:
857:
852:
851:
848:
845:Ms Sarah Welch
844:
841:
835:
830:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
798:
797:
782:
776:
774:
773:
772:
771:
770:
769:
765:
760:
758:
757:
756:
755:
754:
745:
739:
737:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
728:
723:
721:
720:
719:
718:
717:
708:
702:
700:
699:
698:
697:
696:
695:
691:
686:
684:
683:
682:
681:
680:
658:
657:
656:
655:
654:
650:
647:
645:
644:
643:
642:
641:
640:
636:
631:
629:
628:
627:
626:
625:
616:
613:
611:
610:
609:
608:
607:
606:
602:
597:
595:
594:
593:
592:
591:
582:
577:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
570:
566:
563:source of file
561:
559:
558:
557:
556:
555:
546:
543:
541:
540:
539:
538:
537:
536:
532:
527:
525:
524:
523:
522:
521:
512:
507:
505:
504:
503:
502:
501:
500:
496:
491:
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
476:
471:
469:
468:
467:
466:
465:
464:
460:
455:
453:
452:
451:
450:
449:
427:
426:
421:Ms Sarah Welch
412:
411:
407:Ms Sarah Welch
399:
398:
384:
383:
382:
381:
380:
376:
373:
371:
370:
369:
368:
367:
366:
362:
357:
355:
354:
353:
352:
351:
345:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
320:
319:
316:
313:
290:
289:
288:
287:
277:
268:
267:
266:
260:
253:You are free:
240:
239:
221:
215:
214:
212:
209:
205:
204:
202:Ms Sarah Welch
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
137:
128:
126:
123:
121:
116:
115:
94:
84:
83:
45:
41:
40:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1080:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
988:
984:
981:
980:
978:
974:
971:
970:
968:
964:
961:
960:
958:
954:
951:
950:
948:
944:
941:
940:
938:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
921:
920:
918:
914:
911:
910:
908:
904:
901:
900:
898:
894:
891:
890:
888:
887:
886:
880:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
855:
847:
842:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
804:
803:
801:
795:
763:
726:
689:
668:
661:
634:
600:
580:
564:
530:
510:
494:
474:
458:
437:
430:
422:
415:
402:
394:
387:
360:
343:
296:CC BY-SA 4.0
285:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
269:
264:
261:
258:
255:
254:
252:
251:
247:
244:
227:
210:
203:
200:
196:
190:
186:
176:
170:
167:
164:
161:
159:
154:
150:
143:
138:
131:
124:
112:
105:
104:
99:
95:
88:
87:
81:
72:
71:Original file
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
38:
35:
33:
30:
28:
25:
23:
20:
18:
15:
1007:
1004:
884:
837:2,624 × 489
799:
796:File history
393:photographer
279:
273:
262:
256:
168:
165:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
141:
111:You can help
101:
69:
22:File history
1064:IIM version
1055:Color space
473:copyrighted
280:share alike
274:attribution
133:Description
923:ಗ್ರಂಥ ಲಿಪಿ
856:File usage
813:Dimensions
614:image/jpeg
599:media type
374:some value
77:image/jpeg
27:File usage
810:Thumbnail
807:Date/Time
688:data size
529:inception
211:Licensing
142:English:
1001:Metadata
963:Samaveda
943:Samaveda
933:ساما ودا
913:Samavedo
893:Samaveda
875:Sanskrit
870:Samaveda
839:(493 KB)
703:504,600
633:checksum
318:Captions
263:to remix
257:to share
248:license.
192:Own work
172:license.
158:Samaveda
37:Metadata
993:Q236226
973:సామవేదం
824:current
819:Comment
359:creator
342:depicts
322:English
125:Summary
73:
1033:72 dpi
1025:72 dpi
983:สามเวท
953:ସାମବେଦ
777:2,624
725:height
198:Author
188:Source
779:pixel
762:width
742:pixel
667:SHA-1
1059:sRGB
816:User
740:489
705:byte
305:true
302:true
178:Date
17:File
429:URL
663::
432::
417::
404::
389::
160:.
60:|
56:|
50:.
1067:2
113:.
79:)
64:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
,_Sanskrit,_Southern_Grantha_script,_Malayali_scribe_Kecavan,_sample_ii.jpg){kind=link}